US20010041460A1 - Method of depositing dielectric - Google Patents

Method of depositing dielectric Download PDF

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US20010041460A1
US20010041460A1 US09/832,942 US83294201A US2001041460A1 US 20010041460 A1 US20010041460 A1 US 20010041460A1 US 83294201 A US83294201 A US 83294201A US 2001041460 A1 US2001041460 A1 US 2001041460A1
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dielectric
support
deposited
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biased
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Claire Wiggins
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Aviza Europe Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
    • H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic System or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
    • H01L21/20—Deposition of semiconductor materials on a substrate, e.g. epitaxial growth solid phase epitaxy
    • H01L21/203—Deposition of semiconductor materials on a substrate, e.g. epitaxial growth solid phase epitaxy using physical deposition, e.g. vacuum deposition, sputtering
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
    • C23C14/0021—Reactive sputtering or evaporation
    • C23C14/0036—Reactive sputtering
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02104—Forming layers
    • H01L21/02107—Forming insulating materials on a substrate
    • H01L21/02225—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer
    • H01L21/0226—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process
    • H01L21/02263—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process deposition from the gas or vapour phase
    • H01L21/02266—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process deposition from the gas or vapour phase deposition by physical ablation of a target, e.g. sputtering, reactive sputtering, physical vapour deposition or pulsed laser deposition
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
    • C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
    • C23C14/08—Oxides
    • C23C14/083—Oxides of refractory metals or yttrium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
    • C23C14/58—After-treatment
    • C23C14/5826—Treatment with charged particles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
    • C23C14/58—After-treatment
    • C23C14/5846—Reactive treatment
    • C23C14/5853—Oxidation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G4/00—Fixed capacitors; Processes of their manufacture
    • H01G4/002—Details
    • H01G4/018—Dielectrics
    • H01G4/06—Solid dielectrics
    • H01G4/08—Inorganic dielectrics
    • H01G4/12—Ceramic dielectrics
    • H01G4/1209—Ceramic dielectrics characterised by the ceramic dielectric material
    • H01G4/1254—Ceramic dielectrics characterised by the ceramic dielectric material based on niobium or tungsteen, tantalum oxides or niobates, tantalates
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02104—Forming layers
    • H01L21/02107—Forming insulating materials on a substrate
    • H01L21/02109—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates
    • H01L21/02112—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer
    • H01L21/02172—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing at least one metal element, e.g. metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal oxynitrides or metal carbides
    • H01L21/02175—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing at least one metal element, e.g. metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal oxynitrides or metal carbides characterised by the metal
    • H01L21/02183—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing at least one metal element, e.g. metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal oxynitrides or metal carbides characterised by the metal the material containing tantalum, e.g. Ta2O5
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02104—Forming layers
    • H01L21/02107—Forming insulating materials on a substrate
    • H01L21/02296—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer
    • H01L21/02318—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer post-treatment
    • H01L21/02321—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer post-treatment introduction of substances into an already existing insulating layer
    • H01L21/02323—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer post-treatment introduction of substances into an already existing insulating layer introduction of oxygen
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02104—Forming layers
    • H01L21/02107—Forming insulating materials on a substrate
    • H01L21/02296—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer
    • H01L21/02318—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer post-treatment
    • H01L21/02337—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer post-treatment treatment by exposure to a gas or vapour
    • H01L21/0234—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer post-treatment treatment by exposure to a gas or vapour treatment by exposure to a plasma
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
    • H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic System or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
    • H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
    • H01L21/31—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to form insulating layers thereon, e.g. for masking or by using photolithographic techniques; After treatment of these layers; Selection of materials for these layers
    • H01L21/314—Inorganic layers
    • H01L21/316—Inorganic layers composed of oxides or glassy oxides or oxide based glass
    • H01L21/31604—Deposition from a gas or vapour

