US20010001028A1 - Make-up brush and method for manufacturing such a brush - Google Patents

Make-up brush and method for manufacturing such a brush Download PDF

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Publication number
US20010001028A1
US20010001028A1 US09/754,284 US75428401A US2001001028A1 US 20010001028 A1 US20010001028 A1 US 20010001028A1 US 75428401 A US75428401 A US 75428401A US 2001001028 A1 US2001001028 A1 US 2001001028A1
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Prior art keywords
brush
core
branches
bristles
wand
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Granted
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US09/754,284
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US6299370B2 (en
Inventor
Jean-Louis Gueret
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LOreal SA
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LOreal SA
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A46—BRUSHWARE
    • A46D—MANUFACTURE OF BRUSHES
    • A46D3/00—Preparing, i.e. Manufacturing brush bodies
    • A46D3/04—Machines for inserting or fixing bristles in bodies
    • A46D3/05—Machines for inserting or fixing bristles in bodies for fixing the bristles between wires, tapes, or the like
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A46—BRUSHWARE
    • A46B—BRUSHES
    • A46B3/00—Brushes characterised by the way in which the bristles are fixed or joined in or on the brush body or carrier
    • A46B3/18—Brushes characterised by the way in which the bristles are fixed or joined in or on the brush body or carrier the bristles being fixed on or between belts or wires
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A46—BRUSHWARE
    • A46B—BRUSHES
    • A46B2200/00—Brushes characterized by their functions, uses or applications
    • A46B2200/10—For human or animal care
    • A46B2200/1046—Brush used for applying cosmetics
    • A46B2200/1053—Cosmetics applicator specifically for mascara

