EP0560519B1 - Use of water-soluble polymers in cleaning compositions, and water-soluble polymers for such use - Google Patents
Use of water-soluble polymers in cleaning compositions, and water-soluble polymers for such use Download PDFInfo
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- EP0560519B1 EP0560519B1 EP93301511A EP93301511A EP0560519B1 EP 0560519 B1 EP0560519 B1 EP 0560519B1 EP 93301511 A EP93301511 A EP 93301511A EP 93301511 A EP93301511 A EP 93301511A EP 0560519 B1 EP0560519 B1 EP 0560519B1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/37—Polymers
- C11D3/3746—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C11D3/378—(Co)polymerised monomers containing sulfur, e.g. sulfonate
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/37—Polymers
- C11D3/3746—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C11D3/3769—(Co)polymerised monomers containing nitrogen, e.g. carbonamides, nitriles or amines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/37—Polymers
- C11D3/3746—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C11D3/3769—(Co)polymerised monomers containing nitrogen, e.g. carbonamides, nitriles or amines
- C11D3/3773—(Co)polymerised monomers containing nitrogen, e.g. carbonamides, nitriles or amines in liquid compositions
Definitions
- the present invention is concerned with the use of polymers comprising, as polymerized units, (a) one or more monomer selected from C 3 -C 6 monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, and alkali metal and ammonium salts thereof, (b) one or more aminoacryloyl derivative, and (c) optionally, one or more monomer polymerisable with (a) and (b), as additives for cleaning formulations such as hard surface cleaner formulations and particularly automatic machine dishwashing detergent formulations.
- the polymers improve the spotting and filming characteristics (i.e. reduce spotting and filming) of cleaning formulations such as automatic machine dishwashing detergents.
- the present invention is also concerned with polymers containing, as polymerized units, (a) one or more monomer selected from C 3 -C 6 monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, and alkali metal and ammonium salts thereof, (b) one or more aminoacryloyl derivative, and (c) one or more monomer polymerisable with (a) and (b).
- Polymeric additives are used in automatic machine dishwashing detergent formulations as phosphate substitutes, builders, thickeners, processing aids, film-control agents and spot-control agents. Unlike many other detergent formulations, it is critical that automatic machine dishwashing detergents are low foaming systems. Foam interferes with the mechanical washing action of the water which is sprayed in the machine. This requirement limits the types of polymeric additives and surfactants which can be used in an automatic machine dishwashing detergent formulation.
- GB-B-2,104,091 discloses amphoteric copolymers containing as polymerized units cationic vinyl monomers and anionic vinyl monomers for use in detergent compositions.
- the mole ratio of cationic vinyl monomer to anionic vinyl monomer is from 1:99 to 99:1, and is preferably 20:80 to 80:20.
- the molecular weight of the polymers is from 1,000 to 3,000,000. All of the examples employ copolymers having a 1:1 molar ratio of cationic vinyl monomer to anionic vinyl monomer.
- the polymers are disclosed to be useful for enhancing the foaming power of surfactant-based liquid detergent compositions.
- Japanese Patent Application 59-135293A discloses terpolymers comprising at least 10 mole percent of each of (1) an anionic vinyl monomer, (b) a cationic vinyl monomer, and (c) a nonionic vinyl monomer, wherein the molar ratio of anionic vinyl monomer to cationic vinyl monomer is from 1:2 to 2:1. It further discloses that the polymers increase the detergency of detergent compositions, especially when used with surfactants.
- EP-A-0,132,792 teaches certain cleaning compositions for washing dishes in automatic dishwashers.
- the compositions contain from 1 to 8 weight percent of a polycarboxylic acid having a molecular weight of 12,000 to 40,000.
- the detergent contains surfactants and standard additives such as bleaching agents, biocides, perfumes, foaming-inhibitors, and /or solubilizers.
- the polymer can be poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), or polymers of maleic acid or fumaric acid and ethylene or propylene.
- the present invention provides a method of enhancing the spotting and filming control of cleaning compositions, e.g. automatic machine dishwashing detergent formulations.
- the present invention also provides novel water-soluble polymers and a method for their preparation.
- a method of improving the spotting and filming characteristics of cleaning compositions e.g. automatic machine dishwashing detergents, which comprises adding to a cleaning composition, e.g. an automatic dishwashing detergent formulation, one or more water-soluble polymer comprising, as polymerized units:-
- the one or more water-soluble polymer comprises, as polymerized units and based on the weight of the polymer, from 95 to 60, preferably from 90 to 70, and most preferably from 90 to 75, percent by weight of the monomer(s) (a), and from 5 to 40, preferably from 10 to 30, and most preferably from 10 to 25, percent by weight of the aminoacryloyl derivative(s) (b).
- the water-soluble polymer(s) may contain no monoethylenically unsaturated monomer(s) (c).
- the relative amounts of components (a) and (b) are preferably in the molar ratio of from 4:1 to 150:1. More preferably, the molar ratio of component (a) to component (b) is from 5:1 to 100:1, and most preferably from 10:1 to 50:1.
- the one or more water-soluble polymer comprises, as polymerized units and based on the weight of the polymer, from 92 to 30, preferably from 85 to 40, and most preferably from 80 to 50, percent by weight of the monomer(s) (a), from 5 to 50, preferably from 5 to 40, and most preferably from 10 to 30, percent by weight of the aminoacryloyl derivative(s) (b), and from 3 to 25, preferably from 3 to 20, and most preferably from 5 to 20, percent by weight of the polymerisable monoethylenically unsaturated monomer(s) (c).
