EP1513995B1 - Panel, in particular flooring panel - Google Patents

Panel, in particular flooring panel Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1513995B1
EP1513995B1 EP03760634A EP03760634A EP1513995B1 EP 1513995 B1 EP1513995 B1 EP 1513995B1 EP 03760634 A EP03760634 A EP 03760634A EP 03760634 A EP03760634 A EP 03760634A EP 1513995 B1 EP1513995 B1 EP 1513995B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
panel
groove
panels
tongue
panel according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP03760634A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1513995A1 (en
Inventor
Detlev Schmidt
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Boxler & Co KG GmbH
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Boxler & Co KG GmbH
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Publication of EP1513995A1 publication Critical patent/EP1513995A1/en
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
    • E04F13/07—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor
    • E04F13/08—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F15/00—Flooring
    • E04F15/02—Flooring or floor layers composed of a number of similar elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F15/00—Flooring
    • E04F15/02—Flooring or floor layers composed of a number of similar elements
    • E04F15/04—Flooring or floor layers composed of a number of similar elements only of wood or with a top layer of wood, e.g. with wooden or metal connecting members
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F2201/00—Joining sheets or plates or panels
    • E04F2201/01—Joining sheets, plates or panels with edges in abutting relationship
    • E04F2201/0107—Joining sheets, plates or panels with edges in abutting relationship by moving the sheets, plates or panels substantially in their own plane, perpendicular to the abutting edges
    • E04F2201/0115—Joining sheets, plates or panels with edges in abutting relationship by moving the sheets, plates or panels substantially in their own plane, perpendicular to the abutting edges with snap action of the edge connectors
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F2201/00—Joining sheets or plates or panels
    • E04F2201/04—Other details of tongues or grooves
    • E04F2201/041—Tongues or grooves with slits or cuts for expansion or flexibility