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a make-up brush, particularly for applying mascara to the eyelashes, of the type of those which include a core formed from a metal wire bent into a U and the branches of which are twisted to trap radial bristles between them, the core being fixed at the end of a wand.
  • a brush of this type is shown, for example, by FR-A-2,663,826.
  • the brush is generally placed in a container containing the mascara, this container being equipped with a neck provided with a wringing device through which the brush passes. It is desirable for it to be possible for wringing to take place with lower resistance, giving a better smoothing of the product along the bristles.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a make-up brush, particularly for applying mascara to the eyelashes, which no longer exhibits the drawbacks recalled above, or exhibits them to a lesser degree.
  • a make-up brush of the sort defined previously is characterized in that the branches of the core are twisted, turning to the left, to form turns which, viewed along the axis of the core from that end which is fixed in the wand, turn in the clockwise direction about the axis of the core when progressing from the wand towards the end of the brush, whereas the bristles of the brush form helical layers rising from left to right in the area located between the core and an observer who holds the substantially vertical brush in front of him/her with its tip pointing upwards.
  • the angle of inclination of the layers of bristles with respect to the axis is approximately 35°.
  • the wand carrying the core includes, at its end distant from the core, a stopper provided with a screw thread for screwing onto the neck of a container containing the mascara, this neck being equipped with a wringing device through which the brush passes when it is withdrawn from the container; according to the invention, the branches of the core of the brush are twisted to form turns turning in the same direction as the screw thread of the stopper.
  • the direction of screwing of the stopper relative to the container is the clockwise direction, and the branches of the core are twisted so that the turns turn in the clockwise direction about the axis of the core when progressing from that part of the core which is fixed in the wand towards the free end of the core.
  • the invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a make-up brush, according to which method, after having folded a metal wire over into a U, and after having placed bristles between the branches of the U, the branches of the U are twisted by turning the bent part of the U in the anticlockwise direction relative to the free ends of the branches.
  • the invention consists, apart from the arrangements expounded hereinabove, of a certain number of other arrangements which will be dealt with more fully later with regard to embodiments which are described with reference to the drawings appended hereto but which are in no way limiting.
  • FIG. 1 of these drawings is a diagram illustrating the making-up of the eyelashes with a brush in accordance with the prior art.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram similar to that of FIG. 1 illustrating making-up with a brush in accordance with the invention.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 are diagrams illustrating phases of manufacturing the core of a brush according to the invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating the cutting of the bristles of the brush.
  • FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic view along the line VI-VI of FIG. 5.
  • FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic section illustrating the beginning of taking a brush according to the invention out of its mascara container.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates the passage of the brush according to the invention through the wringing device.
  • FIG. 9 is a diagram of a variant embodiment of the brush.
  • FIG. 1 of the drawings a diagram can be seen illustrating a making-up operation using a brush 100 of the prior art, carried by a wand 101 .
  • the eyelid P of the right eye is viewed from above.
  • the user holds the wand 101 in her right hand forming an angle A between the axis of the wand and a line L parallel to the mean transverse line of the two eyes.
  • the angle A is, in practice, of the order of 10 to 15°.
  • the bristles 102 form layers 103 in a helix which, for an observer holding the brush 100 vertically in front of him/her, with its end pointing upwards, rise from right to left in the area lying between the observer and the axis of the brush.
  • a mascara brush 1 includes a core 2 formed from a metal wire f bent into a U conventionally as illustrated in FIG. 3, the bristles 3 being arranged between the branches 4 , 5 of the U, substantially perpendicularly to the plane of these branches 4 and 5 .
  • the said branches 4 and 5 are then twisted by turning to the left, that is to say in the anticlockwise direction, the bent-over end of the U with respect to the free ends of the branches. This twisting movement is illustrated by an arrow g in FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 4 represents the branches 4 , 5 twisted partially, the turns not yet being substantially adjoining.
  • the turns are practically adjoining, gripping the bristles 3 between them.
  • the mean angle of inclination B of the layers S with respect to the axis of the core 2 depends on the pitch of the turns of the core 2 .
  • the eyelashes C are offered up transversely to the layers S of bristles, which has the effect of depositing the make-up product more homogeneously, and above all, of separating the eyelashes C right from the start.
  • the eyelashes C are at substantially 70° across the layers S for an angle B of approximately 35°.
  • the bristles 3 when they are placed between the branches 4 , 5 of the U, as illustrated in FIG. 3, generally have the same length and their ends are aligned, the middle of the bristles being substantially on the axis of the core.
  • the envelope surface of the ends of the bristles is a cylindrical surface, axisymmetric about the axis X of the core.
  • the brush 1 is given a shape which is different from the cylindrical shape, for example a frustoconical shape tapered towards that end which is distant from the wand.
  • a trimmer 7 is used, for example of frustoconical shape, of axis parallel to that of the core, but pointing in the opposite direction.
  • the brush 1 and the trimmer 7 are made to turn about their respective axis. Owing to the reversal of the direction of the turns, with respect to a conventional brush, the brush and the trimmer are made to rotate in a direction which is the reverse of that adopted for cutting a conventional brush.
  • the brush 1 generally includes, at that end of the wand 6 which is remote from the core 2 , a stopper 8 (see FIGS. 7 and 8) equipped with an internal screw thread 9 for screwing onto the external screw thread 10 of the neck 11 of a container R containing the mascara.
  • This neck 11 is provided, internally, with a wringing device 12 generally consisting of a sort of washer made from a flexible material, particularly from an elastomeric material; the diameter of the internal orifice of the wringing device 12 is only slighly greater than that of the wand 6 , so that passing through this wringing device 12 takes place with a certain resistance developed by the bristles 3 , which must fold at least partially.
  • the turns of the core 2 of the brush and the layers S of bristles turn about the axis of the wand 6 in the same direction as the internal screw thread 9 of the stopper 8 and as the external screw thread 10 of the neck 11 .
  • the bristles 3 of the brush resisting the wringing device to a lesser extent, create less of a partial vacuum, and therefore less of a pressure effect during extraction.
  • the product is better distributed along the bristles, and these smooth the product better along the eyelashes C.
  • the pitch of the turns of the core 2 may be chosen to be different from the pitch of the screw thread 9 , to modulate the wringing through the wringing device 12 .
  • FIG. 9 illustrates a slightly different form of brush produced with bristles of larger cross-section and where a smaller number per turn is used.
  • the brush may include an off-centred core.
  • the brush could include a mixture of bristles of different cross-sections.
  • the bristles may include longitudinal capillary slits or grooves.
  • the bristles may be tubular.
  • the transverse section of the bristles 3 may have different shapes: circular, oval, multilobed, rectangular, flat, etc.
  • the ends of the bristles may be jagged or include a bulge.
  • the bristles may be formed from a mixture of relatively rigid bristles and more flexible bristles.
  • the bristles of large diameter may be longer or shorter than those of smaller diameter.
  • the bristles are made of a conventional thermoplastic material such as polyamides, polyesters, polyether-block-amides or polytetrafluoroethylene. These thermoplastic materials may contain additives changing the wettability of these bristles or their slip characteristics. These additives are chosen from among molybdenum sulphide, boron nitride, or the product marketed under the trade name “Teflon”, fullerenes, graphite, talc or similar materials.

