EP0293673A2 - Method and apparatus for mechanical grinding of workpieces by electric conductive worktools - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for mechanical grinding of workpieces by electric conductive worktools Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0293673A2
EP0293673A2 EP88107984A EP88107984A EP0293673A2 EP 0293673 A2 EP0293673 A2 EP 0293673A2 EP 88107984 A EP88107984 A EP 88107984A EP 88107984 A EP88107984 A EP 88107984A EP 0293673 A2 EP0293673 A2 EP 0293673A2
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EP
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Prior art keywords
spark
grinding
workpiece
tool
grinding tool
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Granted
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EP88107984A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0293673A3 (en
EP0293673B1 (en
Inventor
Horst Lach
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LACH-SPEZIAL-WERKZEUGE GmbH
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LACH-SPEZIAL-WERKZEUGE GmbH
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B49/00—Measuring or gauging equipment for controlling the feed movement of the grinding tool or work; Arrangements of indicating or measuring equipment, e.g. for indicating the start of the grinding operation
    • B24B49/10—Measuring or gauging equipment for controlling the feed movement of the grinding tool or work; Arrangements of indicating or measuring equipment, e.g. for indicating the start of the grinding operation involving electrical means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B47/00—Drives or gearings; Equipment therefor
    • B24B47/22—Equipment for exact control of the position of the grinding tool or work at the start of the grinding operation

