EP2090413A1 - Glued laminated timber beam or slab - Google Patents

Glued laminated timber beam or slab Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2090413A1
EP2090413A1 EP08151457A EP08151457A EP2090413A1 EP 2090413 A1 EP2090413 A1 EP 2090413A1 EP 08151457 A EP08151457 A EP 08151457A EP 08151457 A EP08151457 A EP 08151457A EP 2090413 A1 EP2090413 A1 EP 2090413A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
slab
adhesive
adhesive interface
span
strip
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP08151457A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2090413B1 (en
Inventor
Maurice Brunner
Marc Donzé
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ed Geistlich Soehne AG fuer Chemische Industrie
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Ed Geistlich Soehne AG fuer Chemische Industrie
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
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Application filed by Ed Geistlich Soehne AG fuer Chemische Industrie filed Critical Ed Geistlich Soehne AG fuer Chemische Industrie
Priority to EP08151457A priority Critical patent/EP2090413B1/en
Priority to AT08151457T priority patent/ATE538911T1/en
Priority to SI200830587T priority patent/SI2090413T1/en
Publication of EP2090413A1 publication Critical patent/EP2090413A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2090413B1 publication Critical patent/EP2090413B1/en
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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B27WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
    • B27MWORKING OF WOOD NOT PROVIDED FOR IN SUBCLASSES B27B - B27L; MANUFACTURE OF SPECIFIC WOODEN ARTICLES
    • B27M3/00Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles
    • B27M3/0013Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles of composite or compound articles
    • B27M3/0026Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles of composite or compound articles characterised by oblong elements connected laterally
    • B27M3/0053Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles of composite or compound articles characterised by oblong elements connected laterally using glue