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a panel, in particular floor panel, with two spring arms on one side and a groove on the opposite side, which are formed so that a plurality of panels are joined together by joining the spring arms and grooves, wherein the tongue and groove connection with Verraststoffn is provided which prevent separation of two panels.
  • Such a panel is from the DE 100 08 108 C1 and the EP 1 203 854 A2 known. There protrudes from the groove bottom of a wedge-shaped projection between the spring arms, said projection supporting the free ends of the spring arms on the wedge surfaces.
  • the WO 01/48331 A1 describes a panel connection for example floor panels with a tongue and groove connection, which passes through a parting plane between adjacent panels, wherein a so-called.
  • Bottom-side locking pin is provided with locking means and this locking pin is functionally separated from the tongue and groove connection.
  • the German Utility Model 200 18 760 shows a tongue and groove connection for panels, in which a double spring is used with a locking contour on the panel top.
  • the JP-A-8 109734 shows a floor panel, in which at the top of a spring downwardly facing and hook-shaped latching means are provided which engage in a mushroom-shaped recess on the counter-panel. This arrangement is not very suitable for disassembly of the panels.
  • the DE-C-426251 shows modular elements, which are also joined together in the manner of a tongue and groove connection.
  • a spring is split at its tip and the opposite groove bottom has a sharp corner (tip).
  • the DE 199 25 248 shows a tongue and groove connection for panels with a single spring arm and latching means arranged on top.
  • the DE 1 534 802 A also shows a tongue and groove connection for panels with a single spring arm, without plan-parallel investment on the underside of the spring arm.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a panel in which a reliable connection between adjacent panels can be produced by simple means.
  • Simple means in this context means, in particular, simple tools, as uncritical tolerances in the production and as low as possible requirements for the material of the panels.
  • a reliable connection in the sense of the invention means in particular a high long-term stability of the connection against a drifting apart of the panels and also a simple assembly and a relatively risk-free disassembly of mounted panels.
  • a further preferred embodiment of the invention provides that between the spring arms in the assembled state, a free incision with a depth of at least 1 mm, preferably 1.5 mm, is provided.
  • This embodiment of the invention can also be developed such that the depth of said free cut is at least 2 mm or at least 2.5 mm.
  • the depth of this incision largely determines the spring elasticity of the spring arms. This spring elasticity in turn determines the stability of the latching and the resistance during assembly as well as the disassembly of two panels.
  • the lower spring arm is shorter than the upper spring arm.
  • an area is provided with continuous support from top to bottom at the parting plane of two joined panels.
  • the lower spring arm is slightly rounded at its tip on the underside. This facilitates in particular the disassembly of the panels, but also the assembly. In this case, therefore, the lower spring arm is preferably asymmetrically designed at its tip with a rounding on the bottom.
  • Another preferred embodiment of the invention provides that a lower bottom projection, which delimits the groove below, projects in the assembled state at least 1.5 mm beyond the tip of the lower spring arm (distance 36).
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows a section through a first embodiment of a compound of two floor panels
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic section through a second embodiment of a compound of two floor panels.
  • the floor panels 10, 12 are shown only in the region of their tongue and groove connection. It is understood that the panel 10 has on its left side (not shown) a groove as the panel 12 and correspondingly the panel 12 on its right side (not shown) has a double spring as the panel 10th
  • the tongue and groove connection comprises two spring arms 14a, 14b, which are integrally (integrally) formed with the panel 10 and protrude therefrom in the horizontal direction.
  • the terms “horizontal” and “vertical” are used herein to refer to the use of the panels as floor coverings.
  • the lower spring arm 14b is shown in the figure at its tip with a hatched portion 14c. This hatching indicates that the horizontal length of the spring arm 14b can be varied approximately by the distance of the shaded area, which will be explained in more detail below.
  • the two spring arms 14a, 14b engage in the assembly of the panels in a groove 16 in the panel 12.
  • the groove 16 has at the groove bottom 16a no projection on which comes in the assembled state with two spring arms 14a, 14b.
  • the groove 16 has a rounded groove bottom 16a. This has several advantages: In contrast to a groove, which has corners in the groove bottom, the risk of cracks or even a break is largely reduced. Furthermore, the round configuration of the groove with high elasticity allows a reduction of the cavity formed and thus an improvement in the stability of the panel connection.
  • the groove base 16a is designed approximately semicircular and merges tangentially into the parallel side surfaces of the groove 16.
  • the upper spring arm 14a has on its upper side a projection 18 which engages in a recess 20 in the upper arm 12b of the panel 12 latchingly to prevent a separation of the panels 10, 12 in the horizontal direction frictionally.
  • the connection thus does not necessarily need a glue. As shown, in the assembled state, a clearance remains in the recess 20.
  • This embodiment of the latching means allows a simple release of the connection without risk of breakage.
  • the simple notching and easy assembly are further promoted by the fact that the two spring arms 14a, 14b engage freely in the groove 16, so in the assembled state, a certain elastic relative movement of the two spring arms toward each other is possible. It has been shown that despite this elasticity with the illustrated structure of the tongue and groove connection nevertheless a very good strength of the connection is achieved against a separation in the horizontal direction.
  • the lock on the top allows a clean and tight fit of the panels together over their entire side edges.
  • the lower spring arm 14b can be easily detached from the groove when disassembling the connection, without risk of breakage, since it is neither engaged nor pressed by a wedge in a predicament.
  • the drawing also shows the parting plane 24 between the two connected panels 10, 12. Directly below the upper joint line between the two panels is a free space 22, which can possibly take glue and otherwise the exact system of the two panels in the region of their upper Pour line promotes.
  • the figure shows a hatched area 10a, which can be referred to as Federarm zero.
  • the area 10a is an integral part of the panel 10, ie, the material of the panel 10 extends fully into the hatched area 10a.
  • the hatched area 10a can be varied, that is, the right-hand boundary of the area, between the spring arms 14a, 14b 10a can be changed in the sense of the double arrow shown to the left or to the right.
  • the spring elasticity of the spring arms 14a, 14b can be changed.
  • the dimension of the region 10a defines the region 26, over which a force acting vertically in the region of the parting plane is intercepted from top to bottom without cavities by solid material.
  • the bottom projection 12a of the right-hand panel 12 shown in the figure below is significant.
  • the material of the bottom projection 12a is formed integrally with the material of the right panel 12, and the horizontal length of the bottom projection 12a can be varied over the hatched area, wherein two possible extreme positions are shown in the figure:
  • the hatched bottom projection 12a of the panel 12 extends to the parting plane 24, in the other extreme position the bottom projection 12a is substantially shorter and extends only by the distance 36 under the lower spring arm 14b, i. the bottom bottom projection 12a is just long enough to come into plane-parallel contact with the bottom surface of the spring arm 14b with good stable support.
  • the bottom projection 12a is formed so as to protrude into the region 26 by more than 1 mm, preferably more than 1.5 mm, so as to ensure that a vertically (vertically) acting in the region 26 force vector is collected everywhere by material ,
  • the figure shows the panel connection in the scale 10: 1.
  • the total height (in vertical direction) of both panels is 7 mm in the illustrated embodiment.
  • the horizontal length of the lower spring arm 14b can also be varied within the hatched area 14c. As shown in the embodiment, the maximum horizontal length of the lower spring arm 14b is less than the horizontal length of the upper spring arm 14a, ie the tip 30 of the lower spring arm 14b is closer to the parting plane 24 than the tip 28 of the upper spring arm 14a.
  • the distance 34 is critical, ie the depth of the free cut 32 with respect to the front end of the spring arm 14b.
  • the lower spring arm 14b has to move slightly elastically. To this alternative possibility too promote and reduce the forces on the spring arm 14b, this is, as shown in the figure, rounded on its underside.
  • the horizontal length of the lower bottom projection 12a which may also be referred to as the groove cheek with respect to the groove 16, is tuned to the length of the lower spring arm 14b.
  • An extreme combination is shown in the figure by the hatched areas of bottom projection 12a and spring arm 14b.
  • Another extreme combination is represented in the figure by the double (checkered) hatched areas of these elements.
  • the horizontal length of the spring arm 14 b that this protrudes at least to half in the region 26.
  • the illustrated construction of the panel connection allows the use of cheaper materials than the comparable (and structurally more expensive) prior art.
  • lower quality HDF can be used as material or even MDF.
  • the spring arms 14a, 14b can be dimensioned relatively large compared to the prior art, i. their dimensions in the vertical direction can be relatively large.
  • the upper spring arm 14a has a vertical height of about 1.3 mm (not in the region of the projection 18), while the lower spring arm 14b has a vertical dimension of 1.2 mm.
  • dimensions of 1 to 1.4 mm are considered for the upper spring arm with a thickness of the floor panel of 7 mm and dimensions of 1 to 1.3 mm for the lower spring arm.
  • the latching means can also be arranged on the lower arm 14b, that is analogously provided a downwardly facing nose and a corresponding recess in the lower floor projection 12a. This variant is particularly advantageous if no unlocking of the panels is provided.
  • Fig. 2 shows a modification of the above with reference to the Fig. 1 described embodiment.
  • the matching characteristics emerge directly Fig. 2 .. So stands out, for example, in the embodiment according to Fig. 2 the lower spring arm 14b less in the groove 16 than the upper spring arm 14a.
  • “lower” or “upper” means that the former is closer to the ground on which the floor panel is placed.
  • a modification of the embodiment according to Fig. 1 is in the embodiment according to Fig. 2 the incision 32 between the two spring arms 14a, 14b designed differently.
  • the upper spring arm 14a has on its inside an approximately sinusoidal course (see. Fig. 2 ) from its tip 28 to the juncture with the lower spring arm 14b.
  • This curved, sharp-angle-avoiding curve is in Fig. 2 designated by the reference numeral 32.
  • This design of the underside of the upper spring arm 14a leads to increased stability of the same and to avoid cracks when disassembling panels.
  • the front tip 28 of the upper spring arm 14a abuts against a location at the bottom of the groove 16.
  • the upper arm (12b) of the panels is rounded off like a bead. This embodiment also promotes both the assembly and the disassembly of the panels.