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for the mechanical grinding of workpieces by means of electrically conductive grinding tools, wherein the grinding tool is first probed against the workpiece or a measuring sensor and then certain infeed and feed movements are carried out from this touch position, and a device for carrying out such a method .
  • the grinding tool In mechanical grinding processes with which the present invention is concerned, until now, if the position of the surface to be ground in space and / or the grinding wheel diameter are not precisely specified, the grinding tool is moved from the operator to the point of contact with the workpiece, ie it is touched, and then the intended infeed and feed movements are carried out according to a specific control program.
  • the probing is thus manually controlled, with the operator depending on the noise that occurs when the touch occurs and the extent of the formation of grinding sparks.
  • a large number of differently worn tool cutting edges are to be regrinded in a clamping of a workpiece or a group of workpieces, For example, the teeth of a saw blade, the cutting edges of a milling cutter or a number of turning tools inserted together in a clamping device must be touched again manually before the start of regrinding each cutting edge. You cannot automatically edit all cutting edges one after the other. The same applies to grinding processes in the manufacturing process if the prefabricated workpieces have different starting dimensions, there are differences in workpiece clamping or the grinding wheel diameter is not constantly checked.
  • spark gap the necessary distance to the workpiece for the contactless spark-erosive removal of the electrically conductive material.
  • spark erosion processes there is initially no intentional contact with mainly mechanical material removal.
  • the invention has for its object to improve the above-mentioned mechanical grinding method so that it can be carried out automatically and faster, and the above object is achieved in that an electrical spark voltage is applied between the grinding tool and the workpiece or sensor and the touch position by the spark current is determined, and that the spark voltage is then switched off for the grinding process or set to such a value that essentially mechanical material removal takes place.
  • the control circuit with spark generator used which is known per se, but has previously been used for another removal method for another purpose, namely distance control during electroerosive processing, to advantage can.
  • the spark generator does not need to demand a working current for removal performance, since the spark current only serves to control a certain contact position, while the material is removed essentially mechanically.
  • the electrically non-conductive grain of the grinding wheel also ensures a certain distance between the workpiece and the metallic matrix of the grinding wheel during the contact and mechanical removal of the electrically conductive material of a workpiece, so that according to the invention there is also the possibility of still continuing after the electrically controlled probing to apply a spark voltage between the tool and the workpiece and, depending on a weak spark current, which is of no importance for metal removal, to continuously regulate a specific contact position of the grinding wheel for mechanical removal of the electrically conductive material of the workpiece.
  • cutting of a milling cutter can be touched before and / or after grinding one of the surfaces on it by means of a spark current, and the other surfaces can be ground or feed movements can be made to compensate for grinding wheel wear in accordance with this touch position .
  • a model surface or a sensor can be touched with the grinding tool and used as a reference for all surfaces to be ground.
  • the new method offers a particularly great advantage if, in a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the workpiece is first machined by spark erosion or erosion using a first tool and then machined in the same setting with a grinding wheel brought into the probing position by means of spark current.
  • the probing done quickly and automatically, but the accuracy is also promoted in that the workpiece remains in the same clamping in two successively different machining operations and the relative positions to both tools are controlled in the same way.
  • a device for carrying out the method according to the invention consists of a rotationally drivable, electrically conductive grinding tool, a workpiece clamping device and a controllable movement drive for changing the relative position between the grinding tool and the workpiece, and is characterized in that the grinding tool and the workpiece or a measuring sensor are connected to a spark generator are connectable and the motion drive when probing a control circuit influenced by the spark current can be controlled, which can be controlled during the mechanical grinding process by a control program and / or a spark current measured only as a control current.
  • the new device can be realized particularly simply and inexpensively in that the grinding tool can be connected to the spark generator and the control circuit of a spark-erosive tool which can be used in the same workpiece clamping and which, in a preferred embodiment, is arranged as an eroding disk on the same shaft as the mechanically effective grinding tool .
  • the drawing schematically shows a workpiece 10, e.g. a saw blade which is clamped on a cross slide 12 and can thus be moved in the direction of two mutually perpendicular coordinates x and y.
  • a rotary drive 14, the angle of rotation ⁇ of which can be controlled, serves to adjust the angle of rotation or to advance the saw blade from one cutting edge to the next.
  • the tool 16 is a disk which can be driven in rotation, for example made of graphite, copper or another electrically conductive material, if appropriate also with enclosed abrasive grains made of electrically non-conductive material, for example diamond grain.
  • This tool is used to machine the saw blade 10 or another workpiece, for example a milling cutter to be machined on its cutting edges, which can be made of hard metal or polycrystalline diamond, for example, or another similar tool.
  • the second tool 18 is an electrically conductive, i.e. e.g. metal-bonded grinding wheel with diamond grit, for example. Both tools 16 and 18 are seated on the same drive shaft 20 and can be moved by a tool slide 22 in the direction of a z coordinate perpendicular to the x and y coordinates. In addition, the angular velocity ⁇ of the shaft 20 driven by a drive motor 24 can be controlled.
  • a spark generator 26 is connected via lines 28 and 30 to the workpiece 10 and the respective tool 16 and 18, respectively.
  • a dielectric is flushed in between the workpiece 10 and the respective tool 16 or 18, so that they are insulated from one another and can jump over sparks between them if the eroding tool 16 is in the working position with the spacing of the spark gap required for spark erosion or when touching the workpiece 10 with the grinding tool 18.
  • the infeeds, feed movements and setpoint settings provided in the individual case can be carried out.
  • the specifications for the control circuit can be entered into the control circuit either manually using a keyboard (not shown) or through a program memory 34. This can then have the cross slide 12 execute a movement in the direction of the x coordinate via a line 36 and a signal converter 38, which, for example, influences the spark gap between workpiece 10 and tool 16.
  • the changes in the electrical voltage Us at the spark gap can be tapped via a measuring device 40 and, alternatively or at the same time, a gap current change Is can be tapped via a measuring device 42 and fed to the control circuit 32 for evaluation.
  • a stepwise setting is made parallel to the spark gap between the workpiece and the tool bare capacity 44 available, as is known from metalworking to make adjustments.
  • the infeed of the tool can be regulated depending on the current Is measured at 42.
  • the value proportional to a current to the size of the spark gap can be fed to a comparator, in which a comparison is made with an adjustable setpoint.
  • the movement of the cross slide 12 in the direction of the y coordinate is controlled via a control line 46 and a signal converter 48. This can e.g. a reciprocating movement of the workpiece when machining straight cutting edges.
  • the extent of the to-and-fro movement can be predetermined by the program memory 34 or by a simple reversal by means of limit switches.
  • the tool slide 22 is controlled in the direction of the z coordinate via a line 50 and a signal converter 52 in order to e.g. make a height adjustment of the tool 16 or 18.
  • the speed of the drive motor 24 is controlled by the control circuit 32 via a control line 54 and a signal converter 56.
  • a corresponding signal is sent from the control circuit 32 via a control line 58 and a signal converter 60 to the rotary drive 14 of the workpiece 10 .
  • the rotary drive 14 can also be a constantly rotating motor if a workpiece is to be machined as a rotating body while rotating about its axis during machining.
  • the device shown in the drawing is fundamentally suitable for processing metallic workpieces, especially for the manufacture and regrinding of tools, in particular with very hard cutting edges, for example made of polycrystalline material.
  • the cutting edges of the workpiece can first be machined using the tool 16 by spark erosion or by erosion grinding.
  • the surfaces that are still relatively rough in this machining process can then be finished in the same clamping of the workpiece 10 and with the aid of the same control circuit by means of the grinding tool 18. It is possible to either process tooth by tooth or edge by edge of the workpiece 10 in succession first with the eroding tool 16 and then with the grinding tool 18, or first all teeth or cutting with the eroding tool 16 and then again all teeth or cutting one after the other with the grinding tool 18.
  • the spark current Is unlike in the previous eroding process, is no longer used to remove material, but only to control the relative position between the workpiece 10 and the grinding tool 18.
  • the workpiece 10 can thus be moved quickly and automatically very precisely up to a specific distance or until the abrasive grains come into contact with the grinding tool 18 - or conversely, the workpiece 10 - in order to touch it.
  • the desired starting position for the grinding process can be set very precisely in the manner described, because each spark gap between the tool and the workpiece is a specific one even in the case of the electrically conductive grinding tool 18 Spark current Is is assigned, the value of which is passed to the control circuit 32 and is compared there with a specific target value for the starting position or contact position. Even during the mechanical During the grinding process by means of the grinding wheel 18, the spark voltage Us can be maintained in order to generate a spark current Is in the amount of a measuring or control current and in this way to control the mechanical grinding contact between the grinding wheel 18 and the workpiece 10. The eroding effect of the sparks is kept to a minimum in this processing step in order not to impair the smoothing effect of the mechanical grinding process.
  • the method according to the invention can also be used in conjunction with a control of the grinding wheel feed as a function of the torque or the speed affected by it.
  • a control of the grinding wheel feed as a function of the torque or the speed affected by it.
  • Such a control ensures that whenever the pressure of the grinding wheel against the workpiece becomes too great, the grinding wheel is withdrawn from the workpiece. Then the workpiece is approached again.
  • the invention opens up the possibility that when the grinding wheel is withdrawn from the workpiece, the electrical voltage between these two parts is switched on and the spark current is measured. This then becomes smaller as the distance between the grinding wheel and the workpiece increases, and at a specific limit value for the spark current, the retraction movement of the grinding wheel is stopped and switched back to feed. Then the spark voltage can be switched off again until the next time the grinding wheel presses too hard against the workpiece, its speed drops below a certain limit and it therefore has to be withdrawn from the workpiece again.
  • the method described last shows that the inventive touching of the grinding wheel to the workpiece by means of spark current can take place not only when approaching, but also during a retraction movement.