- the relative amounts of components (a) and (b) are preferably in the molar ratio of from 2:1 to 100:1. More preferably, the molar ratio of component (a) to component (b) is from 2.5:1 to 90:1, and most preferably from 3:1 to 50:1.
- the present invention also provides water-soluble polymers comprising, as polymerized units and based on the weight of the polymer,
- the relative amounts of components (a) and (b) are preferably in the molar ratio of from 2:1 to 100:1. More preferably, the molar ratio of component (a) to component (b) is from 2.5:1 to 90:1, and most preferably from 3:1 to 50:1.
- the present invention further provides a method of making a polymer as defined in the preceding two paragraphs, which comprises contacting a mixture of monomers (a), (b) and (c) with an initiator in an amount effective to polymerize said mixture, and maintaining the mixture at an elevated temperature to produce the polymer product.
- the method may further comprise utilizing one or more solvents, for example, water.
- one or more of (a), (b) and (c) may be fed to a reactor at an elevated temperature.
- Component (a) is one or more monomer selected from C 3 -C 6 monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, and alkali metal and ammonium salts thereof.
- Suitable carboxylic acids include monoethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acids and monoethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids.
- Suitable monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids include, but are not limited to, acrylic acid (AA), methacrylic acid (MAA), ⁇ -ethacrylic acid, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylacrylic acid, methylenemalonic acid, vinylacetic acid, allylacetic acid, ethylidineacetic acid, propylidineacetic acid, crotonic acid, maleic acid (MALAC), maleic anhydride (MALAN), fumaric acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, mesaconic acid, and alkali metal and ammonium salts thereof.
- the monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid(s) is/ are selected from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and alkali metal and ammonium salts thereof. More preferably, the monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid(s) is acrylic acid or methacrylic acid.
- Component (b) is one or more aminoacryloyl derivative selected from: wherein:
- Component (c) is one or more monoethylenically unsaturated monomer which is polymerisable with components (a) and (b), with the proviso that, if (c) comprises one or more C 3 -C 6 monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or alkali metal or ammonium salt thereof, then said monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or alkali metal or ammonium salt thereof is not the same as (a).
- (c) is at least partially soluble in water or the reaction solvent, or in the other monomers if no water or solvent is used.
- Suitable monomers include any of the C 3 -C 6 monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids and their alkali metal and ammonium salts used for component (a), with the proviso that, if (c) comprises one or more C 3 -C 6 monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or alkali metal or ammonium salt thereof, then said monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or alkali metal or ammonium salt thereof is not the same as (a); C 1 -C 4 alkyl esters of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid such as methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate (EA), butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and butyl methacrylate (BMA); C 1 -C 4 hydroxyalkyl esters of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid such as hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), hydroxypropyl acrylate (HPA), and hydroxyethy
- the monomer is acrylamide, C 3 -C 6 monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids or alkali metal or ammonium salts thereof, C 1 -C 4 alkyl esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, or C 1 -C 4 hydroxyalkyl esters of acrylic acid.
- component (c) is selected from methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, t-butyl acrylamide, styrene and 2-acrylamido methylpropane sulfonic acid.
- the polymers useful in the present invention can be made by methods of polymerization well known to those skilled in the art. They can be prepared by aqueous polymerization, solvent polymerization or bulk polymerization. Preferably, they are prepared by aqueous polymerization. Furthermore, the polymerization can be conducted as a batch, cofeed, heel, semi-continuous or continuous process. Preferably, the polymerization is conducted as a cofeed or continuous process.
- the initiator and monomers are generally introduced into the reaction mixture as separate streams which are fed linearly (i.e. at constant rates). If desired, the streams can be staggered so that one or more of the streams are completed before the others. If desired, a portion of the monomers or initiators may be added to the reactor before the feeds are begun.
- the monomers can be fed into the reaction mixture as individual streams or combined into one or more streams. Preferably, the monomer stream containing component (b) is not combined with the monomer stream containing component (a).
- the initiators suitable for making the polymers are any of the conventional water-soluble free-radical initiators and redox initiators.
- Suitable free-radical initiators include, but are not limited to, peroxides, persulfates, peresters, and azo initiators.
- Suitable redox initiators include but are not limited to peroxides, such as hydrogen peroxide, and persulfates, such as sodium persulfate.
- mixed initiator systems can be used such as a combination of a free radical initiator and a redox initiator.
- the level of initiator is generally from 0.1 to 20 percent by weight based on the total amount of polymerisable monomers.
- the initiator is present at a level of from 1 to 15 percent, and most preferably at a level of from 2 to 10 percent, by weight based on the total amount of polymerisable monomer.
- Suitable promoters include water-soluble salts of metal ions. Suitable metal ions include iron, copper, cobalt, manganese, vanadium and nickel. Preferably, the one or more promoters are water-soluble salts of iron or copper. When used, the one or more promoters are present at levels of from 1 to 100 ppm based on the total amount of polymerisable monomer. Preferably, the one or more promoters are present at levels of from 3 to 20 ppm based on the total polymerisable monomers.
- the pH of the polymerizing monomer mixture can be controlled by a buffer system or by the addition of a suitable acid or base and is preferably designed to maintain the pH of the system from between 3 and 8, and most preferably from between 4 and 6.5.
- a buffer system or by the addition of a suitable acid or base
- the pH of the system can be adjusted to suit the choice of the redox couple by the addition of an effective amount of a suitable acid or base.
- the reaction should be conducted up to 70 percent by weight, preferably from 40 to 60 percent by weight of polymerisable monomers based on the total reaction mixture.
