EP2889089A1 - Method and apparatus for cleaning an electrofilter - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for cleaning an electrostatic filter (9) for the exhaust gas cleaning of solid fuel firings (2), in particular pellet firing, wherein a defined amount of cleaning liquid, in particular water, is sprayed on the electrostatic precipitator (9) at certain time intervals and impurities on at least one Electrode (10, 11) of the electrostatic precipitator (9) are washed off by the cleaning liquid.

A cost-effective and environmentally friendly cleaning of the electrostatic precipitator (9) is made possible when the dirty liquid flowing from the electrostatic filter (9) is collected in an ash container (13) and the entire liquid content of the collected dirty liquid in the ash container (13) is brought to evaporate or evaporate.

Description

The invention relates to a method for cleaning an electrostatic filter for the exhaust gas purification of solid fuel firing, in particular pellet firing, wherein a defined amount of cleaning liquid, in particular water, is sprayed onto the electrostatic precipitator at certain time intervals and impurities are washed off on at least one electrode of the electrostatic precipitator by the cleaning liquid. Furthermore, the invention relates to a cleaning device for cleaning an electrostatic precipitator for the purification of solids firing, in particular pellet firing, with at least one controlled by a control device injector to spray a defined amount of cleaning liquid at certain time intervals on the electrostatic precipitator and wash off impurities on the electrostatic precipitator, and an ash container for Collect the solid combustion residues.

From the WO 10/057488 A1 is a wet-cleaning electrostatic precipitator for exhaust gas purification for the exhaust gases of biomass combustion known, in which the electrostatic precipitator has a Abscheidkammer through which the exhaust gas is passed, wherein in the region of the Abscheidkammer or adjacent to this a charging device for electrostatic charging of located in the exhaust Particles is arranged. In the region of the deposition chamber, a separation device is arranged, through which the charged particles flow, wherein a discharge device for a cleaning liquid sprays the region of the deposition device periodically and cleans the particles deposited on the surface of the deposition device. The cleaning fluid formed by, for example, water is passed into the sewage network or reused.

However, the dirty water with the impurities washed off by the electrostatic precipitator can contain problematic substances, such as heavy metals, which must not be disposed of via the sewer system. However, a reprocessing of the dirty water is - especially for small systems - expensive because a variety of components such as pumping equipment, etc. are required.

The object of the invention is to avoid these disadvantages and to allow a cost-effective and environmentally friendly cleaning of the electrostatic precipitator.

According to the invention, this is achieved by collecting the dirty liquid draining from the electrostatic precipitator in an ash container, and by causing the entire liquid portion of the collected dirty liquid in the ash container to evaporate or evaporate. The drainage running ash container is placed under the electrostatic precipitator so that the entire Dirty liquid draining from the electrostatic filter can be collected in the ash container, and the entire liquid content of the collected dirty liquid in the ash container can evaporate or evaporate.

The heat for evaporation or vaporization of the liquid fraction in the dirty liquid is preferably provided by the exhaust gas. Thus, no external heater is needed to heat the ash box. Preferably, the cleaning liquid, in particular tap water from the existing water pipe with the available water pipe pressure, passed through a solenoid valve to the injector and the polluted surface of the electrostatic precipitator is supplied with the cleaning liquid via injectors, whereby adhering dirt is removed. The dirty liquid flows or drips downwards and enters the ash container arranged below the electrostatic precipitator. In the ash container, the liquid content of the dirty liquid is evaporated or evaporated, so that only the solid portions remain in the ash container and occasionally together the solid combustion residues in a conventional manner, for example with the residual waste, can be disposed of.

wobei

T _A

der Mittelwert der Abgastemperatur über der gesamten Betriebszeit der Feuerung und

k

ein die Verdampfungswärme, den Abgasvolumenstrom, die Oberfläche der Schmutzflüssigkeit in der Aschelade, und die zu verdampfende Schmutzflüssigkeitsmenge berücksichtigender Rechenfaktor ist.

