EP0436151A1 - Coldstable petroleum middle distillate containing polymers as paraffin dispersants - Google Patents

Coldstable petroleum middle distillate containing polymers as paraffin dispersants Download PDF

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EP0436151A1
EP0436151A1 EP90123728A EP90123728A EP0436151A1 EP 0436151 A1 EP0436151 A1 EP 0436151A1 EP 90123728 A EP90123728 A EP 90123728A EP 90123728 A EP90123728 A EP 90123728A EP 0436151 A1 EP0436151 A1 EP 0436151A1
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copolymers
middle distillates
petroleum middle
polymers
ppm
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French (fr)
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EP0436151B1 (en
EP0436151B2 (en
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Knut Dr. Oppenlaender
Heinrich Dr. Hartmann
Walter Denzinger
Brigitte Dr. Wegner
Klaus Dr. Barthold
Erich Dr. Schwartz
Egon Buettner
Hans-Jürgen Raubenheimer
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BASF SE
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BASF SE
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10LFUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14Organic compounds
    • C10L1/22Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C10L1/234Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/236Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derivatives thereof
    • C10L1/2364Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derivatives thereof homo- or copolymers derived from unsaturated compounds containing amide and/or imide groups
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10LFUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14Organic compounds
    • C10L1/143Organic compounds mixtures of organic macromolecular compounds with organic non-macromolecular compounds
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10LFUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/188Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10LFUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/192Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/195Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10L1/196Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
    • C10L1/1963Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof mono-carboxylic
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10LFUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/192Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/195Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10L1/196Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
    • C10L1/1966Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof poly-carboxylic
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10LFUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/192Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/195Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10L1/197Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and an acyloxy group of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid
    • C10L1/1973Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and an acyloxy group of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid mono-carboxylic
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10LFUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14Organic compounds
    • C10L1/22Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10LFUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14Organic compounds
    • C10L1/24Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium
    • C10L1/2431Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium sulfur bond to oxygen, e.g. sulfones, sulfoxides
    • C10L1/2437Sulfonic acids; Derivatives thereof, e.g. sulfonamides, sulfosuccinic acid esters

Definitions

  • the invention relates to low-temperature petroleum middle distillates containing low molecular weight polymers with copolymerized monoethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids which are reacted with unbranched, secondary fatty amines and have improved cold flowability and better dispersion of the separated wax crystals.
  • Middle distillates such as gas oils, diesel oils or heating oils, which are obtained from petroleum by distillation, have different paraffin contents depending on the origin of the crude oil.
  • solid paraffins are excreted (cloud point or cloud point, CP).
  • cloud point or cloud point, CP cloud point
  • the platelet-shaped n-paraffin crystals form a "card house structure" and the middle distillate stops, although the majority of the middle distillate is still liquid.
  • the fluidity of the petroleum distillate fuels is significantly impaired by the unusual n-paraffins in the temperature region between the cloud point and pour point or pour point.
  • the paraffins clog filters and cause uneven or completely interrupted fuel supply to the combustion units. Similar problems occur with heating oils.
  • suitable additives can be used to modify the crystal growth of the paraffins in the petroleum middle distillate fuels.
  • Well-effective additives on the one hand prevent middle distillates from forming such house of cards structures and, at temperatures a few degrees Celsius below the temperature at which the first wax crystals crystallize, already become solid and, on the other hand, they form fine, well-crystallized, separate wax crystals, which filters in motor vehicles and heating systems pass or at least form a filter cake permeable to the liquid part of the middle distillates, so that trouble-free operation is ensured.
  • a disadvantage of the additives mentioned is that the failed wax crystals, owing to their higher density than the liquid part, tend to settle more and more on the bottom of the container during storage. This creates a homogeneous low-paraffin phase in the upper part of the container and a two-phase paraffin-rich layer on the bottom. Since both in vehicle tanks and in storage or delivery tanks of mineral oil dealers, the middle distillate is mostly a little above the Bottom of the container takes place, there is a risk that the high concentration of solid paraffins leads to blockages of filters and metering devices. This danger increases the further the storage temperature falls below the paraffin separation temperature, since the amount of paraffin excreted is a function of the temperature and increases with decreasing temperature.
  • the paraffin crystal modifiers are polymers which change the crystal growth of the n-paraffins through co-crystallization (interaction) and improve the flow properties of the middle distillate at low temperatures.
  • the effectiveness of the flow improver is expressed indirectly according to DIN 51428 by measuring the "Cold Filters Plugging Point” (CFPP).
  • ethylene copolymers especially copolymers of ethylene and unsaturated esters, are used.
  • reaction products of monoamines with maleic anhydride polymers to the corresponding imides are also described, with the use of less than one mole of amine per mole of maleic anhydride unit to neutralize remaining carboxyl groups.
  • dialkylamines are also mentioned as reactants in the general description in the cited patent specification, there is no concrete information about a reaction with a secondary amine. Rather, there is always talk of imide to be formed, the formation of which is only possible with a primary amine. Finally, the reaction product should not contain any free acid groups; these are converted into metal salts by neutralization.
  • R1 and R2 independently of one another are hydrogen or low molecular weight alkyl or together represent a tetramethylene radical and in which
  • R3 and R4 are unbranched alkyl radicals with 14 to 24 carbon atoms, meet this requirement.
  • Particularly suitable polymers are those which contain recurring units of the formula I, preferably those with units of the formula I '
  • Copolymers of styrene with maleic anhydride are particularly preferred.
  • radicals of the formula I are derived from z. B. maleic acid, fumaric acid, tetrahydrophthalic acid, citraconic acid, preferably maleic anhydride. They can be used both in the form of their homopolymers and of the copolymers. Suitable comonomers are: styrene and alkylstyrenes, straight-chain and branched olefins with 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and mixtures with one another.
  • Examples include: styrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, dimethylstyrene, ⁇ -ethylstyrene, diethylstyrene, i-propylstyrene, tert-butylstyrene, ethylene, propylene, n-butylene, i-butylene, di-i-butylene and dodecene. Styrene and isobutene are preferred, styrene is particularly preferred.
  • polymers which may be mentioned in detail are: polymaleic acid, a molar, alternating styrene / maleic acid copolymer, randomly constructed styrene / maleic acid copolymers in a ratio of 10:90 to 90:10 and an alternating copolymer of maleic acid and i-butene.
  • the molar masses of the polymers are generally from 500 g / mol to 20,000 g / mol, preferably from 700 to 2000 g / mol.
  • Dialkylamines of the formula come as amines: considered in the
  • R3, R4 is a straight-chain alkyl radical having 14 to 24 carbon atoms.
  • Dioleylamine, dipalmitinamine and dibehenylamine and preferably ditallow fatty amine may be mentioned in particular.
  • the dicarboxylic acids in the form of the anhydrides, e.g. Maleic anhydride, citraconic anhydride and tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, since the anhydrides usually copolymerize better with the olefins.
  • the anhydride groups of the copolymers can then be reacted directly with the amines.
  • the reaction of the polymers or copolymers with the secondary fatty amines takes place at temperatures of 50 to 200 ° C in the course of 0.3 to 30 hours.
  • the secondary fatty amine is used in amounts of approximately one mole per mole of polymerized dicarboxylic acid anhydride, ie approximately 0.9 to 1.1 moles / mole.
  • the use of larger or smaller amounts is possible, but has no advantage. If larger amounts than one mole are used, ammonium salts are obtained in part, since the formation of a second amide group requires higher temperatures, longer residence times and the elimination of water. If amounts smaller than one mole are used, there is no complete conversion to the monoamide and a correspondingly reduced effect is obtained.
  • the polymers are prepared by known discontinuous or continuous polymerization processes such as bulk, suspension, precipitation or solution polymerization and initiation with customary radical donors such as acetylcyclohexanesulfonyl peroxide, diacetyl peroxidicarbonate, dicyclohexyl peroxidicarbonate, di-2-ethylhexyl peroxidicylate, 2,2'-azodobio-butylate, tert.-butodoboxylate, tert.-butodobio-butylate, tert-butyl-tert-butyl-tert-butyl-tert-butyl-tert (4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), tert-butyl perpivalate, tert-butyl per-2-ethyl hexanoate, tert-butyl permaleinate, 2,2'-azobis (isobutyronitrile), bis (tert-buty
  • the polymerization is generally carried out at from 40 to 400 ° C., preferably from 80 to 300 ° C., and when olefins or solvents are used, boiling temperatures below the polymerization temperature are advantageously carried out under pressure.
  • the polymerization is advantageously carried out in the absence of air, ie if it is not possible to work under boiling conditions, e.g. B. carried out under nitrogen, since oxygen delays the polymerization.
  • the reaction can be accelerated by the use of redox coinitiators such as benzoin, dimethylaniline, ascorbic acid and organically soluble complexes of heavy metals such as copper, cobalt, manganese, iron, nickel and chromium.
  • the amounts usually used are 0.1 to 2000 ppm by weight, preferably 0.1 to 1000 ppm by weight.
  • regulators are, for example, allyl alcohols, such as buten-1-ol-3, organic mercapto compounds such as 2-mercaptoethanol, 2-mercaptopropanol, mercaptoacetic acid, mercaptopropionic acid, tert-butyl mercaptan, n-butyl mercaptan, n-octyl mercaptan, n-dodecyl mercaptan and tert.- Dodecyl mercaptan, which are generally used in amounts of 0.1% by weight to 10% by weight.
  • Equipment suitable for the polymerization is e.g. Conventional stirred kettles with, for example, armature, blade, impeller or multi-stage impulse countercurrent stirrers and for the continuous production of stirred kettle cascades, tubular reactors and static mixers.
  • the simplest method of polymerization is bulk polymerization.
  • the olefins and the acid group- or acid anhydride group-containing monomer are polymerized in the presence of an initiator and in the absence of solvents. This process is particularly suitable for those copolymers in which the olefin used has 6 and more carbon atoms.
  • all monomers are mixed in the desired composition and a small part, e.g. about 5 to 10%, in the reactor before, heated to the desired polymerization temperature with stirring and metered in the remaining monomer mixture and the initiator and optionally coinitiator and regulator evenly within 1 to 10 hours, preferably 2 to 5 hours.
  • copolymer can then be converted to the paraffin dispersant according to the invention directly in the melt or after dilution with a suitable solvent.
  • a continuous high-pressure process is also suitable for producing the desired copolymers, which permits space-time yields of 1 to 50 kg of polymer per liter of reactor and hour.
  • a polymerization vessel, a pressure vessel cascade, a pressure tube or a pressure vessel with a downstream reaction tube, which is provided with a static mixer, can be used as the polymerization apparatus.
  • the monomers are preferably polymerized from olefins and monoethylenically unsaturated compounds containing acid anhydride groups or acid groups in at least 2 polymerization zones connected in series.
  • One reaction zone can consist of a pressure-tight vessel, the other of a heatable static mixer. You get sales of more than 99%.
  • a copolymer of styrene and maleic anhydride can be prepared, for example, by continuously feeding the monomers and a suitable initiator to a reactor or two reaction zones connected in series, for example a reactor cascade, and the reaction product after a residence time of 2 to 60, preferably 5 to 30 minutes, at temperatures between 200 and 400 ° C continuously discharged from the reaction zone.
  • the polymerization is expediently carried out at pressures of more than 1 bar, preferably between 1 and 200 bar.
  • the copolymers obtained with solids contents above 99 ° C. can then be further converted to the corresponding amides.
  • solvents are used in which the monomers are soluble and the copolymer formed is insoluble and fails.
  • solvents are ethers such as diethyl ether, dipropyl ether, dibutyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, cumene, high-boiling aromatic mixtures such as Solvesso 100®, 150 and 200, aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons and mixtures with one another.
  • a protective colloid When carrying out the precipitation polymerization, it is expedient to use a protective colloid to prevent the formation of aggregates, in particular when working at concentrations of more than 40% by weight.
  • Suitable protective colloids are polymeric substances which are readily soluble in the solvents and which do not react with the monomers.
  • copolymers of maleic anhydride with vinyl alkyl ethers and / or olefins with 8 to 20 C atoms and their monoesters with C10 to C20 alcohols or mono- and diamides with C10 to C20 alkyl amines and polyalkyl vinyl ethers whose alkyl group is 1 to 20 C are suitable Contains atoms, such as polymethyl, polyethyl, polyisobutyl and polyoctadecyl vinyl ether.
  • the amounts of protective colloid added are usually 0.05 to 4% by weight (based on the monomers used), preferably 0.1 to 2% by weight, it often being advantageous to combine several protective colloids.
  • the solvent, the protective colloid and part of the monomer mixture in the reactor and to meter in the rest of the monomer mixture and the initiator and, if appropriate, the point and regulator at the selected polymerization temperature with vigorous stirring.
  • the feed times for monomer and initiator are generally between 1 and 10 hours, preferably 2 and 5 hours. It is also possible to polymerize all of the starting materials together in one reactor, but problems with heat dissipation can occur, so that such a procedure is less appropriate.
  • the concentrations of the monomers to be polymerized are between 20 and 80% by weight, preferably 30 to 70% by weight.
  • the polymer suspensions can be used directly in evaporators, for example belt dryers polymers, paddle dryers, spray dryers and fluidized bed dryers.
  • Another embodiment for the preparation of the copolymers is solution polymerization. It is carried out in solvents in which the monomers and the copolymers formed are soluble. All solvents that meet this requirement and that do not react with the monomers are suitable for this. For example, these are acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran and dioxane.
  • the concentrations of the monomers to be polymerized are between 20 and 80% by weight, preferably 30 and 70% by weight.
  • the solid copolymer can be isolated easily by evaporating the solvent. But here, too, it is expedient to choose a solvent in which the further reaction with amines can take place.
  • the additives according to the invention are added to the petroleum middle distillates in amounts of 50 to 1000 ppm, preferably 100 to 500 ppm.
  • middle distillates already contain flow improvers such as ethylene-vinyl ester copolymers.
  • Preferred copolymers (b) are those which essentially contain ethylene and 25 to 45% by weight of vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate or ethylhexyl acrylate. Also to be mentioned are copolymers which contain, for example, fumaric acid esters.
  • the molecular weight of the flow improvers is generally 500 to 5000, preferably 1000 to 3000.
  • hydrocarbon-soluble carboxylic acids and / or sulfonic acids or their salts are suitable as conductivity improvers (c) for middle distillates.
  • middle distillates The basic conductivity of middle distillates is approx. 5 to 10 ps / m, measured according to DIN 51412. Variations occur due to different contents of water, salts, naphthenic acids, phenols and other compounds containing sulfur and nitrogen.
  • metal salts of hydrocarbon-soluble carboxylic and sulfonic acids as are commercially available under the name ASA3®Shell, as well as other conventional conductivity improvers, such as the commercially available Stadis® 450 commercial product from DuPont, whose composition is not known, are also suitable.
  • Examples 1 to 5 describe the preparation of the polymers, which are then reacted with ditallow fatty amine according to Examples 6 to 11 to give the paraffin dispersants according to the invention.
  • the molecular weights were determined by gel permeation chromatography, using tetrahydrofuran as eluent and narrowly distributed fractions of polystyrene for calibration.
  • a reaction mixture of 32.1 g of the polymer suspension according to Example 3 and 77.2 g of ditallow fatty amine was first stirred at 80 ° C. for 1.5 hours and then again at 150 ° C. for 7 hours. 94.6 g of the product were obtained as a yellow-brown, viscous oil.
  • a reaction mixture of 60 g styrene / maleic anhydride copolymer and 60.2 g stearylamine in 368 g neutral oil IA is heated to 220 ° C. for 20 hours. The mixture was then allowed to cool to 125 ° C. and 10.9 g of calcium hydroxide (dissolved in water) were metered in. After 2 hours of stirring at this temperature, the reaction mixture was filtered and the water was separated off.
  • Example 13 (Production according to DE 2531234, Example 2)
  • middle distillate I, II, III where I and II mean diesel fuel and III heating oil EL.
  • the middle distillates were tested with different amounts of flow improvers alone and / or together with paraffin dispersants in combination with / without conductivity improvers at temperatures below the cloud point.
  • the cooling was carried out using a temperature program.
  • the middle distillates I, II (Tables I, II) were cooled from room temperature to -12 ° C at a cooling rate of 1 ° C / h and stored at -12 ° C for 24 h.
  • the middle distillate III (Table III) was also cooled from approx. 20 ° C 1 ° C / h to -4 ° C and stored at -4 ° C / 24 h.
  • the experiments were carried out with 100 ml and 1000 ml middle distillate volumes.
  • Tables I - III list: volume of the sedimented paraffin phase (%) optically assessed, cloud point (CP) and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) of the lower area (lower 40 vol%), CP and CFPP of the upper area (upper 60 vol.%) As well as the CP and CFPP of the middle distillate containing the additives before the storage test.

