US20010018323A1 - Non-contact support for cylindrical machining - Google Patents
Non-contact support for cylindrical machining Download PDFInfo
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- US20010018323A1 US20010018323A1 US09/850,426 US85042601A US2001018323A1 US 20010018323 A1 US20010018323 A1 US 20010018323A1 US 85042601 A US85042601 A US 85042601A US 2001018323 A1 US2001018323 A1 US 2001018323A1
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Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
- B23Q1/00—Members which are comprised in the general build-up of a form of machine, particularly relatively large fixed members
- B23Q1/72—Auxiliary arrangements; Interconnections between auxiliary tables and movable machine elements
- B23Q1/76—Steadies; Rests
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
- B23Q1/00—Members which are comprised in the general build-up of a form of machine, particularly relatively large fixed members
- B23Q1/25—Movable or adjustable work or tool supports
- B23Q1/26—Movable or adjustable work or tool supports characterised by constructional features relating to the co-operation of relatively movable members; Means for preventing relative movement of such members
- B23Q1/38—Movable or adjustable work or tool supports characterised by constructional features relating to the co-operation of relatively movable members; Means for preventing relative movement of such members using fluid bearings or fluid cushion supports
- B23Q1/385—Movable or adjustable work or tool supports characterised by constructional features relating to the co-operation of relatively movable members; Means for preventing relative movement of such members using fluid bearings or fluid cushion supports in which the thickness of the fluid-layer is adjustable
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B41/00—Component parts such as frames, beds, carriages, headstocks
- B24B41/06—Work supports, e.g. adjustable steadies
- B24B41/065—Steady rests
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B5/00—Machines or devices designed for grinding surfaces of revolution on work, including those which also grind adjacent plane surfaces; Accessories therefor
- B24B5/18—Machines or devices designed for grinding surfaces of revolution on work, including those which also grind adjacent plane surfaces; Accessories therefor involving centreless means for supporting, guiding, floating or rotating work
Definitions
- the present invention relates to machining of cylindrical parts. More specifically, the invention relates to a process and apparatus for machining long slender shafts.
- Components for machines and mechanical apparatuses are typically machined to obtain precision tolerances and accurate surface conditions. Machining of the precision surfaces are typically machined by presenting a cutting tool or a grinding wheel against the precision surface.
- Cylindrical parts or workpieces are rotated about centers found at the ends thereof or supported on the periphery of the workpiece.
- a lathe for example, a numerically controlled lathe, is typically used to manufacture this type of workpiece.
- the workpiece may be rotated about its centers by pressing in with centers on the lathe or, preferably, a portion of the outer periphery of the workpiece is clamped to provide sufficient torque required for the turning process.
- More accurate or precision machining i.e. for parts requiring a tolerance of less than ⁇ 0.002 inches and/or for grinding materials having a hardness greater than, for example, 40 R C is typically performed on a grinding machine utilizing a grinding wheel. Grinding of precision workpieces is accomplished by rotating the workpiece simultaneously with rotating a cylindrical grinding wheel in contact with the outer periphery of the workpiece. The workpiece is typically rotated about centers found at the end of the workpiece on a machine called a center-type grinder or may be supported on the periphery of the workpiece by a regulating wheel and a rest blade. Such peripheral support for a workpiece is performed on centerless-type grinders.
- Long slender shafts requiring precision surfaces that may require a turning or a grinding to be performed thereon are used extensively in machines that pass a substrate through the machine.
- the long slender shafts are utilized to guide and direct the paper substrate through the machine and/or for performing operations on the substrate.
- copying machines and printing machines have large substrates in the form typically of paper.
- the substrate may be in the form of a roll of paper or in the form of cut sheets.
- FIG. 8 a prior art mechanically contacting steady rest is shown in FIG. 8.
- the standard steady rest is typically a 2 or 3 point contact tool that holds the part rigidly in place.
- the steady rest 1 includes three fingers 2 which include contact points 3 which are equally spaced about roll 4 .
- the fingers 3 are in contact with periphery 5 of the roll 4 and serve to support the roll 4 as it rotates about longitudinal axis 6 .
- the work support 1 is secured to machine base 7 .
- a charge retentive surface typically known as a photoreceptor
- a photoreceptor is electrostatically charged, and then exposed to a light pattern of an original image to selectively discharge the surface in accordance therewith.
- the resulting pattern of charged and discharged areas on the photoreceptor form an electrostatic charge pattern, known as a latent image, conforming to the original image.
- the latent image is developed by contacting it with a finely divided electrostatically attractable powder known as “toner.” Toner is held on the image areas by the electrostatic charge on the photoreceptor surface.
- a toner image is produced in conformity with a light image of the original being reproduced.
- the toner image may then be transferred to a substrate or support member (e.g., paper), and the image affixed thereto to form a permanent record of the image to be reproduced.
- a substrate or support member e.g., paper
- excess toner left on the charge retentive surface is cleaned from the surface.
- the process is useful for light lens copying from an original or printing electronically generated or stored originals such as with a raster output scanner (ROS), where a charged surface may be imagewise discharged in a variety of ways.
- ROS raster output scanner
- toner is detached from the donor roll by applying AC electric field to self-spaced electrode structures, commonly in the form of wires positioned in the nip between a donor roll and photoreceptor in the case of hybrid scavengeless development or by applying the AC electrical field directly to the donor roll in the case of hybrid jumping development.
- This forms a toner powder cloud in the nip and the latent image attracts toner from the powder cloud thereto.
- scavengeless development is useful for devices in which different types of toner are supplied onto the same photoreceptor such as in “tri-level”; “recharge, expose and develop”; “highlight”; or “image on image” color xerography.
- donor rolls typically have a long length and a small diameter.
- donor rolls may have a length of, for example, 18 to 24 inches and a diameter from 1 to 11 ⁇ 2 inches.
- the rolls tend to deflect during the machining process.
- donor rolls may be made of a hard ceramic material which is difficult to machine. Because of the high tolerances and hard material, the donor rolls are often ground rather than turned. The grinding forces are typically higher than turning forces, thus causing the deflection during machining to increase.
- the support may be in the form of a steady rest which is fixedly positioned with respect to the roll and in the form of a follower rest which is mounted to the machining tool slide and moves with the material removal tool.
- Mechanically contacting steady rests and follower rests have several problems. Mechanical steady rests consist of three equally spaced contact points against the roll as it is machined. Since the contact points typically in the form of pads or rollers are fixedly set, the contact points must be set to, for example, the unmachined dimensions and during the machining the contact points separate from the now-machined dimensions permitting the roll to deflect slightly under the machining forces.
- the mechanical contact work support tends to be bulky and may interfere with the position in which in process gauge fingers should otherwise be placed.
- Addition problems occur when machining ceramic materials utilizing a mechanical work support.
- the ceramic material is hard and very abrasive.
- the work support tends to burnish or wear the outer surface of the ceramic roll.
- the electrical properties of the outer surface of the ceramic roll are adversely affected by a burnishing process, particularly if foreign material from the work rest is embedded into the roll. Furthermore, the burnishing may affect the size and the finish of the ceramic material.
- the support tends to wear excessively and loses its effectiveness by no longer totally supporting the roll. Furthermore, if a soft material is used for the work support, the outer surface of the work support becomes embedded into the ceramic material, further deteriorating the electrical properties of the ceramic roll.
- the setup of the steady rest is very difficult in that not only the fit of the steady rest to the workpiece needs to be adjusted, but also the position of the mechanical steady rest needs to be adjusted.
- a series of steady rests may in fact be required to adequately support the part.
- the steady rest only serves to reduce chatter when the tool is positioned opposed to the support.
- Patentee Clough, et al.
- Patentee Tsujiuchi et al.
- Patentee Fournier
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,210 discloses a dynamic steady rest particularly adapted for use in supporting a rotating workpiece during a grinding operation.
- the steady rest includes a lever assembly pivotally mounted on a base and having a workpiece support arm and a counterweight arm. Weights are adjustably secured to the counterweight arm and bias the support arm upwardly and into supporting engagement with the rotating workpiece.
- the steady rest further includes two dashpots pivotally secured between the base and the support arm to dampen the motion of the support arm.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,285,599 discloses a centering and supporting apparatus for use as a true centering steady rest for rotatably supporting a cylindrical workpiece during a machining or grinding operation.
- the apparatus has an internal centerline adjustment mechanism for adjusting the steady rest so as to support the workpiece at its dynamic working centerline.
- At least one, or a pair of support arms are slidably mounted on an operator body in a housing.
- the one or pair of support arms each carries a side workpiece contact member, and the operator body carries a center workpiece contact member, and each workpiece contact member is engagable with the perimeter of the workpiece.
- the operator body is moved by a stroking means to urge the center workpiece to support a workpiece.
- the support arms are urged to support the workpiece by the action of cam followers carried by the support arms, and which cam followers are each engaged with a camming contour disposed in a guide plate that is displaceable within the housing by the internal centerline adjustment mechanism.
- the internal centerline adjustment mechanism allows either one or a pair of guide plates to be shifted within the steady rest to accommodate any deviation which the dynamic working centerline imposes from the static centerline originally established prior to a machining or grinding operation.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,831,782 discloses an improved grinding apparatus includes a base upon which a headstock is mounted.