Abstract

The method provides for an electric spark voltage to first of all be applied between grinding tool (18) and workpiece when the grinding tool (18) touches the workpiece (10) and for the touching position to be determined by the spark current. The spark voltage is then switched off for the grinding operation or set to such a value that essentially only mechanical removal of material takes place. The method can be carried out especially advantageously on an apparatus which is designed for spark erosion processes or erosion grinding, because the control circuit (32) available for this can be used not only for the control of the spark gap during the erosion machining but also for touching of the grinding tool.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum mechanischen Schlei­fen von Werkstücken mittels elektrisch leitfähiger Schleif­werkzeuge, wobei zunächst ein Antasten des Schleifwerkzeugs an das Werkstück oder einen Meßfühler erfolgt und anschlies­send von dieser Taststellung aus bestimmte Zustell- und Vor­schubbewegungen ausgeführt werden, sowie eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung eines solchen Verfahrens.The invention relates to a method for the mechanical grinding of workpieces by means of electrically conductive grinding tools, wherein the grinding tool is first probed against the workpiece or a measuring sensor and then certain infeed and feed movements are carried out from this touch position, and a device for carrying out such a method .

Bei mechanischen Schleifverfahren, mit denen sich die vor­liegende Erfindung befaßt, wird bisher, wenn die Lage der zu schleifenden Fläche im Raum und/oder der Schleifschei­bendurchmesser nicht genau vorgegeben sind, das Schleifwerk­zeug von der Bedienungsperson bis gerade zur Berührung an das Werkstück herangefahren, d.h. es wird angetastet, und an­schließend werden die vorgesehenen Zustell- und Vorschubbe­wegungen nach einem bestimmten Steuerprogramm ausgeführt. Das Antasten erfolgt somit manuell gesteuert, wobei sich die Bedienungsperson nach dem bei einsetzender Berührung entste­henden Geräusch und dem Ausmaß der Bildung von Schleiffunken richtet. Sind z.B. in einer Aufspannung eines Werkstücks oder einer Gruppe von Werkstücken eine Vielzahl von unter­schiedlich abgenutzten Werkzeugschneiden nachzuschleifen, z.B. die Zähne eines Sägeblatts, die Schneiden eines Fräsers oder einer Anzahl von gemeinsam in eine Spannvorrichtung ein­gesetzten Drehmeißeln, muß vor Beginn des Nachschleifens einer jeden Schneide erneut manuell angetastet werden. Man kann nicht alle Schneiden hintereinander automatisch bear­beiten. Gleiches gilt für Schleifverfahren im Fertigungs­prozeß, wenn die vorgefertigten Werkstücke unterschiedliche Ausgangsmaße haben, Unterschiede bei der Werkstückeinspan­nung auftreten oder der Schleifscheibendurchmesser nicht ständig kontrolliert wird.In mechanical grinding processes with which the present invention is concerned, until now, if the position of the surface to be ground in space and / or the grinding wheel diameter are not precisely specified, the grinding tool is moved from the operator to the point of contact with the workpiece, ie it is touched, and then the intended infeed and feed movements are carried out according to a specific control program. The probing is thus manually controlled, with the operator depending on the noise that occurs when the touch occurs and the extent of the formation of grinding sparks. If, for example, a large number of differently worn tool cutting edges are to be regrinded in a clamping of a workpiece or a group of workpieces, For example, the teeth of a saw blade, the cutting edges of a milling cutter or a number of turning tools inserted together in a clamping device must be touched again manually before the start of regrinding each cutting edge. You cannot automatically edit all cutting edges one after the other. The same applies to grinding processes in the manufacturing process if the prefabricated workpieces have different starting dimensions, there are differences in workpiece clamping or the grinding wheel diameter is not constantly checked.

Bei elektroerosiven Bearbeitungsverfahren, auch dem sogenann­ten Funkenschleifen bzw. Erodierschleifen gemäß z.B. EP-A1-0076 997 , bei dem der Materialabtrag im wesentlichen berührungslos durch die zwischen Werkzeug und Werkstück über­schlagenden Funken erfolgt, wird mindestens am Anfang mit einem bestimmten Funkenspalt gearbeitet, dessen Einhaltung in Abhängigkeit vom Funkenstrom geregelt wird. Selbst wenn bei Werkstücken, die elektrisch nichtleitende Materialien, z.B. Diamant, in einer elektrisch leitenden metallischen Matrix enthalten, auch ein mechanischer Abtrag der elektrisch nichtleitenden Bestandteile stattfindet, so geschieht dies erst nach funkenerosivem Abtrag der metallischen Matrix, bei dem die elektrisch nichtleitenden Bestandteile weitgehend freigelegt werden, so daß sie von dem funkenerosiv wirkenden Werkzeug leicht abgeschlagen werden können. Die in Abhängig­keit vom Funkenstrom gesteuerte Steuerschaltung hat also bis­her prinzipiell die Funktion, von Anfang an für den zum be­rührungslosen funkenerosiven Abtrag des elektrisch leitenden Materials notwendigen Abstand (= Funkenspalt) zum Werkstück zu sorgen. Eine anfänglich absichtlich herbeigeführte Berüh­rung mit weiterhin hauptsächlich mechanischem Materialabtrag gibt es bei Funkenerosionsverfahren nicht.In the case of electroerosive machining processes, also known as spark grinding or erosion grinding according to EP-A1-0076 997, for example, in which the material is removed essentially without contact due to the sparks flashing between the tool and the workpiece, a certain spark gap is used at least at the beginning, compliance with which is given in Dependence on the spark current is regulated. Even if workpieces containing electrically non-conductive materials, e.g. diamond, in an electrically conductive metallic matrix also undergo mechanical removal of the electrically non-conductive components, this only occurs after the metal matrix has been erosionally eroded, in which the electrically non-conductive components are largely exposed are so that they can be easily knocked off by the EDM tool. The control circuit, which is controlled as a function of the spark current, has so far basically had the function of providing the necessary distance (= spark gap) to the workpiece for the contactless spark-erosive removal of the electrically conductive material. In the case of spark erosion processes, there is initially no intentional contact with mainly mechanical material removal.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, das eingangs ge­nannte mechanische Schleifverfahren dahingehend zu verbes­sern, daß es sich automatisch und schneller ausführen läßt, und vorstehende Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß beim Antasten eine elektrische Funkenspannung zwischen Schleifwerkzeug und Werkstück oder Meßfühler angelegt und die Taststellung durch den Funkenstrom bestimmt wird, und daß anschließend für den Schleifvorgang die Funkenspannung abgeschaltet oder auf einen solchen Wert eingestellt wird, daß im wesentlichen ein mechanischer Materialabtrag erfolgt.The invention has for its object to improve the above-mentioned mechanical grinding method so that it can be carried out automatically and faster, and the above object is achieved in that an electrical spark voltage is applied between the grinding tool and the workpiece or sensor and the touch position by the spark current is determined, and that the spark voltage is then switched off for the grinding process or set to such a value that essentially mechanical material removal takes place.