Abstract

A panel connection for, in particular, floor panels makes provision for two tongues ( 14 a , 14 b) which engage in a groove ( 16 ) without any web or wedge locking said tongues.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Paneel, insbesondere Fußboden paneel, mit zwei Federarmen auf einer Seite und einer Nut auf der gegenüberliegenden Seite, die so ausgebildet sind, dass mehrere Paneele durch Zusammenfügen der Federarme und Nuten miteinander verbindbar sind, wobei die Nut/Feder-Verbindung mit Verrastmitteln versehen ist, die ein Trennen zweier Paneele verhindern.The invention relates to a panel, in particular floor panel, with two spring arms on one side and a groove on the opposite side, which are formed so that a plurality of panels are joined together by joining the spring arms and grooves, wherein the tongue and groove connection with Verrastmitteln is provided which prevent separation of two panels.

Ein solches Paneel ist aus der DE 100 08 108 C1 und der EP 1 203 854 A2 bekannt. Dort ragt vom Nutgrund aus ein keilförmiger Vorsprung zwischen die Federarme, wobei dieser Vorsprung die freien Enden der Federarme an den Keilflächen abstützt.Such a panel is from the DE 100 08 108 C1 and the EP 1 203 854 A2 known. There protrudes from the groove bottom of a wedge-shaped projection between the spring arms, said projection supporting the free ends of the spring arms on the wedge surfaces.

Dieser Stand der Technik wirft in Praxis Probleme auf. Der keilförmige Vorsprung bedingt eine erhebliche Überbestimmung des Systems, weshalb bei der Herstellung nur mit höchstem Aufwand, wenn überhaupt, einzuhaltende enge Toleranzbedingungen gegeben sind. Die Längen der Federarme, die Abmessungen des keilförmigen Vorsprungs und die jeweiligen Winkel wie auch die Abmessungen in Vertikalrichtung aller Elemente (die Vertikalrichtung steht senkrecht zum Paneel) sind höchst kritisch. Auch der Auseinanderbau der Paneele ist aufgrund der bei diesem Stand der Technik vorliegenden Verkantung der Teile eher schwierig und mit Bruchgefahr verbunden.This prior art poses problems in practice. The wedge-shaped projection requires a considerable over-determination of the system, which is why in the production only with the highest effort, if any, to be observed narrow tolerance conditions are given. The lengths of the spring arms, the dimensions of the wedge-shaped projection and the respective angles as well as the dimensions in the vertical direction of all elements (the vertical direction is perpendicular to the panel) are highly critical. The disassembly of the panels is due to the present in this prior art canting of the parts rather difficult and fraught with danger of breakage.

Die WO 01/48331 A1 beschreibt eine Paneel-Verbindung für z.B. Fußbodenpaneele mit einer Nut/Feder-Verbindung, die eine Trennebene zwischen benachbarten Paneelen durchsetzt, wobei ein sog. bodenseitiger Riegelzapfen mit Rastmitteln versehen ist und dieser Riegelzapfen funktional von der Nut/Feder-Verbindung getrennt ist.The WO 01/48331 A1 describes a panel connection for example floor panels with a tongue and groove connection, which passes through a parting plane between adjacent panels, wherein a so-called. Bottom-side locking pin is provided with locking means and this locking pin is functionally separated from the tongue and groove connection.

Das deutsche Gebrauchsmuster 200 18 760 zeigt eine Nut/Feder-Verbindung für Paneele, bei der eine Doppelfeder verwendet wird mit einer Rastkontur an der Paneeloberseite.The German Utility Model 200 18 760 shows a tongue and groove connection for panels, in which a double spring is used with a locking contour on the panel top.

Die JP-A-8 109734 zeigt ein Fußbodenpaneel, bei dem an der Spitze einer Feder nach unten und oben weisende, hakenförmige Verrastmittel vorgesehen sind, die in eine pilz-förmige Ausnehmung am Gegen-Paneel einrasten. Diese Anordnung ist für einen Auseinanderbau der Paneele wenig geeignet.The JP-A-8 109734 shows a floor panel, in which at the top of a spring downwardly facing and hook-shaped latching means are provided which engage in a mushroom-shaped recess on the counter-panel. This arrangement is not very suitable for disassembly of the panels.

Die DE-C-426251 zeigt Baukastenelemente, die ebenfalls nach der Art einer Nut/Feder-Verbindung zusammenfügbar sind. Eine Feder ist an Ihrer Spitze gespalten und der gegenüberliegende Nutgrund weist eine scharfe Ecke (Spitze) auf.The DE-C-426251 shows modular elements, which are also joined together in the manner of a tongue and groove connection. A spring is split at its tip and the opposite groove bottom has a sharp corner (tip).

Die DE 199 25 248 zeigt eine Nut/Feder-Verbindung für Paneele mit einem einzigen Federarm und oben angeordneten Verrastmitteln. Die DE 1 534 802 A zeigt ebenfalls eine Nut/Feder-Verbindung für Paneele mit einem einzigen Federarm, ohne plan-parallele Anlage auf der Unterseite des Federarmes.The DE 199 25 248 shows a tongue and groove connection for panels with a single spring arm and latching means arranged on top. The DE 1 534 802 A also shows a tongue and groove connection for panels with a single spring arm, without plan-parallel investment on the underside of the spring arm.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Paneel zu schaffen, bei dem eine zuverlässige Verbindung zwischen benachbarten Paneelen mit einfachen Mitteln herstellbar ist. Einfache Mittel bedeutet in diesem Zusammenhang insbesondere einfache Werkzeuge, möglichst unkritische Toleranzen bei der Herstellung und auch möglichst geringe Anforderungen an das Material der Paneele. Eine zuverlässige Verbindung im Sinne der Erfindung bedeutet insbesondere eine hohe Langzeitstabilität der Verbindung gegen ein Auseinanderdriften der Paneele und auch ein einfacher Zusammenbau und ein relativ risikofreier Auseinanderbau von montierten Paneelen.The invention has for its object to provide a panel in which a reliable connection between adjacent panels can be produced by simple means. Simple means in this context means, in particular, simple tools, as uncritical tolerances in the production and as low as possible requirements for the material of the panels. A reliable connection in the sense of the invention means in particular a high long-term stability of the connection against a drifting apart of the panels and also a simple assembly and a relatively risk-free disassembly of mounted panels.