- a carriage is movable along ways disposed on the base.
- a wheel slide on the carriage rotatably supports a grinding wheel.
- a first mounting plate extends beneath a first footstock and a first set of steady rests to a location adjacent to a headstock. While a workpiece is being ground, a second set of steady rests and a second footstock are mounted on a second mounting plate.
- the first mounting plate is disconnected from the base and removed from the grinding apparatus with the first set of steady rests and footstock.
- the second mounting plate with the second set of steady rests and footstock accurately positioned thereon are then inserted into the grinding apparatus.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,715,149 discloses a flow valve seat grinding apparatus incorporating an improved steady rest means. Includes a tubular drive shaft housing which houses and supports a rotatable and longitudinally movable drive shaft means. Drive shaft is connected through a flexible torque coupler to drive a valve seat grinding head. Grinding head is adapted to grind a valve seat located within a valve body. Includes adjustable anchor operable to laterally extend at least three anchor members into fixed anchoring contact with a sidewall of a valve body to laterally support the shaft housing in fixed position within the valve body.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,712,332 discloses a centerless grinding system comprises a driven grinding wheel, a driven regulating wheel, and a work rest blade for centerless grinding of a workpiece supported by the work rest blade between the grinding wheel and the regulating wheel; means for determining the rate of reduction of the workpiece radius while it is being ground; and means responsive to the rate of reduction of the workpiece radius for controlling the ratio of the power consumed in removing workpiece material to the rate of removal of workpiece material by the grinding wheel.
- the regulating wheel is preferably fed toward the grinding wheel to feed the workpiece into the grinding wheel.
- the workpiece is mounted on spindles or chucks which are movable toward the grinding wheel so that the workpiece can still be fed by the regulating wheel.
- Workpieces longer than the axial dimension of the grinding wheel are ground in successive plunges along the length of the workpiece, with the depth being controlled in each successive plunge.
- the regulating wheel or grinding wheel is placed inside the hollow workpiece.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,711,054 discloses in a numerical control grinding machine using a grinding wheel made of cubic boron nitride, a computerized numerical controller controls the infeed movement of a wheel head to effect a rough grinding and a first fine grinding on a rotating cylindrical workpiece by the grinding wheel and to halt the first fine grinding in response to a sizing signal from a sizing device which measures the diameter of the workpiece being ground. At the halt of the first fine grinding, the numerical controller advances rest jaws to press the workpiece upon the grinding wheel until another sizing signal is issued from the sizing device.
- the numerical controller increase the infeed rate of the grinding wheel in each of the rough and first fine grindings toward a desired infeed rate on a step-by-step basis. Further, the numerical controller diminishes a set size which determines the time point to issue the first-mentioned sizing signal from the sizing device, toward a desired set size on a step-by-step basis with the increases in number of the workpiece ground after each truing.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,663,892 discloses a method of grinding a workpiece which is susceptible to deflection and/or deformation when grinding is carried out by relatively infeeding a grinding wheel to keep the wheel face and work surface in relative rubbing contact at an interface region, the method comprising continuously determining the force exerted by the wheel on the workpiece at the interface region as grinding conditions change, continuously applying to the workpiece at least one counterbalance force which in equivalent effect is opposite in sense to the determined force, and variably controlling the counterbalancing force to maintain its effective magnitude equal to the magnitude of the determined force.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,546,681 discloses a steady rest for alternatively supporting the internal and external surfaces of a tubular workpiece during a machining operation.
- Each outer end of a plurality of movable fingers includes first and second workpiece contact devices such as rollers.
- the second contact device is offset from the longitudinal axis of the finger so that it may engage the inner periphery of the workpiece.
- the opposite inner ends of the outer fingers ride in slots having opposing arcuate cam surfaces.
- One cam surface provides backup support for its finger when externally contacting the workpiece while the other cam surface insures stability when its finger is contacting the inner periphery of the workpiece.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,399,639 discloses a true centering steady rest for rotatably supporting an elongated cylindrical workpiece for a metal working operation on the outer diameter of the workpiece, such as a grinding operation.
- the steady rest includes a housing in which is slidably mounted a pusher arm carrying a workpiece center wear pad.
- a pair of side arms is slidably mounted on said pusher arm.
- Each side arm carries a replaceable wear pad engageable with a workpiece at a point in the range from 90°-140° from the center wear pad.
- the center and side wear pads are moved into operative engagement with a workpiece when the pusher arm is moved toward the workpiece, and they are disengaged from the workpiece when the pusher arm is moved away from the workpiece.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,276,723 discloses a steady rest for supporting a workpiece to be ground comprising three contact shoes which are simultaneously movable toward and away from a workpiece centerline so that workpieces of varying diameter can be supported and maintained on a fixed centerline of rotation.
- the top contact shoe is mounted for pivotal movement to a position clear of the work area to facilitate loading and unloading of the workpiece.
- a hydraulic operator is provided for pivoting the upper contact shoe between the operative position, engaging a workpiece, and the load-unload position.
- a second hydraulic operator is provided which through appropriate mechanical wedges moves upper contact shoe and the two lower non-pivoting contact shoes simultaneously toward or away from a workpiece.
- a support for supporting a work piece to be machined is for use in a machine adapted to receive fluid from a fluid source.
- the machine includes a tool for removing material from the work piece.
- the support includes a body defining a chamber therein and an inlet operably associated with the body. The inlet is in communication with the chamber. The inlet is adapted for communication with the fluid source.
- the support also includes an outlet operably associated with the body and in communication with the chamber. The outlet is adapted to provide a stream of fluid for supporting the work piece.
- a method for machining the cylindrical periphery of cylindrical work pieces includes the steps of providing a machine for removing material from a work piece, placing the work piece in operating position within the machine, placing a support in a spaced apart relationship to the work piece, providing a fluid source in fluid communication with a fluid flow device, advancing the fluid within the fluid source with the fluid flow device toward the support, advancing the tool toward the work piece, flowing fluid from the support onto the work piece, machining material from the work piece with the tool, and providing a fluid force from the fluid flowing onto the work piece to oppose a tool force from the tool so that the deflection of the work piece by the tool is reduced.
- a roll made by the process of providing a machine for removing material from a work piece, placing the work piece in operating position within the machine, placing a support in a spaced apart relationship to the work piece, providing a fluid source in fluid communication with a fluid flow device, advancing the fluid within the fluid source with the fluid flow device toward the support, advancing the tool toward the work piece, flowing fluid from the support onto the work piece, machining material from the work piece with the tool, and providing a fluid force from the fluid flowing onto the work piece to oppose a tool force from the tool so that the deflection of the work piece by the tool is reduced.
- a grinding machine for use in grinding a work piece.
- the grinding machine includes a frame and a grinding wheel rotatably mounted to the body.
- the grinding machine further includes a motor for rotating the grinding wheel and an apparatus operably associated with the body for rotatably supporting the work piece in a spaced apart relationship with respect to the apparatus.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective schematic partial view of a non-contact support installed on a grinding machine for cylindrical grinding according to the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a sectional view along the line 6 - 6 in the direction of the arrows of the support of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 3 is a plan view of the body of the FIG. 1 support
- FIG. 4 is a plan view of a side plate for the support of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 5 is an end view of the FIG. 6 side plate
- FIG. 6 is a plan view of a nozzle for the support of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 7 is an end view of the FIG. 8 nozzle
- FIG. 8 is a schematic partial view of a prior art support installed on a grinding machine.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic elevational view of an illustrative electrophotographic printing machine incorporating a roll ground on a grinding machine utilizing the non-contact support of the present invention therein.
- FIG. 9 there is shown an illustrative electrophotographic printing machine incorporating a roll machined utilizing the non-contact support of the present invention of the present invention therein.
- the printing machine incorporates a photoreceptor 10 in the form of a belt having a photoconductive surface layer 12 on an electroconductive substrate 14 .
- the surface 12 is made from a selenium alloy or a suitable photosensitive organic compound.
- the substrate 14 is preferably made from a polyester film such as Mylar® (a trademark of duPont (UK) Ltd.) which has been coated with a thin layer of aluminum alloy which is electrically grounded.
- the belt is driven by means of motor 24 along a path defined by rollers 18 , 20 and 22 , the direction of movement being counter-clockwise as viewed and as shown by arrow 16 .
- a portion of the belt 10 passes through a charge station A at which a corona generator 26 charges surface 12 to a relatively high, substantially uniform, electrical potential.
- a high voltage power supply 28 is coupled to device 26 .
- the charged portion of photoconductive surface 12 is advanced through exposure station B.
- the ROS 34 lays out the image in a series of horizontal scan lines with each line having a specified number of pixels per inch.
- the ROS includes a laser and a rotating polygon mirror block associated therewith. The ROS exposes the charged photoconductive surface of the printer.
- the motion of the belt 10 advances the latent image to development station C as shown in FIG. 4.
- a development system 38 develops the latent image recorded on the photoconductive surface.
- the chamber in developer housing 44 stores a supply of developer material 47 .
- the developer material 47 may be, as shown in FIG. 4, a two component developer material of at least magnetic carrier granules 48 having toner particles 50 adhering triboelectrically thereto. It should be appreciated that the developer material may likewise comprise a one component developer material consisting primarily of toner particles.