- the reaction should be conducted up to 70 percent by weight, preferably from 40 to 60 percent by weight of polymerisable monomers based on the total reaction mixture.
- the solvents or water, if used, can be introduced into the reaction vessel as a heel charge, or can be fed into the reactor either as a separate feed stream or as a diluent for one of the other components being fed into the reactor.
- the temperature of the polymerization reaction will depend on the choice of initiator, solvent and target molecular weight. Generally, the temperature of the polymerization is up to the boiling point of the system although the polymerization can be conducted under pressure if higher temperatures are used. Preferably, the temperature of the polymerization is from 50 to 95 °C and most preferably from 60 to 80 °C.
- the polymers useful in the present invention are water-soluble. This limits the maximum molecular weight of the polymers. Furthermore, the limit of the molecular weight will vary depending upon the relative amounts, and the hydrophilicity, of the monomer components incorporated into the polymer.
- chain regulators or chain transfer agents may be employed to assist in controlling the molecular weight of the polymers. Any conventional water-soluble chain regulator or chain transfer agent can be used. Suitable chain regulators include, but are not limited to, mercaptans, hypophosphites, isoascorbic acid, alcohols, aldehydes, hydrosulfites and bisulfites.
- preferred mercaptans are 2-mercaptoethanol and 3-mercaptopropionic acid; a preferred bisulfite is sodium metabisulfite.
- M w weight average molecular weight of the polymers is from 500 to 100,000, preferably from 750 to 30,000, and most preferably from 1,000 to 25,000, as measured by aqueous gel permeation chromatography relative to a poly(acrylic acid) standard.
- the concentration of polymer in a detergent composition is preferably from 0.2 to 10 percent by weight of the composition, and more preferably from 0.5 to 7 percent by weight.
- the concentration of the polymer in the detergent composition is dependent on the amount of other additives in the detergent composition which have an impact on the desired performance characteristics. For example, if a phosphate containing compound is present in the detergent composition, the effective amount of polymer necessary to achieve the desired performance may be lower than if no phosphate containing compound is present.
- the detergent composition of this invention can be in the form of either a powder or liquid.
- liquid also refers to a gel or a slurry.
- the detergent composition of this invention may include conventional machine dishwashing detergent additives well known to those skilled in the art, in conventional use amounts.
- the detergent composition of this invention may contain an alkali metal silicate at a concentration of from 0 to 50 percent, more preferably from 1 to 20 percent, by weight of the detergent composition.
- the alkali metal silicates which may be used in the composition of the current invention generally have an SiO 2 :M 2 O ratio (where M 2 O represents the alkali metal oxide portion of the silicate) of from 1:1 to 3.5:1.
- the more preferred alkali metal silicates are the sodium silicates.
- alkali metal silicates are an optional component of the present invention
- highly alkaline dishwashing detergents containing no silicates may attack aluminum pots and pans and other metal utensils. Therefore, silicates are beneficial when corrosion inhibition of metal parts is desired.
- the detergent compositions of this invention may optionally include a builder.
- the level of builder can be from 0 to 90 percent, and more preferably from 20 to 90 percent, by weight of the detergent composition.
- the builder concentration is dependent on whether the detergent is a liquid or a powder. Generally, a liquid composition will contain less builder than a powder composition.
- builders which may be employed in combination with the polymers useful in the present invention include water soluble inorganic builder salts such as alkali metal polyphosphates, i.e., the tripolyphosphates and pyrophosphates, alkali metal carbonates, borates, bicarbonates, and hydroxides and water soluble organic builders such as polycarboxylates including nitrilotriacetic acid, citrates, tartarates and succinates.
- zeolite may be added as a builder in amounts from 0 to 40 percent, and more preferably from 5 to 20 percent by weight.
- Polymeric additives can also be used in the detergent formulations.
- Conventional polymeric additives include, but are not limited to water-soluble homopolymers of acrylic acid, and copolymers of acrylic acid with a suitable comonomer such as maleic anhydride, and the salts of these polymers.
- the polymeric additives are present in the detergent formulation at levels of from 0.2 percent to 15 percent, and preferably at a level of from 0.2 to 10 percent, and most preferably from 0.5 percent to 8 percent, by weight of the detergent formulation.
- the detergent compositions of this invention will generally contain a low-foaming water soluble surfactant.
- Low-foaming surfactants are preferred for the detergent compositions of the present invention since foam reduces the mechanical efficiency of the wash spray as discussed previously.
- Certain low-foaming water soluble anionic, nonionic, zwitterionic, amphoteric surfactant or combinations thereof should be employed.
- the quantity of surfactant used in the detergent formulation will depend on the surfactant chosen and will generally be from 0.1 to 10 percent, and more preferably from 1 to 5 percent, by weight of the detergent composition.
- Suitable anionic surfactants include soaps such as the salts of fatty acids containing 9 to 20 carbon atoms, e.g. salts of fatty acids derived from coconut oil and tallow; alkylbenzenesulfonates - particularly linear alkylbenzenesulfonates in which the alkyl group contains from 10 to 16 carbon atoms; alcohol sulfates; ethoxylated alcohol sulfates; hydroxyalkylsulfonates; alkenyl and alkyl sulfates and sulfonates; monoglyceride sulfates and acid condensates of fatty acid chlorides with hydroxyalkylsulfonates.
- soaps such as the salts of fatty acids containing 9 to 20 carbon atoms, e.g. salts of fatty acids derived from coconut oil and tallow; alkylbenzenesulfonates - particularly linear alkylbenzenesulfonates in which the alky
- the level of anionic surfactant is kept to a minimum and may require the use of a foam suppressant. If used, the level of anionic surfactant is preferably below 5 percent, and most preferably below 3 percent, by weight of the formulation.