Die erfindungsgemäße Lösung dieser Aufgabe ist im Patentanspruch 1 beschrieben. Die abhängigen Ansprüche beschreiben vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung.The inventive solution to this problem is described in claim 1. The dependent claims describe advantageous embodiments of the invention.

Nach der Erfindung braucht also im Nutgrund kein weiteres funktionales Element ausgeformt zu werden, welches, etwa in der Art eines keilförmigen Vorsprunges, wie beim oben erläuterten Stand der Technik, zwischen die Federarme greift und diese oben und unten gleichzeitig abstützt.According to the invention, therefore, no further functional element needs to be formed in the groove base, which, for example in the form of a wedge-shaped projection, as in the above-described prior art, engages between the spring arms and supports them at the same time above and below.

Eine weitere bevorzugte Ausgestaltung der Erfindung sieht vor, dass zwischen den Federarmen im zusammengefügten Zustand ein freier Einschnitt mit einer Tiefe von zumindest 1 mm, bevorzugt 1,5 mm, vorgesehen ist.A further preferred embodiment of the invention provides that between the spring arms in the assembled state, a free incision with a depth of at least 1 mm, preferably 1.5 mm, is provided.

Dieses Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung kann auch dahingehend weitergebildet werden, dass die Tiefe des genannten freien Einschnittes mindestens 2 mm oder mindestens 2,5 mm beträgt. Die Tiefe dieses Einschnittes bestimmt weithin die Federelastizität der Federarme. Diese Federelastizität wiederum bestimmt zum einen die Stabilität der Verrastung und zum anderen den Widerstand sowohl beim Zusammenbau als auch beim Auseinanderbau zweier Paneele.This embodiment of the invention can also be developed such that the depth of said free cut is at least 2 mm or at least 2.5 mm. The depth of this incision largely determines the spring elasticity of the spring arms. This spring elasticity in turn determines the stability of the latching and the resistance during assembly as well as the disassembly of two panels.

Gemäß einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, dass der untere Federarm kürzer ist als der obere Federarm. Hierdurch wird insbesondere der Auseinanderbau zweier Paneele erleichtert und die Bruchgefahr dabei verringert. Wenn im Zusammenhang mit dieser Erfindung von "oben" und "unten" die Rede ist, beziehen sich diese Angaben auf den üblichen Einsatz der Paneele als Fußbodenabdeckung, "oben" bedeutet also vertikal entgegen der Richtung der Schwerkraft und "unten" bedeutet umgekehrt vertikal in Richtung der Schwerkraft, d. h. direkt am Boden aufliegend. Werden die Paneele hingegen nicht am Fußboden eingesetzt, also z.B. an einer Wand, verstehen sich die Begriffe analog dahingehend, dass "unten" bedeutet: der Wand zugekehrt.According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention it is provided that the lower spring arm is shorter than the upper spring arm. As a result, in particular the disassembly of two panels is facilitated and the risk of breakage thereby reduced. When referring to "top" and "bottom" in the context of this invention, these references refer to the common use of the panels as a floor covering, "top" thus means vertically against the direction of gravity and "bottom" means vertically in reverse Direction of gravity, d. H. lying directly on the ground. On the other hand, if the panels are not used on the floor, e.g. on a wall, the terms are analogous in that "down" means: facing the wall.

Beim eingangs genannten Stand der Technik gibt es im zusammengebauten Zustand zweier Paneele Hohlräume im Bereich der Trennebene, d.h. ein Schnitt senkrecht zur Oberfläche der Paneele in oder in der Nähe der Trennebene schneidet Hohlräume. Dies ist für die Stabilität der Verbindung kritisch.In the prior art mentioned in the introduction, in the assembled state of two panels there are cavities in the region of the parting plane, i. a section perpendicular to the surface of the panels in or near the parting plane intersects cavities. This is critical to the stability of the compound.

Gemäß einem weiteren besonders bevorzugten Aspekt der vorliegenden Erfindung ist deshalb vorgesehen, dass ein Bereich mit von oben nach unten durchgehender Abstützung an der Trennebene zweier zusammengefügter Paneele gegeben ist.According to a further particularly preferred aspect of the present invention, it is therefore provided that an area is provided with continuous support from top to bottom at the parting plane of two joined panels.

Dies bedeutet, dass ein Schnitt senkrecht zur Oberfläche der Paneele in oder in der Nähe der Trennebene zumindest über eine gewisse Breite (also gemessen in Horizontalrichtung, d.h. in Richtung parallel zur Oberfläche der Paneele) überall massives Material schneidet, also keine nennenswerten Hohlräume (Lufträume oder Räume mit Kleberfüllung oder dergleichen) schneidet.This means that a section perpendicular to the surface of the panels in or in the vicinity of the parting plane at least over a certain width (ie measured in the horizontal direction, ie in the direction parallel to the surface of the panels) cuts everywhere solid material, so no significant cavities (air spaces or Spaces with adhesive filling or the like) cuts.

Gemäß einer anderen bevorzugten Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, dass der untere Federarm an seiner Spitze auf der Unterseite etwas abgerundet ist. Dies erleichtert insbesondere den Auseinanderbau der Paneele, aber auch den Zusammenbau. In diesem Falle ist also der untere Federarm an seiner Spitze bevorzugt asymmetrisch gestaltet mit einer Abrundung auf der Unterseite.According to another preferred embodiment of the invention it is provided that the lower spring arm is slightly rounded at its tip on the underside. This facilitates in particular the disassembly of the panels, but also the assembly. In this case, therefore, the lower spring arm is preferably asymmetrically designed at its tip with a rounding on the bottom.

Eine andere bevorzugte Ausgestaltung der Erfindung sieht vor, dass ein unterer Bodenvorsprung , der die Nut unten begrenzt, im zusammengefügten Zustand zumindest 1,5 mm über die Spitze des unteren Federarms ragt (Abstand 36).Another preferred embodiment of the invention provides that a lower bottom projection, which delimits the groove below, projects in the assembled state at least 1.5 mm beyond the tip of the lower spring arm (distance 36).

