EP0718912A1 - Antenna - Google Patents

Antenna Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0718912A1
EP0718912A1 EP95120274A EP95120274A EP0718912A1 EP 0718912 A1 EP0718912 A1 EP 0718912A1 EP 95120274 A EP95120274 A EP 95120274A EP 95120274 A EP95120274 A EP 95120274A EP 0718912 A1 EP0718912 A1 EP 0718912A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
antenna
individual
individual element
propagation
individual elements
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Ceased
Application number
EP95120274A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Gerhard Dr. Greving
Harald Müller
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Alcatel Lucent Deutschland AG
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Alcatel SEL AG
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Publication of EP0718912A1 publication Critical patent/EP0718912A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/16—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole
    • H01Q9/28—Conical, cylindrical, cage, strip, gauze, or like elements having an extended radiating surface; Elements comprising two conical surfaces having collinear axes and adjacent apices and fed by two-conductor transmission lines
    • H01Q9/285—Planar dipole
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/28—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using a secondary device in the form of two or more substantially straight conductive elements
    • H01Q19/30—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using a secondary device in the form of two or more substantially straight conductive elements the primary active element being centre-fed and substantially straight, e.g. Yagi antenna

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an antenna with at least three individual elements, which are parallel to one another and perpendicular to a predetermined direction of propagation, according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Such antennas are generally known.
  • Antenna arrangements that illuminate a "radio hose" are required for railway radio along a railway line and for mobile radio on motorways or in urban canyons. Such antenna arrangements are intended to be bundled on the one hand and to radiate bidirectionally on the other hand.
  • Bundling can e.g. can be achieved by assembling an antenna from several parallel individual elements, all of which lie in the same plane and whose mutual phase positions result in the formation of wavefronts transverse to the intended direction of propagation.
  • Bidirectionality is generally achieved in the applications mentioned by using a separate antenna for each direction. These not only have to be installed separately; they must also be fed separately.
  • the invention provides a remedy by an antenna according to the teaching of claim 1.
  • the symmetrical design in principle and also in the preferred embodiment leads to a reduction in the overall dimensions and moreover has the advantage of simple feeding.
  • Figure 1 shows an embodiment of an antenna according to the invention in a bidirectional design.
  • FIG. 2 shows a detail for the symmetrical feeding of a broadband dipole implemented in planar technology.
  • the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 1 is an antenna designed using stripline technology.
  • a radiator dipole S is located in the middle on a substrate Sub and a row of directors D11, D12 and D13 or D21, D22 and D23 is located on each side thereof.
  • the difference compared to known Yagi antennas lies in the fact that instead of the usual reflector there is a second row of directors. Otherwise, the dimensioning takes place as with known Yagi antennas with the measures familiar to the person skilled in the art.
  • the supply of the radiator dipole S is not shown in Figure 1.
  • radiator dipoles manufactured in stripline technology and thus the entire antenna, often have asymmetrical radiation due to the asymmetrical supply.
  • An embodiment of the radiator dipole, as shown in Figure 2 has a high degree of symmetry even in the vertical direction.
  • connection point A (here dashed), a coupling line K and a line section L.
  • the connection point A lies in the dipole axis just above the slot SL.
  • the coupling line K crosses the slot SL on the back in the dipole axis and thus couples into the slot.
  • the line section L extends in two halves transversely to the coupling line K and symmetrically to the latter, and closes it off in a manner adapted to the connection point A.
  • the dimensions are in the order of magnitude of the dipole length. The exact dimensions are easiest to determine experimentally.
  • Antennas for longer wavelengths are unsuitable for use in stripline technology on a common substrate. Any other technique is just as suitable.
  • radiator dipole need not be broadband (triangular shape).
  • the number and arrangement of the directors on both sides need not be symmetrical. Depending on the area to be illuminated, the two sides may also differ. The two directions can also be bent against each other.
  • a currently contemplated version differs from the example according to FIG. 1 in that there are a total of four rows of dipoles. Two of them lie on the same axis as in FIG. 1. The two axes are laterally offset from each other so that two dipoles are in a row. The axis of the common radiator dipole lies in the middle between the axes of the dipole rows.
  • the antenna will generally not be able to lie in the axis of the "radio hose" to be illuminated. Rather, it will be inconspicuously installed on the outside of a building at the edge of the "radio hose".
  • Metals such as aluminum or steel, which are often found on or in building walls, destroy any careful dimensioning of the antenna.
  • a particularly advantageous embodiment of the antenna therefore has a reflecting surface which is arranged parallel to the predefined direction of propagation and parallel to the individual elements, ie in the case of design using a planer technique, parallel to the substrate.
  • the size of this reflective surface is similar to that of the substrate in the case of the planar technique.
  • the distance is in the order of a quarter of the wavelength.
  • the entire antenna is placed in a housing.
  • the back of the housing is metallically conductive and forms the reflective surface. If a transmission amplifier is also integrated in the antenna and the housing is shaped into cooling fins on the back, there is automatically a sufficient distance between the reflecting surface and the housing wall.