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a method of depositing dielectric on a semiconductor substrate to form part of a capacitor.
  • Tantalum Pentoxide Ti 2 O 5
  • This material can be deposited by various chemical and physical means, but the most convenient for semiconductor work is active visual vapour deposition. This process is well known in general and is for example described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,111,355.
  • Tantalum is one of a class of materials in which the oxide forms on the surface of the metal target and is sputtered from the target, in contrast to other reactive processes where the oxide or nitride is formed in flight or on the surface of the substrate. Possibly because of this factor problems can arise from a relatively high leakage current through the deposited layer. As will be seen in U.S. Pat. No. 5,872,696 it is thought that this is in part due to pin holes and in part due to the presence of un-oxidised Tantalum atoms within the layer linking to form a leakage path. In that Patent a reduction of the leakage current is achieved by further anodisation of the Tantalum Pentoxide.
  • the present invention consists in a method of depositing dielectric on a semiconductor substrate on a support to form part of a capacitor including reactive sputtering the metal oxide layer from a target of the metal onto the substrate characterised in that the support is bias to induce a DC voltage across the deposited dielectric as it forms.
  • the induced voltage may be in the range of 200-300 volts and to achieve this the support may be bias by means of an RF or pulse DC power supply.
  • the target may also be bias by an RV or pulse DC power supply, the pulsed supply is preferred.
  • the method may further include the step of plasma oxidation of the deposited oxide after or during deposition.
  • the dielectric layer may be deposited on the first electrode and discrete second electrodes may be deposited on the upper surface to define a plurality of capacitors.
  • the area of each second electrode may be less than 0.01 cm 2 and capacitors have been formed with second electrode areas of 0.008 cm 2 .
  • the metal oxide is Tantalum Pentoxide, but it is believed that the method will show improvements with any metal oxide which is reactive sputtered from the target.
  • first electrode 10 (typically of Titanium Nitride) onto the surface of a substrate 11 and onto this they reactively sputter Tantalum Pentoxide 12 to form a dielectric layer.
  • Second electrodes are then formed by depositing dots 13 of Titanium Nitride through an aperture mask. Each dot then defines a single capacitor formed by the respective dot 13 the underlying area of the first electrode 10 and the intermediate portion of dielectric 12 .
  • Dielectric Ta 2 O 5 generally 100 ⁇ to 100 ⁇ thick, typically 500 ⁇ through different applications may require 1 micron thickness and the result reported below was for 100 ⁇ . In general thinner layers are preferred.
  • Wafer size 150 mm silicon
  • the capacitance dots 13 were probed under the application of 5 volts and the leakage current measured.
  • the batch of capacitors which had been formed without biasing the support had a leakage current >1 ⁇ 6 amps whereas those formed under the bias conditions had a leakage current of ⁇ 1 ⁇ 8 amps.
  • the thickness of the Tantalum Pentoxide was 100 ⁇ .

Abstract

This invention relates to a method of depositing dielectric on a semiconductor substrate to form part of a capacitor. The method includes reactive sputtering a metal oxide layer from a target of metal onto the substrate wherein the support is biased to induce a DC voltage across the depositing dielectric as it forms. The voltage may be in the range of 200-300V.

