EP1088901A1 - Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke - Google Patents
Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1088901A1 EP1088901A1 EP99118920A EP99118920A EP1088901A1 EP 1088901 A1 EP1088901 A1 EP 1088901A1 EP 99118920 A EP99118920 A EP 99118920A EP 99118920 A EP99118920 A EP 99118920A EP 1088901 A1 EP1088901 A1 EP 1088901A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- supply voltage
- quenching
- pressure
- fan
- motor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 21
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 title 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000000112 cooling gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 9
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005255 carburizing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000032544 Cicatrix Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010039580 Scar Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005256 carbonitriding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006735 deficit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000014745 severe cutaneous adverse reaction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/74—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material
- C21D1/767—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material with forced gas circulation; Reheating thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/0006—Details, accessories not peculiar to any of the following furnaces
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/56—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering characterised by the quenching agents
- C21D1/613—Gases; Liquefied or solidified normally gaseous material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/74—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material
- C21D1/773—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material under reduced pressure or vacuum
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for the heat treatment of metallic workpieces, in which a cooling gas flow through a fan in a vacuum furnace is generated for quenching the workpieces, wherein the fan by a Three-phase motor is driven, which is above one in terms of motor power of the three-phase motor with a certain minimum pressure in the vacuum furnace a predetermined supply voltage is operated.
- a disadvantage of high-pressure gas quenching is that a comparatively large shaft power is required for a fan generating the cooling gas flow in the vacuum furnace in order to provide the required cooling gas speed at the load torques given at high pressures.
- a large shaft power makes a large motor power of an electric motor driving the fan necessary. This is therefore usually designed as a three-phase motor with a rated output of, for example, 220 kW.
- a rated motor power of 220 kW results in a rated motor current of 400 A at a supply voltage of approx. 400 V.
- the resulting current surges which usually amount to up to nine times the rated motor current under normal conditions of the cooling gas, result in a starting current of 3600 A.
- the invention has for its object to develop a method for the heat treatment of metallic workpieces in such a way that improved quenching performance can be achieved in a simple and inexpensive manner.
- Such a method enables improved quenching performance.
- causes this is primarily due to the fact that due to the start of the fan a lower pressure in the vacuum furnace than the minimum pressure, shorter quenching times can achieve a greater variability in terms of for the create the desired quenching behavior for each workpiece to be treated.
- the invention embraces the surprising finding that a Starting the fan at pressures below the minimum pressure without the danger of flashovers is possible if the three-phase motor with a lower supply voltage is operated than for the required cooling gas speed necessary shaft power of the fan is required.
- the lower supply voltage also reduces the starting current, so that a starting device causing a soft start can be dispensed with becomes.
- the lower supply voltage also reduces the motor power, however, this is due to the still low pressure in the vacuum oven and the associated low density of the cooling gas is sufficient to the To start the fan.
- the fan When the minimum pressure in the vacuum furnace is reached the fan is operated with the higher supply voltage. Since the The fan is already rotating at its nominal speed at this point Switching to the higher supply voltage immediately to quench required shaft power available without - as in the state the technology - an impairment of the deterrent effect as a result of Start-up of the fan due to loss of time occurs.
- kinetic energy in the fan is stored, which is when switching to the higher supply voltage as a flywheel effect.
- the procedure according to the invention also contributes to an in due to the lower starting currents economically cheaper electricity consumption and also leads to that with comparable quenching performance to very high, only expensive realizing quenching pressures can be dispensed with.
- the line voltage is applied to the three-phase motor and by a transformer from the higher to the lower supply voltage and vice versa is increased or decreased.
- the Voltage transformation with a transformer is comparatively inexpensive and enables existing heat treatment plants to simple way of performing the method according to the invention can be retrofitted.
- the three-phase motor above the minimum pressure with a supply voltage 400 V and below the minimum pressure with a supply voltage is operated from approx. 230 V.
- the three-phase motor cooled with water.
- a simple control of the cooling gas flow can be achieved in that advantageous Way the speed of the fan above the minimum pressure in Depending on the desired cooling gas velocity is varied.
- the fan press up to 20 bar is operated to the respective with sufficient quenching performance To ensure appropriate cooling gas pressures.