Abstract

Cold-stable petroleum middle distillates contain small quantities of polymers or copolymers which contain substantial fractions of units of formula I <IMAGE> or consist of these, in which R<1> and R<2> independently of one another are hydrogen or low-molecular alkyl or together form a tetramethylene radical and in which R<3> and R<4> are unbranched alkyl radicals having 14 to 24 C atoms. The additives effect very good dispersing and flow improvement.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft kältestabile Erdölmitteldestillate,enthaltend niedermolekulare Polymere mit einpolymerisierten monoethylenisch ungesättigten Dicarbonsäuren, welche mit unverzweigten, sekundären Fettaminen umgesetzt sind und eine verbesserte Kältefließfähigkeit und bessere Dispergie-rung der ausgeschiedenen Paraffinkristalle aufweisen.The invention relates to low-temperature petroleum middle distillates containing low molecular weight polymers with copolymerized monoethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids which are reacted with unbranched, secondary fatty amines and have improved cold flowability and better dispersion of the separated wax crystals.

Mitteldestillate wie Gasöle, Dieselöle oder Heizöle, die durch Destillation aus Erdölen gewonnen werden, haben je nach Herkunft des Rohöls unterschiedliche Gehalte an Paraffinen. Bei tieferen Temperaturen kommt es zur Ausscheidung fester Paraffine (Trübungspunkt oder Cloud Point, CP). Bei weiterer Abkühlung bilden die-plättchenförmigen n-Paraffinkristalle eine "Kartenhausstruktur" und das Mitteldestillat stockt, obwohl der überwiegende Teil des Mitteldestillates noch flüssig ist. Durch die ausgefallenen n-Paraffine im Temperaturgebiet zwischen Trübungspunkt und Stockpunkt bzw. Pour Point wird die Fließfähigkeit der Erdöldestillat-Brenn- bzw. Kraftstoffe erheblich beeinträchtigt. Die Paraffine verstopfen Filter und verursachen ungleichmäßige oder völlig unterbrochene Kraftstoffzufuhr zu den Verbrennungsaggregaten. Ähnliche Störungen treten bei Heizölen auf.Middle distillates such as gas oils, diesel oils or heating oils, which are obtained from petroleum by distillation, have different paraffin contents depending on the origin of the crude oil. At lower temperatures, solid paraffins are excreted (cloud point or cloud point, CP). Upon further cooling, the platelet-shaped n-paraffin crystals form a "card house structure" and the middle distillate stops, although the majority of the middle distillate is still liquid. The fluidity of the petroleum distillate fuels is significantly impaired by the unusual n-paraffins in the temperature region between the cloud point and pour point or pour point. The paraffins clog filters and cause uneven or completely interrupted fuel supply to the combustion units. Similar problems occur with heating oils.

Es ist seit langem bekannt, daß durch geeignete Zusätze das Kristallwachstum der Paraffine in den Erdölmitteldestillat-Brenn- und Kraftstoffen modifiziert werden kann. Gut wirksame Additive verhindern einerseits, daß Mitteldestillate derartige Kartenhaus-Strukturen ausbilden und bei Temperaturen wenige Grad Celsius unterhalb der Temperatur, bei welcher die ersten Paraffinkristalle auskristallisieren, bereits fest werden und andererseits feine, gut kristallisierte, separate Paraffinkristalle bilden, welche Filter in Kraftfahrzeugen und Heizungsanlagen passieren oder zumindest einen für den flüssigen Teil der Mitteldestillate durchlässigen Filterkuchen bilden, so daß ein störungsfreier Betrieb sichergestellt ist.It has long been known that suitable additives can be used to modify the crystal growth of the paraffins in the petroleum middle distillate fuels. Well-effective additives on the one hand prevent middle distillates from forming such house of cards structures and, at temperatures a few degrees Celsius below the temperature at which the first wax crystals crystallize, already become solid and, on the other hand, they form fine, well-crystallized, separate wax crystals, which filters in motor vehicles and heating systems pass or at least form a filter cake permeable to the liquid part of the middle distillates, so that trouble-free operation is ensured.

Ein Nachteil der genannten Zusätze beruht darin, daß die ausgefallenen Paraffinkristalle aufgrund ihrer gegenüber dem flüssigen Teil höheren Dichte dazu neigen, sich beim Lagern mehr und mehr am Boden des Behälters abzusetzen. Dadurch bildet sich eine im oberen Behälterteil homogene paraffinarme Phase und am Boden eine zweiphasige paraffinreiche Schicht. Da sowohl in Fahrzeugtanks als auch in Lager- oder Liefertanks der Mineralölhändler der Abzug des Mitteldestillates meist wenig oberhalb des Behälterbodens erfolgt, besteht die Gefahr, daß die hohe Konzentration an festen Paraffinen zu Verstopfungen von Filtern und Dosiereinrichtungen führt. Diese Gefahr wird umso größer, je weiter die Lagertemperatur die Ausscheidungstemperatur der Paraffine unterschreitet, da die ausgeschiedene Paraffinmenge eine Funktion der Temperatur darstellt und mit sinkender Temperatur ansteigt.A disadvantage of the additives mentioned is that the failed wax crystals, owing to their higher density than the liquid part, tend to settle more and more on the bottom of the container during storage. This creates a homogeneous low-paraffin phase in the upper part of the container and a two-phase paraffin-rich layer on the bottom. Since both in vehicle tanks and in storage or delivery tanks of mineral oil dealers, the middle distillate is mostly a little above the Bottom of the container takes place, there is a risk that the high concentration of solid paraffins leads to blockages of filters and metering devices. This danger increases the further the storage temperature falls below the paraffin separation temperature, since the amount of paraffin excreted is a function of the temperature and increases with decreasing temperature.