Nachfolgend wird ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung anhand der Figuren beschrieben.Hereinafter, an embodiment of the invention will be described with reference to the figures.

Figur 1 zeigt schematisch einen Schnitt durch ein erstes Ausführungsbeispiel einer Verbindung zweier Fußbodenpaneele und FIG. 1 schematically shows a section through a first embodiment of a compound of two floor panels and

Figur 2 zeigt einen schematischen Schnitt durch ein zweites Ausführungsbeispiel einer Verbindung zweier Fußbodenpaneele. FIG. 2 shows a schematic section through a second embodiment of a compound of two floor panels.

In den Figuren sind einander entsprechende und funktionsähnliche Bauteile mit gleichen Bezugszeichen versehen.In the figures, corresponding and functionally similar components are provided with the same reference numerals.

In den Figuren 1 und 2 sind die Fußbodenpaneele 10, 12 nur im Bereich ihrer Nut/Feder-Verbindung dargestellt. Es versteht sich, dass das Paneel 10 auf seiner linken Seite (nicht dargestellt) eine Nut aufweist wie das Paneel 12 und das entsprechend das Paneel 12 auf seiner rechten Seite (nicht dargestellt) eine Doppelfeder aufweist wie das Paneel 10.In the FIGS. 1 and 2 the floor panels 10, 12 are shown only in the region of their tongue and groove connection. It is understood that the panel 10 has on its left side (not shown) a groove as the panel 12 and correspondingly the panel 12 on its right side (not shown) has a double spring as the panel 10th

Gemäß Fig. 1 weist die Nut/Feder-Verbindung zwei Federarme 14a, 14b auf, die integral (einstückig) mit dem Paneel 10 ausgebildet sind und von diesem in horizontaler Richtung vorstehen. Die Begriffe "horizontal" und "vertikal" werden hier verwendet unter Bezug auf einen Einsatz der Paneele als Fußbodenbelag.According to Fig. 1 The tongue and groove connection comprises two spring arms 14a, 14b, which are integrally (integrally) formed with the panel 10 and protrude therefrom in the horizontal direction. The terms "horizontal" and "vertical" are used herein to refer to the use of the panels as floor coverings.

Der untere Federarm 14b ist in der Figur an seiner Spitze mit einem schraffierten Bereich 14c dargestellt. Diese Schraffur deutet an, dass die horizontale Länge des Federarmes 14b etwa um die Strecke des schraffierten Bereiches variiert werden kann, was weiter unten näher erläutert wird.The lower spring arm 14b is shown in the figure at its tip with a hatched portion 14c. This hatching indicates that the horizontal length of the spring arm 14b can be varied approximately by the distance of the shaded area, which will be explained in more detail below.

Die beiden Federarme 14a, 14b greifen beim Zusammenbau der Paneele in eine Nut 16 im Paneel 12. Die Nut 16 weist am Nutgrund 16a keinen Vorsprung auf, der im zusammengebauten Zustand mit beiden Federarmen 14a, 14b in Eingriff kommt. Die Nut 16 hat einen abgerundeten Nutgrund 16a. Dies hat mehrere Vorteile: Im Unterschied zu einer Nut, die im Bereich des Nutgrundes Ecken aufweist, ist die Gefahr von Rissen oder gar eines Bruches weitgehend reduziert. Weiterhin ermöglicht die runde Ausgestaltung der Nut bei hoher Elastizität eine Verringerung des gebildeten Hohlraumes und somit eine Verbesserung der Stabilität der Paneel-Verbindung. Beim dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel ist der Nutgrund 16a etwa halbkreisförmig gestaltet und geht tangential in die parallelen Seitenflächen der Nut 16 über.The two spring arms 14a, 14b engage in the assembly of the panels in a groove 16 in the panel 12. The groove 16 has at the groove bottom 16a no projection on which comes in the assembled state with two spring arms 14a, 14b. The groove 16 has a rounded groove bottom 16a. This has several advantages: In contrast to a groove, which has corners in the groove bottom, the risk of cracks or even a break is largely reduced. Furthermore, the round configuration of the groove with high elasticity allows a reduction of the cavity formed and thus an improvement in the stability of the panel connection. At the illustrated embodiment, the groove base 16a is designed approximately semicircular and merges tangentially into the parallel side surfaces of the groove 16.

Der obere Federarm 14a weist auf seiner Oberseite einen Vorsprung 18 auf, der in eine Vertiefung 20 in dem oberen Ausleger 12b des Paneels 12 rastend eingreift, um eine Trennung der Paneele 10, 12 in Horizontalrichtung kraftschlüssig zu verhindern. Die Verbindung benötigt somit nicht unbedingt einen Leim. Wie dargestellt ist, bleibt im zusammengebauten Zustand ein Freiraum in der Vertiefung 20.The upper spring arm 14a has on its upper side a projection 18 which engages in a recess 20 in the upper arm 12b of the panel 12 latchingly to prevent a separation of the panels 10, 12 in the horizontal direction frictionally. The connection thus does not necessarily need a glue. As shown, in the assembled state, a clearance remains in the recess 20.

Diese Ausgestaltung der Verrastmittel ermöglicht ein einfaches Ausklinken der Verbindung ohne Bruchgefahr. Das einfache Ausklinken und auch der einfache Zusammenbau werden weiter dadurch gefördert, dass die beiden Federarme 14a, 14b frei in die Nut 16 eingreifen, also im zusammengebauten Zustand eine gewisse elastische Relativbewegung der beiden Federarme aufeinander zu möglich ist. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass trotz dieser Elastizität mit der dargestellten Struktur der Nut/Feder-Verbindung gleichwohl eine sehr gute Festigkeit der Verbindung gegen ein Auftrennen in Horizontalrichtung erreicht wird. Die Verriegelung auf der Oberseite ermöglicht eine saubere und dichte Anlage der Paneele aneinander über ihre gesamten Seitenkanten. Der untere Federarm 14b kann beim Auseinanderbauen der Verbindung leicht aus der Nut gelöst werden, ohne dass Bruchgefahr besteht, da er weder eingerastet ist noch durch einen Keil in eine Zwangslage gepresst wird.This embodiment of the latching means allows a simple release of the connection without risk of breakage. The simple notching and easy assembly are further promoted by the fact that the two spring arms 14a, 14b engage freely in the groove 16, so in the assembled state, a certain elastic relative movement of the two spring arms toward each other is possible. It has been shown that despite this elasticity with the illustrated structure of the tongue and groove connection nevertheless a very good strength of the connection is achieved against a separation in the horizontal direction. The lock on the top allows a clean and tight fit of the panels together over their entire side edges. The lower spring arm 14b can be easily detached from the groove when disassembling the connection, without risk of breakage, since it is neither engaged nor pressed by a wedge in a predicament.