- the development system is a hybrid scavangeless development system.
- toner is detached from a donor roll 0 by applying AC electric field to self-spaced electrode structures (not shown), commonly in the form of wires positioned in the nip between the donor roll 80 and the photoreceptor belt 10 in the case of hybrid scavengeless development or by applying the AC electrical field directly to the donor roll 80 in the case of hybrid jumping development.
- This forms a toner powder cloud in the nip and the latent image attracts toner particles 50 from the powder cloud thereto.
- the motion of the belt 10 advances the developed image to transfer station D, at which a copy sheet 54 is advanced by roll 52 and guides 56 into contact with the developed image on belt 10 .
- a corona generator 58 is used to spray ions on to the back of the sheet so as to attract the toner image from belt 10 to the sheet. As the belt turns around roller 18 , the sheet is stripped therefrom with the toner image thereon.
- Fusing station E After transfer, the sheet is advanced by a conveyor (not shown) to fusing station E.
- Fusing station E includes a heated fuser roller 64 and a back-up roller 66 .
- the sheet passes between fuser roller 64 and back-up roller 66 with the toner powder image contacting fuser roller 64 . In this way, the toner powder image is permanently affixed to the sheet.
- the sheet advances through chute 70 to catch tray 72 for subsequent removal from the printing machine by the operator.
- the residual developer material adhering to photoconductive surface 12 is removed therefrom at cleaning station F by a rotatably mounted fibrous brush 74 in contact with photoconductive surface 12 .
- a discharge lamp (not shown) floods photoconductive surface 12 with light to dissipate any residual electrostatic charge remaining thereon prior to the charging thereof for the next successive imaging cycle.
- the donor roll 80 which is ground on a grinding machine utilizing the non-contact support of the present invention is shown.
- the donor roll 80 is electrically biased to separate toner particles 50 from the carrier granules 48 of the developer material within the developer housing 44 .
- the donor roll 80 is electrically biased and in cooperation with the developmental electrodes (not shown) serves to form a powder cloud in nip 82 between the donor roll 80 and the surface 12 of the photoconductive valve 10 .
- the donor roll 80 is made to exacting tolerances and may be made of a material difficult to machine, for example, a ceramic material. It should be appreciated that while the donor roll 80 is a exemplary workpiece to be machined utilizing the non-contact support of the present invention, any workpiece which deflects during the machining process may benefit from the use of the present invention herein.
- the machine 102 may be any machine tool capable of removing material from a cylindrical workpiece.
- the machine 102 is in the form of a lathe, for example, a CNC lathe, or in the form of a grinding machine.
- the machine 102 is a grinding machine.
- the machine 102 is a grinding machine, it may be either a center-type or a centerless grinder.
- the machine 102 is a center-type grinder.
- the support 100 is utilized to support a workpiece, for example, roll 80 .
- the roll 80 is supported in the grinding machine 102 by a headstock 104 and a tailstock 106 . Centers 108 extend outwardly from the headstock 104 and the tailstock 106 and engage with chamfers 110 located on first end 112 and second end 114 of the workpiece 80 .
- a headstock motor 116 is used to rotate the headstock 104 , which in turn rotates the workpiece 80 in the direction of arrow 118 .
- the machine 102 includes a tool 120 for removing material from the roll 80 .
- the tool 120 is in the form of a grinding wheel.
- the grinding wheel 120 has a generally cylindrical shape and includes an outer periphery 122 , which contacts outer periphery 124 of the roll 80 .
- the tool 120 may be any tool capable of removing material from a workpiece.
- the tool 120 may be in the form of a high speed steel or carbide cutting tool.
- the grinding wheel 120 is preferably mounted to a wheelhead 126 by an arbor 128 secured to the wheel 120 .
- the arbor 128 rotates about bearings 130 located in the wheelhead 126 .
- the arbor 128 is rotated by a wheelhead motor 132 connected to the wheelhead 126 .
- the wheelhead 126 is adapted to move in the direction of arrow 134 thereby advancing the grinding wheel 120 into contact with periphery 124 of the roll 80 .
- the tool 120 may have a wheel width WW that is similar to the length L of the roll 80 , preferably, the tool 120 has a width WW which is significantly less than the length L of the roll 80 . Since the width of the wheel 120 is less than the length of the workpiece 80 , the wheelhead 126 preferably moves in the direction of arrows 136 and 138 .
- the support 100 is adapted for use in the machine 102 and is adapted to received fluid 140 from a fluid source 142 .
- the support 100 may have any suitable shape and configuration capable of transmitting the fluid 120 toward the periphery 124 of the roll 182 support the roll 80 .
- the support 100 includes a body 144 that defines a chamber 146 within the body 144 .
- the support 100 further includes an inlet 148 that is operably associated with the body 144 .
- the inlet 148 is in communication with the chamber 146 .
- the inlet 148 is adapted for communication with the fluid source 142 .
- the support 100 also includes an outlet 150 .
- the outlet 150 is operably associated with the body 144 and is in communication with the chamber 146 .
- the outlet 150 is adapted to provide a stream 152 of fluid 140 for supporting the workpiece or roll 80 .
- Stream 152 of fluid 140 from the outlet 150 provides a force in the direction of arrow 154 in a direction opposed to a force in the direction of arrow 134 caused by the grinding of the roll 80 by the tool 120 .
- the support 100 includes additional outlets to assist in stabilizing the roll 80 and to provide additional coolant to the grinding of the roll by the grinding wheel 120 .
- the support 100 may further include, in addition to first outlet 150 , a second outlet 156 positioned vertically above the roll 80 , as well as a third outlet 158 positioned vertically below the roll 80 .
- first outlet 150 , the second outlet 156 , and the third outlet 158 may all be interconnected by, for example, the chamber 146 to inlet 148 , preferably, each of the first outlet 150 , the second outlet 156 , and the third outlet 158 are each associated with a separate inlet.
- first outlet 150 is operably connected to first inlet 148 .
- Second outlet 156 is similarly operably connected to second inlet 160 and third outlet 158 is operably connected to third inlet 162 .
- the fluid 140 utilized in the support 100 of the present invention may be any fluid either in the form of a liquid or a gas that provides a non-contact support to the workpiece 80 .
- the fluid 140 may be a liquid, for example water or oil, or may be in the form of a gas, for example a compressed gas or compressed air.
- the fluid 140 may be in the form of a coolant utilized to cool the grinding wheel 120 .
- the fluid 140 may be a cutting oil or a water based grinding wheel coolant.
- the fluid 140 is in the form of a water based grinding wheel coolant.
- the fluid 140 may be delivered to the support 140 through a series of conduits 164 .
- the conduits 164 may include a main conduit 166 that is connected to the fluid source 142 .
- the main conduit 164 is, as shown in FIG. 1, also connected to first conduit 168 , second conduit 170 and third conduit 172 .
- the fluid source 142 may be any suitable fluid source capable of providing a fluid flow to the support 100 .
- the fluid source 142 is in the form of a fluid pump, for example a coolant pump.
- the coolant pump 142 may be the coolant pump that is utilized with the machine 102 for cooling the tool 120 and the workpiece 80 .
- the coolant pump 142 may be of any configuration capable of providing sufficient fluid flow for the operation of the support 100 according to the present invention. Applicants have found that a coolant pump capable of delivering 60 gallons per minute of coolant flow is sufficient for providing support for the donor roll 80 as show in FIG. 9.
- the flow of fluid from the fluid source 142 is preferably controlled by a valve 174 in fluid communication with the inlet 148 for controlling the flow of fluid through the outlet 150 .
- a valve 174 may be sufficient to control the flow of fluid from the fluid source 142 to the support 100 , preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, when utilizing a plurality of conduits and associated outlets, the support 100 utilizes, in addition to first valve 174 , a second valve 176 positioned in second conduit 170 and a third valve 178 positioned in third conduit 172 .
- the body 144 of the support 100 is mounted to the machine 102 by any suitable method.
- the body 144 may be mounted to frame 180 of the machine 102 to which the headstock 104 and tailstock 106 are mounted or, preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, the body 144 of the support 100 is fixedly mounted to wheelhead 126 by support bracket 182 .
- the support 100 moves with the grinding wheel 120 in the directions of arrows 136 and 138 .
- the support 100 provides support for the roll 80 at a position opposed to the grinding wheel 120 throughout the grinding process.
- the support 100 may further include a feedback system 184 .
- the feedback system 184 is utilized to provide a closed loop control of the fluid flow provided by the fluid source 142 .
- the feedback system 184 includes a sensor 186 operably associated with the machine 102 which, for example, measures the force applied by the grinding wheel 120 onto the roll 80 as, for example, felt at the tailstock 106 .
- the feedback system 184 further includes a feedback system controller 190 , which is operably associated with the support 100 .
- the feedback system controller 190 receives a signal 192 through conduit 188 from the sensor 186 , which is indicative of the force supplied by the grinding wheel 120 onto the roll 80 .
- the controller 190 sends a signal 194 through conduit 196 to the first valve 174 indicative of the flow of fluid through the first outlet 150 necessary to counteract the force applied by the grinding wheel 120 onto the roll 80 .
- the support 100 is shown in greater detail.