- nonionic surfactants include alkylene oxide (e.g. ethylene oxide) condensates of mono and polyhydroxy alcohols, alkylphenols, fatty acid amides, and fatty amines; amine oxides; sugar derivatives such as sucrose monopalmitate; long chain tertiary phosphine oxides; dialkylsulfoxides; block copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide); hydrophobically modified poly(ethylene oxide) surfactants and fatty acid amides, (e.g., mono or diethanolamides of fatty acids containing 10 to 18 carbon atoms).
- the hydrophobically modified poly(ethylene oxide) surfactants are the preferred nonionic surfactants.
- Suitable zwitterionic surfactants include derivatives of aliphatic quaternary ammonium compounds such as 3-(N,N-dimethyl-N-hexadecylammonio)propane-1-sulfonate and 3-(N,N-dimethyl-N-hexadecylammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate.
- amphoteric surfactants examples include betaines, sulfobetaines and fatty acid imidazole carboxylates and sulfonates.
- the detergent may also contain up to 20 percent by weight of a bleaching agent, and preferably from 0.5 to 15 percent by weight.
- Suitable bleaching agents include the halogen, peroxide and peracid bleaches.
- suitable bleaches include sodium chlorite, potassium chlorite, sodium hypochlorite, potassium hypochlorite, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, sodium perborate, potassium perborate and sodium percarbonate.
- the detergent may also contain up to 5 percent by weight of conventional adjuvants such as perfumes, colorants, foam suppressants, enzymes and bacterial agents.
- conventional adjuvants such as perfumes, colorants, foam suppressants, enzymes and bacterial agents.
- stabilizers or viscosity modifiers such as clays and polymeric thickeners, can be added.
- Inert diluents may be used in the cleaning compositions, e.g. the detergent compositions, of the present invention.
- inert diluents such as alkali metal chlorides, sulfates, nitrates and nitrites, may be used in the detergent compositions.
- examples of such diluents which may be incorporated into the detergent compositions are sodium or potassium chloride, sodium or potassium sulfate and sodium or potassium nitrite.
- water can be used as a diluent.
- the amount of diluent used is generally an amount to bring the total amount of the additives in the detergent composition up to 100% by weight.
- the detergent composition of this invention may be used in machine dishwashers as an aqueous solution at a concentration of 0.2 to 1.5 percent, more preferably from 0.4 to 1 percent, by weight of the aqueous solution.
- the water temperature during the washing process should be about 37.8°C to 65.6°C (about 100°F to 150°F), and more preferably from about 43.3°C to 57.2°C (about 110°F to 135°F).
- the dishwashing tests were performed using a modified version of A.S.T.M. method D 3556-85, Standard Test Method for Deposition on Glassware During Mechanical Dishwashing .
- This test method covers a procedure for measuring performance of household automatic dishwashing detergents in terms of the buildup of spots and film on glassware. Glass tumblers were given three cycles in a dishwasher, in the presence of food soils, and the levels of spotting and filming allowed by the detergents under test were compared visually.
- a Kenmore dishwashing machine was used to perform the washing tests.
- the bottom rack of the dishwasher was randomly loaded with 14-18 dinner plates and the top rack was randomly loaded with several beakers and cups.
- Four new 113.4 g (10 ounce) tumblers were placed randomly on the top racks as the test glasses.
- Soil used in the test was a mixture of 80% Parkay Margarine and 20% Carnation Non-fat Dry milk. The amount of soil used for each test was usually 40 grams for the first wash.
- the polymer syntheses which follow are representative of the cofeed process suitable for preparing polymers of, and polymers useful in, the present invention. Methods of preparing the polymers of, and polymers useful in, the present invention are not limited to this procedure.
- Three feed solutions were prepared: a monomer solution of 480.0 grams glacial acrylic acid and 200.0 grams of 60 percent APTAC in deionized water; an initiator solution of 2.86 grams of sodium persulfate dissolved in 60.0 grams of deionized water; and a chain regulator solution of 32.25 grams sodium metabisulfite dissolved in 100 grams of deionized water. These solutions were fed into the flask linearly and separately over two hours (except the chain regulator solution which was fed for 105 minutes) while maintaining the mixture at 70 °C. After the feeds were completed, the mixture was maintained at 70°C for ten minutes. The data for this copolymer appear as Examples 16 and 17 in Table 1 below.
- Table 1 shows the effectiveness of the copolymers for enhancing the spotting and filming properties of automatic machine dishwashing detergents containing them.
- Table 2 shows the effectiveness of the polymers of the present invention for enhancing the spotting and filming properties of automatic machine dishwashing detergents (Detergent B) containing them.
- “Acusol”, “Poly-Tergent” and “BRITESIL” are trademarks which may be registered in one or more of the designated countries.