Die Zeichnung zeigt auch die Trennebene 24 zwischen den beiden verbundenen Paneelen 10, 12. Direkt unterhalb der oberen Stoßlinie zwischen den beiden Paneelen befindet sich ein Freiraum 22, der evtl. Leim aufnehmen kann und auch ansonsten die genaue Anlage der beiden Paneele im Bereich ihrer oberen Stoßlinie fördert.The drawing also shows the parting plane 24 between the two connected panels 10, 12. Directly below the upper joint line between the two panels is a free space 22, which can possibly take glue and otherwise the exact system of the two panels in the region of their upper Pour line promotes.

In der Figur ist rechts neben der Trennebene 24 ein Bereich 26 dargestellt, in dem ein vertikal von oben einwirkender Kraftvektor über die gesamte Verbindung von oben nach unten vollständig durch massives Material aufgefangen wird. Hierzu sind die in der Figur schraffierten Bereiche von Bedeutung: Zunächst zeigt die Figur einen schraffierten Bereich 10a, der als Federarmstütze bezeichnet werden kann. Der Bereich 10a ist integraler (einstückiger) Bestandteil des Paneels 10, d.h. das Material des Paneels 10 erstreckt sich voll in den schraffierten Bereich 10a. Zwischen den Federarmen 14a, 14b verbleibt dann nur als Freiraum der Einschnitt 32. Wie oben ausgeführt ist, kann in Abwandlung des in der Figur gezeigten Ausführungsbeispiels der schraffierte Bereich 10a variiert werden, d. h. die rechte Begrenzung des Bereichs 10a kann im Sinne des dargestellten Doppelpfeiles nach links oder auch nach rechts verändert werden. Je nach horizontaler Länge des Bereiches 10a kann die Federelastizität der Federarme 14a, 14b verändert werden. Andererseits definiert die Abmessung des Bereichs 10a den Bereich 26, über den von oben nach unten durchgehend eine im Bereich der Trennebene vertikal wirkende Kraft ohne Hohlräume durch Vollmaterial abgefangen wird. Hierzu ist weiterhin der in der Figur unten dargestellte Bodenvorsprung 12a des rechten Paneels 12 bedeutsam. Das Material des Bodenvorsprunges 12a ist integral (einstückig) mit dem Material des rechten Paneels 12 ausgeformt und die horizontale Länge des Bodenvorsprunges 12a kann über den schraffierten Bereich variiert werden, wobei in der Figur zwei mögliche Extremlagen dargestellt sind:In the figure, right next to the parting plane 24, a region 26 is shown, in which a force acting vertically from above force vector over the entire connection from top to bottom is completely absorbed by solid material. For this purpose, the hatched in the figure areas are important: First, the figure shows a hatched area 10a, which can be referred to as Federarmstütze. The area 10a is an integral part of the panel 10, ie, the material of the panel 10 extends fully into the hatched area 10a. As described above, in a modification of the embodiment shown in the figure, the hatched area 10a can be varied, that is, the right-hand boundary of the area, between the spring arms 14a, 14b 10a can be changed in the sense of the double arrow shown to the left or to the right. Depending on the horizontal length of the region 10a, the spring elasticity of the spring arms 14a, 14b can be changed. On the other hand, the dimension of the region 10a defines the region 26, over which a force acting vertically in the region of the parting plane is intercepted from top to bottom without cavities by solid material. For this purpose, furthermore, the bottom projection 12a of the right-hand panel 12 shown in the figure below is significant. The material of the bottom projection 12a is formed integrally with the material of the right panel 12, and the horizontal length of the bottom projection 12a can be varied over the hatched area, wherein two possible extreme positions are shown in the figure:

Gemäß einer Extremlage reicht der schraffiert dargestellte Bodenvorsprung 12a des Paneels 12 bis zur Trennebene 24, in der anderen Extremlage ist der Bodenvorsprung 12a wesentlich kürzer und reicht nur um die Strecke 36 unter den unteren Federarm 14b, d.h. der untere Bodenvorsprung 12a ist gerade so lang, dass er mit guter stabiler Abstützung in plan-parallele Anlage kommt mit der unteren Fläche des Federarmes 14b. Bevorzugt wird der Bodenvorsprung 12a so ausgebildet, dass er in den Bereich 26 um mehr als 1 mm hineinragt, bevorzugt mehr als 1, 5 mm, um so zu gewährleisten, dass ein im Bereich 26 senkrecht (vertikal) einwirkender Kraftvektor überall durch Material aufgefangen wird.According to an extreme position, the hatched bottom projection 12a of the panel 12 extends to the parting plane 24, in the other extreme position the bottom projection 12a is substantially shorter and extends only by the distance 36 under the lower spring arm 14b, i. the bottom bottom projection 12a is just long enough to come into plane-parallel contact with the bottom surface of the spring arm 14b with good stable support. Preferably, the bottom projection 12a is formed so as to protrude into the region 26 by more than 1 mm, preferably more than 1.5 mm, so as to ensure that a vertically (vertically) acting in the region 26 force vector is collected everywhere by material ,

Bei der Gestaltung der Paneel-Verbindung sind die Abmessungen wichtig. Die Figur zeigt die Paneelverbindung im Maßstab 10:1. Die Gesamthöhe (in Vertikalrichtung) beider Paneele beträgt beim dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel 7 mm.When designing the panel connection, the dimensions are important. The figure shows the panel connection in the scale 10: 1. The total height (in vertical direction) of both panels is 7 mm in the illustrated embodiment.