Die größte Bedeutung kommt bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren der funkenstromgesteuerten Antastung vor der materialabtragen­den Bearbeitung zu, wobei mit Vorteil die an sich bekannte, aber bisher bei einem anderen Abtragsverfahren zu einem an­deren Zweck, nämlich der Abstandsregelung während der elektro­erosiven Bearbeitung, eingesetzte Steuerschaltung mit Funken­generator Anwendung finden kann. Von dem Funkengenerator braucht allerdings kein Arbeitsstrom für Abtragsleistung gefordert zu werden, da der Funkenstrom ausschließlich der Ansteuerung einer bestimmten Berührungsstellung dient, wäh­rend das Abtragen des Materials im wesentlichen mechanisch erfolgt.The greatest importance is attached to the inventive method of spark current-controlled probing prior to material-removing processing, the control circuit with spark generator used, which is known per se, but has previously been used for another removal method for another purpose, namely distance control during electroerosive processing, to advantage can. However, the spark generator does not need to demand a working current for removal performance, since the spark current only serves to control a certain contact position, while the material is removed essentially mechanically.

Die elektrisch nicht leitende Körnung der Schleifscheibe sorgt auch während der Berührung und des mechanischen Abtragens von elektrisch leitendem Material eines Werkstücks für einen ge­wissen Abstand zwischen diesem und der metallischen Matrix der Schleifscheibe, so daß erfindungsgemäß auch die Möglich­keit besteht, noch nach dem elektrisch gesteuerten Antasten weiterhin eine Funkenspannung zwischen Werkzeug und Werkstück anliegen zu lassen und in Abhängigkeit von einem schwachen Funkenstrom, der für den Metallabtrag keine Bedeutung hat, kontinuierlich eine bestimmte Berührungsstellung der Schleif­scheibe für mechanischen Abtrag des elektrisch leitenden Materials des Werkstücks zu regeln.The electrically non-conductive grain of the grinding wheel also ensures a certain distance between the workpiece and the metallic matrix of the grinding wheel during the contact and mechanical removal of the electrically conductive material of a workpiece, so that according to the invention there is also the possibility of still continuing after the electrically controlled probing to apply a spark voltage between the tool and the workpiece and, depending on a weak spark current, which is of no importance for metal removal, to continuously regulate a specific contact position of the grinding wheel for mechanical removal of the electrically conductive material of the workpiece.

Sollen mit bestimmten Relativstellungen zueinander angeordne­te Flächen, z.B. Schneiden eines Fräsers, geschliffen werden, kann in einer bevorzugten praktischen Ausführung der Erfin­dung vor und/oder nach dem Schleifen einer der Flächen an dieser mittels Funkenstrom angetastet werden, und es können entsprechend dieser Taststellung die anderen Flächen ge­schliffen oder Zustellbewegungen zur Kompensation der Schleif­scheibenabnutzung vorgenommen werden. Anstatt eine bestimmte Fläche an einem Werkstück als Referenz für das automatische Schleifen anderer Flächen zu verwenden, kann auch eine Modell­fläche oder ein Meßfühler mit dem Schleifwerkzeug angetastet und als Referenz für alle zu schleifenden Flächen benutzt werden.If surfaces are to be arranged with certain relative positions, e.g. In a preferred practical embodiment of the invention, cutting of a milling cutter can be touched before and / or after grinding one of the surfaces on it by means of a spark current, and the other surfaces can be ground or feed movements can be made to compensate for grinding wheel wear in accordance with this touch position . Instead of using a specific surface on a workpiece as a reference for the automatic grinding of other surfaces, a model surface or a sensor can be touched with the grinding tool and used as a reference for all surfaces to be ground.

Einen besonders großen Vorteil bietet das neue Verfahren, wenn in weiterer bevorzugter Ausgestaltung der Erfindung das Werkstück zunächst mit einem ersten Werkzeug funkenerosiv oder erodierschleifend und dann in derselben Aufspannung mit einer mittels Funkenstrom in die Antaststellung gebrachten Schleifscheibe mechanisch abtragend bearbeitet wird. Bei dieser Ausführungsvariante erfolgt nicht nur das Antasten schnell und automatisch, sondern es wird auch zusätzlich die Genauigkeit gefördert, indem bei beiden nacheinander ausge­führten unterschiedlichen Bearbeitungsvorgängen das Werkstück in derselben Aufspannung bleibt und die Relativstellungen zu beiden Werkzeugen in gleicher Weise gesteuert werden.The new method offers a particularly great advantage if, in a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the workpiece is first machined by spark erosion or erosion using a first tool and then machined in the same setting with a grinding wheel brought into the probing position by means of spark current. In this embodiment variant, not only is the probing done quickly and automatically, but the accuracy is also promoted in that the workpiece remains in the same clamping in two successively different machining operations and the relative positions to both tools are controlled in the same way.

Eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Ver­fahrens besteht aus einem rotierend antreibbaren, elektrisch leitfähigen Schleifwerkzeug, einer Werkstück-Spanneinrichtung und einem steuerbaren Bewegungsantrieb zur Veränderung der Relativstellung zwischen Schleifwerkzeug und Werkstück und ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Schleifwerkzeug und das Werkstück oder ein Meßfühler an einen Funkengenerator an­schließbar sind und der Bewegungsantrieb beim Antasten durch eine vom Funkenstrom beeinflußte Steuerschaltung steuerbar ist, welche während des mechanischen Schleifvorgangs durch ein Steuerprogramm und/oder einen nur als Steuerstrom be­messenen Funkenstrom steuerbar ist.A device for carrying out the method according to the invention consists of a rotationally drivable, electrically conductive grinding tool, a workpiece clamping device and a controllable movement drive for changing the relative position between the grinding tool and the workpiece, and is characterized in that the grinding tool and the workpiece or a measuring sensor are connected to a spark generator are connectable and the motion drive when probing a control circuit influenced by the spark current can be controlled, which can be controlled during the mechanical grinding process by a control program and / or a spark current measured only as a control current.

Besonders einfach und kostengünstig läßt sich die neue Vor­richtung dadurch realisieren, daß das Schleifwerkzeug an den Funkengenerator und die Steuerschaltung eines in derselben Werkstückaufspannung einsetzbaren, funkenerosiv wirksamen Werkzeugs anschließbar ist, welches in bevorzugter Ausführung als erodierende Scheibe auf derselben Welle wie das me­chanisch wirksame Schleifwerkzeug angeordnet ist.The new device can be realized particularly simply and inexpensively in that the grinding tool can be connected to the spark generator and the control circuit of a spark-erosive tool which can be used in the same workpiece clamping and which, in a preferred embodiment, is arranged as an eroding disk on the same shaft as the mechanically effective grinding tool .

Die Erfindung wird nachstehend anhand der Zeichnung näher er­läutert.The invention is explained below with reference to the drawing.

Die Zeichnung zeigt schematisch ein Werkstück 10, z.B. ein Sägeblatt, welches auf einem Kreuzschlitten 12 aufgespannt ist und dadurch in Richtung von zwei senkrecht aufeinander­stehenden Koordinaten x und y verfahren werden kann. Ein Dreh­antrieb 14, dessen Drehwinkel α gesteuert werden kann, dient zur Drehwinkelverstellung bzw. zum Weiterschalten des Säge­blatts von einer zu bearbeitenden Schneide zur nächsten.The drawing schematically shows a workpiece 10, e.g. a saw blade which is clamped on a cross slide 12 and can thus be moved in the direction of two mutually perpendicular coordinates x and y. A rotary drive 14, the angle of rotation α of which can be controlled, serves to adjust the angle of rotation or to advance the saw blade from one cutting edge to the next.

Zur Bearbeitung des Werkstücks 10 sind zwei Werkzeuge 16 und 18 vorgesehen. Bei dem Werkzeug 16 handelt es sich um eine rotierend antreibbare Scheibe, z.B. aus Graphit, Kupfer oder einem anderen elektrisch leitfähigen Material, ggf. auch mit eingeschlossenen Schleifkörnern aus elektrisch nicht leitfä­higem Material, z.B. Diamantkorn. Mit diesem Werkzeug wird das Sägeblatt 10 oder ein anderes Werkstück, z.B. auch ein an seinen Schneiden, die z.B. aus Hartmetall oder poly­kristallinem Diamant bestehen können, zu bearbeitender Fräser oder ein anderes ähnliches Werkzeug funkenerosiv oder erodierschleifend bearbeitet.Two tools 16 and 18 are provided for machining the workpiece 10. The tool 16 is a disk which can be driven in rotation, for example made of graphite, copper or another electrically conductive material, if appropriate also with enclosed abrasive grains made of electrically non-conductive material, for example diamond grain. This tool is used to machine the saw blade 10 or another workpiece, for example a milling cutter to be machined on its cutting edges, which can be made of hard metal or polycrystalline diamond, for example, or another similar tool.

Das zweite Werkzeug 18 ist eine elektrisch leitfähige, also z.B. metallgebundene Schleifscheibe mit beispielsweise Dia­mantkörnung. Beide Werkzeuge 16 und 18 sitzen auf derselben Antriebswelle 20 und können durch einen Werkzeugschlitten 22 in Richtung einer senkrecht auf den x- und y-Koordinaten ste­henden z-Koordinate verfahren werden. Außerdem ist die Winkel­geschwindigkeit ω der durch einen Antriebsmotor 24 angetrie­benen Welle 20 steuerbar.The second tool 18 is an electrically conductive, i.e. e.g. metal-bonded grinding wheel with diamond grit, for example. Both tools 16 and 18 are seated on the same drive shaft 20 and can be moved by a tool slide 22 in the direction of a z coordinate perpendicular to the x and y coordinates. In addition, the angular velocity ω of the shaft 20 driven by a drive motor 24 can be controlled.

Ein Funkengenerator 26 ist über Leitungen 28 und 30 an das Werkstück 10 und das jeweils zum Ansatz gebrachte Werkzeug 16 bzw. 18 angeschlossen. In üblicher Weise wird zwischen das Werkstück 10 und das jeweilige Werkzeug 16 bzw. 18 ein Di­elektrikum eingespült, so daß sie untereinander isoliert sind und Funken zwischen ihnen überspringen können, wenn sich das Erodierwerkzeug 16 mit dem Zwischenabstand des für die Funken­erosion notwendigen Funkenspalts in Arbeitsstellung befindet bzw. wenn mit dem Schleifwerkzeug 18 am Werkstück 10 ange­tastet wird.A spark generator 26 is connected via lines 28 and 30 to the workpiece 10 and the respective tool 16 and 18, respectively. In a conventional manner, a dielectric is flushed in between the workpiece 10 and the respective tool 16 or 18, so that they are insulated from one another and can jump over sparks between them if the eroding tool 16 is in the working position with the spacing of the spark gap required for spark erosion or when touching the workpiece 10 with the grinding tool 18.