Abstract
Description
and
- R1, A, R2, R3, R4, R5 and M are as defined above;
- R6 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl, and isobutyl;
- and X is any suitable counterion such as a halogen, hydroxide, sulfate, hydrosulfate, phosphate, formate or acetate; and
and
- R1, A, R2, R3, R4, R5 and M are as defined above;
- R6 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl, and isobutyl;
- and X is any suitable counterion such as a halogen, hydroxide, sulfate, hydrosulfate, phosphate, formate or acetate; and
or wherein:
- R1, A, R2, R3, R4, R5 and M are as defined above;
- R6 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl, and isobutyl;
- and X is any suitable counterion such as a halogen, hydroxide, sulfate, hydrosulfate, phosphate, formate or acetate. Examples of component (b) include, but are not limited to, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate (DMAEA), N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] acrylamide (DMAPA), N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] methacrylamide (DMAPMA), tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate (t-BAEMA), (3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride (APTAC), (3-methacrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride (MAPTAC), and N-[3-(dimethylamino)-2,2-dimethylpropyl]acrylamide (DMADMPA). In one embodiment of the present invention, component (b) is selected from N,N-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, and tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate. In another embodiment of the present invention, component (b) is selected from N,N-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate and N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate. In a further embodiment of the present invention, component (b) is tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate. In a still further embodiment of the present invention, component (b) is selected from N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] acrylamide, N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] methacrylamide, (3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride, (3-methacrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride, and N-[3-(dimethylamino)-2,2-dimethylpropyl]acrylamide. In a yet further embodiment of the present invention, component (b) is selected from N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] acrylamide, N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] methacrylamide and N-[3-(dimethylamino)-2,2-dimethylpropyl]acrylamide. In a yet further embodiment of the invention, component (b) is selected from (3-acrylamidopropyl) trimethylammonium chloride and (3-methacrylamidopropyl) trimethylammonium chloride.
Filming | Spotting | ||
0 | No film | 0 | No spots |
1 | Barely perceptible | 1 | Random |
2 | Slight | 2 | 1/4 of glass |
3 | Moderate | 3 | 1/2 of glass |
4 | Heavy | 4 | Complete spotting |
Detergent Compositions Tested (by weight solids) | |
DETERGENT A | 20% sodium carbonate |
12.5% sodium citrate·2H2O | |
7.5% zeolite | |
5% perborate·4H2O | |
7% RU Silicate (SiO2:Na2O 2.4:1) 2% Olin Poly-Tergent SLF-18 surfactant | |
4% polymer (unless specifically stated otherwise) | |
diluted to 100% with sodium sulfate | |
DETERGENT B | 20% sodium carbonate |
12.5% sodium citrate·2H2O | |
7.5% zeolite | |
5% perborate·4H2O | |
7% RU Silicate (SiO2:Na2O 2.4:1) | |
4% Olin Poly-Tergent SLF-18 surfactant | |
4% polymer (unless specifically stated otherwise) | |
diluted to 100% with sodium sulfate | |
DETERGENT C | 20% sodium carbonate |
30% sodium citrate·2H2O | |
20% BRITESIL H20 Polysilicate (SiO2:Na2O 2.0:1) | |
7.5% perborate·4H2O | |
4% Olin Poly-Tergent SLF-18 surfactant | |
4% polymer (unless specifically stated otherwise) | |
diluted to 100% with sodium sulfate |
Example | Composition | Detergent | Mw | Spot | Film |
Comparative 1 | no polymer | A | --- | 4.0 | 3.2 |
Comparative 2 | Acusol 445N | A | 4500 | 3.2 | 1.1 |
Comparative 3 | 80 AA/ 20 t-BAM | A | 4230 | 3.0 | 2.0 |
Comparative 4 | Acusol 445N | A | 4500 | 3.5 | 1.7 |
Comparative 5 | 90 AA/ 10 MMA | A | 5310 | 3.0 | 2.3 |
Comparative 6 | 95 AA/ 5 MAA | A | 10000 | 2.8 | 2.0 |
1 | 80 AA/ 20 DMAPA | A | 4680 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
2 | 90 AA/ 10 DMAPA | A | 3900 | 2.2 | 1.5 |
3 | 90 AA/ 10 DMADMPA | A | 3940 | 3.0 | 1.0 |
4 | 90 AA/ 10 DMADMPA | A | 3600 | 3.5 | 0.8 |
5 | 80 AA/ 20 DMAPA | A | 4680 | 1.5 | 0.5 |
Comparative 7 | Acusol 445N | B | 4500 | 2.0 | 0.4 |
Comparative 8 | Acusol 445N | B | 4500 | 2.7 | 0.8 |
Comparative 9 | 90 AA/ 10 BA | B | 2950 | 1.7 | 1.2 |
Comparative 10 | 50 AA/ 50 HPA | B | 4860 | 3.5 | 0.5 |
Comparative 11 | 50 AA/ 50 HEMA | B | 5660 | 3.7 | 0.3 |
6 | 80 AA/ 20 DMAPA | B | 4680 | 0.1 | 0.5 |
7 | 75 AA/ 25 DMAPA | B | 6700 | 0.3 | 0.0 |
8 | 85 MAA/ 15 DMAPMA | B | 3900 | 1.2 | 0.0 |
9 | 80 MAA/ 20 DMAPMA | B | 3460 | 2.0 | 0.2 |
10 | 85 AA/ 15 APTAC | B | 4020 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
11 | 80 AA/ 20 APTAC | B | 3640 | 0.4 | 0.0 |
12 | 75 AA/ 25 APTAC | B | 3430 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
13 | 85 AA/15MAPTAC | B | 4120 | 0.5 | 0.0 |
14 | 80 AA/ 20 DMAEMA | B | 3740 | 3.0 | 0.0 |
15 | 75 AA/ 25 DMADMPA | B | 4900 | 1.0 | 0.0 |