- Case hardening is used to provide a surface layer for metallic workpieces much higher hardness and thus better the workpiece overall to impart mechanical properties.
- the surface layer initially with carbon, depending on the required properties and / or nitrogen enriched and then from an appropriate Quenching temperature quenched to room temperature or below.
- a procedural and practical case hardening can be achieved if both carburizing and carbonitriding as well the subsequent hardening is carried out in a vacuum oven, the one easy exchange of gaseous heat treatment media allowed.
- the workpieces to be treated are carburized in the vacuum oven, for example by evacuating the gaseous carburizing medium and then flooding the vacuum furnace with an inert cooling gas Hardening process immediately afterwards, without requiring the workpieces to be transported to another furnace chamber.
- an electrically driven fan is provided in the vacuum furnace, which a cooling gas flow with a cooling gas velocity corresponding to the respective requirements generated. The cooling gas flow scares those to be treated Workpieces from the hardening temperature down to room temperature or below.
- a three-phase motor with a nominal output of 200 kW is provided, which at a pressure in the vacuum furnace of less than 750 mbar with a supply voltage of 230 V and at an oven pressure of more than 750 mbar is operated with a supply voltage of 400 V.
- the supply voltage is increased to 230 V by a starting transformer reduced.
- a pressure is reached in the vacuum oven during the flooding with Cooling gas of approx. 750 mbar is switched from 230 V to 400 V.
- the Motor power only a third of that at 400 V supply voltage Available engine power, in the present case 73.3 kW.
- the reduced supply voltage to 230 V also has the consequence that the Risk of rollovers with an engine power of 220 kW at pressures would otherwise be below 750 mbar, is excluded. Finally, the supply voltage reduced to 230 V contributes to the fact that the Fan can start at pressures below 150 mbar and at When the latter pressure is reached, the full shaft power is available stands.
- Figure 1 shows the chronological sequence with regard to the furnace pressure Fan speed and the supply voltage according to the previous status the technology and according to the invention for the initiation of the quenching process.
- Figure 2 shows corresponding measurement curves with and without cooling Use of the invention.
- the continuous filling of the quenching tank also causes one significantly faster cooling of the gas temperature within the first minutes cooling, which results in an increased heat transfer.
- This Advancing in cooling the gas temperature using the invention is in Figure 3 shown.
- this invention is for this Particularly suitable for use.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Furnace Details (AREA)
- Heat Treatments In General, Especially Conveying And Cooling (AREA)
- Muffle Furnaces And Rotary Kilns (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
- Control Of Heat Treatment Processes (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (9)
- Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke, bei dem durch einen Ventilator ein Kühlgasstrom in einer evakuierbaren Abschreckkammer eines Ein- oder Mehrkammerofens zum Abschrecken der Werkstücke erzeugt wird, wobei der Ventilator durch einen Drehstrommotor angetrieben wird, der oberhalb eines hinsichtlich seiner Motorleistung bestimmten Mindestdrucks in der Abschreckkammer mit einer vorgegebenen Versorgungsspannung betrieben wird,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß der Ventilator bei einem Druck in der Abschreckkammer gestartet wird, der geringer als der Mindestdruck ist, wobei der Drehstrommotor bis zum Erreichen des Mindestdrucks in der Abschreckkammer mit einer zweiten, geringeren Versorgungsspannung betrieben wird. - Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß am Drehstrommotor die Netzspannung angelegt und durch einen Transformator von der höheren auf die niedrigere Versorgungsspannung und umgekehrt herab- bzw. heraufgesetzt wird.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Drehstrommotor oberhalb des Mindestdrucks mit einer Versorgungsspannung von ca. 400 V und unterhalb des Mindestdrucks mit einer Versorgungsspannung von ca. 230 V betrieben wird.
- Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die am Drehstrommotor anliegende Versorgungsspannung in Abhängigkeit von dem in der Abschreckkammer herrschenden Druck und/oder der durch den Drehstrommotor fließenden Stromstärke umgeschaltet wird.
- Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, gekennzeichnet durch einen Mindestdruck im Bereich von 500 - 1200 mbar.
- Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Drehstrommotor mit Wasser gekühlt wird.
- Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Drehzahl des Ventilators oberhalb des Mindestdrucks in Abhängigkeit von der gewünschten Kühlgasgeschwindigkeit variiert wird.
- Verfahren nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüchen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Ventilator bei Drücken in der Abschreckkammer von bis zu 40 bar betrieben wird.
- Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, gekennzeichnet durch die nachfolgenden Verfahrensschritte zum Abschrecken der Werkstückea) Einleiten der Gasabschreckung durch Anlaufen des Drehstrommotors des Ventilators bei einem Druck unterhalb von 750 mbar mit einer Spannung, die geringer als die Nennversorgungsspannung des Motors, vorzugsweise zwischen 80% und 40% der Nennversorungsspannung, ist,b) Hochlaufen des Ventilators auf Nenndrehzahl,c) Fluten der Abschreckkammer mit dem Abschreckgas und Einstellen des Abschreckdrucks in der Abschreckkammer auf einen Wert zwischen 1 und 40 bar,d) im wesentlichen gleichzeitige Umschaltung der Versorgungsspannung auf die Nennversorgungsspannung des Motors bei Erreichen eines Drucks > 750 mbar in der Abschreckkammer, sowiee) nach Beendigung der Gasabschreckung Lüften der Abschreckkammer auf Atmosphärendruck und Entnehmen der Werkstücke.
Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT99118920T ATE225862T1 (de) | 1999-09-24 | 1999-09-24 | Verfahren zur wärmebehandlung metallischer werkstücke |
ES99118920T ES2184376T3 (es) | 1999-09-24 | 1999-09-24 | Procedimiento para el tratamiento termico de piezas de trabajo metalicas. |
EP99118920A EP1088901B1 (de) | 1999-09-24 | 1999-09-24 | Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke |
DE59903032T DE59903032D1 (de) | 1999-09-24 | 1999-09-24 | Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke |
US09/653,993 US6428742B1 (en) | 1999-09-24 | 2000-09-01 | Method for heat-treating metallic workpieces |
CA002341152A CA2341152C (en) | 1999-09-24 | 2001-03-21 | Method for heat-treating metallic workpieces |
JP2001096006A JP5178975B2 (ja) | 1999-09-24 | 2001-03-29 | 金属加工物の熱処理方法 |
CN01112301.XA CN1227378C (zh) | 1999-09-24 | 2001-04-02 | 金属工件的热处理方法 |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP99118920A EP1088901B1 (de) | 1999-09-24 | 1999-09-24 | Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke |
CA002341152A CA2341152C (en) | 1999-09-24 | 2001-03-21 | Method for heat-treating metallic workpieces |
JP2001096006A JP5178975B2 (ja) | 1999-09-24 | 2001-03-29 | 金属加工物の熱処理方法 |
CN01112301.XA CN1227378C (zh) | 1999-09-24 | 2001-04-02 | 金属工件的热处理方法 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1088901A1 true EP1088901A1 (de) | 2001-04-04 |
EP1088901B1 EP1088901B1 (de) | 2002-10-09 |
Family
ID=27427686
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP99118920A Expired - Lifetime EP1088901B1 (de) | 1999-09-24 | 1999-09-24 | Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6428742B1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1088901B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP5178975B2 (de) |
CN (1) | CN1227378C (de) |
AT (1) | ATE225862T1 (de) |
CA (1) | CA2341152C (de) |
DE (1) | DE59903032D1 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2184376T3 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102005017906B4 (de) * | 2005-04-18 | 2008-06-05 | Ipsen International Gmbh | Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2844809B1 (fr) * | 2002-09-20 | 2007-06-29 | Air Liquide | Procede de refroidissement rapide de pieces par transfert convectif et radiatif |
US7335334B2 (en) * | 2003-01-14 | 2008-02-26 | Medtronic, Inc. | Active air removal from an extracorporeal blood circuit |
US7189352B2 (en) | 2003-01-14 | 2007-03-13 | Medtronic, Inc. | Extracorporeal blood circuit priming system and method |
US7201870B2 (en) | 2003-01-14 | 2007-04-10 | Medtronic, Inc. | Active air removal system operating modes of an extracorporeal blood circuit |