Description

  • This invention relates to a method of depositing dielectric on a semiconductor substrate to form part of a capacitor. [0001]
  • In order to reduce the size of capacitors required in semiconductor devices the industry is moving towards the use of high dielectric constant (k) materials. One particular favoured material is Tantalum Pentoxide (Ta[0002] 2O5) is a particularly promising candidate with a dielectric constant of about 25. This material can be deposited by various chemical and physical means, but the most convenient for semiconductor work is active visual vapour deposition. This process is well known in general and is for example described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,111,355. From this it will be seen that Tantalum is one of a class of materials in which the oxide forms on the surface of the metal target and is sputtered from the target, in contrast to other reactive processes where the oxide or nitride is formed in flight or on the surface of the substrate. Possibly because of this factor problems can arise from a relatively high leakage current through the deposited layer. As will be seen in U.S. Pat. No. 5,872,696 it is thought that this is in part due to pin holes and in part due to the presence of un-oxidised Tantalum atoms within the layer linking to form a leakage path. In that Patent a reduction of the leakage current is achieved by further anodisation of the Tantalum Pentoxide. This reduces the pinholes and/or the conductive paths sufficiently to allow large area capacitors to be formed. However, with small area capacitors relatively high leakage currents (of the order of >1−6 amps when 5 volts is applied against a layer of 100 Å thickness of Tantalum Pentoxide).
  • The present invention consists in a method of depositing dielectric on a semiconductor substrate on a support to form part of a capacitor including reactive sputtering the metal oxide layer from a target of the metal onto the substrate characterised in that the support is bias to induce a DC voltage across the deposited dielectric as it forms. [0003]
  • The induced voltage may be in the range of 200-300 volts and to achieve this the support may be bias by means of an RF or pulse DC power supply. The target may also be bias by an RV or pulse DC power supply, the pulsed supply is preferred. [0004]
  • The method may further include the step of plasma oxidation of the deposited oxide after or during deposition. [0005]
  • The dielectric layer may be deposited on the first electrode and discrete second electrodes may be deposited on the upper surface to define a plurality of capacitors. The area of each second electrode may be less than 0.01 cm[0006] 2 and capacitors have been formed with second electrode areas of 0.008 cm2.
  • In a preferred embodiment the metal oxide is Tantalum Pentoxide, but it is believed that the method will show improvements with any metal oxide which is reactive sputtered from the target. [0007]
  • Although the invention has been defined above it is to be understood it includes any inventive combination of the features set out above or in the following description.[0008]
  • The invention may be performed in various ways and a specific embodiment will now be described, by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawing which is a schematic cross-section through an array of capacitors formed in accordance with the invention. [0009]
  • The process of reactive sputtering is well known and is, for example, described at pages 48 to 53, pages 107 to 109 in Thin Film Processes edited by John L. Vossen and Werner Kern and published 1978 by Academic Press, Inc. This disclosure is herein incorporated by reference. As has already been mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,872,696 specifically describes the reactive sputtering of Tantalum Pentoxide. [0010]
  • As can be seen in the FIGURE the Applicants deposit a [0011] first electrode 10, (typically of Titanium Nitride) onto the surface of a substrate 11 and onto this they reactively sputter Tantalum Pentoxide 12 to form a dielectric layer. Second electrodes are then formed by depositing dots 13 of Titanium Nitride through an aperture mask. Each dot then defines a single capacitor formed by the respective dot 13 the underlying area of the first electrode 10 and the intermediate portion of dielectric 12.
  • In the Applicants set up the target electrode for the reactive deposition was powered by pulsed DC. [0012]
  • Two experiments were then run on identical (“same lot”) wafers using the following conditions except that in one part of the experiment the support on which the substrate sits was not biased, whereas in the second experiment it was biased as indicated: [0013]
  • Test Structure [0014]
  • Lower electrode TiN [0015]
  • Dielectric Ta[0016] 2O5 generally 100 Å to 100 Å thick, typically 500 Å through different applications may require 1 micron thickness and the result reported below was for 100 Å. In general thinner layers are preferred.
  • Upper electrode For testing of the dielectric a TiN layer is deposited through an aperture mask to define capacitance dots of area 0.008 cm[0017] 2.
  • Experimental Process [0018]
  • Reactive Deposition of 600 Å Tantalum Pentoxide Target power 2 kw DC, pulsed at 1000 kHz with a pulse width of 4000 nanoseconds [0019]
    Argon flow 50 sccm
    Oxygen flow 40 sccm
    Platen temperature 300° C.
  • Platen bias power 600 W 13.65 mhz RF inducing 270 v dc bias [0020]
  • Process time 150 seconds [0021]
  • Wafer size: 150 mm silicon [0022]
  • Plasma Oxidation of the Tantalum Pentoxide Deposited as above [0023]
  • Oxygen flow 200 sccm [0024]
  • Inductive coil power 500 watts, ‘soft started’ at 400 watts then increased 1 minute process Power density is an important characteristic and for different size wafers and chambers other power levels would be appropriate and can be determined experimentally. [0025]
  • The [0026] capacitance dots 13 were probed under the application of 5 volts and the leakage current measured. The batch of capacitors which had been formed without biasing the support had a leakage current >1−6 amps whereas those formed under the bias conditions had a leakage current of <1−8 amps. In each case the thickness of the Tantalum Pentoxide was 100 Å.
  • It will be noted that in each case the anodising step of U.S. Pat. No. 5,872,696 was carried out, but the leakage current was substantially improved under bias conditions. This strongly suggests that quite a different process is occurring in the Applicants invention and it is believed that this may result in an improved density in the deposited layer. It will be appreciated that the orders of magnitude improvement in leakage current means that the Applicants have found a way of significantly improving the performance of capacitors of this type. [0027]

Claims (8)