Bei den Paraffinkristallmodifikatoren, den sog. Fließverbesserern, handelt es sich um Polymere, die durch Co-Kristallisation (Interaktion) das Kristallwachstum der n-Paraffine verändern und die Fließeigenschaften des Mitteldestillats bei niedrigen Temperaturen verbessern. Die Wirksamkeit der Fließverbeserer wird nach DIN 51428 indirekt durch Messung des "Cold Filters Plugging Points" (CFPP) ausgedrückt.The paraffin crystal modifiers, the so-called flow improvers, are polymers which change the crystal growth of the n-paraffins through co-crystallization (interaction) and improve the flow properties of the middle distillate at low temperatures. The effectiveness of the flow improver is expressed indirectly according to DIN 51428 by measuring the "Cold Filters Plugging Point" (CFPP).

Als Kältefließverbesserer werden an sich bekannte Ethylencopolymere, vor allem Copolymere von Ethylen und ungesättigten Estern, verwendet. In DE 11 47 799 und 19 14 756 sind beispielsweise Copolymere des Ethylens mit Vinylacetat beschrieben, mit einem Gehalt von 25 bis 45 Gew.-% Vinylacetat und einem Molekulargewicht von 500 bis 5000.As cold flow improvers, known ethylene copolymers, especially copolymers of ethylene and unsaturated esters, are used. DE 11 47 799 and 19 14 756, for example, describe copolymers of ethylene with vinyl acetate, with a content of 25 to 45% by weight of vinyl acetate and a molecular weight of 500 to 5000.

Weiterhin ist aus GB 2 095 698 bekannt, Mitteldestillaten eine Kombination aus den genannten Copolymeren mit Amiden aus langkettigen Aminen und aromatischen oder cycloaliphatischen Carbonsäuren zuzusetzen.It is also known from GB 2 095 698 to add middle distillates a combination of the copolymers mentioned with amides of long-chain amines and aromatic or cycloaliphatic carboxylic acids.

In DE 2 531 234 wird der Zusatz von Dialkyldiamiden oder Monoalkylimiden von z.B. Styrol/Maleinsäureamid-Copolymeren als Stabilisator in Mineralölen empfohlen, d.h. die Carboxylgruppen des Maleinsäureanhydridrestes sind vollständig mit Aminen umgesetzt, so daß keine freien Carboxylgruppen vorliegen.DE 2 531 234 the addition of dialkyl diamides or monoalkylimides of e.g. Styrene / maleic acid amide copolymers recommended as stabilizers in mineral oils, i.e. the carboxyl groups of the maleic anhydride radical are completely reacted with amines, so that there are no free carboxyl groups.

Gemäß US 3,506,625 sind ebenfalls Umsetzungsprodukte von Monoaminen mit Maleinsäureanhydridpolymeren zu den entsprechenden Imiden beschrieben wobei bei Anwendung von weniger als ein Mol Amin pro Mol Maleinsäureanhydrideinheit noch verbleibende Carboxylgruppen neutralisiert werden. Zwar sind in der genannten Patentschrift auch Dialkylamine als Reaktanden in der allgemeinen Beschreibung genannt, jedoch finden sich keine konkreten Angaben einer Umsetzung mit einem sekundären Amin. Vielmehr ist stets die Rede von zu bildendem Imid, dessen Bildung nur mit einem primären Amin möglich ist. Schließlich soll das Reaktionsprodukt keine freien Säuregruppen enthalten; diese werden durch Neutralisation in Metallsalze überführt.According to US Pat. No. 3,506,625, reaction products of monoamines with maleic anhydride polymers to the corresponding imides are also described, with the use of less than one mole of amine per mole of maleic anhydride unit to neutralize remaining carboxyl groups. Although dialkylamines are also mentioned as reactants in the general description in the cited patent specification, there is no concrete information about a reaction with a secondary amine. Rather, there is always talk of imide to be formed, the formation of which is only possible with a primary amine. Finally, the reaction product should not contain any free acid groups; these are converted into metal salts by neutralization.

Bezüglich der Handhabungs- und Dispergiereigenschaften der ausgeschiedenen Paraffine befriedigen diese Mischungen aber noch nicht. Ferner haben die genannten Diamide den Nachteil, daß eine 50%ige Lösung in einem üblichen Lösungsmittel, z.B. Solvesso® nur in der Wärme homogen ist und sich bei Raumtemperatur das Diamid ausscheidet. Schließlich ist die Herstellung der Diamide nur mit größerem Aufwand möglich, weil zur Einführung der zweiten Amidgruppe höhere Temperaturen, längere Verweilzeit und Auskreisen des entstandenen Wassers erforderlich ist.However, these mixtures are not yet satisfactory with regard to the handling and dispersing properties of the paraffins which have been eliminated. Furthermore, the diamides mentioned have the disadvantage that a 50% solution in a conventional solvent, e.g. Solvesso® is only homogeneous in the heat and the diamide is precipitated at room temperature. Finally, the preparation of the diamides is only possible with great effort because higher temperatures, longer residence times and removal of the water formed are required to introduce the second amide group.

Es bestand daher die Aufgabe, Zusätze zu Mitteldestillaten vorzuschlagen, die eine verbesserte Handhabung bei einfacherer Herstellung und zumindest gleich guter Paraffindispergierwirkung bei guter Fließverbesserung besitzen.It was therefore the task of proposing additives to middle distillates which have improved handling with simpler production and at least equally good paraffin dispersing action with good flow improvement.

Überraschend wurde nun gefunden, daß kältestabile Erdölmitteldestillate enthaltend geringe Mengen von Polymeren oder Copolymeren, die wesentliche Anteile von Einheiten der Formel I

Figure imgb0001

enthalten oder aus diesen bestehen, in derSurprisingly, it has now been found that low-temperature petroleum middle distillates containing small amounts of polymers or copolymers, the essential proportions of units of formula I.
Figure imgb0001

contain or consist of these in the

R¹ und R² unabhängig voneinander Wasserstoff oder niedermolekulares Alkyl oder zusammen einen Tetramethylenrest bedeuten und in derR¹ and R² independently of one another are hydrogen or low molecular weight alkyl or together represent a tetramethylene radical and in which

R³ und R⁴ unverzweigte Alkylreste mit 14 bis 24 C-Atomen bedeuten, diese Forderung erfüllen.R³ and R⁴ are unbranched alkyl radicals with 14 to 24 carbon atoms, meet this requirement.

Als Polymere kommen insbesondere solche in Betracht, die wiederkehrende Einheiten der Formel I enthalten, bevorzugt solche mit Einheiten der Formel I'

Figure imgb0002
Particularly suitable polymers are those which contain recurring units of the formula I, preferably those with units of the formula I '
Figure imgb0002

Besonders bevorzugt sind Copolymere des Styrols mit Maleinsäureanhydrid.Copolymers of styrene with maleic anhydride are particularly preferred.

Im einzelnen leiten sich die Reste der Formel I ab von z. B. Maleinsäure, Fumarsäure, Tetrahydrophthalsäure, Citraconsäure, bevorzugt Maleinsäureanhydrid. Sie können sowohl in Form ihrer Homopolymeren als auch der Copolymeren eingesetzt werden. Als Comonomere sind geeignet: Styrol und Alkylstyrole, geradkettige und verzweigte Olefine mit 2 bis 12 Kohlenstoff-atomen, sowie Mischungen untereinander. Beispielsweise seien genannt: Styrol, α-Methylstyrol, Dimethylstyrol, α-Ethylstyrol, Diethylstyrol, i-Propylstyrol, tert.-Butylstyrol, Ethylen, Propylen, n-Butylen, i-Butylen, Di-i-butylen und Dodecen. Bevorzugt sind Styrol und Isobuten, besonders bevorzugt ist Styrol.In particular, the radicals of the formula I are derived from z. B. maleic acid, fumaric acid, tetrahydrophthalic acid, citraconic acid, preferably maleic anhydride. They can be used both in the form of their homopolymers and of the copolymers. Suitable comonomers are: styrene and alkylstyrenes, straight-chain and branched olefins with 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and mixtures with one another. Examples include: styrene, α-methylstyrene, dimethylstyrene, α-ethylstyrene, diethylstyrene, i-propylstyrene, tert-butylstyrene, ethylene, propylene, n-butylene, i-butylene, di-i-butylene and dodecene. Styrene and isobutene are preferred, styrene is particularly preferred.

Als Polymere seien beispielsweise im einzelnen genannt: Polymaleinsäure, ein molares, alternierend aufgebautes Styrol/Maleinsäure-Copolymer, statistisch aufgebaute Styrol/Maleinsäure-Copolymere im Verhältnis 10:90 bis 90:10 und ein alternierendes Copolymer aus Maleinsäure und i-Buten. Die molaren Massen der Polymeren betragen im allgemeinen 500 g/mol bis 20000 g/mol bevorzugt 700 bis 2000 g/mol.Examples of polymers which may be mentioned in detail are: polymaleic acid, a molar, alternating styrene / maleic acid copolymer, randomly constructed styrene / maleic acid copolymers in a ratio of 10:90 to 90:10 and an alternating copolymer of maleic acid and i-butene. The molar masses of the polymers are generally from 500 g / mol to 20,000 g / mol, preferably from 700 to 2000 g / mol.

Als Amine kommen Dialkylamine der Formel:

Figure imgb0003

in Betracht, in derDialkylamines of the formula come as amines:
Figure imgb0003

considered in the

R³, R⁴ einen geradkettigen Alkylrest mit 14 bis 24 Kohlenstoffatomen, bedeutet. Im einzelnen seien Dioleylamin, Dipalmitinamin und Dibehenylamin und vorzugsweise Ditalgfettamin genannt.R³, R⁴ is a straight-chain alkyl radical having 14 to 24 carbon atoms. Dioleylamine, dipalmitinamine and dibehenylamine and preferably ditallow fatty amine may be mentioned in particular.

In der Regel ist es von Vorteil, die Dicarbonsäuren in Form der Anhydride, soweit verfügbar, bei der Copolymerisation einzusetzen, z.B. Maleinsäureanhydrid, Citraconsäureanhydrid und Tetrahydrophthalsäureanhydrid, da die Anhydride in der Regel besser mit den Olefinen copolymerisieren. Die Anhydridgruppen der Copolymeren können dann direkt mit den Aminen umgesetzt werden.As a rule, it is advantageous to use the dicarboxylic acids in the form of the anhydrides, if available, in the copolymerization, e.g. Maleic anhydride, citraconic anhydride and tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, since the anhydrides usually copolymerize better with the olefins. The anhydride groups of the copolymers can then be reacted directly with the amines.