A complete evaporation or evaporation of the dirty liquid can be made possible if the time interval between two injections of the cleaning liquid is determined as a function of the exhaust gas temperature, the exhaust gas volume, the surface of the dirty liquid in the ash container, and / or the amount of dirty liquid collected. In particular, the time interval t _R between two injections of the cleaning liquid can be calculated according to the following equation: $$t_R=k\cdot {\tilde{T}}_A.$$

in which

T _A

the average of the exhaust gas temperature over the entire operating time of the furnace and

k

is the heat of vaporization, the exhaust gas flow rate, the surface of the dirty liquid in the ashtray, and the calculation of the amount of dirty liquid to be evaporated.

It is essential that sufficient time is available between two injection processes to effect complete evaporation or evaporation of the dirty water. If necessary, the residual moisture in the ash container can be measured via a moisture sensor. If this residual moisture is too high immediately before a planned further injection of the cleaning liquid and is above a defined limit value, then the following injection of the cleaning liquid is not released and thus fails.

Fig. 1

schematisch eine Feuerungsanlage einer Feststofffeuerung mit einem Abgasreinigungsmodul;

Fig. 2

den Abgasreinigungsmodul mit der Vorrichtung zum Reinigen eines Elektrofilters in einer Schrägansicht i;

Fig. 3

den Abgasreinigungsmodul ohne Modulgehäuse in einer Schrägansicht;

Fig. 4

den Abgasreinigungsmodul in einer Schrägansicht in einem Schnitt gemäß der Linie IV - IV in Fig. 5;

Fig. 5

den Abgasreinigungsmodul in einer Schrägansicht in einem Schnitt gemäß der Linie V - V in Fig. 4;

Fig. 6

den Abgasreinigungsmodul in einem Schnitt gemäß der Linie VI - VI in Fig. 7;

Fig. 7

den Abgasreinigungsmodul in einer Seitenansicht; und

Fig. 8

die Steuerung der Einspritzung der Reinigungsflüssigkeit während des Betriebes.

The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to FIG. Show it:

Fig. 1

schematically a firing system of a solid fuel with an exhaust gas purification module;

Fig. 2

the exhaust gas purification module with the device for cleaning an electrostatic filter in an oblique view i;

Fig. 3

the exhaust gas purification module without module housing in an oblique view;

Fig. 4

the exhaust gas purification module in an oblique view in a section along the line IV - IV in Fig. 5 ;

Fig. 5

the exhaust gas cleaning module in an oblique view in a section along the line V - V in Fig. 4 ;

Fig. 6

the emission control module in a section along the line VI - VI in Fig. 7 ;

Fig. 7

the exhaust gas purification module in a side view; and

Fig. 8

the control of the injection of the cleaning liquid during operation.

Fig. 1 schematically shows a furnace 1 of a solid fuel 2, for example, for combustion of fuel pellets, with an arranged between the solid fuel 2 and a chimney 3 exhaust pipe 5. In the exhaust pipe 5, a cleaning module 6 is arranged, wherein within the housing 7 of the cleaning module 6, a high voltage unit and an electrostatic filter 9 having a positive precipitating electrode 10 formed by, for example, a sheath electrode and a negative spraying electrode 11 formed by a center electrode, for example, are disposed in the exhaust gas flow path 12. The collecting electrode 10 is arranged substantially vertically. The flow also takes place within the electrostatic precipitator 9 in the vertical direction. The flow within the cleaning module 6 is indicated by arrows S. Upstream, ie below, of the electrostatic precipitator 9, an ash container 13, which can be removed from the housing 7, is provided for catching fly ash, which forms an ash collecting space 14. With 26 an insulator for the power supply to the spray electrode 11 is designated.

The electrostatic filter 9 serves for the separation of the particles in the exhaust gas and works in a known manner on the basis of the electrostatic principle. The deposition in the electrostatic filter 9 comprises the steps: release of electrical charges, Charging the dust particles in the electric field, transporting the charged dust particles to the collecting electrode 10, adhering the dust particles to the collecting electrode 10 and removing the dust layer from the collecting electrode 10.