16 | 80 AA/ 20 APTAC | B | 4080 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
Comparative 12 | Acusol 445N | C | 4500 | 3.0 | 1.9 |
17 | 80 AA/ 20 APTAC | C | 4080 | 0.7 | 0.0 |
Example | Composition | Mw | Spot | Film |
Comparative 13 | Acusol 445N | 4500 | 3.5 | 1.0 |
Comparative 14 | Acusol 445N | 4500 | 2.0 | 0.4 |
Comparative 15 | Acusol 445N | 4500 | 2.7 | 0. 8 |
18 | 88 AA/ 5 DIMAPA/ 7 BA | 4220 | 3.0 | 0.6 |
19 | 83 AA/10 DIMAPA/ 7 BA | 4010 | 2.5 | 0.7 |
20 | 78 AA/15 DIMAPA/ 7 BA | 4510 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
21 | 75 AA/20 DIMAPA/ 5 BA | 4450 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
22 | 75 AA/20 DIMAPA/ 5 BA | 4800 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
23 | 80 AA/15 DIMAPA/5 BA | 4080 | 1.0 | 0.0 |
24 | 80 AA/15 DIMAPA/5 STY | 6510 | 1.5 | 0.0 |
25 | 83 AA/10 DIMAPMA/ 7BA | 4180 | 2.5 | 0.6 |
26 | 80 AA/15 DIMAPMA/ 5 BA | 4180 | 3.5 | 0.0 |
27 | 80 AA/15 DIMAPMA/ 5 STY | 6560 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
28 | 75 AA/15 DIMAPMA/10 MMA | 4780 | 0.9 | 0.0 |
29 | 70 AA/15 DIMAPMA/15 MMA | 4790 | 3.2 | 0.0 |
30 | 75 AA/20 DIMAPMA/5 STY | 6010 | 0.5 | 0.0 |
31 | 75 AA/20 DIMAPMA/5 BA | 6490 | 0.8 | 0.0 |
32 | 80 AA/15 DMAEMA/5 BA | 5120 | 1.5 | 0.0 |
33 | 75 AA/20 DMAEMA/5 tBAM | 5330 | 3.0 | 0.0 |
34 | 75 AA/20 DMAEMA/5 STY | 5480 | 3.0 | 0.0 |
35 | 75 AA/20 DMAEMA/5 BA | 4420 | 1.5 | 0.0 |
36 | 75 AA/20 DMAEMA/5 EA | 4260 | 2.5 | 0.0 |
37 | 80 AA/15 t-BAEMA/5 BA | 4020 | 3.2 | 0.0 |
38 | 74 AA/21 DMAPMA/5 BA | 5210 | 0 | 0.3 |
39 | 75 AA/20 APTAC/5 BA | 3970 | 1.0 | 0.2 |
40 | 55 AA/40 APTAC/5 BA | 4660 | 0 | 3.2 |
41 | 75 AA/20 DMAEA/5 BA | 5120 | 0 | 0.6 |
42 | 55 AA/ 20 MALAC/20 APTAC /5 AMPSA | 6270 | 0 | 0.2 |
43 | 3% Example 21 / 1% Acusol 445N | 0 | 0.2 | |
44 | 2% Example 21 / 2% Acusol 445N | 0 | 0.3 | |
45 | 2% Example 22 / 2% Acusol 445N | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
46 | 1% Example 21 / 3% Acusol 445N | 0 | 0.1 |
Claims (23)
- A method of improving the spotting and filming characteristics of cleaning compositions, which comprises adding to a cleaning composition one or more water-soluble polymer comprising, as polymerized units:-(a) from 95 to 30 percent by weight of one or more monomer selected from C3-C6 monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, and alkali metal and ammonium salts thereof;(b) from 5 to 50 percent by weight of one or more aminoacryloyl derivative selected from: wherein:R1 is selected from hydrogen and methyl;A is selected from O and NH;R2 and R3 are each independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl, and isobutyl; or R2 and R3, together with the carbon to which they are both attached, form a C3-C7 aliphatic ring;M is equal to 0,1, or 2 with the proviso that when M is equal to 0, a C-N bond appears in place of the (CH2)M group; andR4 and R5 are each independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl, and isobutyl; or R4 and R5, together with the carbon to which they are both attached, form a C3-C7 aliphatic ring;
andR1, A, R2, R3, R4, R5 and M are as defined above;R6 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl, and isobutyl;and X is any suitable counterion, for example, a halogen, hydroxide, sulfate, hydrosulfate, phosphate, formate or acetate; and (c) optionally, from 3 to 25 percent by weight of one or more monoethylenically unsaturated monomer polymerisable with (a) and (b); with the proviso that if (c) comprises one or more C3-C6 monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or alkali metal or ammonium salt thereof, then said one or more monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or alkali metal or ammonium salt thereof is not the same as (a); in an amount effective to improve the spotting and filming characteristics. - A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein (a) is selected from: acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, α-ethacrylic acid, β,β-dimethylacrylic acid, methylenemalonic acid, vinylacetic acid, allylacetic acid, ethylidineacetic acid, propylidineacetic acid, crotonic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, mesaconic acid, and alkali metal and ammonium salts thereof.
- A method as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein (b) is selected from: N,N-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] acrylamide, N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] methacrylamide, tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate, (3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride, (3-methacrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride, and N-[3-(dimethylamino)-2,2-dimethylpropyl]acrylamide.
- A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the weight average molecular weight of the polymer is from 500 to 100,000.
- A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the one or more water-soluble polymer comprises, as polymerized units, from 95 to 60 percent by weight of (a), and from 5 to 40 percent by weight of (b).
- A method as claimed in claim 5, wherein (a) is present at a level of from 70 to 90 percent by weight.
- A method as claimed in claim 5 or claim 6, wherein (b) is present at a level of from 10 to 30 percent by weight.