Die Umsetzung der Polymeren oder Copolymeren mit den sekundären Fettaminen erfolgt bei Temperaturen von 50 bis 200°C im Verlauf von 0,3 bis 30 Stunden. Das sekundäre Fettamin wird dabei in Mengen von ungefähr einem Mol pro Mol einpolymerisiertem Dicarbonsäureanhydrid, d.i. ca. 0,9 bis 1,1 Mol/Mol, angewandt. Die Verwendung größerer oder geringerer Mengen ist möglich, bringt aber keinen Vorteil. Werden größere Mengen als ein Mol angewandt, erhält man zum Teil Ammoniumsalze, da die Bildung einer zweiten Amidgruppierung höhere Temperaturen, längere Verweilzeiten und Wasseraus-kreisen erfordert. Werden geringere Mengen als ein Mol angewandt, findet keine volllständige Umsetzung zum Monoamid statt und man erhält eine dementsprechend verringerte Wirkung.The reaction of the polymers or copolymers with the secondary fatty amines takes place at temperatures of 50 to 200 ° C in the course of 0.3 to 30 hours. The secondary fatty amine is used in amounts of approximately one mole per mole of polymerized dicarboxylic acid anhydride, ie approximately 0.9 to 1.1 moles / mole. The use of larger or smaller amounts is possible, but has no advantage. If larger amounts than one mole are used, ammonium salts are obtained in part, since the formation of a second amide group requires higher temperatures, longer residence times and the elimination of water. If amounts smaller than one mole are used, there is no complete conversion to the monoamide and a correspondingly reduced effect is obtained.

Anstelle der nachträglichen Umsetzung der Carboxylgruppen in Form des Di-carbonsäureanhydrids mit Aminen zu den entsprechenden Amiden kann es manchmal von Vorteil sein, die Monoamide der Monomeren herzustellen und dann bei der Polymerisation direkt einzupolymerisieren. Meist ist das jedoch technisch viel aufwendiger, da sich die Amine an die Doppelbindung der monomeren Mono- und Dicarbonsäure anlagern können und dann keine Copolymerisation mehr möglich ist.Instead of the subsequent reaction of the carboxyl groups in the form of the dicarboxylic anhydride with amines to give the corresponding amides, it can sometimes be advantageous to prepare the monoamides of the monomers and then to copolymerize them directly during the polymerization. In most cases, however, this is technically much more complex since the amines can attach to the double bond of the monomeric mono- and dicarboxylic acid and then copolymerization is no longer possible.

Die Herstellung der Polymeren erfolgt nach bekannten diskontinuierlichen oder kontinuierlichen Polymerisationsverfahren wie Masse-, Suspensions-, Fällungs- oder Lösungspolymerisation und Initiierung mit üblichen Radikalspendern wie Acetylcyclohexansulfonylperoxid, Diacetylperoxidicarbonat, Dicyclohexylperoxidicarbonat, Di-2-ethylhexylperoxidicarbonat, tert.-Butylperneodecanoat, 2,2' Azobis(4-methoxi-2,4-dimethylvaleronitril), tert.-Butylperpivalat, tert.-Butylper-2-ethyl-hexanoat, tert.-Butylpermaleinat, 2,2' -Azobis(isobutyronitril), Bis-(tert.-butylperoxid)cyclohexan, tert.-Butylperoxiisopropylcarbonat, tert.-Butylperacetat, Dicumylperoxid, Di-tert.-amylperoxid, Di-tert.-butylperoxid, p-Methanhydroperoxid, Cumolhydroperoxid und tert.-Butylhydroperoxid und Mischungen untereinander. Im allgemeinen werden diese Initiatoren in Mengen von 0,1 bis 20 Gew.-% vorzugsweise 0,2 bis 15 Gew.-%, berechnet auf die Monomeren, eingesetzt.The polymers are prepared by known discontinuous or continuous polymerization processes such as bulk, suspension, precipitation or solution polymerization and initiation with customary radical donors such as acetylcyclohexanesulfonyl peroxide, diacetyl peroxidicarbonate, dicyclohexyl peroxidicarbonate, di-2-ethylhexyl peroxidicylate, 2,2'-azodobio-butylate, tert.-butodoboxylate, tert.-butodobio-butylate, tert-butyl-tert-butyl-tert-butyl-tert (4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), tert-butyl perpivalate, tert-butyl per-2-ethyl hexanoate, tert-butyl permaleinate, 2,2'-azobis (isobutyronitrile), bis (tert-butyl peroxide ) cyclohexane, tert-butyl peroxyisopropyl carbonate, tert-butyl peracetate, dicumyl peroxide, di-tert-amyl peroxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, p-methane hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide and mixtures with one another. In general, these initiators are used in amounts of 0.1 to 20% by weight, preferably 0.2 to 15% by weight, based on the monomers.

Die Polymerisation erfolgt in der Regel bei Temperaturen von 40 bis 400°C, vorzugsweise 80 bis 300°C, wobei bei Verwendung von Olefinen oder Lösungsmitteln mit Siedetemperaturen unterhalb der Polymerisationstemperatur zweckmäßig unter Druck gearbeitet wird. Die Polymerisation wird zweckmäßig unter Luftausschluß, d.h., wenn nicht unter Siedebedingungen gearbeitet werden kann, z. B. unter Stickstoff durchgeführt, da Sauerstoff die Polymerisation verzögert. Durch Mitverwendung von Redox-Coinitiatoren wie Benzoin, Dimethylanilin, Ascorbinsäure sowie organisch löslichen Komplexen von Schwermetallen wie Kupfer, Kobalt, Mangan, Eisen, Nickel und Chrom kann die Reaktion beschleunigt werden. Die üblicherweise eingesetzten Mengen liegen bei 0,1 bis 2000 Gew.-ppm, vorzugsweise 0,1 bis 1000 Gew.-ppm. Bei der Wahl des Initiators bzw. des Initiatorsystems ist es zweckmäßig, bei der gewählten Polymerisationstemperatur darauf zur achten, daß die Halbwertszeit des Initiators oder des Initiatorsystems weniger als 3 Std. beträgt.The polymerization is generally carried out at from 40 to 400 ° C., preferably from 80 to 300 ° C., and when olefins or solvents are used, boiling temperatures below the polymerization temperature are advantageously carried out under pressure. The polymerization is advantageously carried out in the absence of air, ie if it is not possible to work under boiling conditions, e.g. B. carried out under nitrogen, since oxygen delays the polymerization. The reaction can be accelerated by the use of redox coinitiators such as benzoin, dimethylaniline, ascorbic acid and organically soluble complexes of heavy metals such as copper, cobalt, manganese, iron, nickel and chromium. The amounts usually used are 0.1 to 2000 ppm by weight, preferably 0.1 to 1000 ppm by weight. When choosing the initiator or the initiator system, it is advisable to ensure at the chosen polymerization temperature that the Half-life of the initiator or the initiator system is less than 3 hours.

Zur Erzielung niedermolekularer Copolymerer ist es oftmals zweckmäßig, in Gegenwart von Reglern zu arbeiten. Geeignete Regler sind beispielsweise Allylalkohole, wie Buten-1-ol-3, organische Merkaptoverbindungen wie 2-Merkaptoethanol, 2-Merkaptopropanol, Merkaptoessigsäure, Merkaptopropionsäure, tert.-Butylmerkaptan, n-Butylmerkaptan, n-Octylmerkaptan, n-Dodecylmerkaptan und tert.-Dodecylmerkaptan, die im allgemeinen in Mengen von 0,1 Gew.-% bis 10 Gew.-% eingesetzt werden.To achieve low molecular weight copolymers it is often advisable to work in the presence of regulators. Suitable regulators are, for example, allyl alcohols, such as buten-1-ol-3, organic mercapto compounds such as 2-mercaptoethanol, 2-mercaptopropanol, mercaptoacetic acid, mercaptopropionic acid, tert-butyl mercaptan, n-butyl mercaptan, n-octyl mercaptan, n-dodecyl mercaptan and tert.- Dodecyl mercaptan, which are generally used in amounts of 0.1% by weight to 10% by weight.

Für die Polymerisation geeignete Apparaturen sind z.B. übliche Rührkessel mit beispielsweise Anker-, Blatt-, Impeller- oder Mehrstufenimpuls-Gegenstrom-Rührer und für die kontinuierliche Herstellung Rührkesselkaskaden, Rohrreaktoren und statische Mischer.Equipment suitable for the polymerization is e.g. Conventional stirred kettles with, for example, armature, blade, impeller or multi-stage impulse countercurrent stirrers and for the continuous production of stirred kettle cascades, tubular reactors and static mixers.

Die einfachste Polymerisationsmethode ist die Massepolymerisation. Dabei werden die Olefine und das säuregruppen- oder säureanhydridgruppenhaltige Monomere in Gegenwart eines Initiators und in Abwesenheit von Lösungsmitteln polymerisiert. Dieses Verfahren ist besonders geeignet für solche Co-polymeren, bei denen das verwendete Olefin 6 und mehr C-Atome besitzt. Zweckmäßigerweise mischt man alle Monomeren in der gewünschten Zusammensetzung und legt einen kleinen Teil, z.B. ca. 5 bis 10%, im Reaktor vor, erhitzt unter Rühren auf die gewünschte Polymerisationstemperatur und dosiert die restliche Monomerenmischung und den Initiator und gegebenenfalls Coinitiator sowie Regler innerhalb von 1 bis 10 Std., vorzugsweise 2 bis 5 Std., gleichmäßig zu. Es ist dabei zweckmäßig, den Initiator sowie den Coinitiator getrennt in Form von Lösungen in einer kleinen Menge eines geeigneten Lösungsmittels zuzudosieren. Das Copolymere läßt sich dann zum erfindungsgemäßen Paraffindispergator direkt in der Schmelze oder auch nach Verdünnen mit einem geeigneten Lösungsmittel umsetzen.The simplest method of polymerization is bulk polymerization. The olefins and the acid group- or acid anhydride group-containing monomer are polymerized in the presence of an initiator and in the absence of solvents. This process is particularly suitable for those copolymers in which the olefin used has 6 and more carbon atoms. Advantageously, all monomers are mixed in the desired composition and a small part, e.g. about 5 to 10%, in the reactor before, heated to the desired polymerization temperature with stirring and metered in the remaining monomer mixture and the initiator and optionally coinitiator and regulator evenly within 1 to 10 hours, preferably 2 to 5 hours. It is expedient to meter in the initiator and the coinitiator separately in the form of solutions in a small amount of a suitable solvent. The copolymer can then be converted to the paraffin dispersant according to the invention directly in the melt or after dilution with a suitable solvent.