Definitions

  • the invention is concerned with glued laminated timber beams, posts or slabs.
  • EP 1 586 430 discloses a structural member constructed of a plurality of wood strips glued together wherein a layer of adhesive is provided between every two adjacent wood strips.
  • the advantage of the said glued laminated timber beams or in short glulam beams is the improvement of the load-bearing behavior of such a structural beam.
  • Fig. 1 shows a schematic elevation of the arrangement of a beam 10 according to the invention over two spans.
  • the beam 10 comprises two parts 11 and 12 which are shown with their specific dimensions in Fig. 2 .
  • Beam 10 has a length allowing its use on two columns or walls 20 having a predetermined distance. Such a distance can be chosen between e.g. 5 and 25 meters.
  • the beam 10 is arranged on the upper section of the wall or column 20. Beam 10 may extend beyond the wall 20 but is not supported in said section. In other words, only the portions shown in Fig. 1 are used for the simply supported beam.
  • Reference signs in Fig. 2 relate to the dimensions of the beam 10.
  • the width b of the beam 10 is e.g. between 5 and 30 centimeters.
  • the height of the beam 10 has received the reference sign h and can especially be chosen between 10 and 100 centimeters. In exceptional cases heights of over 1 meter may be possible.
  • Said beam 10 comprises a lower thinner strip 12 and an upper major strip 11. The height of the lower strip is h 1 .
  • the inventors have found that it is possible to obtain an improvement in bending resistance of the beam of about 20% if the beam 10 is made out of two wood strips wherein a thinner wood strip comprises a height h 1 being chosen between 10 and 25% of the overall height h of the beam 10.
  • the two wood strips 11 and 12, i.e. the main beam portion 11 and the thinner wood strip 12, are joined using an adhesive having the properties of the adhesive disclosed and used in EP 1 586 430 .
  • the adhesive for the adhesive interface 13 is preferably an adhesive showing a specific stiffness k/b, i.e. the stiffness k [N/mm 2 ] in relation to the width of the beam being covered by the adhesive b [e.g. 100 mm], depending on the relation L/h, i.e. free span length L of the beam 10 over the height h of the beam, L/h being usually between 15 and 25.
  • a preferred value of k/b is 0.3 for a value of L/h of around 20.
  • a specific preferred shear modulus of the adhesive is between 40 and 80 N/mm, especially between 50 and 70 N/mm and one embodiment was tested with an adhesive having a shear modulus of 60 N/mm.
  • Fig. 3 shows a different embodiment of the invention, wherein the lower beam portion 12 is made out of two separate wood strips 21 and 22.
  • the height of the two strips is h 1 and h 2 , respectively.
  • the sum of h 1 and h 2 is according to preferred embodiment almost equivalent to the height h 1 of the single wood strip of the embodiment according to Fig. 2 .
  • the adhesive interfaces 13 are identical to the single adhesive interface 13 of Fig. 1 .
  • the said improvement of about 20% of the bending resistance behavior may result in a loss of rigidity of about 20% as compared to conventional glulam.
  • the new product fails at a deformation increase of about 50%.
  • Said results allows to use such an improved beam where a greater charge has to be accepted and in cases where a greater deformability is desired.
  • Such beams are therefore especially suitable for the construction of bridges and/or constructions of roofs of all kind of halls. This is especially true for constructions in earthquake endangered areas.
  • a further object of the invention is related to a beam according to Fig. 4 , showing a schematic side view of a two-span beam according to the invention.
  • the glued laminated timber beam 10 of Fig. 4 comprises one beam body 11 and one (or two) adjacent strip(s) 31, separated by different sections of an adhesive interface 32 and 33 as explained below, wherein the height of the adjacent strip(s) 31 is between 15 and 25% of the height of the entire beam 10.
  • the beam according to Fig. 4 is intended to be used in connection with a continuous beam of two or more spans, i.e. using side walls or columns 20 and one or more intermediate supporting portions 25.
  • Fig. 4 only shows one intermediate supporting portion 25, but the beam 10 can also be supported at two or more intermediate positions and this has an influence on the adhesive interfaces 32 and 33.
  • Fig. 4 shows a schematic view of these interfaces 32 and 33.
  • the beam 10 is positioned with its main body 11 on the supporting elements 20 and 25.
  • the additional wood strip 31 is provided on the opposite side.
  • the additional wood strip 31 is glued on the main body according to the same principles as shown in connection with the embodiments of Fig. 1 to 3 , i.e. using an adhesive interface 33 allowing for a gliding connection, and, possibly, use of a so called elastic adhesive with a shear modulus between 40 and 80 N/mm.
  • the length of the interface 33 stretches over an area between 1/10 and 1/3 of the span on both sides of the intermediate columns 25: thus each stretch has a total length of 2/10 - 2/3 of the span.
  • the reminder of the adhesive interface 32 is a conventional rigid interface, especially using a rigid adhesive or a thinner glue layer. This is represented by the dotted line.
  • a rigid adhesive Mirapur 9521 from Geistlich Ligamenta can be used, being an adhesive on polyurethane prepolymer basis.
  • Said reinforcement of the beam body 11 on the upper side reflects the different loading of a two-span beam construction, which suffers smaller shear stresses at midspan, whereas the greater shear stresses are concentrated in the areas directly over the supports.
  • Fig. 5 shows a perspective view of an embodiment similar to Fig. 4 showing a continuous slab 100 according to the invention.
  • the slab 100 comprises a lower sheet 11 and a cover sheet 31 (not distinguished in Fig. 5 ), wherein the adhesive interface 33 is provided and schematically shown between said elements 11 and 31 in a region over the intermediate wall 25.
  • the width of the adhesive interface 33 is preferably three to seven times the width of the intermediate wall 25.
  • Fig. 6 shows a schematic view of a slab 100 on columns 125 according to a further embodiment of the invention.
  • the nine columns 125 are provided under the slab 100, which is positioned in a way that the adhesive surface 133 is centered on the columns.
  • the adhesive surface 133 is circular or square and has a width between covers an area of between 1/10 to 1/3 of the span on both or all of the supporting columns 25.
  • the adhesive surface 133 corresponds to the areas 33 of the embodiment of Fig. 4 and 5 , e.g. either provided within a recess of e.g. 0.5 to 1 millimeter within the body 11 of the slab 100 to create a room for a thicker glue layer in comparison to the interfaces 32, thus realizing the shear modulus as requested for.
  • the surfaces beside the illustrated surfaces 133 are the conventional rigid adhesive interface areas.
  • a ductile adhesive as mentioned in EP 1 586 430 , having an initial shear modulus of about 500 to 1000 N/mm for a range up to e.g. 0.1 to 0.3 millimeters. Said length provides a threshold value. For lengths beyond said threshold value the shear modulus becomes very small, e.g. changes to a value below 10 N/mm. Therefore an almost constant force between e.g. 100 and 200 N is available for additional lengths, i.e. it is possible to use an adhesive showing the properties according to Fig. 4 of EP 1 586 430 .