Mit Hilfe einer Steuerschaltung 32 können die im Einzelfall vor­gesehenen Zustellungen, Vorschubbewegungen und Sollwertein­stellungen vorgenommen werden. Die Vorgaben für die Steuer­schaltung können entweder von Hand über eine nicht gezeigte Tastatur oder durch einen Programmspeicher 34 in die Steuer­schaltung eingegeben werden. Diese kann dann über eine Lei­tung 36 und einen Signalumsetzer 38 den Kreuzschlitten 12 eine Bewegung in Richtung der x-Koordinate ausführen lassen, wodurch z.B. der Funkenspalt zwischen Werkstück 10 und Werk­zeug 16 beeinflußt wird. Zum Ansteuern und Nachregeln eines bestimmten Funkenspalts können die Änderungen der elektrischen Spannung Us am Funkenspalt über eine Meßvorrichtung 40 und alternativ oder gleichzeitig eine Spaltstromänderung Is über eine Meßvorrichtung 42 abgegriffen und der Steuerschaltung 32 zur Auswertung zugeleitet werden. Parallel zur Funkenstrecke zwischen Werkstück und Werkzeug ist eine stufenweise einstell­ bare Kapazität 44 vorhanden, wie sie aus der Metallbearbei­tung bekannt ist, um Anpassungen vorzunehmen.With the aid of a control circuit 32, the infeeds, feed movements and setpoint settings provided in the individual case can be carried out. The specifications for the control circuit can be entered into the control circuit either manually using a keyboard (not shown) or through a program memory 34. This can then have the cross slide 12 execute a movement in the direction of the x coordinate via a line 36 and a signal converter 38, which, for example, influences the spark gap between workpiece 10 and tool 16. To control and readjust a specific spark gap, the changes in the electrical voltage Us at the spark gap can be tapped via a measuring device 40 and, alternatively or at the same time, a gap current change Is can be tapped via a measuring device 42 and fed to the control circuit 32 for evaluation. A stepwise setting is made parallel to the spark gap between the workpiece and the tool bare capacity 44 available, as is known from metalworking to make adjustments.

Das Zustellen des Werkzeuges kann in Abhängigkeit des bei 42 gemessenen Stroms Is geregelt werden. Der einem Strom zur Größe des Funkenspalts proportionale Wert kann einem Kompa­rator zugeführt werden, in dem mit einem einstellbaren Soll­wert verglichen wird.The infeed of the tool can be regulated depending on the current Is measured at 42. The value proportional to a current to the size of the spark gap can be fed to a comparator, in which a comparison is made with an adjustable setpoint.

Über eine Steuerleitung 46 und einen Signalumsetzer 48 wird die Bewegung des Kreuzschlittens 12 in Richtung der y-Koordi­nate gesteuert. Dies kann z.B. eine hin- und hergehende Bewe­gung des Werkstücks beim Bearbeiten von geraden Schneiden sein. Das Ausmaß der hin- und hergehenden Bewegung kann durch den Programmspeicher 34 oder auch eine einfache Umsteuerung durch Endschalter vorgegeben werden.The movement of the cross slide 12 in the direction of the y coordinate is controlled via a control line 46 and a signal converter 48. This can e.g. a reciprocating movement of the workpiece when machining straight cutting edges. The extent of the to-and-fro movement can be predetermined by the program memory 34 or by a simple reversal by means of limit switches.

Über eine Leitung 50 und einen Signalumsetzer 52 wird der Werkzeugschlitten 22 in Richtung der z-Koordinate gesteuert, um z.B. eine Höhenverstellung des Werkzeugs 16 bzw. 18 vor­zunehmen.The tool slide 22 is controlled in the direction of the z coordinate via a line 50 and a signal converter 52 in order to e.g. make a height adjustment of the tool 16 or 18.

Die Drehzahl des Antriebsmotors 24 wird durch die Steuer­schaltung 32 über eine Steuerleitung 54 und einen Signalum­setzer 56 gesteuert. Um schließlich im Beispielsfall das Werkstück 10 nach jeder Bearbeitungsstufe mit einer Dreh­schaltbewegung zur Bearbeitung eines weiteren Zahns in eine andere Drehwinkelstellung zu bringen, wird von der Steuer­schaltung 32 aus über eine Steuerleitung 58 und einen Signal­umsetzer 60 ein entsprechendes Signal an den Drehantrieb 14 des Werkstücks 10 geleitet. Bei einer anderen Bearbeitungs­aufgabe kann der Drehantrieb 14 aber auch ein ständig drehen­der Motor sein, wenn ein Werkstück als Rotationskörper bear­beitet werden soll, während er bei der Bearbeitung um seine Achse rotiert.The speed of the drive motor 24 is controlled by the control circuit 32 via a control line 54 and a signal converter 56. In order to finally bring the workpiece 10 into a different angle of rotation position after each machining stage with a rotary switching movement for machining another tooth, a corresponding signal is sent from the control circuit 32 via a control line 58 and a signal converter 60 to the rotary drive 14 of the workpiece 10 . In another machining task, the rotary drive 14 can also be a constantly rotating motor if a workpiece is to be machined as a rotating body while rotating about its axis during machining.