Abstract

The antenna has at least 3 individual elements lying parallel to one another, perpendicular to a given propagation direction, acting as a common radiator (S) with directors (D11, D12, D13; D21, D22, D23) arranged symmetrically on both sides of it, providing opposing propagation directions. A reflective surface provided by the antenna housing extends parallel to the given propagation direction and to the individual antenna elements, the latter provided via a planar technique on a common substrate (Sub).

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Antenne mit mindestens drei Einzelelementen, die zueinander parallel und bezüglich einer vorgegebenen Ausbreitungsrichtung senkrecht sind, nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1. Solche Antennen sind allgemein bekannt.The invention relates to an antenna with at least three individual elements, which are parallel to one another and perpendicular to a predetermined direction of propagation, according to the preamble of claim 1. Such antennas are generally known.

Für den Bahnfunk längs einer Bahnlinie sowie den Mobilfunk auf Autobahnen oder in städtischen Häuserschluchten werden Antennenanordnungen benötigt, die gerade einen "Funkschlauch" ausleuchten. Solche Antennenanordnungen sollen einerseits gebündelt und andererseits bidirektional strahlen.Antenna arrangements that illuminate a "radio hose" are required for railway radio along a railway line and for mobile radio on motorways or in urban canyons. Such antenna arrangements are intended to be bundled on the one hand and to radiate bidirectionally on the other hand.

Eine Bündelung kann z.B. erreicht werden, indem eine Antenne aus mehreren parallelen Einzelelementen zusammengesetzt wird, die alle in derselben Ebene liegen und deren gegenseitige Phasenlagen die Bildung von Wellenfronten quer zur vorgesehenen Ausbreitungsrichtung zur Folge haben.Bundling can e.g. can be achieved by assembling an antenna from several parallel individual elements, all of which lie in the same plane and whose mutual phase positions result in the formation of wavefronts transverse to the intended direction of propagation.

Ein Beispiel dafür ist die bekannte Yagi-Antenne. Bei dieser liegen die Einzelelemente in Ausbreitungsrichtung hintereinander. Eines der Einzelelemente ist dabei gespeist, die übrigen sind strahlungserregt. Die Dimensionierung dieser Antennen ist dem Fachmann bekannt.An example of this is the well-known Yagi antenna. In this case, the individual elements lie one behind the other in the direction of propagation. One of the individual elements is fed, the others are excited by radiation. The dimensioning of these antennas is known to the person skilled in the art.

Bidirektionalität wird in den genannten Anwendungsfällen in der Regel dadurch erreicht, daß für jede Richtung eine eigene Antenne verwendet wird. Diese müssen nicht nur getrennt montiert werden; sie müssen auch separat gespeist werden.Bidirectionality is generally achieved in the applications mentioned by using a separate antenna for each direction. These not only have to be installed separately; they must also be fed separately.

Hier schafft die Erfindung Abhilfe durch eine Antenne nach der Lehre des Anspruchs 1.Here, the invention provides a remedy by an antenna according to the teaching of claim 1.

Die im Prinzip und auch in der bevorzugten Ausführungsform symmetrische Ausführung führt zur Verringerung der Gesamtabmessungen und hat darüberhinaus den Vorteil der einfachen Speisung.The symmetrical design in principle and also in the preferred embodiment leads to a reduction in the overall dimensions and moreover has the advantage of simple feeding.

Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung sind den Unteransprüchen zu entnehmen. In der bevorzugten Ausführungsform in planarer Technik liegt damit eine sehr kostengünstige Antenne vor.Advantageous embodiments of the invention can be found in the subclaims. In the preferred embodiment in planar technology, there is therefore a very inexpensive antenna.

Im folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand eines Ausführungsbeispiels unter Zuhilfenahme der beiliegenden Zeichnungen weiter erläutert.In the following, the invention is further explained using an exemplary embodiment with the aid of the accompanying drawings.

Figur 1 zeigt ein Ausführungsbeispiel einer erfindungsgemäßen Antenne in bidirektionaler Ausführung.Figure 1 shows an embodiment of an antenna according to the invention in a bidirectional design.

Figur 2 zeigt ein Detail zur symmetrischen Speisung eines in planarer Technik ausgeführten breitbandigen Dipols.FIG. 2 shows a detail for the symmetrical feeding of a broadband dipole implemented in planar technology.

Das Ausführungsbeispiel nach Figur 1 ist eine in Streifenleitertechnik ausgeführte Antenne. Auf einem Substrat Sub befindet sich in der Mitte ein Strahlerdipol S und zu beiden Seiten davon je eine Reihe von Direktoren D11, D12 und D13 bzw. D21, D22 und D23. Die Abweichung gegenüber bekannten Yagi-Antennen liegt hier darin, daß anstelle des üblichen Reflektors eine zweite Reihe von Direktoren vorhanden ist. Ansonsten erfolgt die Dimensionierung wie bei bekannten Yagi-Antennen mit den dem Fachmann hierfür geläufigen Maßnahmen. Die Speisung des Strahlerdipols S ist in Figur 1 nicht dargestellt.The exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 1 is an antenna designed using stripline technology. A radiator dipole S is located in the middle on a substrate Sub and a row of directors D11, D12 and D13 or D21, D22 and D23 is located on each side thereof. The difference compared to known Yagi antennas lies in the fact that instead of the usual reflector there is a second row of directors. Otherwise, the dimensioning takes place as with known Yagi antennas with the measures familiar to the person skilled in the art. The supply of the radiator dipole S is not shown in Figure 1.

In Streifenleitertechnik (planare Technik) hergestellte Strahlerdipole, und damit die ganze Antenne, weisen oft, durch die unsymmetrische Speisung bedingt, eine unsymmetrische Strahlung auf. Eine Ausführung des Strahlerdipols, wie in Figur 2 gezeigt, weist ein hohes Maß an Symmetrie auch in vertikaler Richtung auf.Radiator dipoles manufactured in stripline technology (planar technology), and thus the entire antenna, often have asymmetrical radiation due to the asymmetrical supply. An embodiment of the radiator dipole, as shown in Figure 2, has a high degree of symmetry even in the vertical direction.

Gemäß Figur 2 befindet sich zwischen den beiden Dipolhälften DH1 und DH2 eine Basis B mit einem zur Dipolachse symmetrischen und senkrechten Schlitz SL. Auf der Rückseite des Substrats befinden sich (hier gestrichelt) ein Anschlußpunkt A, eine Koppelleitung K und ein Leitungsstück L. Der Anschlußpunkt A liegt in der Dipolachse knapp oberhalb des Schlitzes SL. Die Koppelleitung K kreuzt den Schlitz SL auf der Rückseite in der Dipolachse und koppelt so in den Schlitz ein. Das Leitungsstück L erstreckt sich in zwei Hälften quer zur Koppelleitung K und symmetrisch zu dieser und schließt diese dem Anschlußpunkt A gegenüber angepaßt ab. Die Abmessungen liegen in der Größenordnung der Dipollänge. Die genauen Maße sind am einfachsten experimentell zu ermitteln.According to FIG. 2, there is a base B between the two dipole halves DH1 and DH2 with a slot SL that is symmetrical and perpendicular to the dipole axis. On the back of the substrate there is a connection point A (here dashed), a coupling line K and a line section L. The connection point A lies in the dipole axis just above the slot SL. The coupling line K crosses the slot SL on the back in the dipole axis and thus couples into the slot. The line section L extends in two halves transversely to the coupling line K and symmetrically to the latter, and closes it off in a manner adapted to the connection point A. The dimensions are in the order of magnitude of the dipole length. The exact dimensions are easiest to determine experimentally.