- the body 144 includes three apertures 200 in the body 144 as well as opening 202 that form the chamber 146 .
- the inlets and outlets associated with the body 144 may have any suitable form, preferably as shown in FIG. 2, the inlets 148 , 160 , and 162 are integral with the body 144 and are defined by the apertures 200 .
- the conduits 168 , 170 , and 172 may be secured to the body 144 in any suitable fashion, for example by pipe threads (not shown).
- the outlets 150 , 156 and 158 may have any suitable form and may, for example, be integral with the body 144 or as shown in FIG. 2, be in the form of nozzles. As shown in FIG. 2, the nozzles 150 , 156 and 158 are preferably slidably fitted to the body 144 in a direction parallel with the longitudinal axis 204 of the roll 80 . As shown in FIG. 2, the nozzles 150 , 156 and 158 are secured to the body 144 by gibs 206 located on the outer periphery of the nozzles 150 , 156 and 158 , respectively.
- the body 144 of the support 100 includes the centrally located inlets 148 , 160 and 162 .
- Apertures 200 within the body 144 define the inlets 148 , 160 and 162 .
- the body 144 preferably closely conforms with the roll 80 so as to assure that sufficient fluid remains in communication with the roll during the machining of the roll.
- the opening 202 formed in the body 144 thus preferably is defined by a body diameter BD which is concentric with axis 204 of the roll 80 .
- the body diameter BD is, for example 1.4 inches.
- replaceable nozzles may be utilized for different diameter rolls. It should be appreciated that the body diameter BD becomes increasingly larger than the roll diameter RD, roll diameters of smaller and larger size than the roll 80 may be accommodated by merely changing the thickness T of the outlets 150 , 156 and 158 .
- the nozzles 150 , 156 and 158 are positioned closely to the roll 80 .
- the nozzles 150 , 156 and 158 form a nozzle diameter ND that is only slightly larger than the roll diameter RD.
- the nozzle diameter ND is approximately 1.3 inches.
- nozzle 148 is shown in greater detail. While nozzles 148 , 156 and 158 may each be different from the other, preferably, for simplicity, the nozzles 156 and 158 are preferably identical to nozzle 148 . (See FIG. 2). While the invention may be practiced utilizing a support 100 with nozzles having a solitary aperture associated with each nozzle, preferably, the nozzle 148 includes a plurality of nozzle apertures 206 .
- the nozzle 148 may for a given flow rate be positioned more closely to the roll 80 thereby increasing the force that the fluid applies to the roll 80 . Further, by reducing the size of the apertures 206 , the velocity of the fluid through the nozzle 148 may be increased thereby increasing the force of the nozzle 148 .
- apertures 206 While the invention may be practiced with any number of apertures 206 , applicants have found that a quantity of nine apertures per nozzle is sufficient for the operation. To support a ceramic roll 80 during the grinding thereof, applicants have found that apertures 206 with a diameter AD of, for example 3.175 millimeters spaced approximately a distance NS of approximately 5 millimeters, to be sufficient to support the roll 80 .
- an endplate 210 is shown for restraining the sliding motion of the nozzles 148 , 156 and 158 . While it should be appreciated that the nozzles 148 , 156 and 158 may be secured to the body 144 in any suitable fashion, for example, by gluing or interference fitting, for simplicity and for ease of changing the nozzles an endplate 210 is positioned on each of the two faces 212 of the body 144 (see FIG. 3).
- ⁇ V the change in velocity of the fluid as it strikes the roll.
- Q may be further defined by the following formula:
- V the velocity of the fluid
- a may be further defined by the following formula:
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Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to machining of cylindrical parts. More specifically, the invention relates to a process and apparatus for machining long slender shafts.
- Cross-reference is made to the following application filed concurrently herewith: U.S. application Ser. No. (D/98431), entitled “Grinding Wheel With Geometrical Pattern”, by Timothy R. Jaskowiak et al.
- Components for machines and mechanical apparatuses are typically machined to obtain precision tolerances and accurate surface conditions. Machining of the precision surfaces are typically machined by presenting a cutting tool or a grinding wheel against the precision surface.
- During machining common precision parts include cylindrical parts. Cylindrical parts or workpieces are rotated about centers found at the ends thereof or supported on the periphery of the workpiece. Cylindrical parts which are relatively soft, having a hardness of Rockwell “C” scale (RC) of 40 or less and which have medium tolerance requirements, for example ±0.002 inches in diameter tolerance, are typically turned on a turning machine with a cutting tool.
- A lathe, for example, a numerically controlled lathe, is typically used to manufacture this type of workpiece. The workpiece may be rotated about its centers by pressing in with centers on the lathe or, preferably, a portion of the outer periphery of the workpiece is clamped to provide sufficient torque required for the turning process.
- More accurate or precision machining, i.e. for parts requiring a tolerance of less than ±0.002 inches and/or for grinding materials having a hardness greater than, for example, 40 RC is typically performed on a grinding machine utilizing a grinding wheel. Grinding of precision workpieces is accomplished by rotating the workpiece simultaneously with rotating a cylindrical grinding wheel in contact with the outer periphery of the workpiece. The workpiece is typically rotated about centers found at the end of the workpiece on a machine called a center-type grinder or may be supported on the periphery of the workpiece by a regulating wheel and a rest blade. Such peripheral support for a workpiece is performed on centerless-type grinders.
- Long slender shafts requiring precision surfaces that may require a turning or a grinding to be performed thereon are used extensively in machines that pass a substrate through the machine. The long slender shafts are utilized to guide and direct the paper substrate through the machine and/or for performing operations on the substrate. For example, copying machines and printing machines have large substrates in the form typically of paper. The substrate may be in the form of a roll of paper or in the form of cut sheets.
- Long shafts and, in particular, long, slender shafts such as those made from durable materials such as steel, deflect under the grinding or cutting of the workpiece. The deflection of the shafts affects the quality of the shafts and the precision requirements required for such shafts may be very difficult to obtain.
- Attempts have been made to improve the quality of long thin shafts, which are turned or ground by reducing the deflection of the shaft during machining. The most common tool utilized in reducing the deflection of long thin workpieces is a work support or steady rest. The part deflection due to the force of the grinding wheel or cutting tool or simply due to the mass or weight of the workpiece is counteracted by the support from the steady rest. A further function of the steady rest is to prevent workpiece vibration and thereby to eliminate or reduce chatter.
- An understanding of the use of steady rest is more thoroughly described inModern Grinding Technology by Salmon, the relevant portions thereof incorporated herein by reference.
- Referring now to FIG. 8, a prior art mechanically contacting steady rest is shown in FIG. 8. The standard steady rest is typically a 2 or 3 point contact tool that holds the part rigidly in place. For example, the
steady rest 1 includes threefingers 2 which includecontact points 3 which are equally spaced about roll 4. Thefingers 3 are in contact withperiphery 5 of the roll 4 and serve to support the roll 4 as it rotates about longitudinal axis 6. Thework support 1 is secured tomachine base 7. - In the well-known process of electrophotographic printing, a charge retentive surface, typically known as a photoreceptor, is electrostatically charged, and then exposed to a light pattern of an original image to selectively discharge the surface in accordance therewith. The resulting pattern of charged and discharged areas on the photoreceptor form an electrostatic charge pattern, known as a latent image, conforming to the original image. The latent image is developed by contacting it with a finely divided electrostatically attractable powder known as “toner.” Toner is held on the image areas by the electrostatic charge on the photoreceptor surface.
- Thus, a toner image is produced in conformity with a light image of the original being reproduced. The toner image may then be transferred to a substrate or support member (e.g., paper), and the image affixed thereto to form a permanent record of the image to be reproduced. Subsequent to development, excess toner left on the charge retentive surface is cleaned from the surface. The process is useful for light lens copying from an original or printing electronically generated or stored originals such as with a raster output scanner (ROS), where a charged surface may be imagewise discharged in a variety of ways.
- While shafts in electrophotographic printing for guiding substrates require accurate tolerances and may be long and slender, exasperating the accurate tolerance problems, the difficulties encountered in providing accurate donor rolls for scavengeless development systems is particularly acute.
- In a scavengeless development system, toner is detached from the donor roll by applying AC electric field to self-spaced electrode structures, commonly in the form of wires positioned in the nip between a donor roll and photoreceptor in the case of hybrid scavengeless development or by applying the AC electrical field directly to the donor roll in the case of hybrid jumping development. This forms a toner powder cloud in the nip and the latent image attracts toner from the powder cloud thereto. Because there is no physical contact between the development apparatus and the photoreceptor, scavengeless development is useful for devices in which different types of toner are supplied onto the same photoreceptor such as in “tri-level”; “recharge, expose and develop”; “highlight”; or “image on image” color xerography.
- Since hybrid scavengeless development relies on a continuous, steady toner powder cloud at the nip between the latent image and the donor roller, the speeds at which the rollers operate are significantly higher and the accuracy requirements are much more precise.
- The purpose and function of scavengeless development are described more fully in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,868,600 to Hays et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,984,019 to Folkins, U.S. Pat. No. 5,010,367 to Hays, or U.S. Pat. No. 5,063,875 to Folkins et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,868,600 is incorporated herein by reference.