Die horizontale Länge des unteren Federarmes 14b kann ebenfalls im Rahmen des schraffierten Bereiches 14c variiert werden. Wie beim Ausführungsbeispiel dargestellt, ist die maximale horizontale Länge des unteren Federarmes 14b geringer als die horizontale Länge des oberen Federarmes 14a, d.h. die Spitze 30 des unteren Federarmes 14b liegt näher an der Trennebene 24 als die Spitze 28 des oberen Federarmes 14a. Für die Elastizität des unteren Federarmes 14b, die insbesondere beim Ausklinken der Verbindung bedeutsam ist, ist die Strecke 34 entscheidend, d.h. die Tiefe des freien Einschnitts 32 in bezug auf das vordere Ende des Federarmes 14b. Beim Ausklinken wird regelmäßig ein Paneel etwas angehoben. Dabei muss der untere Federarm 14b etwas elastisch ausweichen. Um diese Ausweichmöglichkeit zu fördern und die Kräfte auf den Federarm 14b zu reduzieren, ist dieser, wie in der Figur dargestellt ist, auf seiner Unterseite abgerundet.The horizontal length of the lower spring arm 14b can also be varied within the hatched area 14c. As shown in the embodiment, the maximum horizontal length of the lower spring arm 14b is less than the horizontal length of the upper spring arm 14a, ie the tip 30 of the lower spring arm 14b is closer to the parting plane 24 than the tip 28 of the upper spring arm 14a. For the elasticity of the lower spring arm 14b, which is particularly important when unlatching the connection, the distance 34 is critical, ie the depth of the free cut 32 with respect to the front end of the spring arm 14b. When notching a panel is raised a little bit regularly. The lower spring arm 14b has to move slightly elastically. To this alternative possibility too promote and reduce the forces on the spring arm 14b, this is, as shown in the figure, rounded on its underside.

Die horizontale Länge des unteren Bodenvorsprunges 12a, der auch als Nutwange in bezug auf die Nut 16 bezeichnet werden kann, wird abgestimmt auf die Länge des unteren Federarmes 14b. Eine extreme Kombination ist in der Figur dargestellt durch die einfach schraffierten Bereiche von Bodenvorsprung 12a und Federarm 14b. Eine andere extreme Kombination ist in der Figur dargestellt durch die doppelt (kariert) schraffierten Bereiche dieser Elemente. Bei einem bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel gilt für die horizontale Länge des Federarmes 14b, dass diese mindestens bis zur Hälfte in den Bereich 26 hineinragt. Für den exakten Zusammenbau ist es auch vorteilhaft, die Stirnfläche 10b des Paneels 10, die dem Bodenvorsprung 12a gegenüberliegt, hinter die Trennebene 24 zurückzunehmen.The horizontal length of the lower bottom projection 12a, which may also be referred to as the groove cheek with respect to the groove 16, is tuned to the length of the lower spring arm 14b. An extreme combination is shown in the figure by the hatched areas of bottom projection 12a and spring arm 14b. Another extreme combination is represented in the figure by the double (checkered) hatched areas of these elements. In a preferred embodiment applies to the horizontal length of the spring arm 14 b, that this protrudes at least to half in the region 26. For the exact assembly, it is also advantageous to withdraw the end face 10b of the panel 10, which is opposite the bottom projection 12a, behind the parting plane 24.

Der dargestellte Aufbau der Paneel-Verbindung ermöglicht die Verwendung von preiswerteren Materialien als der vergleichbare (und konstruktiv aufwendigere) Stand der Technik. Je nach Wahl der oben erläuterten variablen Abmessungen kann auch geringerwertiges HDF als Material verwendet werden oder sogar auch MDF. Die Federarme 14a, 14b können, im Vergleich zum Stand der Technik relativ stark dimensioniert werden, d.h. ihre Abmessungen in vertikaler Richtung können relativ groß sein. Beim dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel hat der obere Federarm 14a eine vertikale Höhe von etwa 1,3 mm (nicht im Bereich des Vorsprunges 18), während der untere Federarm 14b eine vertikale Abmessung von 1,2 mm aufweist. Generell kommen für den oberen Federarm bei einer Stärke des Fußbodenpaneels von 7 mm Abmessungen von 1 bis 1,4 mm in Betracht und für den unteren Federarm Abmessungen von 1 bis 1,3 mm.The illustrated construction of the panel connection allows the use of cheaper materials than the comparable (and structurally more expensive) prior art. Depending on the choice of variable dimensions explained above, lower quality HDF can be used as material or even MDF. The spring arms 14a, 14b can be dimensioned relatively large compared to the prior art, i. their dimensions in the vertical direction can be relatively large. In the illustrated embodiment, the upper spring arm 14a has a vertical height of about 1.3 mm (not in the region of the projection 18), while the lower spring arm 14b has a vertical dimension of 1.2 mm. In general, dimensions of 1 to 1.4 mm are considered for the upper spring arm with a thickness of the floor panel of 7 mm and dimensions of 1 to 1.3 mm for the lower spring arm.

In Abwandlung des vorstehend beschriebenen Ausführungsbeispieles kann das Verrastmittel auch am unteren Arm 14b angeordnet werden, also analog eine nach unten weisende Nase und eine entsprechende Ausnehmung im unteren Bodenvorsprung 12a vorgesehen sein. Diese Variante ist insbesondere dann vorteilhaft, wenn keine Entriegelung der Paneele vorgesehen ist.In a modification of the above-described embodiment, the latching means can also be arranged on the lower arm 14b, that is analogously provided a downwardly facing nose and a corresponding recess in the lower floor projection 12a. This variant is particularly advantageous if no unlocking of the panels is provided.

Fig. 2 zeigt eine Abwandlung des vorstehend anhand der Fig. 1 beschriebenen Ausführungsbeispieles. Die übereinstimmenden Merkmale ergeben sich unmittelbar aus Fig. 2.. So ragt, z.B., auch beim Ausführungsbeispiel gemäß Fig. 2 der untere Federarm 14b weniger in die Nut 16 als der obere Federarm 14a. Wie oben bereits erläutert, bedeutet "untere" bzw. "obere", dass ersteres näher am Boden liegt, auf dem das Fußbodenpaneel angeordnet wird. Fig. 2 shows a modification of the above with reference to the Fig. 1 described embodiment. The matching characteristics emerge directly Fig. 2 .. So stands out, for example, in the embodiment according to Fig. 2 the lower spring arm 14b less in the groove 16 than the upper spring arm 14a. As above illustrated, "lower" or "upper" means that the former is closer to the ground on which the floor panel is placed.