Geeignet zur Herstellung der gewünschten Copolymeren ist auch ein kontinuierliches Hochdruckverfahren, das Raum-Zeit-Ausbeuten von 1 bis 50 kg Polymer pro Liter Reaktor und Stunde zuläßt. Als Polymerisationsapparatur kann z.B. ein Druckkessel, eine Druckkesselkaskade, ein Druckrohr oder auch ein Druckkessel mit einem nachgeschalteten Reaktionsrohr, das mit einem statischen Mischer versehen ist, verwendet werden. Vorzugsweise polymerisiert man die Monomeren aus Olefinen und säureanhydridgruppen- bzw. säuregruppenhaltigen monoethylenisch ungesättigten Verbindungen in mindestens 2 hintereinander geschalteten Polymerisationszonen. Dabei kann die eine Reaktionszone aus einem durckdichten Kessel, die andere aus einem beheizbaren statischen Mischer bestehen. Man erhält dabei Umsätze von mehr als 99%. Ein Copolymerisat aus Styrol und Maleinsäureanhydrid kann bei spielsweise dadurch hergestellt werden, daß man die Monomeren und einen geeigneten Initiator einem Reaktor oder zwei hintereinandergeschalteten Reaktionszonen, beipsielsweise eine Reaktorkaskade, kontinuierlich zuführt, und das Reaktionsprodukt nach einer Verweilzeit von 2 bis 60, vorzugsweise von 5 bis 30 Minuten, bei Temperaturen zwischen 200 und 400°C kontinuierlich aus der Reaktionszone ausschleust. Die Polymerisation wird zweckmäßig bei Drücken von mehr als 1 bar, vorzugsweise zwischen 1 und 200 bar, durchgeführt. Die erhaltenen Copolymeren mit Feststoffgehalten von über 99°C können dann weiter zu den entsprechenden Amiden umgesetzt werden.A continuous high-pressure process is also suitable for producing the desired copolymers, which permits space-time yields of 1 to 50 kg of polymer per liter of reactor and hour. A polymerization vessel, a pressure vessel cascade, a pressure tube or a pressure vessel with a downstream reaction tube, which is provided with a static mixer, can be used as the polymerization apparatus. The monomers are preferably polymerized from olefins and monoethylenically unsaturated compounds containing acid anhydride groups or acid groups in at least 2 polymerization zones connected in series. One reaction zone can consist of a pressure-tight vessel, the other of a heatable static mixer. You get sales of more than 99%. A copolymer of styrene and maleic anhydride can can be prepared, for example, by continuously feeding the monomers and a suitable initiator to a reactor or two reaction zones connected in series, for example a reactor cascade, and the reaction product after a residence time of 2 to 60, preferably 5 to 30 minutes, at temperatures between 200 and 400 ° C continuously discharged from the reaction zone. The polymerization is expediently carried out at pressures of more than 1 bar, preferably between 1 and 200 bar. The copolymers obtained with solids contents above 99 ° C. can then be further converted to the corresponding amides.

Eine weitere Methode zur einfachen Herstellung der Copolymeren ist die Fällungspolymerisation. Bei der Fällungspolymerisation werden solche Lösungsmittel eingesetzt, in denen die Monomeren löslich und das gebildete Copolymere unlöslich ist und ausfällt. Solche Lösungsmittel sind beispielsweise Ether wie Diethylether, Dipropylether, Dibutylether, Methyl-tert.-butylether, Diethylenglykoldimethylether, Toluol, Xylol, Ethylbenzol, Cumol, hochsiedente Aromatengemische wie z.B. Solvesso 100®, 150 und 200, aliphatische und cycloaliphatische Kohlenwasserstoffe und Mischungen untereinander. Bei der Durchführung der Fällungspolymerisation ist es zweckmäßig, insbesondere wenn bei Konzentrationen von über 40 Gew.-% gearbeitet wird, ein Schutzkolloid zur Verhinderung der Aggregatbildung zu verwenden. Als Schutzkolloide sind polymere Stoffe geeignet, die in den Lösungsmitteln gut löslich sind und keine Reaktion mit den Monomeren eingehen. Geeignet sind beispielsweise Copolymere des Maleinsäureanhydrids mit Vinylalkylethern und/oder Olefinen mit 8 bis 20 C-Atomen sowie deren Monoester mit C₁₀- bis C₂₀-Alkoholen oder Mono- und Diamide mit C₁₀- bis C₂₀-Alkylaminen sowie Polyalkylvinylether, deren Alkylgruppe 1 bis 20 C-Atome enthält, wie Polymethyl-, Polyethyl-, Polyisobutyl-sowie Polyoktadecylvinylether. Die zugesetzten Mengen an Schutzkolloid liegen üblicherweise bei 0,05 bis 4 Gew.-% (berechnet auf eingesetzte Monomere), vorzugsweise 0,1 bis 2 Gew.-%, wobei es oftmals von Vorteil ist, mehrere Schutzkolloide zu kombinieren. Bei der Polymerisation ist es zweckmäßig, das Lösungsmittel, das Schutzkolloid und einen Teil der Monomerenmischung im Reaktor vorzulegen und bei gewählter Polymerisationstemperatur unter intensivem Rühren den Rest der Monomerenmischung und den Initiator sowie gegebenenfalls den Cointiator und Regler zuzudosieren. Die Zulaufzeiten für Monomer und Initiator sind im allgemeinen zwischen 1 und 10 Std., vorzugsweise 2 und 5 Std. Es ist auch möglich, alle Einsatzstoffe gemeinsam in einem Reaktor zu polymerisieren, wobei jedoch Probleme mit der Wärmeabführung auftreten können, so daß eine solche Arbeitsweise weniger zweckmäßig ist. Die Konzentrationen der zu polymerisierenden Monomeren liegen zwischen 20 und 80 Gew.-%, bevorzugt 30 bis 70 Gew.-%. Aus den Polymerisatsuspensionen können direkt in Verdampfern, beispielsweise Bandtrock nern, Schaufeltrocknern, Sprühtrocknern und Wirbelbett-Trocknern die Polymeren isoliert werden.Another method for the simple preparation of the copolymers is precipitation polymerization. In the case of precipitation polymerization, solvents are used in which the monomers are soluble and the copolymer formed is insoluble and fails. Examples of such solvents are ethers such as diethyl ether, dipropyl ether, dibutyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, cumene, high-boiling aromatic mixtures such as Solvesso 100®, 150 and 200, aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons and mixtures with one another. When carrying out the precipitation polymerization, it is expedient to use a protective colloid to prevent the formation of aggregates, in particular when working at concentrations of more than 40% by weight. Suitable protective colloids are polymeric substances which are readily soluble in the solvents and which do not react with the monomers. For example, copolymers of maleic anhydride with vinyl alkyl ethers and / or olefins with 8 to 20 C atoms and their monoesters with C₁₀ to C₂₀ alcohols or mono- and diamides with C₁₀ to C₂₀ alkyl amines and polyalkyl vinyl ethers whose alkyl group is 1 to 20 C are suitable Contains atoms, such as polymethyl, polyethyl, polyisobutyl and polyoctadecyl vinyl ether. The amounts of protective colloid added are usually 0.05 to 4% by weight (based on the monomers used), preferably 0.1 to 2% by weight, it often being advantageous to combine several protective colloids. In the case of the polymerization, it is expedient to put the solvent, the protective colloid and part of the monomer mixture in the reactor and to meter in the rest of the monomer mixture and the initiator and, if appropriate, the point and regulator at the selected polymerization temperature with vigorous stirring. The feed times for monomer and initiator are generally between 1 and 10 hours, preferably 2 and 5 hours. It is also possible to polymerize all of the starting materials together in one reactor, but problems with heat dissipation can occur, so that such a procedure is less appropriate. The concentrations of the monomers to be polymerized are between 20 and 80% by weight, preferably 30 to 70% by weight. The polymer suspensions can be used directly in evaporators, for example belt dryers polymers, paddle dryers, spray dryers and fluidized bed dryers.

Beim Arbeiten in geeigneten Lösungsmitteln, die Kraftstoffen direkt zugesetzt werden können, kann die weitere Umsetzung zum Amid direkt in der Suspension durchgeführt werden. Dies ist die bevorzugte Herstellungsform für die Herstellung von Maleinsäureanhydrid-Homopolymeren und Copolymeren mit Styrol, Isobuten und Diisobuten.When working in suitable solvents that can be added directly to fuels, the further conversion to the amide can be carried out directly in the suspension. This is the preferred form of manufacture for the manufacture of maleic anhydride homopolymers and copolymers with styrene, isobutene and diisobutene.

Eine weitere Ausführungsform für die Herstellung der Copolymeren ist die Lösungpolymerisation. Sie wird durchgeführt in Lösungsmitteln, in denen die Monomeren und die gebildeten Copolymeren löslich sind. Es sind hierfür alle Lösungsmittel geeignet, die diese Vorgabe erfüllen und die mit den Monomeren keine Reaktionen eingehen. Beispielsweise sind dies Aceton, Methylethylketon, Diethylketon, Methylisobutylketon, Ethylacetat, Butylacetat, Ethylenglykoldimethylether, Diethylenglykoldimethylether, Ethylenglykoldiethylether, Diethylenglykoldiethylether, Tetrahydrofuran und Dioxan, wobei zur Erzielung niedermolekularer Copolymerer, Tetrahydrofuran und Dioxan besonders gut geeignet sind. Wie bei der Masse-und Fällungspolymerisation ist es auch hier zweckmäßig, das Lösungsmittel und einen Teil der Monomerenmischung (z. B. ca. 5 bis 20%) vorzulegen und den Rest der Monomerenmischung mit dem Initiator und gegenbenenfalls Co-Initiator und Regler zuzudosieren. Es können auch Lösungsmittel und Olefin, besonders bei C₄- bis C₁₂-α-Olefinen im Polymerisationsreaktor vorgelegt und nach Erreichen der Polymerisationstemperatur dann das säuregruppenhaltige bzw. säureanhydridgruppenhaltige Monomere, gegebenenfalls gelöst im Lösungsmittel, und der Initiator sowie gegebenenfalls Coinitiator und Regler zudosiert werden. Die Konzentrationen der zu polymerisierenden Monomeren liegen zwischen 20 und 80 Gew.-%, bevorzugt 30 und 70 Gew.-%. Das feste Copolymer kann problemlos durch Verdampfen des Lösungsmittels isoliert werden. Aber auch hier ist es zweckmäßig, ein Lösungsmittel zu wählen, in dem die weitere Umsetzung mit Aminen erfolgen kann.Another embodiment for the preparation of the copolymers is solution polymerization. It is carried out in solvents in which the monomers and the copolymers formed are soluble. All solvents that meet this requirement and that do not react with the monomers are suitable for this. For example, these are acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran and dioxane. As with bulk and precipitation polymerization, it is also expedient here to introduce the solvent and part of the monomer mixture (for example about 5 to 20%) and to meter in the rest of the monomer mixture with the initiator and, if appropriate, co-initiator and regulator. Solvents and olefins, especially in the case of C₄- to C₁₂-α-olefins, can also be introduced into the polymerization reactor and then, after the polymerization temperature has been reached, the monomers containing acid groups or acid anhydride groups, if appropriate dissolved in the solvent, and the initiator and, if appropriate, coinitiator and regulator are metered in. The concentrations of the monomers to be polymerized are between 20 and 80% by weight, preferably 30 and 70% by weight. The solid copolymer can be isolated easily by evaporating the solvent. But here, too, it is expedient to choose a solvent in which the further reaction with amines can take place.

Die erfindungsgemäßen Additive werden den Erdölmitteldestillaten in Mengen von 50 bis 1000 ppm, bevorzugt 100 bis 500 ppm, zugesetzt. In der Regel enthalten solche Mitteldestillate bereits Fließverbesserer wie Ethylen-Vinylester-Copolymere.The additives according to the invention are added to the petroleum middle distillates in amounts of 50 to 1000 ppm, preferably 100 to 500 ppm. As a rule, such middle distillates already contain flow improvers such as ethylene-vinyl ester copolymers.