- For proper operation of a donor roll in a hybrid scavengeless development, the diameter tolerance, runout and surface finish requirements of the donor roll are very critical and require very precise dimensions. Furthermore, donor rolls typically have a long length and a small diameter. For example, donor rolls may have a length of, for example, 18 to 24 inches and a diameter from 1 to 1½ inches. When machining donor rolls with such a length to diameter ratio of 20 to 1 or greater, the rolls tend to deflect during the machining process. To complicate the situation, donor rolls may be made of a hard ceramic material which is difficult to machine. Because of the high tolerances and hard material, the donor rolls are often ground rather than turned. The grinding forces are typically higher than turning forces, thus causing the deflection during machining to increase.
- Attempts have been made to reduce the deflection of rolls during the machining process. For example, mechanical supports are fixedly positioned underneath the roll during the machining process. These types of supports come in two particular designs. The support may be in the form of a steady rest which is fixedly positioned with respect to the roll and in the form of a follower rest which is mounted to the machining tool slide and moves with the material removal tool.
- Mechanically contacting steady rests and follower rests have several problems. Mechanical steady rests consist of three equally spaced contact points against the roll as it is machined. Since the contact points typically in the form of pads or rollers are fixedly set, the contact points must be set to, for example, the unmachined dimensions and during the machining the contact points separate from the now-machined dimensions permitting the roll to deflect slightly under the machining forces.
- The mechanically contacting steady rests and follower rests must be readjusted for each particular roll size that is to be machined on the machine. The contact points must be adjusted to contact the workpiece so that any change in the part diameter of a workpiece requires a changeover to the mechanical work support or steady rest setup. Furthermore, the setups are very difficult because selecting the optimum work, support setting related a work piece which part size is changing during the machining process is a trial and error process.
- Furthermore, the mechanical contact work support tends to be bulky and may interfere with the position in which in process gauge fingers should otherwise be placed.
- Also, when utilizing a mechanical follower rest, the installation of gauge fingers at the follower rest is very difficult.
- Addition problems occur when machining ceramic materials utilizing a mechanical work support. The ceramic material is hard and very abrasive. When a material that is very hard is utilized at the contact points of the work support, the work support tends to burnish or wear the outer surface of the ceramic roll. When used for donor rolls, the electrical properties of the outer surface of the ceramic roll are adversely affected by a burnishing process, particularly if foreign material from the work rest is embedded into the roll. Furthermore, the burnishing may affect the size and the finish of the ceramic material.
- When, alternatively, a soft material is utilized to support the ceramic roll, the support tends to wear excessively and loses its effectiveness by no longer totally supporting the roll. Furthermore, if a soft material is used for the work support, the outer surface of the work support becomes embedded into the ceramic material, further deteriorating the electrical properties of the ceramic roll.
- Furthermore, the use of a mechanical steady rest makes adjustments for the proper fitting of the steady rest particularly during the machining process very difficult.
- When utilizing a steady rest, the setup of the steady rest is very difficult in that not only the fit of the steady rest to the workpiece needs to be adjusted, but also the position of the mechanical steady rest needs to be adjusted. A series of steady rests may in fact be required to adequately support the part. Furthermore, the steady rest only serves to reduce chatter when the tool is positioned opposed to the support.
- The following disclosures may be relevant to various aspects of the present invention:
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,210
- Patentee: Sharer
- Issue Date: Jun. 186, 1996
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,285,599
- Patentee: Lessway
- Issue Date: Feb. 15, 1994
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,831,782
- Patentee: Clough, et al.
- Issue Date: May 23, 1989
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,715,149
- Patentee: Kelsey
- Issue Date: Dec. 29, 1987
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,712,332
- Patentee: Smith
- Issue Date: Dec. 15, 1987
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,711,054
- Patentee: Tsujiuchi et al.
- Issue Date: Dec. 8, 1987
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,663,892
- Patentee: Smith
- Issue Date: May 12, 1987
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,546,681
- Patentee: Owsen
- Issue Date: Oct. 15, 1985
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,399,639
- Patentee: Lessway
- Issue Date: Aug. 23, 1983
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,276,723
- Patentee: Fournier
- Issue Date: Jul. 7, 1981
- The relevant portions of the foregoing disclosures may be briefly summarized as follows:
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,210 discloses a dynamic steady rest particularly adapted for use in supporting a rotating workpiece during a grinding operation. The steady rest includes a lever assembly pivotally mounted on a base and having a workpiece support arm and a counterweight arm. Weights are adjustably secured to the counterweight arm and bias the support arm upwardly and into supporting engagement with the rotating workpiece. The steady rest further includes two dashpots pivotally secured between the base and the support arm to dampen the motion of the support arm.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,285,599 discloses a centering and supporting apparatus is disclosed for use as a true centering steady rest for rotatably supporting a cylindrical workpiece during a machining or grinding operation. The apparatus has an internal centerline adjustment mechanism for adjusting the steady rest so as to support the workpiece at its dynamic working centerline. At least one, or a pair of support arms are slidably mounted on an operator body in a housing. The one or pair of support arms each carries a side workpiece contact member, and the operator body carries a center workpiece contact member, and each workpiece contact member is engagable with the perimeter of the workpiece. The operator body is moved by a stroking means to urge the center workpiece to support a workpiece. The support arms are urged to support the workpiece by the action of cam followers carried by the support arms, and which cam followers are each engaged with a camming contour disposed in a guide plate that is displaceable within the housing by the internal centerline adjustment mechanism. The internal centerline adjustment mechanism allows either one or a pair of guide plates to be shifted within the steady rest to accommodate any deviation which the dynamic working centerline imposes from the static centerline originally established prior to a machining or grinding operation.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,831,782 discloses an improved grinding apparatus includes a base upon which a headstock is mounted. A carriage is movable along ways disposed on the base. A wheel slide on the carriage rotatably supports a grinding wheel. A first mounting plate extends beneath a first footstock and a first set of steady rests to a location adjacent to a headstock. While a workpiece is being ground, a second set of steady rests and a second footstock are mounted on a second mounting plate. When the grinding operation has been completed, the first mounting plate is disconnected from the base and removed from the grinding apparatus with the first set of steady rests and footstock. The second mounting plate with the second set of steady rests and footstock accurately positioned thereon are then inserted into the grinding apparatus.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,715,149 discloses a flow valve seat grinding apparatus incorporating an improved steady rest means. Includes a tubular drive shaft housing which houses and supports a rotatable and longitudinally movable drive shaft means. Drive shaft is connected through a flexible torque coupler to drive a valve seat grinding head. Grinding head is adapted to grind a valve seat located within a valve body. Includes adjustable anchor operable to laterally extend at least three anchor members into fixed anchoring contact with a sidewall of a valve body to laterally support the shaft housing in fixed position within the valve body.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,712,332 discloses a centerless grinding system comprises a driven grinding wheel, a driven regulating wheel, and a work rest blade for centerless grinding of a workpiece supported by the work rest blade between the grinding wheel and the regulating wheel; means for determining the rate of reduction of the workpiece radius while it is being ground; and means responsive to the rate of reduction of the workpiece radius for controlling the ratio of the power consumed in removing workpiece material to the rate of removal of workpiece material by the grinding wheel. The regulating wheel is preferably fed toward the grinding wheel to feed the workpiece into the grinding wheel. In a similar center-type grinding system, the workpiece is mounted on spindles or chucks which are movable toward the grinding wheel so that the workpiece can still be fed by the regulating wheel. Workpieces longer than the axial dimension of the grinding wheel are ground in successive plunges along the length of the workpiece, with the depth being controlled in each successive plunge. To grind hollow workpieces, the regulating wheel or grinding wheel is placed inside the hollow workpiece.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,711,054 discloses in a numerical control grinding machine using a grinding wheel made of cubic boron nitride, a computerized numerical controller controls the infeed movement of a wheel head to effect a rough grinding and a first fine grinding on a rotating cylindrical workpiece by the grinding wheel and to halt the first fine grinding in response to a sizing signal from a sizing device which measures the diameter of the workpiece being ground. At the halt of the first fine grinding, the numerical controller advances rest jaws to press the workpiece upon the grinding wheel until another sizing signal is issued from the sizing device. Until the number of the workpieces ground after each truing operation reaches a predetermined number, the numerical controller increase the infeed rate of the grinding wheel in each of the rough and first fine grindings toward a desired infeed rate on a step-by-step basis. Further, the numerical controller diminishes a set size which determines the time point to issue the first-mentioned sizing signal from the sizing device, toward a desired set size on a step-by-step basis with the increases in number of the workpiece ground after each truing.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,663,892 discloses a method of grinding a workpiece which is susceptible to deflection and/or deformation when grinding is carried out by relatively infeeding a grinding wheel to keep the wheel face and work surface in relative rubbing contact at an interface region, the method comprising continuously determining the force exerted by the wheel on the workpiece at the interface region as grinding conditions change, continuously applying to the workpiece at least one counterbalance force which in equivalent effect is opposite in sense to the determined force, and variably controlling the counterbalancing force to maintain its effective magnitude equal to the magnitude of the determined force.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,546,681 discloses a steady rest for alternatively supporting the internal and external surfaces of a tubular workpiece during a machining operation. Each outer end of a plurality of movable fingers includes first and second workpiece contact devices such as rollers. The second contact device is offset from the longitudinal axis of the finger so that it may engage the inner periphery of the workpiece. The opposite inner ends of the outer fingers ride in slots having opposing arcuate cam surfaces. One cam surface provides backup support for its finger when externally contacting the workpiece while the other cam surface insures stability when its finger is contacting the inner periphery of the workpiece.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,399,639 discloses a true centering steady rest for rotatably supporting an elongated cylindrical workpiece for a metal working operation on the outer diameter of the workpiece, such as a grinding operation. The steady rest includes a housing in which is slidably mounted a pusher arm carrying a workpiece center wear pad. A pair of side arms is slidably mounted on said pusher arm. Each side arm carries a replaceable wear pad engageable with a workpiece at a point in the range from 90°-140° from the center wear pad. The center and side wear pads are moved into operative engagement with a workpiece when the pusher arm is moved toward the workpiece, and they are disengaged from the workpiece when the pusher arm is moved away from the workpiece.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,276,723 discloses a steady rest for supporting a workpiece to be ground comprising three contact shoes which are simultaneously movable toward and away from a workpiece centerline so that workpieces of varying diameter can be supported and maintained on a fixed centerline of rotation. The top contact shoe is mounted for pivotal movement to a position clear of the work area to facilitate loading and unloading of the workpiece. A hydraulic operator is provided for pivoting the upper contact shoe between the operative position, engaging a workpiece, and the load-unload position. A second hydraulic operator is provided which through appropriate mechanical wedges moves upper contact shoe and the two lower non-pivoting contact shoes simultaneously toward or away from a workpiece.