Abschließend sei noch auf einige Abwandlungsmöglichkeiten hingewiesen:
Anstelle der hier gezeigten Version, die von der Yagi-Antenne ausgeht, kann als Ausgangspunkt auch eine andere Form der Richtantenne, auch eine solche mit mehreren gespeisten Elementen, gewählt werden.Finally, we would like to point out a few modification options:
Instead of the version shown here, which starts from the Yagi antenna, another form of the directional antenna, also one with several powered elements, can be selected as the starting point.

Antennen für größere Wellenlängen sind für die Ausführung in Streifenleitertechnik auf gemeinsamem Substrat ungeeignet. Jede andere Technik ist aber genauso geeignet.Antennas for longer wavelengths are unsuitable for use in stripline technology on a common substrate. Any other technique is just as suitable.

Die Ausführung und die Zahl der Einzelelemente kann in jeder bekannten Weise von der gezeigten abweichen. Insbesondere braucht der Strahlerdipol nicht breitbandig (Dreiecksform) zu sein.The design and the number of individual elements can deviate from that shown in any known manner. In particular, the radiator dipole need not be broadband (triangular shape).

Die Zahl und die Anordnung der Direktoren zu beiden Seiten braucht nicht symmetrisch zu sein. Je nach dem auszuleuchtenden Gebiet können die beiden Seiten auch voneinander abweichen. Die beiden Richtungen können auch gegeneinander abgeknickt sein.The number and arrangement of the directors on both sides need not be symmetrical. Depending on the area to be illuminated, the two sides may also differ. The two directions can also be bent against each other.

Eine derzeit angedachte Version weicht vom Beispiel nach Figur 1 dadurch ab, daß auf dem Substrat insgesamt vier Dipolreihen liegen. Je zwei davon liegen wie in Figur 1 auf derselben Achse. Die beiden Achsen sind seitlich gegeneinander versetzt, so daß je zwei Dipole in einer Reihe liegen. Die Achse des gemeinsamen Strahlerdipols liegt in der Mitte zwischen den Achsen der Dipolreihen.A currently contemplated version differs from the example according to FIG. 1 in that there are a total of four rows of dipoles. Two of them lie on the same axis as in FIG. 1. The two axes are laterally offset from each other so that two dipoles are in a row. The axis of the common radiator dipole lies in the middle between the axes of the dipole rows.

Gerade für Mobilfunkanwendungen im großstädtischen Bereich wird die Antenne in der Regel nicht in der Achse des auszuleuchtenden "Funkschlauchs" liegen können. Sie wird vielmehr unauffällig an einer Gebäudeaußenseite am Rand des "Funkschlauchs" zu montieren sein. Durch Metalle wie Aluminium oder Stahl, die häufig an oder in Gebäudewänden vorhanden sind, wird dabei jede sorgfältige Dimensionierung der Antenne wieder zerstört. Eine besonders vorteilhafte Ausführungsform der Antenne weist deshalb eine reflektierende Fläche auf, die parallel zur vorgegebenen Ausbreitungsrichtung und parallel zu den Einzelelementen, im Falle der Ausbildung in planerer Technik also parallel zum Substrat, angeordnet ist. Die Größe dieser reflektierenden Fläche ist ähnlich der des Substrats im Falle der planaren Technik. Der Abstand liegt in der Größenanordnung eines Viertels der Wellenlänge.Especially for mobile radio applications in the metropolitan area, the antenna will generally not be able to lie in the axis of the "radio hose" to be illuminated. Rather, it will be inconspicuously installed on the outside of a building at the edge of the "radio hose". Metals such as aluminum or steel, which are often found on or in building walls, destroy any careful dimensioning of the antenna. A particularly advantageous embodiment of the antenna therefore has a reflecting surface which is arranged parallel to the predefined direction of propagation and parallel to the individual elements, ie in the case of design using a planer technique, parallel to the substrate. The size of this reflective surface is similar to that of the substrate in the case of the planar technique. The distance is in the order of a quarter of the wavelength.