Abstract

A glued laminated timber beam or slab (10) comprises one beam body (11) and one or two adjacent strips or sheets (12), separated by an adhesive interface (13) each, wherein the height of the adjacent strip (s) or sheet (s) (12) is between 15 and 25% of the height of the beam or slab (10).

Description

    Technical field of the invention
  • The invention is concerned with glued laminated timber beams, posts or slabs.
  • Technical background of the invention
  • EP 1 586 430 discloses a structural member constructed of a plurality of wood strips glued together wherein a layer of adhesive is provided between every two adjacent wood strips. The advantage of the said glued laminated timber beams or in short glulam beams is the improvement of the load-bearing behavior of such a structural beam.
  • However, it has to be noted that the advantage of such an improved load-bearing behavior necessitates some preparation work to prepare a beam comprising 8 to 20 of such glued wood strips.
  • Summary of the invention
  • Based on such prior art, it is an object of the present invention to provide a simpler and more economic glulam beam which shows the desired improved load-bearing behavior.
  • Additionally it is a further object of the invention to provide an improved method for repairing or strengthening beams which may show structural damage as e.g. disclosed in "Glulam beam repair /Reinforcement" by Gary W. Gray and Paul C. Gilham in "Structure Magazine", September 2006, .
  • It is a further object of the invention to provide an improved load-bearing behaviour for continuous beams with two or more spans.
  • Based on the structural beam as disclosed in the preamble of claim 1 a solution is provided comprising the features of claim 1 or claim 5.
  • Short description of the drawings
  • The invention is now described with reference to the enclosed drawings. These drawings show:
  • Fig. 1
    a schematic elevation of a simply supported beam or slab,
    Fig. 2
    a schematic cross section of a beam according to an embodiment of the invention,
    Fig. 3
    a further second embodiment of a beam according to the invention,
    Fig. 4
    a schematic elevation of a two-span beam according to the invention,
    Fig. 5
    a perspective view of an embodiment similar to Fig. 4 showing a continuous slab according to the invention, and
    Fig. 6
    a schematic view of a slab on columns according to a further embodiment of the invention.
    Detailed description of preferred embodiments
  • Fig. 1 shows a schematic elevation of the arrangement of a beam 10 according to the invention over two spans. The beam 10 comprises two parts 11 and 12 which are shown with their specific dimensions in Fig. 2. Beam 10 has a length allowing its use on two columns or walls 20 having a predetermined distance. Such a distance can be chosen between e.g. 5 and 25 meters. As known in prior art the beam 10 is arranged on the upper section of the wall or column 20. Beam 10 may extend beyond the wall 20 but is not supported in said section. In other words, only the portions shown in Fig. 1 are used for the simply supported beam.
  • Reference signs in Fig. 2 relate to the dimensions of the beam 10. The width b of the beam 10 is e.g. between 5 and 30 centimeters. The height of the beam 10 has received the reference sign h and can especially be chosen between 10 and 100 centimeters. In exceptional cases heights of over 1 meter may be possible. Said beam 10 comprises a lower thinner strip 12 and an upper major strip 11. The height of the lower strip is h1.
  • The inventors have found that it is possible to obtain an improvement in bending resistance of the beam of about 20% if the beam 10 is made out of two wood strips wherein a thinner wood strip comprises a height h1 being chosen between 10 and 25% of the overall height h of the beam 10.
  • It has been found that an improvement of load can be improved by 20% if h1 is 17.5% of the height h of the beam 10. The calculation of the bending resistance of such a glued laminated timber shows that said property is always greater than 118% of a single beam if the height h1 is between 15 and 25% of the height h of the entire beam 10.
  • The two wood strips 11 and 12, i.e. the main beam portion 11 and the thinner wood strip 12, are joined using an adhesive having the properties of the adhesive disclosed and used in EP 1 586 430 . The adhesive for the adhesive interface 13 is preferably an adhesive showing a specific stiffness k/b, i.e. the stiffness k [N/mm2] in relation to the width of the beam being covered by the adhesive b [e.g. 100 mm], depending on the relation L/h, i.e. free span length L of the beam 10 over the height h of the beam, L/h being usually between 15 and 25. Thus a preferred value of k/b is 0.3 for a value of L/h of around 20. A specific preferred shear modulus of the adhesive is between 40 and 80 N/mm, especially between 50 and 70 N/mm and one embodiment was tested with an adhesive having a shear modulus of 60 N/mm.
  • Fig. 3 shows a different embodiment of the invention, wherein the lower beam portion 12 is made out of two separate wood strips 21 and 22. The height of the two strips is h1 and h2, respectively. The sum of h1 and h2 is according to preferred embodiment almost equivalent to the height h1 of the single wood strip of the embodiment according to Fig. 2. The adhesive interfaces 13 are identical to the single adhesive interface 13 of Fig. 1.
  • It is also possible to use other adhesives, especially adhesives from prior art, but an adhesive showing an extensive gliding under heavy loads is preferred.