Abstract

The brush (1) includes a core (2) formed from a metal wire bent into a U and the branches of which are twisted to trap radial bristles (3) between them, the core (2) being fixed to the end of a wand (6). The branches of the core are twisted, turning to the left, to form turns which turn in the clockwise direction about the axis (X) of the core when progressing from the wand towards the end of the brush, whereas the bristles (3) of the brush form helical layers (S) rising from left to right in the area located between the core and an observer who holds the brush substantially vertical in front of him/her with its tip pointing upwards.

Description

  • 1. The invention relates to a make-up brush, particularly for applying mascara to the eyelashes, of the type of those which include a core formed from a metal wire bent into a U and the branches of which are twisted to trap radial bristles between them, the core being fixed at the end of a wand.
  • 2. A brush of this type is shown, for example, by FR-A-2,663,826.
  • 3. When making-up, the user holds the wand of the brush forming a non-zero angle with respect to the mean transverse line of the two eyes. As a result, with conventional brushes known to date, the user frequently offers up the bristles of the brush in alignment with the eyelashes and deposits blobs of mascara, without separating the eyelashes. The make-up effect obtained therefore needs to be improved.
  • 4. Furthermore, the brush is generally placed in a container containing the mascara, this container being equipped with a neck provided with a wringing device through which the brush passes. It is desirable for it to be possible for wringing to take place with lower resistance, giving a better smoothing of the product along the bristles.
  • 5. The object of the invention, above all, is to provide a make-up brush, particularly for applying mascara to the eyelashes, which no longer exhibits the drawbacks recalled above, or exhibits them to a lesser degree.
  • 6. According to the invention, a make-up brush of the sort defined previously is characterized in that the branches of the core are twisted, turning to the left, to form turns which, viewed along the axis of the core from that end which is fixed in the wand, turn in the clockwise direction about the axis of the core when progressing from the wand towards the end of the brush, whereas the bristles of the brush form helical layers rising from left to right in the area located between the core and an observer who holds the substantially vertical brush in front of him/her with its tip pointing upwards.
  • 7. Preferably, the angle of inclination of the layers of bristles with respect to the axis is approximately 35°.
  • 8. In general, the wand carrying the core includes, at its end distant from the core, a stopper provided with a screw thread for screwing onto the neck of a container containing the mascara, this neck being equipped with a wringing device through which the brush passes when it is withdrawn from the container; according to the invention, the branches of the core of the brush are twisted to form turns turning in the same direction as the screw thread of the stopper.
  • 9. In practice, the direction of screwing of the stopper relative to the container is the clockwise direction, and the branches of the core are twisted so that the turns turn in the clockwise direction about the axis of the core when progressing from that part of the core which is fixed in the wand towards the free end of the core.
  • 10. Thus, the rotational movement for unscrewing the stopper relative to the neck takes place in the same direction as the rotational movement which unscrews the brush relative to the wringing device.
  • 11. The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a make-up brush, according to which method, after having folded a metal wire over into a U, and after having placed bristles between the branches of the U, the branches of the U are twisted by turning the bent part of the U in the anticlockwise direction relative to the free ends of the branches.
  • 12. For shaping the bristles of the brush the direction of rotation of the brush and the direction of rotation of a trimmer are reversed with respect to the usual direction of rotation.
  • 13. The invention consists, apart from the arrangements expounded hereinabove, of a certain number of other arrangements which will be dealt with more fully later with regard to embodiments which are described with reference to the drawings appended hereto but which are in no way limiting.
  • 14.FIG. 1 of these drawings is a diagram illustrating the making-up of the eyelashes with a brush in accordance with the prior art.
  • 15.FIG. 2 is a diagram similar to that of FIG. 1 illustrating making-up with a brush in accordance with the invention.
  • 16.FIGS. 3 and 4 are diagrams illustrating phases of manufacturing the core of a brush according to the invention.
  • 17.FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating the cutting of the bristles of the brush.
  • 18.FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic view along the line VI-VI of FIG. 5.
  • 19.FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic section illustrating the beginning of taking a brush according to the invention out of its mascara container.
  • 20.FIG. 8 illustrates the passage of the brush according to the invention through the wringing device.
  • 21.FIG. 9, finally, is a diagram of a variant embodiment of the brush.
  • 22. Referring to FIG. 1 of the drawings, a diagram can be seen illustrating a making-up operation using a brush 100 of the prior art, carried by a wand 101. The eyelid P of the right eye is viewed from above. The user holds the wand 101 in her right hand forming an angle A between the axis of the wand and a line L parallel to the mean transverse line of the two eyes. The angle A is, in practice, of the order of 10 to 15°. In the conventional brush 100, the bristles 102 form layers 103 in a helix which, for an observer holding the brush 100 vertically in front of him/her, with its end pointing upwards, rise from right to left in the area lying between the observer and the axis of the brush.
  • 23. With such an arrangement, as visible in FIG. 1, eyelashes C are practically aligned with the layers 103 of bristles of the brush. As a result blobs of mascara are deposited on the eyelashes without these being separated by brushing. The resulting make-up effect needs to be improved.