Nach einer besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung enthalten die Erdölmitteldestillate geringe Mengen der folgenden Additivkombination aus

  • a) 50 bis 1000 ppm, bevorzugt 100 bis 500 ppm der erfindungsgemäßen Umsetzungsprodukte niedermolekularer Polymerer, die Einheiten monoethylenisch ungesättigter Dicarbonsäuren enthalten, mit unverzweigten, sekundären Fettaminen zu den Monoamiden,
  • b) an sich bekannten Ethylencopolymerisat-Fließverbesserern, z. B. Ethylen-Vinylestercopolymerisaten, in Mengen von 50 bis 1000 ppm, bevorzugt 50 bis 500 ppm und
  • c) Leitfähigkeitsverbesserer in Form von Salzen, insbesondere von Carbonsäuren und Sulfonsäuren bzw. deren Metall- und Ammoniumsalzen in Mengen von 0,1 bis 40 ppm, bevorzugt 0,25 bis 20 ppm.
According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the petroleum middle distillates contain small amounts of the following additive combination
  • a) 50 to 1000 ppm, preferably 100 to 500 ppm, of the reaction products according to the invention of low molecular weight polymers which contain units of monoethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, with unbranched, secondary fatty amines to the monoamides,
  • b) known ethylene copolymer flow improvers, for. B. ethylene-vinyl ester copolymers, in amounts of 50 to 1000 ppm, preferably 50 to 500 ppm and
  • c) conductivity improvers in the form of salts, in particular carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids or their metal and ammonium salts in amounts of 0.1 to 40 ppm, preferably 0.25 to 20 ppm.

Die an sich bekannten Fließverbesserer (b) sind in der Patentliteratur eingehend beschrieben. Beispielsweise seien die Deutsche Patentschrift 19 14 756, EP 214786 (α-Olefin/MSA-Ester) und EP 155807 (Alkylfumarate/VAC-Copolymere) genannt, auf die hiermit Bezug genommen wird. Es kommen jedoch auch gleichermaßen Terpolymerisate in Betracht, die neben Ethylen und Vinylestern oder Acrylestern noch weitere Comonomere einpolymerisiert enthalten.The known flow improvers (b) are described in detail in the patent literature. Examples include German Patent 19 14 756, EP 214786 (α-olefin / MSA ester) and EP 155807 (alkyl fumarates / VAC copolymers), to which reference is hereby made. However, terpolymers which contain, in addition to ethylene and vinyl esters or acrylic esters, other comonomers in copolymerized form are also equally suitable.

Bevorzugte Copolymerisate (b) sind solche, die im wesentlichen Ethylen und 25 bis 45 Gew.-% Vinylacetat, Vinylpropionat oder Ethylhexylacrylat enthalten. Ferner sind Copolymerisate zu nennen, die beispielsweise Fumar-säureester enthalten. Das Molekulargewicht der Fließverbesserer beträgt in der Regel 500 bis 5000, vorzugsweise 1000 bis 3000.Preferred copolymers (b) are those which essentially contain ethylene and 25 to 45% by weight of vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate or ethylhexyl acrylate. Also to be mentioned are copolymers which contain, for example, fumaric acid esters. The molecular weight of the flow improvers is generally 500 to 5000, preferably 1000 to 3000.

Als Leitfähigkeitsverbesserer (c) für Mitteldestillate kommen allgemein kohlenwasserstofflösliche Carbonsäuren und/oder Sulfonsäuren oder deren Salze in Betracht.In general, hydrocarbon-soluble carboxylic acids and / or sulfonic acids or their salts are suitable as conductivity improvers (c) for middle distillates.

Die Grundleitfähigkeit von Mitteldestillaten beträgt ca. 5 bis 10 ps/m, gemessen nach DIN 51412. Schwankungen treten auf durch unterschiedliche Gehalte an Wasser, Salzen, Naphthensäuren, Phenolen und anderen schwefel-und stickstoffhaltigen Verbindungen.The basic conductivity of middle distillates is approx. 5 to 10 ps / m, measured according to DIN 51412. Variations occur due to different contents of water, salts, naphthenic acids, phenols and other compounds containing sulfur and nitrogen.

Eine Anhebung der Leitfähigkeit um den Faktor 2 bis 3, bezogen auf die Grundleitfähigkeit, hat sich bei einigen der untersuchten Mitteldestillate als vorteilhaft für das Dispergierverhalten der Paraffine erwiesen.An increase in the conductivity by a factor of 2 to 3, based on the basic conductivity, has proven to be advantageous for the dispersed behavior of the paraffins in some of the middle distillates investigated.

Der Zusatz der Leitfähigkeitsverbesserer, wie sie z.B. in DE-OS 21 16 556 beschrieben sind, bewirken bereits in Mengen von 0,3 bis 1 ppm im Mitteldestillat eine Verbesserung des Ansprechverhaltens. Andere, weniger wirksame Leitfähigkeitsverbesserer erfordern naturgemäß eine höhere Konzentra tion. Der Zusatz deutlich größerer Mengen als der angegebenen 40 ppm ist zwar möglich, bringt aber keine wesentlichen technischen Vorteile.The addition of the conductivity improvers, as described, for example, in DE-OS 21 16 556, already in amounts of 0.3 to 1 ppm in middle distillate, improve the response behavior. Other, less effective conductivity improvers naturally require a higher concentration tion. The addition of significantly larger amounts than the specified 40 ppm is possible, but has no significant technical advantages.

Im einzelnen kommen ferner Metallsalze von kohlenwasserstofflöslichen Carbon- und Sulfonsäuren, wie sie sich unter der Bezeichnung ASA3®Shell im Handel befinden, sowie andere übliche Leitfähigkeitsverbesserer, wie das marktübliche Handelsprodukte Stadis® 450 von DuPont, dessen Zusammensetzung nicht bekannt ist, in Betracht.In addition, metal salts of hydrocarbon-soluble carboxylic and sulfonic acids, as are commercially available under the name ASA3®Shell, as well as other conventional conductivity improvers, such as the commercially available Stadis® 450 commercial product from DuPont, whose composition is not known, are also suitable.

Die Erfindung wird durch die folgenden Beispiele erläutert:The invention is illustrated by the following examples:

Herstellung der ParaffindispergatorenManufacture of paraffin dispersants

In den Beispielen 1 bis 5 wird die Herstellung der Polymeren beschrieben, die anschließend mit Ditalgfettamin gemäß Beispiele 6 bis 11 zu den erfindungsgemäßen Paraffindispergatoren umgesetzt werden.Examples 1 to 5 describe the preparation of the polymers, which are then reacted with ditallow fatty amine according to Examples 6 to 11 to give the paraffin dispersants according to the invention.

Die Molmassen wurden durch Gelpermeationschromatographie bestimmt, wobei als Elutionsmittel Tetrahydrofuran und zur Eichung eng verteilte Fraktionen von Polystyrol eingesetzt wurden.The molecular weights were determined by gel permeation chromatography, using tetrahydrofuran as eluent and narrowly distributed fractions of polystyrene for calibration.

HerstellbeispieleManufacturing examples Beispiel 1example 1

In einem Reaktor, der versehen war mit Rührer, Heizung und Zulaufvorrichtungen wurden 88,2 g Maleinsäureanhydrid, 388 g Solvesso 150® (hochsiedendes Aromatengemisch der Firma Esso) und 5,43 g Polyvinylethylether vom Molgewicht 50000 g/mol im schwachen Stickstoffstrom unter Rühren auf 180°C erhitzt und innerhalb von 3 Std. gleichmäßig 93,6 g Styrol und eine Lösung von 3,62 g Ditertiärbutylperoxid in 36,4 g Solvesso bei 180°C zudosiert. Anschließend wurde noch 1 Stunde bei 180°C nacherhitzt und nach Abkühlen die grobe Polymerisatsuspension weiter umgesetzt. Die Molmasse des Copolymeren aus Maleinsäureanhydrid und Styrol betrug 1000.In a reactor which was provided with a stirrer, heating and feed devices, 88.2 g of maleic anhydride, 388 g of Solvesso 150® (high-boiling aromatic mixture from Esso) and 5.43 g of polyvinyl ethyl ether with a molecular weight of 50,000 g / mol were stirred in with a gentle stream of nitrogen Heated at 180 ° C and evenly 93.6 g of styrene and a solution of 3.62 g of ditertiary butyl peroxide in 36.4 g of Solvesso were metered in at 180 ° C. in the course of 3 hours. The mixture was then reheated at 180 ° C. for 1 hour and, after cooling, the coarse polymer suspension was reacted further. The molecular weight of the copolymer of maleic anhydride and styrene was 1000.

Beispiel 2Example 2

In einem Reaktor gemäß Beispiel 1 wurden 64,15 g Maleinsäureanhydrid und 416, 10g Solvesso 150 im schwachen Stickstoffstrom unter Rühren auf 150°C erhitzt und innerhalb von 5 Std. wurden 68,07 g Styrol und eine Lösung von 2,64 g Ditertiärbutylperoxid in 23,1 g Solvesso gleichmäßig bei 150°C zudosiert. Anschließend wurde noch 1 St. nacherhitzt und abgekühlt. Die grobe Polymerisatsuspension wurde dann weiter umgesetzt. Die Molmasse des Copolymeren betrug 1800 g/mol.In a reactor according to Example 1, 64.15 g of maleic anhydride and 416.10 g of Solvesso 150 were heated to 150 ° C. in a gentle stream of nitrogen with stirring, and 68.07 g of styrene and a solution of 2.64 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide were added within 5 hours 23.1 g Solvesso evenly metered in at 150 ° C. Then 1 hour was reheated and cooled. The coarse polymer suspension was then further implemented. The molecular weight of the copolymer was 1800 g / mol.

Beispiel 3Example 3

In einem Reaktor gemäß Beispiel 1 wurden 400 g Maleinsäureanhydrid, 333 g Solvesso 150 und 10 g Polyvinylether vom Molweicht 50000 g/mol im schwachen Stickstoffstrom unter Rühren auf 150°C erhitzt und innerhalb von 3 Std. eine Lösung von 100 g Styrol und 25 g Solvesso 150 und innerhalb von 5 Std. eine Lösung von 75 g tert. Butylperethylhexanonat in 88 g Solvesso 150 gleichmäßig zudosiert. Anschließend wurde noch 1 Std. nacherhitzt, abgekühlt und die grobkörnige Suspension dann weiter umgesetzt. Die Molmasse des Polymeren betrug 1000.In a reactor according to Example 1, 400 g of maleic anhydride, 333 g of Solvesso 150 and 10 g of polyvinyl ether with a molecular weight of 50,000 g / mol were heated to 150.degree Solvesso 150 and a solution of 75 g tert within 5 hours. Butyl perethylhexanonate in 88 g Solvesso 150 evenly metered. The mixture was then heated for a further 1 hour, cooled and the coarse-grained suspension then reacted further. The molecular weight of the polymer was 1000.