  • The said improvement of about 20% of the bending resistance behavior may result in a loss of rigidity of about 20% as compared to conventional glulam. Thus in comparison to conventional glulam, the new product fails at a deformation increase of about 50%. Said results allows to use such an improved beam where a greater charge has to be accepted and in cases where a greater deformability is desired. Such beams are therefore especially suitable for the construction of bridges and/or constructions of roofs of all kind of halls. This is especially true for constructions in earthquake endangered areas.
  • A further object of the invention is related to a beam according to Fig. 4, showing a schematic side view of a two-span beam according to the invention.
  • The glued laminated timber beam 10 of Fig. 4 comprises one beam body 11 and one (or two) adjacent strip(s) 31, separated by different sections of an adhesive interface 32 and 33 as explained below, wherein the height of the adjacent strip(s) 31 is between 15 and 25% of the height of the entire beam 10.
  • The beam according to Fig. 4 is intended to be used in connection with a continuous beam of two or more spans, i.e. using side walls or columns 20 and one or more intermediate supporting portions 25. Fig. 4 only shows one intermediate supporting portion 25, but the beam 10 can also be supported at two or more intermediate positions and this has an influence on the adhesive interfaces 32 and 33.
  • Fig. 4 shows a schematic view of these interfaces 32 and 33. The beam 10 is positioned with its main body 11 on the supporting elements 20 and 25. The additional wood strip 31 is provided on the opposite side. At every supporting position the additional wood strip 31 is glued on the main body according to the same principles as shown in connection with the embodiments of Fig. 1 to 3, i.e. using an adhesive interface 33 allowing for a gliding connection, and, possibly, use of a so called elastic adhesive with a shear modulus between 40 and 80 N/mm. The length of the interface 33 stretches over an area between 1/10 and 1/3 of the span on both sides of the intermediate columns 25: thus each stretch has a total length of 2/10 - 2/3 of the span. The reminder of the adhesive interface 32 is a conventional rigid interface, especially using a rigid adhesive or a thinner glue layer. This is represented by the dotted line. As such a rigid adhesive Mirapur 9521 from Geistlich Ligamenta can be used, being an adhesive on polyurethane prepolymer basis.
  • Beside use of a different, more rigid, adhesive in the areas 32 in comparison to the areas 33, it is also possible to provide a recess of e.g. 0.5 to 1 millimeter within the body 11 to create room for a thicker glue layer in comparison to the interfaces 32, thus realizing the shear modulus as requested for.
  • Said reinforcement of the beam body 11 on the upper side reflects the different loading of a two-span beam construction, which suffers smaller shear stresses at midspan, whereas the greater shear stresses are concentrated in the areas directly over the supports.
  • Fig. 5 shows a perspective view of an embodiment similar to Fig. 4 showing a continuous slab 100 according to the invention. The slab 100 comprises a lower sheet 11 and a cover sheet 31 (not distinguished in Fig. 5), wherein the adhesive interface 33 is provided and schematically shown between said elements 11 and 31 in a region over the intermediate wall 25. The width of the adhesive interface 33 is preferably three to seven times the width of the intermediate wall 25.
  • Fig. 6 shows a schematic view of a slab 100 on columns 125 according to a further embodiment of the invention. The nine columns 125 are provided under the slab 100, which is positioned in a way that the adhesive surface 133 is centered on the columns. Preferably the adhesive surface 133 is circular or square and has a width between covers an area of between 1/10 to 1/3 of the span on both or all of the supporting columns 25.
  • The adhesive surface 133 corresponds to the areas 33 of the embodiment of Fig. 4 and 5, e.g. either provided within a recess of e.g. 0.5 to 1 millimeter within the body 11 of the slab 100 to create a room for a thicker glue layer in comparison to the interfaces 32, thus realizing the shear modulus as requested for. The surfaces beside the illustrated surfaces 133 are the conventional rigid adhesive interface areas.
  • Beside using the so called elastic adhesive having a shear modulus, preferably, between 40 and 80 N/mm, it is also possible to use a ductile adhesive as mentioned in EP 1 586 430 , having an initial shear modulus of about 500 to 1000 N/mm for a range up to e.g. 0.1 to 0.3 millimeters. Said length provides a threshold value. For lengths beyond said threshold value the shear modulus becomes very small, e.g. changes to a value below 10 N/mm. Therefore an almost constant force between e.g. 100 and 200 N is available for additional lengths, i.e. it is possible to use an adhesive showing the properties according to Fig. 4 of EP 1 586 430 .
  • Either approach results to an increase of the bending resistance in comparison to a conventional glulam beam by up to approx. 20%. Such a beam also exhibits 50% more deformability before failure, which is advantageous for constructions in regions with important risks of earthquake activity.
  • Reference signs
  • 10
    beam
    11
    first part
    12
    second part
    13
    adhesive interface
    20
    wall / column
    21
    lower second part
    22
    upper second part
    25
    intermediate support
    31
    first portion
    32
    outer adhesive interface
    33
    supported adhesive interface
    35
    non-supported region
    100
    slab
    125
    column
    133
    column supported adhesive interface