- According to the present invention, there is provided a support for supporting a work piece to be machined. The support is for use in a machine adapted to receive fluid from a fluid source. The machine includes a tool for removing material from the work piece. The support includes a body defining a chamber therein and an inlet operably associated with the body. The inlet is in communication with the chamber. The inlet is adapted for communication with the fluid source. The support also includes an outlet operably associated with the body and in communication with the chamber. The outlet is adapted to provide a stream of fluid for supporting the work piece.
- According to the present invention there is further provided a method for machining the cylindrical periphery of cylindrical work pieces. The method includes the steps of providing a machine for removing material from a work piece, placing the work piece in operating position within the machine, placing a support in a spaced apart relationship to the work piece, providing a fluid source in fluid communication with a fluid flow device, advancing the fluid within the fluid source with the fluid flow device toward the support, advancing the tool toward the work piece, flowing fluid from the support onto the work piece, machining material from the work piece with the tool, and providing a fluid force from the fluid flowing onto the work piece to oppose a tool force from the tool so that the deflection of the work piece by the tool is reduced.
- According to the present invention there is further provided a roll made by the process of providing a machine for removing material from a work piece, placing the work piece in operating position within the machine, placing a support in a spaced apart relationship to the work piece, providing a fluid source in fluid communication with a fluid flow device, advancing the fluid within the fluid source with the fluid flow device toward the support, advancing the tool toward the work piece, flowing fluid from the support onto the work piece, machining material from the work piece with the tool, and providing a fluid force from the fluid flowing onto the work piece to oppose a tool force from the tool so that the deflection of the work piece by the tool is reduced.
- According to the present invention there is further provided a grinding machine for use in grinding a work piece. The grinding machine includes a frame and a grinding wheel rotatably mounted to the body. The grinding machine further includes a motor for rotating the grinding wheel and an apparatus operably associated with the body for rotatably supporting the work piece in a spaced apart relationship with respect to the apparatus.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective schematic partial view of a non-contact support installed on a grinding machine for cylindrical grinding according to the present invention;
- FIG. 2 is a sectional view along the line6-6 in the direction of the arrows of the support of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 3 is a plan view of the body of the FIG. 1 support;
- FIG. 4 is a plan view of a side plate for the support of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 5 is an end view of the FIG. 6 side plate;
- FIG. 6 is a plan view of a nozzle for the support of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 7 is an end view of the FIG. 8 nozzle;
- FIG. 8 is a schematic partial view of a prior art support installed on a grinding machine; and
- FIG. 9 is a schematic elevational view of an illustrative electrophotographic printing machine incorporating a roll ground on a grinding machine utilizing the non-contact support of the present invention therein.
- While the present invention will be described in connection with a preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the invention to that embodiment. On the contrary, it is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
- Inasmuch as the art of electrophotographic printing is well known, the various processing stations employed in the FIG. 9 printing machine will be shown hereinafter schematically and their operation described briefly with reference thereto.
- Referring initially to FIG. 9, there is shown an illustrative electrophotographic printing machine incorporating a roll machined utilizing the non-contact support of the present invention of the present invention therein. The printing machine incorporates a
photoreceptor 10 in the form of a belt having aphotoconductive surface layer 12 on anelectroconductive substrate 14. Preferably, thesurface 12 is made from a selenium alloy or a suitable photosensitive organic compound. Thesubstrate 14 is preferably made from a polyester film such as Mylar® (a trademark of duPont (UK) Ltd.) which has been coated with a thin layer of aluminum alloy which is electrically grounded. The belt is driven by means ofmotor 24 along a path defined byrollers arrow 16. Initially a portion of thebelt 10 passes through a charge station A at which acorona generator 26 charges surface 12 to a relatively high, substantially uniform, electrical potential. A highvoltage power supply 28 is coupled todevice 26. - Next, the charged portion of
photoconductive surface 12 is advanced through exposure station B. At exposure station B, theROS 34 lays out the image in a series of horizontal scan lines with each line having a specified number of pixels per inch. The ROS includes a laser and a rotating polygon mirror block associated therewith. The ROS exposes the charged photoconductive surface of the printer. - After the electrostatic latent image has been recorded on
photoconductive surface 12, the motion of thebelt 10 advances the latent image to development station C as shown in FIG. 4. At development station C, a development system 38, develops the latent image recorded on the photoconductive surface. The chamber indeveloper housing 44 stores a supply ofdeveloper material 47. Thedeveloper material 47 may be, as shown in FIG. 4, a two component developer material of at leastmagnetic carrier granules 48 havingtoner particles 50 adhering triboelectrically thereto. It should be appreciated that the developer material may likewise comprise a one component developer material consisting primarily of toner particles. Preferably the development system is a hybrid scavangeless development system. In a scavengeless development system, toner is detached from a donor roll0 by applying AC electric field to self-spaced electrode structures (not shown), commonly in the form of wires positioned in the nip between thedonor roll 80 and thephotoreceptor belt 10 in the case of hybrid scavengeless development or by applying the AC electrical field directly to thedonor roll 80 in the case of hybrid jumping development. This forms a toner powder cloud in the nip and the latent image attractstoner particles 50 from the powder cloud thereto. - Again referring to FIG. 9, after the electrostatic latent image has been developed, the motion of the
belt 10 advances the developed image to transfer station D, at which acopy sheet 54 is advanced byroll 52 and guides 56 into contact with the developed image onbelt 10. Acorona generator 58 is used to spray ions on to the back of the sheet so as to attract the toner image frombelt 10 to the sheet. As the belt turns aroundroller 18, the sheet is stripped therefrom with the toner image thereon. - After transfer, the sheet is advanced by a conveyor (not shown) to fusing station E. Fusing station E includes a
heated fuser roller 64 and a back-uproller 66. The sheet passes betweenfuser roller 64 and back-uproller 66 with the toner powder image contactingfuser roller 64. In this way, the toner powder image is permanently affixed to the sheet. After fusing, the sheet advances throughchute 70 to catchtray 72 for subsequent removal from the printing machine by the operator. - After the sheet is separated from
photoconductive surface 12 ofbelt 10, the residual developer material adhering tophotoconductive surface 12 is removed therefrom at cleaning station F by a rotatably mountedfibrous brush 74 in contact withphotoconductive surface 12. Subsequent to cleaning, a discharge lamp (not shown) floodsphotoconductive surface 12 with light to dissipate any residual electrostatic charge remaining thereon prior to the charging thereof for the next successive imaging cycle. - It is believed that the foregoing description is sufficient for purposes of the present application to illustrate the general operation of an electrophotographic printing machine incorporating the development apparatus of the present invention therein.