Beispiel 4Example 4

In einem Druckreaktor gemäß Beispiel 1 wurden 980 g Maleinsäureanhydrid, 1440 g Toluol und 14 g Polyvinylethylether vom Molgewicht 50000 eingefüllt, der Reaktor 3 mal mit 4 bar Stickstoff abgepresst und auf 140°C unter Rühren erhitzt. Nun wurden innerhalb von 5 Std. 600 g Isobuten und innerhalb von 6 Std. eine Lösung von 23,1 g tert. Butylperethylhexanoat und 15,4 g Ditertiärbutylperoxid in 100 g Toluol zudosiert. Anschließend wurde noch 1 Std. nacherhitzt. Während der Polymerisation stellt sich ein Druck von 7 bar ein. Anschließend wurde die Mischung gekühlt und die dünne, feine Suspension des molaren Copolymeren aus Maleinsäureanhydrid und Isobuten weiter umgesezt. Die Molmasse des Polymeren betrug 3500.980 g of maleic anhydride, 1440 g of toluene and 14 g of polyvinylethyl ether with a molecular weight of 50,000 were introduced into a pressure reactor according to Example 1, the reactor was pressed 3 times with 4 bar of nitrogen and heated to 140 ° C. with stirring. Now 600 g of isobutene were tert within 5 hours and a solution of 23.1 g tert within 6 hours. Butyl perethyl hexanoate and 15.4 g of ditertiary butyl peroxide in 100 g of toluene were added. The mixture was then reheated for 1 hour. A pressure of 7 bar is established during the polymerization. The mixture was then cooled and the thin, fine suspension of the molar copolymer of maleic anhydride and isobutene was further reacted. The molecular weight of the polymer was 3500.

Beispiel 5Example 5

In einem Reaktor gemäß Beispiel 1 wurden 500 g Maleinsäureanhydrid und 333 g o-Xylol unter Rühren bis zum Sieden unter 152°C erhitzt und innerhalb von 5 Std. eine Lösung von 75 g tert. Butylperethylhexanoat in 15 g o-Xylol zudosiert. Anschließend wurde noch 1 Std. nacherhitzt und dann das Polymere, welches in Form einer sehr groben Suspension vorlag, weiter umgesetzt. Die Molmasse des Polymeren betrug 1000.In a reactor according to Example 1, 500 g of maleic anhydride and 333 g of o-xylene were heated to boiling below 152 ° C. with stirring and a solution of 75 g was tert within 5 hours. Butyl perethylhexanoate added in 15 g of o-xylene. The mixture was then heated for a further 1 hour and then the polymer, which was in the form of a very coarse suspension, was reacted further. The molecular weight of the polymer was 1000.

Beispiel 6Example 6

188,4 g der Polymerisatsuspension aus Beispiel 1 wurden vorgelegt und auf 150°C erhitzt. Dazu wurden 153, 1 g Ditalgfettamin zudosiert und die Reaktionsmischung noch 4 Stunden bei 150°C gerührt. Man erhielt 257,1 g Produkt als gelbbraunes, viskoses Öl.188.4 g of the polymer suspension from Example 1 were introduced and heated to 150 ° C. 153.1 g of ditallow fatty amine were metered in and the reaction mixture was stirred at 150 ° C. for a further 4 hours. 257.1 g of product were obtained as a yellow-brown, viscous oil.

Beispiel 7Example 7

188,4 g der Polymerisatsuspension aus Beispiel 1 wurden vorgelegt und auf 80°C erhitzt. Dazu wurden 153,1 g Ditalgfettamin zudosiert und die Reaktionsmischung solange bei 80°C gerührt (ca. 8,5 Stunden) bis ein Amintiter von <0,4 erreicht war.188.4 g of the polymer suspension from Example 1 were introduced and heated to 80 ° C. 153.1 g of ditallow fatty amine were metered in and the reaction mixture was stirred at 80 ° C. (about 8.5 hours) until an amine titer of <0.4 was reached.

Beispiel 8Example 8

Zu dem gemäß Beispiel 2 hergestellten Copolymer wurden bei 145°C 333,8 g Ditalgfettamin in Schmelze zudosiert. Man ließ noch 2 Stunden bei dieser Temperatur nachrühren bis ein Amintiter von <0,6 erreicht war.333.8 g of ditallow fatty amine in melt were metered in at 145 ° C. to the copolymer prepared according to Example 2. The mixture was stirred for a further 2 hours at this temperature until an amine titer of <0.6 was reached.

Beispiel 9Example 9

Eine Reaktionsmischung aus 32,1 g der Polymerisatsuspension gemäß Beispiel 3 und 77,2 g Ditalgfettamin wurde zunächst 1,5 Stunden bei 80°C und anschließend nochmals 7 Stunden bei 150°C gerührt. Man erhielt 94,6 g des Produktes als gelbbraunes, zähes Öl.A reaction mixture of 32.1 g of the polymer suspension according to Example 3 and 77.2 g of ditallow fatty amine was first stirred at 80 ° C. for 1.5 hours and then again at 150 ° C. for 7 hours. 94.6 g of the product were obtained as a yellow-brown, viscous oil.

Beispiel 10Example 10

30,8 g Polymer (hergestellt durch Eindampfen der Suspension von Beispiel 4) und 102,0 g Ditalgfettamin wurden ca. 12 Stunden bei 150°C gerührt bis ein Amintiter <1 erreicht war.30.8 g of polymer (prepared by evaporating the suspension from Example 4) and 102.0 g of ditallow fatty amine were stirred at 150 ° C. for about 12 hours until an amine titer of <1 was reached.

Beispiel 11Example 11

Zu 259,4 g Ditalgfettamin wurden bei 80°C 81,7 g Polymaleinsäureanhydrid (Suspension gemäß Beispiel 5) zudosiert. Anschließend wurde die Reaktionsmischung stufenweise auf 140°C erwärmt und bei dieser Temperatur gerührt bis eine homogene Mischung und ein Amintiter von 0,6 erreicht war (ca. 24 Stunden).81.7 g of polymaleic anhydride (suspension according to Example 5) were metered into 259.4 g of ditallow fatty amine at 80 ° C. The reaction mixture was then gradually heated to 140 ° C. and stirred at this temperature until a homogeneous mixture and an amine titer of 0.6 was reached (approx. 24 hours).

Vergleichsbeispiele:Comparative examples: Beispiel 12 (Herstellung entsprechend US 3506625, Beispiel III)Example 12 (preparation according to US 3506625, Example III)

Eine Reaktionsmischung aus 60 g Styrol/Maleinsäureanhydrid-Copolymerem und 60,2 g Stearylamin in 368 g Neutralöl IA wird 20 Stunden auf 220°C erhitzt. Anschließend ließ man auf 125°C abkühlen und dosierte 10,9 g Calciumhydroxid (gelöst in Wasser) zu. Nach 2 Stunden nachrühren bei dieser Temperatur wurde die Reaktionsmischung filtriert und das Wasser abgetrennt.A reaction mixture of 60 g styrene / maleic anhydride copolymer and 60.2 g stearylamine in 368 g neutral oil IA is heated to 220 ° C. for 20 hours. The mixture was then allowed to cool to 125 ° C. and 10.9 g of calcium hydroxide (dissolved in water) were metered in. After 2 hours of stirring at this temperature, the reaction mixture was filtered and the water was separated off.

Beispiel 13 (Herstellung entsprechend DE 2531234, Beispiel 2)Example 13 (Production according to DE 2531234, Example 2)

Eine Reaktionsmischung aus 27 g Stearylamin und 91,1 g 17%ige Lösung eines Isobuten/Maleinsäureanhydrid-Copolymerem in Xylol wurde 40 Stunden lang auf 100 bis 150°C erhitzt. Das Produkt, 37 g brauner Feststoff, zeigte deutliche Imidbanden im IR-Spektrum.A reaction mixture of 27 g stearylamine and 91.1 g 17% solution of an isobutene / maleic anhydride copolymer in xylene was heated at 100 to 150 ° C for 40 hours. The product, 37 g brown solid, showed clear imide bands in the IR spectrum.

VerwendungsbeispieleExamples of use

Im folgenden bedeuten:

A.
Umsetzungsprodukte niedermolekularer Polymerer, die Einheiten monoethylenisch ungesättigter Dicarbonsäuren enthalten, mit Ditalgfettamin
FI
Fließverbesserer, im besonderen
  • FI(A) Ethylen/Vinylpropionat (mit ca. 40 Gew.-% Vinylpropionat) mit einem mittleren Molekulargewicht von ca. 2500 (bestimmt durch Dampfdruckosmometrie)
  • FI(B) Ethylen/Vinylacetat (mit ca. 30 Gew.-% Vinylacetat) mit einem mittleren Molekulargewicht von ca. 2500.
  • FI(c) Ethylen/Ethylhexylacrylat (mit 50 Gew.-% Ethylhexylacrylat) mit einem mittleren Molekulargewicht von ca. 2500.
LV
Leitfähigkeitsverbesserer, im besonderen
  • LV(E) gemäß Beispiel 1 DE 21 16 556
  • LV(F) (ASA 3/Shell) Kohlenwasserstofflösliches sulfocarbonsaures Salz
  • LV(G) (Stadis 450/DuPont) Leitfähigkeitsverbesserer unbekannter Zusammensetzung.
The following mean:
A.
Reaction products of low molecular weight polymers containing units of monoethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids with ditallow fatty amine
FI
Flow improver, in particular
  • FI (A) ethylene / vinyl propionate (with approx. 40% by weight vinyl propionate) with an average molecular weight of approx. 2500 (determined by vapor pressure osmometry)
  • FI (B) ethylene / vinyl acetate (with approx. 30% by weight vinyl acetate) with an average molecular weight of approx. 2500.
  • FI (c) ethylene / ethylhexyl acrylate (with 50% by weight ethylhexyl acrylate) with an average molecular weight of approx. 2500.
LV
Conductivity improvers, especially
  • LV (E) according to Example 1 DE 21 16 556
  • LV (F) (ASA 3 / Shell) Hydrocarbon soluble sulfocarboxylic acid salt
  • LV (G) (Stadis 450 / DuPont) conductivity improver of unknown composition.

Als Mitteldestillate wurden für die folgenden Versuche Heizöl EL und Dieselkraftstoff in handelsüblicher westdeutscher Raffineriequalität verwendet. Sie sind als Mittteldestillat I, II, III bezeichnet, wobei I und II Dieselkraftstoff und III Heizöl EL bedeutet.