To remove the dust layer adhering to the precipitation electrodes 10, a cleaning device 15 is provided which has an injection device 16 for a cleaning liquid, for example water. The example fed with tap water a supply water line injector 16 is disposed in the ash collecting space 14 below the electrostatic precipitator 9. About the injector 16, the cleaning liquid can be injected via one or more nozzles 17 up to the collecting electrode 10, whereby the adhering dust particles are washed off. The dirty cleaning liquid - the dirty liquid - flows through its own weight along with the entrained dust particles along the collecting electrode 10 down and on into the ash container 13.

The trained as removable from the housing 7 tray ash tray 13 is executed without running, so that the collected waste liquid remains in the ash container 13, so neither a sewer system, nor a reprocessing system is supplied.

The exhaust gas emitted from the solid fuel 2 passes through the inlet opening 18 in the cleaning module 6, is guided through a downpipe 19 down in and horizontally through the ash tray 13 formed by the ash tray 13, wherein it sweeps over the surface of the collected in the ash container 13 dirty liquid and these are heated. Thereafter, the exhaust gas is deflected upward and flows through the inlet hopper 20 into the electrostatic precipitator 9, wherein dust particles are charged and adhered to the collecting electrode 10. After passing through the electrostatic precipitator 9, the exhaust gas leaves the cleaning module 6 through the outlet 21 and is finally fed to the chimney 3.

As it flows through the ash exhaust space 14 through the exhaust heat is given to the dirty liquid and evaporation or evaporation of these causes. After complete evaporation or evaporation of the liquid components of the dirty liquid, the washed off solid components remain in the ash container 13 and can easily be disposed of with the solid combustion residues.

In order to achieve complete evaporation or vaporization of the dirty liquid, it is essential that enough time remains between two injection processes to allow complete evaporation or evaporation. Furthermore, the exhaust gas temperature T _A must be sufficiently high. Therefore, it is advantageous if the exhaust gas temperature T _{A is} measured via at least one temperature sensor 22 and / or the moisture of the residues in the ash container 13 via a humidity sensor 23 and a control unit 24 is supplied. If the exhaust gas temperature T _A below a limit of, for example, 100 ° C, or indicates the moisture sensor too high a water content in the ash of the ash container 13, so there is no further injection of the cleaning liquid until the exhaust gas temperature and / or the moisture content is back within the desired range ,

The time interval t _R between two injection events is thus dependent on the exhaust gas temperature T _A , the exhaust gas volume, the surface of the dirty liquid in the ash container 13, and / or the collected amount of dirty liquid.

wobei

T _A

der Mittelwert der Abgastemperatur T_A über der gesamten Betriebszeit der Feuerung und

k

ein die Verdampfungswärme, den Abgasvolumenstrom, die Oberfläche der Schmutzflüssigkeit im Aschebehälter und die zu verdampfende Schmutzflüssigkeitsmenge berücksichtigender Rechenfaktor

ist.The following equation can be used to determine the time interval t _R between two injection processes of the cleaning liquid: $$t_R=k\cdot {\tilde{T}}_A.$$

in which

T _A

the average value of the exhaust gas temperature T _A over the entire operating time of the furnace and

k

a calculation of the heat of vaporization, the exhaust gas volume flow, the surface of the dirty liquid in the ash container and the amount of dirty liquid to be evaporated

is.

The control unit 24 calculates the time interval t _R and controls the injection of the cleaning fluid via at least one valve 25 formed, for example, by a magnetic valve.

The control unit 24 controls the switching on and off of the current for the electrostatic filter 9, as well as the injection of the cleaning liquid. Basically, the electrostatic filter 9 is always turned on when the solid fuel firing is in operation, so even during startup and shutdown of the furnace 1 system, but not with deactivated solid fuel 2. By the control unit 23 is a cleaning program - time-controlled and / or by the exhaust gas temperature T. _A controlled - driven while the electric filter 9 is turned off and the injector 16 via the valve 24 short - turned on, for example, for 0.5 to 1 seconds. With the renewed switching on of the electrostatic filter 9 is waited until this is largely dried off again. The drying time .DELTA.t _F for the electric filter 9 may for example be 5 to 30 minutes. The turn-on time t _F for the electrostatic filter 9 may then be more than 2 hours, for example. A cleaning of the electrostatic filter 9 can for example be done 1 to 4 times a day. For small to medium-sized domestic combustion systems, for example, a quantity of cleaning liquid of, for example, 0.5 liters per injection process is sufficient. Preferably, as the cleaning liquid, water is injected under the available line pressure, whereby feed pumps can be dispensed with. If the line pressure is too low, it is of course also possible to use a self-pump for injection.