- According to present invention and referring again to FIG. 9, the
donor roll 80 which is ground on a grinding machine utilizing the non-contact support of the present invention is shown. Thedonor roll 80 is electrically biased toseparate toner particles 50 from thecarrier granules 48 of the developer material within thedeveloper housing 44. Thedonor roll 80 is electrically biased and in cooperation with the developmental electrodes (not shown) serves to form a powder cloud innip 82 between thedonor roll 80 and thesurface 12 of thephotoconductive valve 10. Thedonor roll 80 is made to exacting tolerances and may be made of a material difficult to machine, for example, a ceramic material. It should be appreciated that while thedonor roll 80 is a exemplary workpiece to be machined utilizing the non-contact support of the present invention, any workpiece which deflects during the machining process may benefit from the use of the present invention herein. - Referring now to FIG. 1,
support 100 according to the present invention, is shown installed inmachine 102. Themachine 102 may be any machine tool capable of removing material from a cylindrical workpiece. Typically themachine 102 is in the form of a lathe, for example, a CNC lathe, or in the form of a grinding machine. As shown in FIG. 1, themachine 102 is a grinding machine. When themachine 102 is a grinding machine, it may be either a center-type or a centerless grinder. As shown in FIG. 1, themachine 102 is a center-type grinder. - The
support 100 is utilized to support a workpiece, for example, roll 80. - The
roll 80 is supported in the grindingmachine 102 by aheadstock 104 and atailstock 106.Centers 108 extend outwardly from theheadstock 104 and thetailstock 106 and engage withchamfers 110 located onfirst end 112 andsecond end 114 of theworkpiece 80. Aheadstock motor 116 is used to rotate theheadstock 104, which in turn rotates theworkpiece 80 in the direction ofarrow 118. - The
machine 102 includes atool 120 for removing material from theroll 80. As shown in FIG. 1, thetool 120 is in the form of a grinding wheel. As shown in FIG. 1, thegrinding wheel 120 has a generally cylindrical shape and includes anouter periphery 122, which contacts outer periphery 124 of theroll 80. It should be appreciated, however, that thetool 120 may be any tool capable of removing material from a workpiece. For example, thetool 120 may be in the form of a high speed steel or carbide cutting tool. - The
grinding wheel 120 is preferably mounted to awheelhead 126 by anarbor 128 secured to thewheel 120. Thearbor 128 rotates aboutbearings 130 located in thewheelhead 126. Thearbor 128 is rotated by awheelhead motor 132 connected to thewheelhead 126. Thewheelhead 126 is adapted to move in the direction ofarrow 134 thereby advancing thegrinding wheel 120 into contact with periphery 124 of theroll 80. - While the
tool 120 may have a wheel width WW that is similar to the length L of theroll 80, preferably, thetool 120 has a width WW which is significantly less than the length L of theroll 80. Since the width of thewheel 120 is less than the length of theworkpiece 80, thewheelhead 126 preferably moves in the direction ofarrows - According to the present invention, the
support 100 is adapted for use in themachine 102 and is adapted to received fluid 140 from afluid source 142. Thesupport 100 may have any suitable shape and configuration capable of transmitting the fluid 120 toward the periphery 124 of theroll 182 support theroll 80. Thesupport 100 includes abody 144 that defines achamber 146 within thebody 144. Thesupport 100 further includes aninlet 148 that is operably associated with thebody 144. Theinlet 148 is in communication with thechamber 146. Theinlet 148 is adapted for communication with thefluid source 142. Thesupport 100 also includes anoutlet 150. Theoutlet 150 is operably associated with thebody 144 and is in communication with thechamber 146. Theoutlet 150 is adapted to provide astream 152 offluid 140 for supporting the workpiece or roll 80.Stream 152 offluid 140 from theoutlet 150 provides a force in the direction ofarrow 154 in a direction opposed to a force in the direction ofarrow 134 caused by the grinding of theroll 80 by thetool 120. - While the invention may be practiced with a
support 100 including only a solitary outlet providing a stream in the direction ofarrow 154, preferably, thesupport 100 includes additional outlets to assist in stabilizing theroll 80 and to provide additional coolant to the grinding of the roll by thegrinding wheel 120. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, thesupport 100 may further include, in addition tofirst outlet 150, a second outlet 156 positioned vertically above theroll 80, as well as athird outlet 158 positioned vertically below theroll 80. - While it should be appreciated that the
first outlet 150, the second outlet 156, and thethird outlet 158 may all be interconnected by, for example, thechamber 146 toinlet 148, preferably, each of thefirst outlet 150, the second outlet 156, and thethird outlet 158 are each associated with a separate inlet. For example, thefirst outlet 150 is operably connected tofirst inlet 148. Second outlet 156 is similarly operably connected tosecond inlet 160 andthird outlet 158 is operably connected tothird inlet 162. - The fluid140 utilized in the
support 100 of the present invention, may be any fluid either in the form of a liquid or a gas that provides a non-contact support to theworkpiece 80. For example, the fluid 140 may be a liquid, for example water or oil, or may be in the form of a gas, for example a compressed gas or compressed air. For simplicity, the fluid 140 may be in the form of a coolant utilized to cool thegrinding wheel 120. For example, the fluid 140 may be a cutting oil or a water based grinding wheel coolant. Typically, the fluid 140 is in the form of a water based grinding wheel coolant. - The
fluid 140 may be delivered to thesupport 140 through a series ofconduits 164. Theconduits 164 may include amain conduit 166 that is connected to thefluid source 142. Themain conduit 164 is, as shown in FIG. 1, also connected tofirst conduit 168,second conduit 170 andthird conduit 172. - The
fluid source 142 may be any suitable fluid source capable of providing a fluid flow to thesupport 100. Typically thefluid source 142 is in the form of a fluid pump, for example a coolant pump. For simplicity, thecoolant pump 142 may be the coolant pump that is utilized with themachine 102 for cooling thetool 120 and theworkpiece 80. - The
coolant pump 142 may be of any configuration capable of providing sufficient fluid flow for the operation of thesupport 100 according to the present invention. Applicants have found that a coolant pump capable of delivering 60 gallons per minute of coolant flow is sufficient for providing support for thedonor roll 80 as show in FIG. 9. - Preferably, to balance the force of the flow from the fluid source through the
support 100 with the grinding wheel force from thegrinding wheel 120 upon theroll 80, preferably, the flow of fluid from thefluid source 142 is preferably controlled by avalve 174 in fluid communication with theinlet 148 for controlling the flow of fluid through theoutlet 150. While a solitaryfirst valve 174 may be sufficient to control the flow of fluid from thefluid source 142 to thesupport 100, preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, when utilizing a plurality of conduits and associated outlets, thesupport 100 utilizes, in addition tofirst valve 174, asecond valve 176 positioned insecond conduit 170 and athird valve 178 positioned inthird conduit 172. By providing thefirst valve 174, thesecond valve 176 and thethird valve 178, the flow from thefirst outlet 150 as well as the second outlet 156 and thethird outlet 158 can be independently adjusted to provide for optimum support of theroll 80. - The
body 144 of thesupport 100 is mounted to themachine 102 by any suitable method. Thebody 144 may be mounted to frame 180 of themachine 102 to which theheadstock 104 andtailstock 106 are mounted or, preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, thebody 144 of thesupport 100 is fixedly mounted to wheelhead 126 bysupport bracket 182. - As shown in FIG. 1, since the
body 144 of thesupport 100 is fixed to thewheelhead 126, thesupport 100 moves with thegrinding wheel 120 in the directions ofarrows support 100 provides support for theroll 80 at a position opposed to thegrinding wheel 120 throughout the grinding process. - Alternatively, to further balance the support provided by the
fluid source 142 with the grinding force from thegrinding wheel 120, thesupport 100 may further include afeedback system 184. Thefeedback system 184 is utilized to provide a closed loop control of the fluid flow provided by thefluid source 142. Thefeedback system 184 includes asensor 186 operably associated with themachine 102 which, for example, measures the force applied by thegrinding wheel 120 onto theroll 80 as, for example, felt at thetailstock 106. Thefeedback system 184 further includes afeedback system controller 190, which is operably associated with thesupport 100. Thefeedback system controller 190 receives asignal 192 throughconduit 188 from thesensor 186, which is indicative of the force supplied by thegrinding wheel 120 onto theroll 80. Thecontroller 190 sends asignal 194 throughconduit 196 to thefirst valve 174 indicative of the flow of fluid through thefirst outlet 150 necessary to counteract the force applied by thegrinding wheel 120 onto theroll 80. - Referring now to FIG. 2, the
support 100 is shown in greater detail. As shown in FIG. 2, thebody 144 includes threeapertures 200 in thebody 144 as well as opening 202 that form thechamber 146. - While the inlets and outlets associated with the
body 144 may have any suitable form, preferably as shown in FIG. 2, theinlets body 144 and are defined by theapertures 200. Theconduits body 144 in any suitable fashion, for example by pipe threads (not shown). - The
outlets body 144 or as shown in FIG. 2, be in the form of nozzles. As shown in FIG. 2, thenozzles body 144 in a direction parallel with thelongitudinal axis 204 of theroll 80. As shown in FIG. 2, thenozzles body 144 by gibs 206 located on the outer periphery of thenozzles - Referring now to FIG. 3, the
body 144 of thesupport 100 includes the centrally locatedinlets Apertures 200 within thebody 144 define theinlets - Referring again to FIG. 2, the
body 144, preferably closely conforms with theroll 80 so as to assure that sufficient fluid remains in communication with the roll during the machining of the roll. Theopening 202 formed in thebody 144 thus preferably is defined by a body diameter BD which is concentric withaxis 204 of theroll 80. For example, for a roll having a roll diameter RD of, for example 1.2 inches, the body diameter BD is, for example 1.4 inches. By utilizingnozzles body 144, replaceable nozzles may be utilized for different diameter rolls. It should be appreciated that the body diameter BD becomes increasingly larger than the roll diameter RD, roll diameters of smaller and larger size than theroll 80 may be accommodated by merely changing the thickness T of theoutlets - To provide optimum force for a minimum flow of fluid through the
support 100, preferably, thenozzles roll 80. For example, thenozzles - Referring now to FIGS. 6 and 7,
nozzle 148 is shown in greater detail. Whilenozzles nozzles 156 and 158 are preferably identical tonozzle 148. (See FIG. 2). While the invention may be practiced utilizing asupport 100 with nozzles having a solitary aperture associated with each nozzle, preferably, thenozzle 148 includes a plurality ofnozzle apertures 206. - By utilizing a plurality of
apertures 206, thenozzle 148 may for a given flow rate be positioned more closely to theroll 80 thereby increasing the force that the fluid applies to theroll 80. Further, by reducing the size of theapertures 206, the velocity of the fluid through thenozzle 148 may be increased thereby increasing the force of thenozzle 148. - While the invention may be practiced with any number of
apertures 206, applicants have found that a quantity of nine apertures per nozzle is sufficient for the operation. To support aceramic roll 80 during the grinding thereof, applicants have found thatapertures 206 with a diameter AD of, for example 3.175 millimeters spaced approximately a distance NS of approximately 5 millimeters, to be sufficient to support theroll 80. - Referring now to FIGS. 4 and 5, an
endplate 210 is shown for restraining the sliding motion of thenozzles nozzles body 144 in any suitable fashion, for example, by gluing or interference fitting, for simplicity and for ease of changing the nozzles anendplate 210 is positioned on each of the two faces 212 of the body 144 (see FIG. 3). - The force provided by a flow of fluid against the roll may be described utilizing Newton's Second Law as described in the following equation:
- F=p×Q×ΔV
- where:
- ρ=density of water
- Q=volume flow rate, and
- ΔV=the change in velocity of the fluid as it strikes the roll.