Die in der Zeichnung gezeigte Vorrichtung eignet sich grund­sätzlich zur Bearbeitung metallischer Werkstücke, und zwar vor allem zur Herstellung und zum Nachschleifen von Werkzeu­gen, insbesondere mit sehr harten Schneiden, z.B. aus poly­kristallinem Material. Die Schneiden des Werkstücks können dabei zunächst mit Hilfe des Werkzeugs 16 durch Funkenerosion oder erodierschleifend bearbeitet werden. Die bei diesem Be­arbeitungsverfahren entstehenden, noch verhältnismäßig rauhen Flächen können dann in derselben Aufspannung des Werkstücks 10 und unter Zuhilfenahme derselben Steuerschaltung mittels des Schleifwerkzeugs 18 fertig bearbeitet werden. Dabei besteht die Möglichkeit, entweder Zahn für Zahn bzw. Schneide für Schneide des Werkstücks 10 jeweils unmittelbar nacheinander erst mit dem Erodierwerkzeug 16 und dann mit dem Schleifwerk­zeug 18 zu bearbeiten, oder zunächst alle Zähne bzw. Schnei­den mit dem Erodierwerkzeug 16 und anschließend wiederum sämtliche Zähne bzw. Schneiden nacheinander mit dem Schleif­werkzeug 18 zu bearbeiten. In der zweiten Bearbeitungsstufe unter Einsatz des Schleifwerkzeugs 18 wird der Funkenstrom Is, anders als bei dem vorangegangenen Erodierverfahren, nicht mehr zum Materialabtrag, sondern nur noch zur Steuerung der Relativstellung zwischen dem Werkstück 10 und dem Schleif­werkzeug 18 gebraucht. Damit kann das Werkstück 10 schnell und automatisch sehr genau bis auf einen ganz bestimmten Ab­stand oder bis zur Berührung der Schleifkörner an das Schleif­werkzeug 18 - oder umgekehrt dieses an das Werkstück 10 - herangefahren werden, um anzutasten. Die gewünschte Ausgangs­stellung für den Schleifvorgang, sei es in Berührung oder noch mit einem ganz bestimmten Zwischenabstand zwischen Werk­stück und Werkzeug, läßt sich auf die beschrieben Weise sehr genau einstellen, weil jeder Funkenstrecke zwischen Werkzeug und Werkstück auch im Falle des elektrisch leitenden Schleif­werkzeugs 18 ein bestimmter Funkenstrom Is zugeordnet ist, dessen Wert an die Steuerschaltung 32 geleitet und dort mit einem bestimmten Sollwert für die Ausgangsstellung bzw. An­taststellung verglichen wird. Auch während des mechanischen Schleifvorgangs mittels der Schleifscheibe 18 kann die Funkenspannung Us aufrecht erhalten bleiben, um einen Funken­strom Is im Ausmaß eines Meß- bzw. Steuerstroms zu erzeugen und auf diese Weise die mechanisch schleifende Berührung zwischen der Schleifscheibe 18 und dem Werkstück 10 zu kon­trollieren. Die erodierende Wirkung der Funken wird in dieser Bearbeitungsstufe minimal gehalten, um den glättenden Effekt des mechanischen Schleifvorgangs nicht zu beeinträchtigen.The device shown in the drawing is fundamentally suitable for processing metallic workpieces, especially for the manufacture and regrinding of tools, in particular with very hard cutting edges, for example made of polycrystalline material. The cutting edges of the workpiece can first be machined using the tool 16 by spark erosion or by erosion grinding. The surfaces that are still relatively rough in this machining process can then be finished in the same clamping of the workpiece 10 and with the aid of the same control circuit by means of the grinding tool 18. It is possible to either process tooth by tooth or edge by edge of the workpiece 10 in succession first with the eroding tool 16 and then with the grinding tool 18, or first all teeth or cutting with the eroding tool 16 and then again all teeth or cutting one after the other with the grinding tool 18. In the second processing stage using the grinding tool 18, the spark current Is, unlike in the previous eroding process, is no longer used to remove material, but only to control the relative position between the workpiece 10 and the grinding tool 18. The workpiece 10 can thus be moved quickly and automatically very precisely up to a specific distance or until the abrasive grains come into contact with the grinding tool 18 - or conversely, the workpiece 10 - in order to touch it. The desired starting position for the grinding process, whether in contact or with a very specific intermediate distance between the workpiece and the tool, can be set very precisely in the manner described, because each spark gap between the tool and the workpiece is a specific one even in the case of the electrically conductive grinding tool 18 Spark current Is is assigned, the value of which is passed to the control circuit 32 and is compared there with a specific target value for the starting position or contact position. Even during the mechanical During the grinding process by means of the grinding wheel 18, the spark voltage Us can be maintained in order to generate a spark current Is in the amount of a measuring or control current and in this way to control the mechanical grinding contact between the grinding wheel 18 and the workpiece 10. The eroding effect of the sparks is kept to a minimum in this processing step in order not to impair the smoothing effect of the mechanical grinding process.

Schließlich kann das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren auch in Ver­bindung mit einer Steuerung des Schleifscheibenvorschubs in Abhängigkeit vom Drehmoment oder der davon beeinflußten Dreh­zahl Anwendung finden. Eine solche Steuerung sorgt dafür, daß immer dann, wenn der Andruck der Schleifscheibe gegen das Werk­stück zu groß wird, die Schleifscheibe vom Werkstück zurück­gezogen wird. Dann erfolgt ein erneutes Heranfahren an das Werkstück. Die Erfindung eröffnet in diesem Fall die Möglich­keit, daß beim Zurückziehen der Schleifscheibe vom Werkstück die elektrische Spannung zwischen diesen beiden Teilen einge­schaltet und der Funkenstrom gemessen wird. Dieser wird dann mit zunehmendem Abstand der Schleifscheibe vom Werkstück kleiner, und bei einem bestimmten Grenzwert des Funkenstroms wird die Rückzugsbewegung der Schleifscheibe angehalten und wieder auf Vorschub umgeschaltet. Dann kann auch die Funkenspannung wieder abgeschaltet werden, bis beim nächsten Mal die Schleifscheibe wieder zu stark gegen das Werkstück drückt, ihre Drehzahl unter einen bestimmten Grenzwert sinkt und sie deshalb erneut vom Werkstück zurückgezogen werden muß.Finally, the method according to the invention can also be used in conjunction with a control of the grinding wheel feed as a function of the torque or the speed affected by it. Such a control ensures that whenever the pressure of the grinding wheel against the workpiece becomes too great, the grinding wheel is withdrawn from the workpiece. Then the workpiece is approached again. In this case, the invention opens up the possibility that when the grinding wheel is withdrawn from the workpiece, the electrical voltage between these two parts is switched on and the spark current is measured. This then becomes smaller as the distance between the grinding wheel and the workpiece increases, and at a specific limit value for the spark current, the retraction movement of the grinding wheel is stopped and switched back to feed. Then the spark voltage can be switched off again until the next time the grinding wheel presses too hard against the workpiece, its speed drops below a certain limit and it therefore has to be withdrawn from the workpiece again.