• E= 1,
• F=0 und
• G=1

In Fig. 8 For example, the control signal E for the cleaning liquid injection valve 25 is shown schematically over time t. The injection duration Δt _R is in each case between 0.5 seconds and 10 seconds, for example. The purge interval results using the above-mentioned relationship of minimum time interval t _R necessary for complete evaporation. Furthermore, the control signal F for the electrostatic filter 9 is plotted over time. Control signal E or F equal to "0" here means deactivation of the valve 25 and the electrostatic filter 9, control signal E or F equal to "1" means activation of the valve 25 and the electrostatic filter 9. While the furnace is in operation, is the If the exhaust gas temperature T is greater than the defined limit value, the control signal G is set to "1" and the injection of the cleaning fluid is released. In order to carry out an injection of the cleaning liquid, therefore, all three conditions for the control signals E, F and G must be fulfilled:

• E = 1,
• F = 0 and
• G = 1

Claims (10)

Method for cleaning an electrostatic filter (9) for the exhaust gas purification of solid fuel firings (2), in particular pellet firing, wherein a defined amount of cleaning liquid, in particular water, is sprayed onto the electrostatic precipitator (9) at certain time intervals and impurities on at least one electrode (10, 11) of the electrostatic precipitator (9) are washed off by the cleaning liquid, characterized in that the dirty liquid flowing from the electrostatic precipitator (9) is collected in an ash container (13), and that the entire liquid portion of the collected dirty liquid in the ash container (13) for evaporation or Evaporation is brought. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the time interval (t _R ) between two injections of the cleaning liquid in dependence on the exhaust gas temperature (T _A ), the exhaust gas volume, the surface of the dirty liquid in the ash container (13), and / or the amount of dirty liquid collected determined becomes. A method according to claim 2, characterized in that the time interval t _R between two injections of the cleaning liquid is calculated according to the following equation: $$t_R=k\cdot {\tilde{T}}_A.$$

in which T _{A is} the average of the exhaust gas temperature over the entire operating time of the furnace and k is the heat of vaporization, the exhaust gas volume flow, the surface of the dirty liquid in the ash container (13), and the calculation of the amount of dirty liquid to be evaporated is. Method according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the residual moisture in the ash container (13) is measured and the following planned injection of the cleaning liquid is only released when the residual moisture is below a defined limit. Method according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the exhaust gas temperature (T _A ) is measured in the exhaust gas and the following planned injection of the cleaning liquid is only released, if the exhaust gas temperature (T _A ) is above a defined limit value. Method according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the solid residues of the evaporated or vaporized dirty liquid are disposed of together with the solid combustion residues of the ash container (13). Cleaning device (15) for cleaning an electrostatic filter (9) for the exhaust gas purification of solid fuel firings (2), in particular pellet firing, with at least one injection device (16) controlled by a control device (24) to apply a defined amount of cleaning liquid to the electrostatic precipitator at specific time intervals ( 9) and impurities on the electrostatic precipitator (9), and an ash container (13) for collecting the solid combustion residues, characterized in that the running without running ash container (13) below the electrostatic precipitator (9) is arranged so that from the electrostatic precipitator ( 9) draining waste liquid in the ash container (13) can be collected, and that the entire liquid content of the collected dirty liquid in the ash container (13) is vaporizable or vaporizable. Cleaning device (15) according to claim 7, characterized in that the injection of the cleaning liquid by means of at least one preferably designed as a solenoid valve (25) by the control unit (24) is controllable. Cleaning device (15) according to claim 7 or 8, characterized in that in the region of the ash container (13) at least one with the control unit (24) connected to the moisture sensor (23) is arranged. Cleaning device (15) according to one of claims 7 to 9, characterized in that in the exhaust pipe (5) at least one of the control unit (24) connected to the temperature sensor (22) is arranged.

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