- Q may be further defined by the following formula:
- Q=a×V
- where:
- a=cross sectional area of the nozzle aperture
- V=the velocity of the fluid
- a may be further defined by the following formula:
- a=ΠD 2/4
- Where:
- D=diameter of the nozzle
- By utilizing the above equations, it can readily be seen that the force required to overcome the grinding force may be accomplished by utilizing a fluid with a sufficient flow rate.
- By providing a fluid supporting non-contact work support burnishing marks on the workpiece are eliminated.
- By providing a non-contact fluid steady rest, the possibility of embedding material into the workpiece during support is eliminated.
- By providing a non-contact work support that moves with the grinding wheel, the work support force is applied only where needed.
- By providing a non-contact fluid work support, setup time for the changeovers for one workpiece to a different workpiece is reduced.
- By providing a non-contact work support that closely conforms with the grinding wheel, improved cooling of the grinding wheel is accomplished.
- By providing for a non-contact work support, room is available at the tool for use of an in-process gauge.
- By providing a non-contact fluid work support, the workpiece is better supported providing for deeper cuts and faster feeds which results in reduced machining times.
- By providing for a fluid work support with removable nozzles, a variety of workpieces can be supported with a common non-contact work support.
- By providing a non-contact work support with a feedback control system for optimizing the fluid flow upon the workpiece, deflection and chatter from the machining process may be reduced.
- While this invention has been described in conjunction with various embodiments, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variations as fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.
Claims (20)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/850,426 US6450865B2 (en) | 1998-09-02 | 2001-05-07 | Non-contact support for cylindrical machining |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/146,207 US6273785B1 (en) | 1998-09-02 | 1998-09-02 | Non-contact support for cyclindrical machining |
US09/850,426 US6450865B2 (en) | 1998-09-02 | 2001-05-07 | Non-contact support for cylindrical machining |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US09/146,207 Division US6273785B1 (en) | 1998-09-02 | 1998-09-02 | Non-contact support for cyclindrical machining |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20010018323A1 true US20010018323A1 (en) | 2001-08-30 |
US6450865B2 US6450865B2 (en) | 2002-09-17 |
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ID=22516287
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US09/146,207 Expired - Lifetime US6273785B1 (en) | 1998-09-02 | 1998-09-02 | Non-contact support for cyclindrical machining |
US09/850,426 Expired - Lifetime US6450865B2 (en) | 1998-09-02 | 2001-05-07 | Non-contact support for cylindrical machining |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US09/146,207 Expired - Lifetime US6273785B1 (en) | 1998-09-02 | 1998-09-02 | Non-contact support for cyclindrical machining |
Country Status (1)
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US (2) | US6273785B1 (en) |
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US20040198184A1 (en) * | 2001-08-24 | 2004-10-07 | Joslyn Michael J | Planarizing machines and methods for dispensing planarizing solutions in the processing of microelectronic workpieces |
US20080248729A1 (en) * | 2007-04-04 | 2008-10-09 | Fisba Optik Ag | Method and Apparatus for Manufacturing Optical Elements |
US20080289463A1 (en) * | 2007-05-26 | 2008-11-27 | Fritz Rehm | Steady rest |
US7708622B2 (en) | 2003-02-11 | 2010-05-04 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Apparatuses and methods for conditioning polishing pads used in polishing micro-device workpieces |
US20160332270A1 (en) * | 2015-05-12 | 2016-11-17 | Smw-Autoblok Spannsysteme Gmbh | Steady rest |
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WO2000050841A1 (en) * | 1999-02-22 | 2000-08-31 | Obschestvo S Ogranichennoi Otvetstvennostiju 'tekhnomash' | Method and device for measuring the inclinations of the geometrical shape of a cylindrical part, correction steady and variants |
JP2003245855A (en) * | 2001-12-17 | 2003-09-02 | Seiko Instruments Inc | Center support grinding method, center support grinding machine, and centering method for machine |
US7125319B2 (en) * | 2003-10-27 | 2006-10-24 | Corning Incorporated | Apparatus and method for grinding and/or polishing an edge of a glass sheet |
JP4819426B2 (en) * | 2005-07-12 | 2011-11-24 | 株式会社リコー | Image forming apparatus |
DE102005035581A1 (en) * | 2005-07-29 | 2007-02-01 | Rosink Gmbh + Co. Kg Maschinenfabrik | Device for grinding spinning cylinders |
US20070138228A1 (en) * | 2005-12-16 | 2007-06-21 | Brown James W | Method and apparatus for finishing a glass sheet |
US7739931B2 (en) * | 2006-07-31 | 2010-06-22 | Xerox Corporation | Tool bit with multiple cutting tips |
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US7677954B2 (en) * | 2007-05-21 | 2010-03-16 | Hall David R | O.D. centerless grinding machine |
DE102007031512B4 (en) * | 2007-07-06 | 2013-01-31 | Erwin Junker Maschinenfabrik Gmbh | Method for supporting and dynamically centering a rotating workpiece |
US8474140B2 (en) * | 2008-04-29 | 2013-07-02 | Caterpillar Inc. | High precision grinding and remanufacturing of machine components |
IT1403603B1 (en) * | 2010-12-22 | 2013-10-31 | Tenova Spa | IMPROVED GRINDING MACHINE AND GRINDING METHOD |
DE102012223276B4 (en) * | 2012-12-14 | 2015-09-03 | Erwin Junker Grinding Technology A.S. | METHOD AND CIRCULAR GRINDING MACHINE FOR TIP-FREE CIRCULAR GRINDING |
US9498865B2 (en) * | 2013-12-27 | 2016-11-22 | United Technologies Corporation | System and methods for rough grinding |
CN103659484A (en) * | 2014-01-14 | 2014-03-26 | 陕西飞机工业(集团)有限公司 | Generatrix grinding method for slender shaft parts |
DE102014212682A1 (en) * | 2014-07-01 | 2016-01-07 | Trumpf Werkzeugmaschinen Gmbh + Co. Kg | Method and device for determining a type of material and / or a surface finish of a workpiece |
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US5237780A (en) | 1992-02-04 | 1993-08-24 | Arobotech Systems, Inc. | Steady rest with internal centerline adjustment |
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Cited By (9)
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US20040198184A1 (en) * | 2001-08-24 | 2004-10-07 | Joslyn Michael J | Planarizing machines and methods for dispensing planarizing solutions in the processing of microelectronic workpieces |
US7708622B2 (en) | 2003-02-11 | 2010-05-04 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Apparatuses and methods for conditioning polishing pads used in polishing micro-device workpieces |
US7997958B2 (en) | 2003-02-11 | 2011-08-16 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Apparatuses and methods for conditioning polishing pads used in polishing micro-device workpieces |
US20080248729A1 (en) * | 2007-04-04 | 2008-10-09 | Fisba Optik Ag | Method and Apparatus for Manufacturing Optical Elements |
US7987015B2 (en) * | 2007-04-04 | 2011-07-26 | Fisba Optik Ag | Method and apparatus for manufacturing optical elements |
US20080289463A1 (en) * | 2007-05-26 | 2008-11-27 | Fritz Rehm | Steady rest |
US8266992B2 (en) * | 2007-05-26 | 2012-09-18 | Smw-Autoblok Spannsysteme Gmbh | Steady rest |
US20160332270A1 (en) * | 2015-05-12 | 2016-11-17 | Smw-Autoblok Spannsysteme Gmbh | Steady rest |
US9937596B2 (en) * | 2015-05-12 | 2018-04-10 | Smw-Autoblok Spannsysteme Gmbh | Steady rest |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US6273785B1 (en) | 2001-08-14 |
US6450865B2 (en) | 2002-09-17 |
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