Das zuletzt geschilderte Verfahren zeigt, daß das erfindungs­gemäße Antasten der Schleifscheibe an das Werkstück mittels Funkenstrom nicht nur bei einer Annäherung, sondern auch bei einer Rückzugsbewegung erfolgen kann.The method described last shows that the inventive touching of the grinding wheel to the workpiece by means of spark current can take place not only when approaching, but also during a retraction movement.

Claims (6)

1. Verfahren zum mechanischen Schleifen von Werkstücken mittels elektrisch leitfähiger Schleifwerkzeuge, wobei zunächst ein Antasten des Schleifwerkzeugs an das Werk­stück oder einen Meßfühler erfolgt und anschließend von dieser Taststellung aus bestimmte Zustell- und/oder Vorschubbewegungen ausgeführt werden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß beim Antasten eine elektrische Funkenspannung zwischen Schleifwerkzeug und Werkstück oder Meßfühler angelegt und die Taststellung durch den Funkenstrom bestimmt wird, und daß anschlies­send für den Schleifvorgang die Funkenspannung abge­schaltet oder auf einen solchen Wert eingestellt wird, daß im wesentlichen ein mechanischer Materialabtrag er­folgt.1. A method for the mechanical grinding of workpieces by means of electrically conductive grinding tools, wherein the grinding tool is first probed to the workpiece or a sensor and then certain feed and / or feed movements are carried out from this touch position, characterized in that when probing an electrical one Spark voltage is applied between the grinding tool and workpiece or sensor and the touch position is determined by the spark current, and that the spark voltage is then switched off for the grinding process or set to such a value that essentially mechanical material is removed. 2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 zum Schleifen von mit bestimm­ten Relativstellungen zueinander angeordneten Flächen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß vor und/oder nach dem Schleifen einer der Flächen an dieser mittels Funkenstrom angetastet und entsprechend dieser Taststellung die anderen Flächen geschliffen werden.2. The method according to claim 1 for grinding surfaces arranged with certain relative positions to one another, characterized in that before and / or after the grinding one of the surfaces is touched by means of a spark current and the other surfaces are ground in accordance with this touch position. 3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Werkstück zu­nächst mit einem ersten Werkzeug funkenerosiv oder ero­dierschleifend und dann in derselben Aufspannung mit einer mittels Funkenstrom in die Antaststellung gebrachten Schleifscheibe mechanisch abtragend bearbeitet wird.3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the workpiece is machined with a first tool spark erosion or EDM and then in the same setting with a grinding wheel brought into the probing position by means of spark current. 4. Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach einem Ansprüche 1 bis 3, bestehend aus einem rotierend antreib­baren, elektrisch leitfähigen Schleifwerkzeug, einer Werkstück-Spanneinrichtung und einem steuerbaren Bewe­gungsantrieb zur Veränderung der Relativstellung zwischen Schleifwerkzeug und Werkstück, dadurch ge­kennzeichnet, daß das Schleifwerkzeug (18) und das Werkstück (10) oder ein Meßfühler an einen Funken­generator (26) anschließbar sind und der Bewegungsan­trieb (12, 22) beim Antasten durch eine vom Funkenstrom beeinflußte Steuerschaltung (32) steuerbar ist, welche während des mechanischen Schleifvorgangs durch einen Programmspeicher (34) und/oder einen nur als Steuerstrom bemessenen Funkenstrom steuerbar ist.4. Apparatus for performing the method according to one of claims 1 to 3, consisting of a rotatably drivable, electrically conductive grinding tool, one Workpiece clamping device and a controllable movement drive for changing the relative position between the grinding tool and workpiece, characterized in that the grinding tool (18) and the workpiece (10) or a measuring sensor can be connected to a spark generator (26) and the movement drive (12, 22) when probing, it can be controlled by a control circuit (32) influenced by the spark current, which can be controlled by a program memory (34) and / or a spark current measured only as a control current during the mechanical grinding process. 5. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 4, dadurch ge­kennzeichnet, daß das Schleifwerkzeug (18) an den Funkengenerator (26) und die Steuerschaltung (32) eines in derselben Werkstückaufspannung einsetzbaren, funkenerosiv wirkenden Werkzeugs (16) anschließbar ist.5. The device according to claim 4, characterized in that the grinding tool (18) to the spark generator (26) and the control circuit (32) of an insert in the same workpiece clamping, spark erosive tool (16) can be connected. 6. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 5, dadurch ge­kennzeichnet, daß das Schleifwerkzeug (18) und das funkenerosiv wirksame Werkzeug (16) auf derselben Antriebswelle (20) angeordnete, rotierend antreibbare Werkzeuge sind.6. The device according to claim 5, characterized in that the grinding tool (18) and the spark-erosive tool (16) on the same drive shaft (20) are arranged, rotatably drivable tools.
EP88107984A 1987-05-25 1988-05-19 Method and apparatus for mechanical grinding of workpieces by electric conductive worktools Expired - Lifetime EP0293673B1 (en)

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DE19873717568 DE3717568A1 (en) 1987-05-25 1987-05-25 METHOD AND DEVICE FOR MECHANICAL GRINDING OF WORKPIECES BY MEANS OF ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE GRINDING TOOLS

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DE3717568A1 (en) 1988-12-08
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US4963710A (en) 1990-10-16
EP0293673A3 (en) 1990-01-10
JP2849387B2 (en) 1999-01-20
EP0293673B1 (en) 1992-08-12

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