Einerseits werden durch diese reflektierende Fläche die Strahlungskeulen vom Rand des "Funkschlauchs" mehr in dessen Mitte gedrückt. Andererseits ergibt sich dadurch eine Entkopplung zwischen der Antenne und dem dahinter liegenden Gebäude. Wird dann auch noch zwischen der reflektierenden Fläche und der Gebäudewand ein gewisser Abstand eingehalten, so werden die Eigenschaften des Gebäudes sich nicht mehr spürbar auf die Antenneneigenschaften auswirken können.On the one hand, through this reflecting surface, the radiation lobes from the edge of the "radio tube" are pressed more in the middle. On the other hand, this results in a decoupling between the antenna and the building behind it. If a certain distance is then also maintained between the reflecting surface and the building wall, the properties of the building will no longer be able to have a noticeable effect on the antenna properties.

In der bevorzugten Ausführungsform ist die gesamte Antenne in ein Gehäuse eingebracht. Die Rückseite des Gehäuses ist metallisch leitend und bildet die reflektierende Fläche. Ist auch noch ein Sendeverstärker in die Antenne integriert und ist das Gehäuse an der Rückseite zu Kühlrippen ausgeformt, so ist automatisch auch ein ausreichender Abstand zwischen reflektierender Fläche und Gehäusewand gegeben.In the preferred embodiment, the entire antenna is placed in a housing. The back of the housing is metallically conductive and forms the reflective surface. If a transmission amplifier is also integrated in the antenna and the housing is shaped into cooling fins on the back, there is automatically a sufficient distance between the reflecting surface and the housing wall.

Claims (4)

Antenne mit mindestens drei Einzelelementen, die zueinander parallel und bezüglich einer vorgegebenen Ausbreitungsrichtung senkrecht sind, von denen mindestens ein erstes Einzelelement (S) und ein zweites Einzelelement (D11, D12, D13) so angeordnet, abgestimmt und gespeist sind, daß sich eine Ausbreitung in der vorgegebenen Ausbreitungsrichtung vom ersten über das zweite Einzelelement weg ergibt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß auf der dem zweiten Einzelelement gegenüberliegenden Seite des ersten Einzelelements mindestens ein weiteres, drittes Einzelelement (D21, D22, D23) liegt, daß das erste und das dritte Einzelelement zusammen so angeordnet, abgestimmt und gespeist sind, daß sich eine Ausbreitung vom ersten über das dritte Einzelelement, im wesentlichen entgegengesetzt zur vorgegebenen Ausbreitungsrichtung, ergibt, daß parallel zur vorgegebenen Ausbreitungsrichtung und parallel zu den Einzelelementen eine reflektierende Fläche angeordnet ist und daß die reflektierende Fläche ein Teil eines die gesamte Antenne enthaltenden Gehäuses ist.Antenna with at least three individual elements that are parallel to one another and perpendicular to a predetermined direction of propagation, of which at least a first individual element (S) and a second individual element (D11, D12, D13) are arranged, tuned and fed so that a propagation in the predetermined direction of propagation away from the first via the second individual element, characterized in that on the side of the first individual element opposite the second individual element there is at least one further, third individual element (D21, D22, D23) such that the first and third individual elements together so are arranged, tuned and fed so that there is a spread from the first via the third individual element, essentially opposite to the predetermined direction of propagation, that a reflecting surface is arranged parallel to the predetermined direction of propagation and parallel to the individual elements and that the reflecting surface e is part of a housing containing the entire antenna. Antenne nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das erste Einzelelement (S) gespeist ist und die übrigen Einzelelemente (D11, D12, D13; D21, D22, D23) strahlungserregt sind.Antenna according to Claim 1, characterized in that the first individual element (S) is fed and the remaining individual elements (D11, D12, D13; D21, D22, D23) are excited by radiation. Antenne nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Einzelelemente (S; D11, D12, D13; D21, D22, D23) in planarer Technik auf gemeinsamem Substrat (Sub) ausgebildet sind.Antenna according to Claim 1, characterized in that the individual elements (S; D11, D12, D13; D21, D22, D23) are formed in planar technology on a common substrate (Sub). Antenne nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Antenne bezüglich des ersten Einzelelements (S) symmetrisch ausgebildet ist.Antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that the antenna is symmetrical with respect to the first individual element (S).
EP95120274A 1994-12-23 1995-12-21 Antenna Ceased EP0718912A1 (en)

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DE4446128 1994-12-23
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FI956250A0 (en) 1995-12-22
DE4446128A1 (en) 1996-06-27
FI956250A (en) 1996-06-24

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