  • 24. To do that, according to the invention, a mascara brush 1 includes a core 2 formed from a metal wire f bent into a U conventionally as illustrated in FIG. 3, the bristles 3 being arranged between the branches 4, 5 of the U, substantially perpendicularly to the plane of these branches 4 and 5. The said branches 4 and 5 are then twisted by turning to the left, that is to say in the anticlockwise direction, the bent-over end of the U with respect to the free ends of the branches. This twisting movement is illustrated by an arrow g in FIG. 3.
  • 25. To show the turns obtained clearly, FIG. 4 represents the branches 4, 5 twisted partially, the turns not yet being substantially adjoining. When the core is finished, as illustrated in FIG. 2, the turns are practically adjoining, gripping the bristles 3 between them.
  • 26. It appears from FIGS. 2 and 4 that the turns of the core 2, viewed along the axis X from the free ends of the branches 4, 5 which are intended to be fixed in the wand, turn in the clockwise direction about the axis X of the core when progressing from the free end of the branches 4, 5 towards the opposite end of the core. The bristles 3 of the brush form helical layers S rising from left to right in an area located between the core and an observer who holds the brush substantially vertical in front of him/her with its tip pointing upwards. To illustrate this direction of rise of the layers S clearly, the layers which are located to the front of the plane of the drawing have been represented in solid line, whereas those which are located to the rear of the plane have been represented in dashes.
  • 27. The mean angle of inclination B of the layers S with respect to the axis of the core 2 depends on the pitch of the turns of the core 2.
  • 28. With a brush 1 in accordance with the invention, in which the turns are reversed with respect to a conventional brush, during making-up, as illustrated in FIG. 2, the eyelashes C are offered up transversely to the layers S of bristles, which has the effect of depositing the make-up product more homogeneously, and above all, of separating the eyelashes C right from the start. With the same angle A of approximately 15°, the eyelashes C are at substantially 70° across the layers S for an angle B of approximately 35°.
  • 29. The bristles 3, when they are placed between the branches 4, 5 of the U, as illustrated in FIG. 3, generally have the same length and their ends are aligned, the middle of the bristles being substantially on the axis of the core. As a result, after twisting the branches 4, 5, the envelope surface of the ends of the bristles is a cylindrical surface, axisymmetric about the axis X of the core. In general, the brush 1 is given a shape which is different from the cylindrical shape, for example a frustoconical shape tapered towards that end which is distant from the wand.
  • 30. To do that, a trimmer 7 is used, for example of frustoconical shape, of axis parallel to that of the core, but pointing in the opposite direction. During the cutting operation, the brush 1 and the trimmer 7 are made to turn about their respective axis. Owing to the reversal of the direction of the turns, with respect to a conventional brush, the brush and the trimmer are made to rotate in a direction which is the reverse of that adopted for cutting a conventional brush.
  • 31. The brush 1 generally includes, at that end of the wand 6 which is remote from the core 2, a stopper 8 (see FIGS. 7 and 8) equipped with an internal screw thread 9 for screwing onto the external screw thread 10 of the neck 11 of a container R containing the mascara. This neck 11 is provided, internally, with a wringing device 12 generally consisting of a sort of washer made from a flexible material, particularly from an elastomeric material; the diameter of the internal orifice of the wringing device 12 is only slighly greater than that of the wand 6, so that passing through this wringing device 12 takes place with a certain resistance developed by the bristles 3, which must fold at least partially.
  • 32. According to the invention, the turns of the core 2 of the brush and the layers S of bristles turn about the axis of the wand 6 in the same direction as the internal screw thread 9 of the stopper 8 and as the external screw thread 10 of the neck 11.
  • 33. When the brush 1 is extracted from the container R, the user first of all exerts a rotational movement on the stopper 8 to unscrew it from the neck 11. This rotational movement takes place in an anticlockwise direction. When the stopper 8 is unscrewed, the user terminates the extraction by exerting a translational movement. In practice, this translational movement is accompanied by a rotational movement in the same direction as the one which caused the unscrewing of the stopper 8.
  • 34. Owing to the fact that the layers S of the brush 1 turn in the same direction as the screw thread 9, the negotiation of the wringing device 12 by the layers S, which are given a rotational movement in the anticlockwise direction, corresponds to unscrewing the brush 1 with respect to the wringing device 12, which reduces the resistance offered by the bristles 3 when passing through the wringing device 12.
  • 35. The bristles 3 of the brush, resisting the wringing device to a lesser extent, create less of a partial vacuum, and therefore less of a pressure effect during extraction. The product is better distributed along the bristles, and these smooth the product better along the eyelashes C.
  • 36. The pitch of the turns of the core 2 may be chosen to be different from the pitch of the screw thread 9, to modulate the wringing through the wringing device 12.
  • 37. Numerous variant embodiments of the brush 1 are possible. FIG. 9 illustrates a slightly different form of brush produced with bristles of larger cross-section and where a smaller number per turn is used. The brush may include an off-centred core.
  • 38. The brush could include a mixture of bristles of different cross-sections. The bristles may include longitudinal capillary slits or grooves. The bristles may be tubular.
  • 39. The transverse section of the bristles 3 may have different shapes: circular, oval, multilobed, rectangular, flat, etc.
  • 40. The ends of the bristles may be jagged or include a bulge. The bristles may be formed from a mixture of relatively rigid bristles and more flexible bristles.
  • 41. In the case of a mixture of bristles of different diameter, the bristles of large diameter may be longer or shorter than those of smaller diameter. The bristles are made of a conventional thermoplastic material such as polyamides, polyesters, polyether-block-amides or polytetrafluoroethylene. These thermoplastic materials may contain additives changing the wettability of these bristles or their slip characteristics. These additives are chosen from among molybdenum sulphide, boron nitride, or the product marketed under the trade name “Teflon”, fullerenes, graphite, talc or similar materials.