- A method as claimed in any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the one or more water-soluble polymer comprises, as polymerized units, from 92 to 30 percent by weight of (a), from 5 to 50 percent by weight of (b), and from 3 to 25 percent by weight of (c).
- A method as claimed in claim 8, wherein (a) is present at a level of from 40 to 85 percent by weight.
- A method as claimed in claim 8 or claim 9, wherein (b) is present at a level of from 5 to 40 percent by weight.
- A method as claimed in any of claims 8 to 10, wherein (c) is selected from C3-C6 monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids and alkali metal and ammonium salts thereof, C1-C4 alkyl esters of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl esters of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, acrylamide, alkyl substituted acrylamides, N,N-dialkyl substituted acrylamides, styrene, sulfonated styrene, sulfonated alkyl acrylamides, vinyl sulfonates, vinylsulfonic acid, allylsulfonic acid, methallylsulfonic acid, vinylphosphonic acid, vinylacetate, allyl alcohols, sulfonated allyl alcohols, acrylonitrile, N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-vinylformamide, N-vinylimidazole, N-vinylpyridine, and N-vinyl-2-methylimidazoline; with the proviso that if (c) comprises one or more C3-C6 monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or alkali metal or ammonium salt thereof, then said one or more monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or alkali metal or ammonium salt thereof is not the same as (a).
- A method as claimed in any of claims 8 to 10, wherein (c) is selected from methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, acrylamide, N-t-butyl acrylamide, N-t-octylacrylamide, N,N-dimethyl acrylamide, piperidine acrylamide, styrene, sulfonated styrene, vinylsulfonic acid, allylsulfonic acid, methallylsulfonic acid, vinylphosphonic acid, vinylacetate, acrylonitrile, N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-vinylformamide, N-vinylimidazole, N-vinylpyridine, N-vinyl-2-methylimidazoline, and 2-acrylamido methylpropane sulfonic acid.
- A method as claimed in any of claims 8 to 12, wherein (c) is present at a level of from 3 to 20 percent by weight.
- A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the polymer is present in the composition at a level of from 0.2 to 10 percent by weight.
- A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the cleaning composition is an automatic machine dishwashing detergent composition.
- A cleaning composition, which comprises a water-soluble polymer as defined in any of claims 1 to 13.
- A cleaning composition as claimed in claim 16 which is in the form of an automatic machine dishwashing detergent composition.
- A cleaning composition as claimed in claim 17, wherein the polymer is present at a level of 0.2 to 10 percent by weight.
- A water-soluble polymer as defined in any of claims 8 to 13.
- A method of making a polymer as defined in any of claims 8 to 13, which comprises contacting a mixture of monomers (a), (b) and (c) with an initiator in an amount effective to polymerize said mixture, and maintaining the mixture at an elevated temperature to produce the polymer product.
- A method as claimed in claim 20, which further comprises utilizing a solvent, for example, water.
- A method as claimed in claim 20 or claim 21, wherein one or more of (a), (b) and (c) are fed into a reactor at an elevated temperature.
- Use, in a cleaning composition, for example an automatic machine dishwashing composition, of one or more water-soluble polymer as defined in any of claims 1 to 13, to improve the spotting and filming characteristics of the composition.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US84890892A | 1992-03-10 | 1992-03-10 | |
US07/848,802 US5308532A (en) | 1992-03-10 | 1992-03-10 | Aminoacryloyl-containing terpolymers |
US848908 | 1992-03-10 | ||
US848802 | 1992-03-10 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0560519A2 EP0560519A2 (en) | 1993-09-15 |
EP0560519A3 EP0560519A3 (en) | 1996-12-04 |
EP0560519B1 true EP0560519B1 (en) | 1998-08-05 |
Family
ID=27126803
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP93301511A Expired - Lifetime EP0560519B1 (en) | 1992-03-10 | 1993-02-26 | Use of water-soluble polymers in cleaning compositions, and water-soluble polymers for such use |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0560519B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE169331T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU3388293A (en) |
DE (1) | DE69320082T2 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US6090773A (en) | 1996-01-29 | 2000-07-18 | Johnson & Johnson Consumer Products, Inc. | Personal cleansing |
US6489286B1 (en) | 1996-01-29 | 2002-12-03 | Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc. | Personal cleansing compositions |
US7915212B2 (en) | 1999-05-26 | 2011-03-29 | Rhodia Inc. | Block polymers, compositions and methods of use for foams, laundry detergents, shower rinses and coagulants |
US7939601B1 (en) | 1999-05-26 | 2011-05-10 | Rhodia Inc. | Polymers, compositions and methods of use for foams, laundry detergents, shower rinses, and coagulants |
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DE4323638A1 (en) * | 1993-07-15 | 1995-01-19 | Henkel Kgaa | Prevention of water stains during technical cleaning |
US5906972A (en) * | 1994-10-14 | 1999-05-25 | Rhodia Inc. | Liquid detergent composition |
DE19532542B4 (en) * | 1995-09-04 | 2008-12-18 | Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa | Rinse aid with cationic polymers |