In Abwandlung des Ausführungsbeispiels gemäß Fig. 1 ist beim Ausführungsbeispiel gemäß Fig. 2 der Einschnitt 32 zwischen den beiden Federarmen 14a, 14b anders gestaltet. Der obere Federarm 14a hat auf seiner Innenseite einen etwa sinusförmigen Verlauf (vgl. Fig. 2) von seiner Spitze 28 bis zu der Verbindungsstelle zum unteren Federarm 14b. Diese geschwungene, scharfe Winkel vermeidende Kurve ist in Fig. 2 mit dem Bezugszeichen 32 bezeichnet. Diese Gestaltung der Unterseite des oberen Federarmes 14a führt zu einem erhöhten Stabilität desselben und zur Vermeidung von Rissen beim Auseinandernehmen von Paneelen. Beim Ausführungsbeispiel gemäß Fig. 2, stößt die vordere Spitze 28 des oberen Federarmes 14a gegen eine Stelle am Grund der Nut 16.In a modification of the embodiment according to Fig. 1 is in the embodiment according to Fig. 2 the incision 32 between the two spring arms 14a, 14b designed differently. The upper spring arm 14a has on its inside an approximately sinusoidal course (see. Fig. 2 ) from its tip 28 to the juncture with the lower spring arm 14b. This curved, sharp-angle-avoiding curve is in Fig. 2 designated by the reference numeral 32. This design of the underside of the upper spring arm 14a leads to increased stability of the same and to avoid cracks when disassembling panels. According to the embodiment Fig. 2 , the front tip 28 of the upper spring arm 14a abuts against a location at the bottom of the groove 16.

Weiterhin ist beim Ausführungsbeispiel nach Fig. 2 der obere Ausleger (12b) der Paneele wulstförmig abgerundet. Auch diese Ausgestaltung fördert sowohl den Zusammenbau als auch das Auseinandernehmen der Paneele.Furthermore, according to the embodiment Fig. 2 the upper arm (12b) of the panels is rounded off like a bead. This embodiment also promotes both the assembly and the disassembly of the panels.

Claims (9)

  1. Panel, in particular a floor panel (10, 12), having two tongues (14a, 14b) integrally formed with the panel on one side and a groove (16) with parallel side faces, which is formed out in the material of the panels and delimited at the bottom by a lower bottom projection (12a) of the panel, on the opposite side, wherein tongue and groove are constructed in such a way that several panels can be connected to one another by the joining-together of the tongues (14a, 14b) and grooves (16), wherein the tongue-and-groove connection is provided with interlatching means (18,20) preventing the separation of two panels, and wherein in the joined-together state of two panels the vertically lower tongue (14b) of the one panel (16) is in plane-parallel contact with the upper face of the lower bottom projection (12a) of the other, adjacent panel (12), characterised in that the tips (28, 30) of the tongues (14a, 14b) protrude freely into the groove (16) on the inside in the joined-together state and that the bottom (16a) of the said groove is approx. semi-circular in shape and merges tangentially into the parallel side faces of the groove (16).
  2. Panel according to claim 1, characterised in that a vacant indentation (32) having a depth (34) of at least 1 mm, and preferably at least 1.5 mm, is provided between the tongues (14a, 14b) in the joined-together state.
  3. Panel according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the interlatching means (18, 20) are disposed on the upper tongue (14a).
  4. Panel according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the lower tongue (14b) is shorter than the upper tongue (14a).
  5. Panel according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that a region (26) with continuous support from top to bottom is provided at or near the junction plane (24) of two joined-together panels (10, 12).
  6. Panel according to claim 5, characterised in that the region (26) of continuous support is at least 1 mm wide.
  7. Panel according to claim 6, characterised in that the region (26) of continuous support is at least 1.5 mm wide.
  8. Panel according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the lower tongue (14b) is rounded off at the bottom at its tip (30).
  9. Panel according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that a lower bottom projection (12a), which delimits the groove (16) at the bottom, protrudes at least 1.5 mm (36) beyond the tip (30) of the lower tongue (14b) in the joined-together state.
EP03760634A 2002-06-20 2003-06-17 Panel, in particular flooring panel Expired - Lifetime EP1513995B1 (en)

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DE10227607 2002-06-20
DE10227607A DE10227607A1 (en) 2002-06-20 2002-06-20 Panel compound
PCT/EP2003/006385 WO2004001156A1 (en) 2002-06-20 2003-06-17 Panel connection

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EP1513995B1 true EP1513995B1 (en) 2008-04-16

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EP (1) EP1513995B1 (en)
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EP1516977A1 (en) * 2003-09-17 2005-03-23 Cosmo S.p.A. Panel, in particular for wood floors
DE102005059540A1 (en) * 2005-08-19 2007-06-14 Bauer, Jörg R. Reliably fastened to each other, flat components, and component
CN201021533Y (en) * 2007-03-02 2008-02-13 唐力 Flexible clipping floor board
BE1018389A3 (en) 2008-12-17 2010-10-05 Unilin Bvba COMPOSITE ELEMENT, MULTI-LAYER PLATE AND PANEL-SHAPED ELEMENT FOR FORMING SUCH COMPOSITE ELEMENT.
CN112647670B (en) * 2020-12-18 2022-02-08 安徽国基通用技术有限公司 Hasp face and plate hasp connection structure

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WO2004001156A1 (en) 2003-12-31
EP1513995A1 (en) 2005-03-16
CA2466614C (en) 2011-03-15
CA2466614A1 (en) 2003-12-31
ATE392519T1 (en) 2008-05-15
DE50309643D1 (en) 2008-05-29
DE10227607A1 (en) 2004-01-08
US20050115184A1 (en) 2005-06-02

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