Claims (5)

1. Make-up brush, particularly for applying mascara to the eyelashes, including a core formed from a metal wire bent into a U and the branches of which are twisted to trap radial bristles between them, the core being fixed to the end of a wand, characterized in that the branches (4, 5) of the core (2) are twisted, turning to the left, to form turns which, viewed along the axis (X) from that end of the core which is fixed in the wand, (6) turn in the clockwise direction about the axis of the core when progressing from the wand (6) towards the end of the brush, whereas the bristles (3) of the brush form helical layers (S) rising from left to right in the area located between the core (2) and an observer who holds the substantially vertical brush (1) in front of him/her with its tip pointing upwards.
2. Brush according to
claim 1
, characterized in that the angle of inclination (B) of the layers of bristles (S) with respect to the axis (X) of the brush is approximately 35°.
3. Brush according to
claim 1
 or
2
, in which the wand (6) carrying the core includes, at its other end, distant from the core, a stopper (8) provided with a screw thread (9) for screwing onto the neck (11) of a container (R) containing the mascara, this neck (11) being equipped with a wringing device (12) through which the brush passes when it is withdrawn from the container, characterized in that the branches (4, 5) of the core (2) of the brush are twisted to form turns turning in the same direction as the screw thread (9) of the stopper.
4. Brush according to
claim 3
, for which the direction of screwing of the stopper (8) relative to the container (11) is the clockwise direction, characterized in that the branches (4, 5) of the core (2) are twisted so that the turns turn in the clockwise direction about the axis (X) of the core, when progressing from that part of the core which is fixed in the wand towards the free end of the core.
5. Method for manufacturing a make-up brush, particularly for applying mascara to the eyelashes, according to which method, after having folded a metal wire (f) over into a U and after having placed bristles (3) between the branches (4, 5) of the U, the branches of the U are twisted, characterized in that, to twist the branches, the bent part of the U is turned in the anticlockwise direction (g) relative to the free ends of the branches (4, 5).
US09/754,284 1993-02-08 2001-01-05 Make-up brush and method for manufacturing such a brush Expired - Lifetime US6299370B2 (en)