AU8864298A (en) * | 1997-07-23 | 1999-02-16 | Unilever Plc | Automatic dishwashing compositions containing water soluble cationic or amphoteric polymers |
CA2310446A1 (en) | 1997-11-21 | 1999-06-03 | Bernard William Kluesener | Detergent compositions comprising polymeric suds enhancers and their use |
CZ20001603A3 (en) | 1997-11-21 | 2001-10-17 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Liquid detergent and method of increasing volume of soapsuds |
DE19914367A1 (en) * | 1998-04-17 | 1999-10-21 | Henkel Kgaa | Hydraulic binder compositions based on inorganic hydraulic binder and assistant |
HUP0101860A3 (en) * | 1998-05-11 | 2002-08-28 | Unilever Nv | Machine dishwashing and rinsing compositions, their use and method for reducing spotting and filming |
TR200100188T2 (en) | 1998-06-02 | 2002-01-21 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Dishwashing compositions containing organic diamines. |
US7241729B2 (en) | 1999-05-26 | 2007-07-10 | Rhodia Inc. | Compositions and methods for using polymeric suds enhancers |
ES2293899T3 (en) * | 1999-05-26 | 2008-04-01 | THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY | COMPOSITIONS OF LIQUID DETERGENTS THAT INCLUDE BOTTLE POLYMER TYPE SOAP POTENTIATORS. |
AU2004200189B2 (en) * | 1999-05-26 | 2006-11-02 | Rhodia Inc. | Polymers, Compositions and Methods of use for Foams, Laundry Detergents, Shower Rinses, and Coagulants |
WO2000071659A1 (en) * | 1999-05-26 | 2000-11-30 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Liquid detergent compositions comprising polymeric suds enhancers |
US6602836B2 (en) | 2000-05-11 | 2003-08-05 | Unilever Home & Personal Care Usa, A Division Of Conopco, Inc. | Machine dishwashing compositions containing cationic bleaching agents and water-soluble polymers incorporating cationic groups |
US6703358B1 (en) * | 2000-07-13 | 2004-03-09 | Rhodia Chimie | Cleaning composition for hard surfaces |
US6376631B1 (en) | 2000-09-27 | 2002-04-23 | Rhodia, Inc. | Processes to control the residual monomer level of copolymers of tertiary amino monomer with a vinyl-functional monomer |
DE10141006A1 (en) * | 2001-08-21 | 2003-03-06 | Basf Ag | Use of amphoteric polymers as a dirt-removing additive for the treatment of surfaces |
ES2273948T3 (en) * | 2002-06-25 | 2007-05-16 | Cognis Ip Management Gmbh | DETERGENT WITH POLYMERS. |
JP4145865B2 (en) | 2004-11-18 | 2008-09-03 | 花王株式会社 | Hard surface cleaner |
EP1698688B1 (en) | 2005-03-04 | 2010-04-07 | Rohm and Haas Company | Laundry compositions and their use |
US7807766B2 (en) | 2005-09-21 | 2010-10-05 | Cognis Ip Management Gmbh | Polymers for use in cleaning compositions |
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WO2008017620A1 (en) * | 2006-08-10 | 2008-02-14 | Basf Se | Cleaning formulation for a dish washer |
DE102009029636A1 (en) * | 2009-09-21 | 2011-03-24 | Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa | Machine dishwashing detergent |
EP3153571A1 (en) * | 2015-10-09 | 2017-04-12 | Backer, Scott | Additive for reducing spotting in automatic dishwashing systems |
EP3228687B1 (en) | 2016-04-08 | 2019-05-22 | The Procter and Gamble Company | Dishwashing cleaning composition |
EP3257928B1 (en) * | 2016-06-17 | 2019-12-11 | The Procter and Gamble Company | Automatic dishwashing detergent composition |
EP3290503A3 (en) | 2016-09-01 | 2018-05-30 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Automatic dishwashing cleaning composition |
CN112166178A (en) * | 2018-06-27 | 2021-01-01 | 罗门哈斯公司 | Plastic cleaning process using dispersant copolymers |
BR112021022606A2 (en) * | 2019-06-14 | 2022-01-04 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Liquid additive for washing clothes |
CN110655604A (en) * | 2019-10-31 | 2020-01-07 | 深圳大学 | Physical hydrogel and preparation method thereof |
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FR2613378A1 (en) * | 1987-04-03 | 1988-10-07 | Sandoz Sa | DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS FOR DISHWASHER |
JPH04236208A (en) * | 1991-01-21 | 1992-08-25 | Nippon Shokubai Co Ltd | Production of amphoteric polyelectrolyte |
-
1993
- 1993-02-26 DE DE69320082T patent/DE69320082T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-02-26 EP EP93301511A patent/EP0560519B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-02-26 AT AT93301511T patent/ATE169331T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-03-02 AU AU33882/93A patent/AU3388293A/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6090773A (en) | 1996-01-29 | 2000-07-18 | Johnson & Johnson Consumer Products, Inc. | Personal cleansing |
US6489286B1 (en) | 1996-01-29 | 2002-12-03 | Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc. | Personal cleansing compositions |
US7915212B2 (en) | 1999-05-26 | 2011-03-29 | Rhodia Inc. | Block polymers, compositions and methods of use for foams, laundry detergents, shower rinses and coagulants |
US7939601B1 (en) | 1999-05-26 | 2011-05-10 | Rhodia Inc. | Polymers, compositions and methods of use for foams, laundry detergents, shower rinses, and coagulants |
US8492481B2 (en) | 1999-05-26 | 2013-07-23 | Rhodia Inc. | Block polymers, compositions and methods for use for foams, laundry detergents, and shower rinses and coagulants |
US9044413B2 (en) | 1999-05-26 | 2015-06-02 | Solvay Usa Inc. | Block polymers, compositions and methods for use for foams, laundry detergents, and shower rinses and coagulants |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69320082D1 (en) | 1998-09-10 |
ATE169331T1 (en) | 1998-08-15 |
EP0560519A2 (en) | 1993-09-15 |
DE69320082T2 (en) | 1999-05-06 |
EP0560519A3 (en) | 1996-12-04 |
AU3388293A (en) | 1993-09-16 |
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