Figure imgb0004
For the following experiments, heating oil EL and diesel fuel in commercially available West German refinery quality were used as middle distillates. They are referred to as middle distillate I, II, III, where I and II mean diesel fuel and III heating oil EL.
Figure imgb0004

Beschreibung der TestmethodeDescription of the test method

Die Mitteldestillate wurden mit unterschiedlichen Mengen an Fließverbesserern allein und/oder zusammen mit Paraffindispergatoren in Kombination mit/ohne Leitfähigkeitsverbesserern bei Temperaturen unterhalb des Trübungspunktes geprüft. Die Abkühlung erfolgte mit Hilfe eines Temperaturprogramms. Die Mitteldestillate I, II (Tabellen I, II) wurden dabei von Raumtemperatur auf -12°C mit einer Abkühlrate von 1°C/h abgekühlt und bei -12°C 24 h gelagert. Das Mitteldestillat III (Tabelle III) wurde ebenfalls von ca. 20°C 1°C/h auf -4°C abgekühlt und bei -4°C/24 h gelagert. Die Versuche wurden mit 100 ml und 1000 ml Mitteldestillatvolumina durchgeführt. In den Tabellen I - III sind aufgeführt: Volumen der sedimentierten Paraffinphase (%) optisch bewertet, cloud point (CP) und cold filter plugging point (CFPP) des unteren Bereichs (untere 40 Vol%), CP und CFPP des oberen Bereichs (obere 60 Vol.%) sowie der CP und CFPP des die Zusätze enthaltenden Mitteldestillates vor dem Lagertest.The middle distillates were tested with different amounts of flow improvers alone and / or together with paraffin dispersants in combination with / without conductivity improvers at temperatures below the cloud point. The cooling was carried out using a temperature program. The middle distillates I, II (Tables I, II) were cooled from room temperature to -12 ° C at a cooling rate of 1 ° C / h and stored at -12 ° C for 24 h. The middle distillate III (Table III) was also cooled from approx. 20 ° C 1 ° C / h to -4 ° C and stored at -4 ° C / 24 h. The experiments were carried out with 100 ml and 1000 ml middle distillate volumes. Tables I - III list: volume of the sedimented paraffin phase (%) optically assessed, cloud point (CP) and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) of the lower area (lower 40 vol%), CP and CFPP of the upper area (upper 60 vol.%) As well as the CP and CFPP of the middle distillate containing the additives before the storage test.

Wie sich aus folgenden Tabellen ergibt, wird durch Zusatz von leitfähigkeitsverbessernden Additiven die Sedimentation der Paraffine zusätzlich reduziert.

Tabelle I
Prüfung in Mitteldestillat I
Tabelle II
Prüfung in Mitteldestillat II
Tabelle III
Prüfung in Mitteldestillat III
Tabelle IV-VI
Prüfung in Mitteldestillat I
As can be seen from the following tables, the sedimentation of the paraffins is additionally reduced by adding conductivity-improving additives.
Table I
Examination in middle distillate I
Table II
Exam in middle distillate II
Table III
Examination in middle distillate III
Table IV-VI
Examination in middle distillate I

In diesen Tabellen bedeuten:In these tables:

BS =BS =
Bodensatz Sediment
K =K =
klar clear
T =T =
trüb cloudy
LT =LT =
leicht trüb slightly cloudy
LD =LD =
leicht dispergiert slightly dispersed
D =D =
dispergiert dispersed
FI =FI =
Mitteldestillatfließverbesserer Middle distillate flow improver
PD =PD =
Paraffindispergator Paraffin dispersant
PD (D1) =PD (D1) =
Paraffindispergator gem. Beispiel 8 Paraffin dispersant acc. Example 8
PD (D2) =PD (D2) =
Paraffindispergator gem. Beispiel 10 Paraffin dispersant acc. Example 10
LV =LV =
Leitfähigkeitsverbesserer Conductivity improver
PD (D3) =PD (D3) =
Paraffindispergator gem. DE 25 31 234, Vergleichsbeispiel 13 Paraffin dispersant acc. DE 25 31 234, comparative example 13
PD (D4) =PD (D4) =
Paraffindispergator gem. US 3,506,625, Vergleichsbeispiel 12 Paraffin dispersant acc. US 3,506,625, comparative example 12
Figure imgb0005
Figure imgb0005
Figure imgb0006
Figure imgb0006
Figure imgb0007
Figure imgb0007
Figure imgb0008
Figure imgb0008
Figure imgb0009
Figure imgb0009
Figure imgb0010
Figure imgb0010
Figure imgb0011
Figure imgb0011

Claims (6)

Kältestabile Erdölmitteldestillate, enthaltend geringe Mengen von Polymeren oder Copolymeren, die wesentliche Anteile von Einheiten der Formel I
Figure imgb0012
enthalten oder aus diesen bestehen, in der
R¹ und R² unabhängig voneinander Wasserstoff oder niedermolekulares Alkyl oder zusammen einen Tetramethylenrest bedeuten und in der
R³ und R⁴ unverzweigte Alkylreste mit 14 bis 24 C-Atomen
bedeuten.
Low-temperature petroleum middle distillates, containing small amounts of polymers or copolymers, the essential proportions of units of formula I.
Figure imgb0012
contain or consist of these in the
R 1 and R ² independently of one another are hydrogen or low molecular weight alkyl or together represent a tetramethylene radical and in which
R³ and R⁴ unbranched alkyl radicals with 14 to 24 carbon atoms
mean.
Erdölmitteldestillate gemäß Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie Copolymere mit wiederkehrenden Einheiten der Formel I enthalten.Petroleum middle distillates according to claim 1, characterized in that they contain copolymers with repeating units of the formula I. Erdölmitteldestillate gemäß Anspruch 1, enthaltend geringe Mengen von Polymeren oder Copolymeren, die wesentliche Anteile an wiederkehrenden Einheiten der Formel I
Figure imgb0013
enthalten, in der
R³, R⁴ die in Anspruch 1 angegebene Bedeutung hat.
Petroleum middle distillates according to claim 1, containing small amounts of polymers or copolymers, the substantial proportions of repeating units of formula I.
Figure imgb0013
included in the
R³, R⁴ has the meaning given in claim 1.
Erdölmitteldestillate gemäß Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Copolymere solche des Styrols und Maleinsäureanhydrids sind, in denen das Molverhältnis Styrol zu Maleinsäureanhydrid 90:10 bis 10:90 beträgt und die Massen der Copolymere 500 bis 20.000 g/mol betragen und daß R³-N-R⁴ den Rest des Ditalgfettamins bedeutet.Petroleum middle distillates according to claim 1, characterized in that the copolymers are those of styrene and maleic anhydride, in which the molar ratio of styrene to maleic anhydride is 90:10 to 10:90 and the masses of the copolymers are 500 to 20,000 g / mol and that R³-N -R⁴ means the rest of the ditallow fatty amine. Erdölmitteldestillate gemäß Anspruch 1,dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie die Polymeren oder Copolymeren in Mengen von 50 bis 1000 ppm enthalten.Petroleum middle distillates according to claim 1, characterized in that they contain the polymers or copolymers in amounts of 50 to 1000 ppm. Erdölmitteldestillate gemäß Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie zusätzlich A) 50 bis 1000 ppm Fließverbesserer ausgewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Ethylen-Vinylacetat, Ethylen-Vinylpropionat und Ethylen-Vinylhexylacrylat-Copolymeren mit einem mittleren Molekulargewicht von 1000 bis 5000 und B) 0,1 bis 40 ppm Leitfähigkeitsverbesserer enthalten. Petroleum middle distillates according to claim 1, characterized in that they additionally A) 50 to 1000 ppm flow improver selected from the group consisting of ethylene-vinyl acetate, ethylene-vinyl propionate and ethylene-vinylhexyl acrylate copolymers with an average molecular weight of 1000 to 5000 and B) 0.1 to 40 ppm contain conductivity improvers.
EP90123728A 1989-12-16 1990-12-10 Coldstable petroleum middle distillate containing copolymers as paraffindispersants Expired - Lifetime EP0436151B2 (en)

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DE3941561 1989-12-16
DE3941561A DE3941561A1 (en) 1989-12-16 1989-12-16 REFRIGERABLE STABLE PETROLEUM DISTILLATES, CONTAINING POLYMERS AS PARAFFIN DISPERSATORS

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WO1998023843A1 (en) * 1996-11-22 1998-06-04 Clariant Gmbh Additives for inhibiting formation of gas hydrates
US5998530A (en) * 1997-01-07 1999-12-07 Clariant Gmbh Flowability of mineral oils and mineral oil distillates using alkylphenol-aldehyde resins
EP0964052A1 (en) * 1998-04-16 1999-12-15 Clariant GmbH Use of nitrogen-containing ethylene copolymers for producing fuel oils with improved lubricating activity
DE102004014080A1 (en) * 2004-03-23 2005-10-13 Peter Dr. Wilharm Nucleating agent based on hyperbranched polymer, used in paraffinic oil or biofuel to reduce cold filter plugging point, has long-chain linear alkyl-terminated ester, carbonate, (thio)ether, amide, urethane, urea or aminopropionyl groups
WO2013007994A1 (en) 2011-07-08 2013-01-17 Innospec Limited Improvement in the cold flow properties of fuels
EP3885424A1 (en) 2020-03-24 2021-09-29 Clariant International Ltd Compositions and methods for dispersing paraffins in low-sulfur fuel oils
WO2024037904A1 (en) * 2022-08-16 2024-02-22 Basf Se Composition for reducing crystallization of paraffin crystals in fuels

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SG83642A1 (en) * 1993-01-06 2001-10-16 Clariant Gmbh Terpolymers based ao a unsaturated dicarboxylic anhydrides, unsaturated compounds and polyoxyalky- lene ethers of lower unsaturated alcohols
SG52410A1 (en) * 1993-07-27 1998-09-28 Shell Int Research Polymeric flow improver additives
EP2025737A1 (en) 2007-08-01 2009-02-18 Afton Chemical Corporation Environmentally-friendly fuel compositions
GB201201550D0 (en) * 2012-01-30 2012-03-14 Innospec Ltd Improvements in or relating to fuels
WO2018054892A1 (en) 2016-09-21 2018-03-29 Basf Se Terpolymers of maleic anhydride, acrylates, and alpha-olefins, in particular for use as flow improvers for petroleum

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1998023843A1 (en) * 1996-11-22 1998-06-04 Clariant Gmbh Additives for inhibiting formation of gas hydrates
US6544932B2 (en) 1996-11-22 2003-04-08 Clariant Gmbh Additives for inhibiting gas hydrate formation
US5998530A (en) * 1997-01-07 1999-12-07 Clariant Gmbh Flowability of mineral oils and mineral oil distillates using alkylphenol-aldehyde resins
EP0964052A1 (en) * 1998-04-16 1999-12-15 Clariant GmbH Use of nitrogen-containing ethylene copolymers for producing fuel oils with improved lubricating activity
DE102004014080A1 (en) * 2004-03-23 2005-10-13 Peter Dr. Wilharm Nucleating agent based on hyperbranched polymer, used in paraffinic oil or biofuel to reduce cold filter plugging point, has long-chain linear alkyl-terminated ester, carbonate, (thio)ether, amide, urethane, urea or aminopropionyl groups
WO2013007994A1 (en) 2011-07-08 2013-01-17 Innospec Limited Improvement in the cold flow properties of fuels
EP3885424A1 (en) 2020-03-24 2021-09-29 Clariant International Ltd Compositions and methods for dispersing paraffins in low-sulfur fuel oils
WO2021190793A1 (en) 2020-03-24 2021-09-30 Clariant International Ltd Compositions and methods for dispergating paraffins in sulphur-low fuel oils
WO2021190794A1 (en) 2020-03-24 2021-09-30 Clariant International Ltd Compositions and methods for dispergating paraffins in sulphur-low fuel oils
WO2024037904A1 (en) * 2022-08-16 2024-02-22 Basf Se Composition for reducing crystallization of paraffin crystals in fuels

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