JP5407281B2 (ja) * | 2008-11-04 | 2014-02-05 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 熱処理方法 |
DE102009000201B4 (de) | 2009-01-14 | 2018-06-21 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Chargiergestell sowie Abschreckvorrichtung mit Chargiergestell |
CN101935745B (zh) * | 2010-08-05 | 2011-11-30 | 山西鑫博瑞科技有限公司 | 一种煤截齿的热处理装置及热处理方法 |
FR3001229B1 (fr) * | 2013-01-23 | 2015-10-30 | Ecm Technologies | Cellule de trempe sous gaz |
CN107557553A (zh) * | 2017-08-07 | 2018-01-09 | 安徽盛美金属科技有限公司 | 一种金属板件热处理装置 |
US11053560B2 (en) | 2018-08-24 | 2021-07-06 | William R. Jones | High pressure rapid gas quenching vacuum furnace utilizing an isolation transformer in the blower motor power system to eliminate ground faults from electrical gas ionization |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE200995C (de) * | 1907-06-13 | |||
DE649125C (de) * | 1937-08-16 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | Verfahren zum unterbrechungslosen asynchronen Anlassen von Wechselstrommaschinen | |
EP0313888A1 (de) * | 1987-10-28 | 1989-05-03 | Leybold Durferrit GmbH | Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke |
EP0798391A1 (de) * | 1996-03-29 | 1997-10-01 | ALD AICHELIN GesmbH. | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4141539A (en) * | 1977-11-03 | 1979-02-27 | Alco Standard Corporation | Heat treating furnace with load control for fan motor |
JPS6126722A (ja) * | 1984-07-18 | 1986-02-06 | Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Co Ltd | 衝風冷却式真空熱処理炉 |
JPS6160819A (ja) * | 1984-08-29 | 1986-03-28 | Shimadzu Corp | 焼入れ冷却方法 |
JPH0433589A (ja) * | 1990-05-28 | 1992-02-04 | Fuji Electric Co Ltd | モータの速度制御方法 |
JPH06189586A (ja) * | 1992-10-15 | 1994-07-08 | Oki Electric Ind Co Ltd | 冷却ファン制御方法及びそれに用いる回路 |
US5478985A (en) * | 1993-09-20 | 1995-12-26 | Surface Combustion, Inc. | Heat treat furnace with multi-bar high convective gas quench |
JPH10183236A (ja) * | 1996-12-25 | 1998-07-14 | Shimazu Mekutemu Kk | 真空熱処理炉 |
JP4131588B2 (ja) * | 1998-07-29 | 2008-08-13 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 直流電動機の制御装置 |
-
1999
- 1999-09-24 AT AT99118920T patent/ATE225862T1/de active
- 1999-09-24 EP EP99118920A patent/EP1088901B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-09-24 DE DE59903032T patent/DE59903032D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-09-24 ES ES99118920T patent/ES2184376T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2000
- 2000-09-01 US US09/653,993 patent/US6428742B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2001
- 2001-03-21 CA CA002341152A patent/CA2341152C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-03-29 JP JP2001096006A patent/JP5178975B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-04-02 CN CN01112301.XA patent/CN1227378C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE649125C (de) * | 1937-08-16 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | Verfahren zum unterbrechungslosen asynchronen Anlassen von Wechselstrommaschinen | |
DE200995C (de) * | 1907-06-13 | |||
EP0313888A1 (de) * | 1987-10-28 | 1989-05-03 | Leybold Durferrit GmbH | Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke |
EP0798391A1 (de) * | 1996-03-29 | 1997-10-01 | ALD AICHELIN GesmbH. | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102005017906B4 (de) * | 2005-04-18 | 2008-06-05 | Ipsen International Gmbh | Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1227378C (zh) | 2005-11-16 |
CN1377978A (zh) | 2002-11-06 |
JP2002294333A (ja) | 2002-10-09 |
ATE225862T1 (de) | 2002-10-15 |
DE59903032D1 (de) | 2002-11-14 |
JP5178975B2 (ja) | 2013-04-10 |
CA2341152C (en) | 2009-09-01 |
CA2341152A1 (en) | 2002-09-21 |
US6428742B1 (en) | 2002-08-06 |
EP1088901B1 (de) | 2002-10-09 |
ES2184376T3 (es) | 2003-04-01 |
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