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US09/754,284 US6299370B2 (en) 1993-02-08 2001-01-05 Make-up brush and method for manufacturing such a brush

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FR9301344 1993-02-08
FR9301344A FR2701198B1 (en) 1993-02-08 1993-02-08 Make-up brush and method of manufacturing such a brush.
US17970094A 1994-01-11 1994-01-11
US08/512,952 US6227735B1 (en) 1993-02-08 1995-08-10 Make-up brush and method for manufacturing such a brush
US09/754,284 US6299370B2 (en) 1993-02-08 2001-01-05 Make-up brush and method for manufacturing such a brush

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US09/418,572 Expired - Lifetime US6099183A (en) 1993-02-08 1999-10-15 Make-up brush and method for manufacturing such a brush
US09/754,287 Expired - Lifetime US6296411B2 (en) 1993-02-08 2001-01-05 Make-up brush and method for manufacturing such a brush
US09/754,286 Expired - Lifetime US6325562B2 (en) 1993-02-08 2001-01-05 Make-up brush and method for manufacturing such a brush
US09/754,284 Expired - Lifetime US6299370B2 (en) 1993-02-08 2001-01-05 Make-up brush and method for manufacturing such a brush
US09/754,407 Expired - Lifetime US6345923B2 (en) 1993-02-08 2001-01-05 Make-up brush and method for manufacturing such a brush
US09/754,288 Expired - Lifetime US6305862B2 (en) 1993-02-08 2001-01-05 Make-up brush and method for manufacturing such a brush
US09/754,283 Expired - Lifetime US6309123B2 (en) 1993-02-08 2001-01-05 Make-up brush and method for manufacturing such a brush
US09/754,285 Expired - Lifetime US6331086B2 (en) 1993-02-08 2001-01-05 Make-up brush and method for manufacturing such a brush
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US09/418,572 Expired - Lifetime US6099183A (en) 1993-02-08 1999-10-15 Make-up brush and method for manufacturing such a brush
US09/754,287 Expired - Lifetime US6296411B2 (en) 1993-02-08 2001-01-05 Make-up brush and method for manufacturing such a brush
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US09/754,283 Expired - Lifetime US6309123B2 (en) 1993-02-08 2001-01-05 Make-up brush and method for manufacturing such a brush
US09/754,285 Expired - Lifetime US6331086B2 (en) 1993-02-08 2001-01-05 Make-up brush and method for manufacturing such a brush
US09/754,289 Expired - Lifetime US6299371B1 (en) 1993-02-08 2001-01-05 Make-up brush and method for manufacturing such a brush

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US (10) US6227735B1 (en)
EP (1) EP0611170B1 (en)
JP (1) JP2819233B2 (en)
DE (1) DE69403100T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2101450T3 (en)
FR (1) FR2701198B1 (en)

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US6299370B2 (en) 2001-10-09
US6099183A (en) 2000-08-08
US6309123B2 (en) 2001-10-30
US20010001632A1 (en) 2001-05-24
EP0611170A1 (en) 1994-08-17
US6299371B1 (en) 2001-10-09
US6305862B2 (en) 2001-10-23
US6296411B2 (en) 2001-10-02
ES2101450T3 (en) 1997-07-01
DE69403100D1 (en) 1997-06-19
US20010001027A1 (en) 2001-05-10
EP0611170B1 (en) 1997-05-14
US20010008598A1 (en) 2001-07-19
US20010002227A1 (en) 2001-05-31
JPH06237818A (en) 1994-08-30
US6331086B2 (en) 2001-12-18
JP2819233B2 (en) 1998-10-30
US6227735B1 (en) 2001-05-08
DE69403100T2 (en) 1998-01-02
FR2701198A1 (en) 1994-08-12
US6345923B2 (en) 2002-02-12
US20010001029A1 (en) 2001-05-10
US20010009629A1 (en) 2001-07-26
FR2701198B1 (en) 1995-04-21
US6325562B2 (en) 2001-12-04

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