Claims (10)

  1. Glued laminated timber beam or slab (10), comprising one beam body (11) and one or two adjacent strips or sheets (12; 21, 22), separated by an adhesive interface (13) each, wherein the height of the adjacent strip(s) or sheet(s) (12; 21, 22) is between 15 and 25% of the height (h) of the beam or slab (10).
  2. Beam or slab (10) according to claim 1, wherein the adjacent strip(s) (12; 21, 22) are made from the same wood as the beam body (11).
  3. Beam or slab (10) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the shear modulus of the adhesive is between 40 and 80 N/mm, especially between 50 and 70 N/mm.
  4. Beam or slab (10) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the shear modulus of the adhesive starts with a value between 500 to 1000 N/mm for a range up to a threshold value of between 0.1 to 0.3 millimeters, then essentially changing to a value below 10 N/mm for length beyond said threshold value.
  5. Beam or slab (10) according to one of claims 1 to 4 for use as a single-span beam, wherein the beam can be positioned with its strip (12; 21) on the supporting elements (20).
  6. Beam or slab (100) according to one of claims 1 to 4 for use as a multi-span, especially two-span, beam or slab, wherein the beam can be positioned with its strip (31) on the opposite side of supporting elements (20), especially of intermediate supporting element(s) (25, 125).
  7. Beam or slab (100) according to one of claims 1 to 4 and 6, wherein the adhesive interface (33, 133) opposite to any intermediate supporting element (25, 125) uses an adhesive comprising a shear modulus between 40 and 80 N/mm, especially between 50 and 70 N/mm.
  8. Beam or slab (100) according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the adhesive interface (33, 133) opposite to any intermediate supporting element (25, 125) has a width covering an area of between 1/10 to 1/3 of the span on both or all of the supporting columns (25, 125).
  9. Beam or slab (100) according to one of claims 6 to 8, wherein the adhesive interface (33, 133) opposite to any intermediate supporting element (25, 125) is provided within a recess, especially within a recess of 0.5 to 1 millimeters depth within the body of the beam or slab (100).
  10. Beam or slab (100) according to one of claims 6 to 9, wherein outside the adhesive interface (33, 133) a thinner glue layer of the same adhesive as within the adhesive interface (33, 133) is provided.
EP08151457A 2008-02-14 2008-02-14 Glued laminated beam Active EP2090413B1 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP08151457A EP2090413B1 (en) 2008-02-14 2008-02-14 Glued laminated beam
AT08151457T ATE538911T1 (en) 2008-02-14 2008-02-14 Glued and coated wooden beams
SI200830587T SI2090413T1 (en) 2008-02-14 2008-02-14 Glued laminated beam