1. A method of depositing dielectric on a semiconductor substrate on a support to form part of a capacitor including reactive sputtering a metal oxide layer from a target of the metal onto the substrate characterised in that the support is biased to induce a DC voltage across the depositing dielectric as it forms.
2. A method as claimed in
claim 1
 wherein the induced voltage is in the range 200 to 300 volts.
3. A method as claimed in
claim 1
 or
claim 2
 wherein the support is biased by means of an RF or pulsed DC power supply.
4. A method as claimed in
claim 1
 wherein the target is biased by an RF or pulsed DC power supply.
5. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims further including plasma oxidation of the oxide after or during deposition.
6. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the dielectric is deposited on a first electrode and discrete second electrodes are deposited on the upper surface to define a plurality of capacitors.
7. A method as claimed in
claim 6
 wherein the area of each second electrode is less than 0.01 cm2.
8. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the metal oxide is Tantalum Pentoxide.
US09/832,942 2000-04-14 2001-04-12 Method of depositing dielectric Abandoned US20010041460A1 (en)

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WO2004106582A3 (en) * 2003-05-23 2005-04-07 Symmorphix Inc Physical vapor deposition of titanium-based films
US7826702B2 (en) 2002-08-27 2010-11-02 Springworks, Llc Optically coupling into highly uniform waveguides
US7838133B2 (en) 2005-09-02 2010-11-23 Springworks, Llc Deposition of perovskite and other compound ceramic films for dielectric applications
US7959769B2 (en) 2004-12-08 2011-06-14 Infinite Power Solutions, Inc. Deposition of LiCoO2
US7993773B2 (en) 2002-08-09 2011-08-09 Infinite Power Solutions, Inc. Electrochemical apparatus with barrier layer protected substrate
US8021778B2 (en) 2002-08-09 2011-09-20 Infinite Power Solutions, Inc. Electrochemical apparatus with barrier layer protected substrate
US8045832B2 (en) 2002-03-16 2011-10-25 Springworks, Llc Mode size converter for a planar waveguide
US8062708B2 (en) 2006-09-29 2011-11-22 Infinite Power Solutions, Inc. Masking of and material constraint for depositing battery layers on flexible substrates
US8105466B2 (en) 2002-03-16 2012-01-31 Springworks, Llc Biased pulse DC reactive sputtering of oxide films
US8197781B2 (en) 2006-11-07 2012-06-12 Infinite Power Solutions, Inc. Sputtering target of Li3PO4 and method for producing same
US8236443B2 (en) 2002-08-09 2012-08-07 Infinite Power Solutions, Inc. Metal film encapsulation
US8260203B2 (en) 2008-09-12 2012-09-04 Infinite Power Solutions, Inc. Energy device with integral conductive surface for data communication via electromagnetic energy and method thereof
US8268488B2 (en) 2007-12-21 2012-09-18 Infinite Power Solutions, Inc. Thin film electrolyte for thin film batteries
US8350519B2 (en) 2008-04-02 2013-01-08 Infinite Power Solutions, Inc Passive over/under voltage control and protection for energy storage devices associated with energy harvesting
US8394522B2 (en) 2002-08-09 2013-03-12 Infinite Power Solutions, Inc. Robust metal film encapsulation
US8404376B2 (en) 2002-08-09 2013-03-26 Infinite Power Solutions, Inc. Metal film encapsulation
US8431264B2 (en) 2002-08-09 2013-04-30 Infinite Power Solutions, Inc. Hybrid thin-film battery
US8445130B2 (en) 2002-08-09 2013-05-21 Infinite Power Solutions, Inc. Hybrid thin-film battery
US8508193B2 (en) 2008-10-08 2013-08-13 Infinite Power Solutions, Inc. Environmentally-powered wireless sensor module
US8518581B2 (en) 2008-01-11 2013-08-27 Inifinite Power Solutions, Inc. Thin film encapsulation for thin film batteries and other devices
US8599572B2 (en) 2009-09-01 2013-12-03 Infinite Power Solutions, Inc. Printed circuit board with integrated thin film battery
US8636876B2 (en) 2004-12-08 2014-01-28 R. Ernest Demaray Deposition of LiCoO2
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CN1326218A (en) 2001-12-12
US6936481B2 (en) 2005-08-30

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