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP08151457A EP2090413B1 (en) 2008-02-14 2008-02-14 Glued laminated beam

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2090413A1 true EP2090413A1 (en) 2009-08-19
EP2090413B1 EP2090413B1 (en) 2011-12-28

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP08151457A Active EP2090413B1 (en) 2008-02-14 2008-02-14 Glued laminated beam

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP2090413B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE538911T1 (en)
SI (1) SI2090413T1 (en)

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL7904258A (en) * 1978-06-07 1979-12-11 Alpi Pietro & Figlio COMPOSITE TILE OF CERAMIC MATERIAL WITH A WOOD COVERING.
US5755068A (en) * 1995-11-17 1998-05-26 Ormiston; Fred I. Veneer panels and method of making
EP1371465A2 (en) * 2002-06-11 2003-12-17 Franz Storek Ready to use parquet flooring
WO2004018798A2 (en) * 2002-08-19 2004-03-04 Peter Kellner Floor made from individual elements
EP1586430A1 (en) 2004-02-26 2005-10-19 Ed. Geistlich & Söhne AG Structural member of laminar wood and glue therefor
EP1721714A1 (en) 2005-05-02 2006-11-15 Holzindustrie Leitinger Gesellschaft M.B.H. Composite wooden beam

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1309448A1 (en) * 2000-06-09 2003-05-14 The Dow Chemical Company Fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composite bonded to wood

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL7904258A (en) * 1978-06-07 1979-12-11 Alpi Pietro & Figlio COMPOSITE TILE OF CERAMIC MATERIAL WITH A WOOD COVERING.
US5755068A (en) * 1995-11-17 1998-05-26 Ormiston; Fred I. Veneer panels and method of making
EP1371465A2 (en) * 2002-06-11 2003-12-17 Franz Storek Ready to use parquet flooring
WO2004018798A2 (en) * 2002-08-19 2004-03-04 Peter Kellner Floor made from individual elements
EP1586430A1 (en) 2004-02-26 2005-10-19 Ed. Geistlich & Söhne AG Structural member of laminar wood and glue therefor
EP1586430B1 (en) * 2004-02-26 2007-07-25 Ed. Geistlich Söhne Ag Für Chemische Industrie Structural member of laminar wood
EP1721714A1 (en) 2005-05-02 2006-11-15 Holzindustrie Leitinger Gesellschaft M.B.H. Composite wooden beam

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
GARY W. GRAY; PAUL C. GILHAM: "Glulam beam repair /Reinforcement", STRUCTURE MAGAZINE, September 2006 (2006-09-01), pages 11 - 15

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
SI2090413T1 (en) 2012-05-31
EP2090413B1 (en) 2011-12-28
ATE538911T1 (en) 2012-01-15

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