US20030122535A1 - Method of using a heater with a fiber optic string in a wellbore - Google Patents
Method of using a heater with a fiber optic string in a wellbore Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20030122535A1 US20030122535A1 US10/323,267 US32326702A US2003122535A1 US 20030122535 A1 US20030122535 A1 US 20030122535A1 US 32326702 A US32326702 A US 32326702A US 2003122535 A1 US2003122535 A1 US 2003122535A1
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- wellbore
- heater cable
- temperature
- temperature sensor
- cable
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
- E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
- E21B43/2401—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection by means of electricity
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/06—Measuring temperature or pressure
- E21B47/07—Temperature
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/12—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling
- E21B47/13—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling by electromagnetic energy, e.g. radio frequency
- E21B47/135—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling by electromagnetic energy, e.g. radio frequency using light waves, e.g. infrared or ultraviolet waves
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
- G01F1/00—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
- G01F1/68—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by using thermal effects
- G01F1/684—Structural arrangements; Mounting of elements, e.g. in relation to fluid flow
- G01F1/688—Structural arrangements; Mounting of elements, e.g. in relation to fluid flow using a particular type of heating, cooling or sensing element
- G01F1/6884—Structural arrangements; Mounting of elements, e.g. in relation to fluid flow using a particular type of heating, cooling or sensing element making use of temperature dependence of optical properties
Definitions
- This invention relates to utilizing fiber optic sensor strings with heater cables for use in oil wells and more particularly for determining the flow of formation fluid into the wellbore and to control the operation of the heater cables for optimum operations.
- Heater cables are often used in wellbores to increase the temperature of the fluid in the wellbore to prevent the formation of paraffins and to prevent the oil from flocculating. Such phenomena cause at least some of the oil to become highly viscous, and often plugs the perforations. Such fluids can clog the electrical submersible pumps. Heater cables are also used to heat the formation surrounding the wellbores which contain heavy (highly viscous) oil to reduce the viscosity of such oil.
- the heater cable usually is a resistance heating element. High current supplied from the surface can heat the cable to a temperature substantially higher than the formation temperature. In ESP applications, a heater current may be deployed below the ESP. In other production wells, heater cable may be installed along any desired portion or segment of the wells. It is desirable to determine the fluid flow from various production zones along a wellbore and to monitor and control the temperature of the heater cable so as to heat the wellbore only as required for optimum recovery and to reduce power consumption.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,435,978 discloses a hot wire anemometer in which heat is supplied at a constant rate to a sensor element with fluid flowing past the element. The drop in temperature of the sensor element is used to give a measurement of the fluid flow. This method accurately measures the flow under a variety of flow conditions.
- U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 5,551,287 discloses a wireline device in which a hot film anemometer deployed on sensor pads measures the temperature of fluid entering the borehole. The fluid flowing past the sensor element produces a change in resistance that is used in a bridge circuit to give a measurement of temperature. This temperature measurement, when combined with a measurement of local ambient temperature, gives an indication of the rate of fluid flow into the borehole.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,621,929 discloses a fiber optic thermal anemometer using a sensor element with temperature sensitive optical properties.
- the present invention is an apparatus and method for monitoring the fluid flow from a producing well with a plurality of producing intervals.
- a cable that includes a number of fiber optic thermal anemometer sensors is deployed in the producing well with the sensors in the vicinity of the perforations in the casing or inlets from which fluid from the reservoirs enters the production casing.
- the present invention also provides temperature distribution along the heater cable length which information is utilized to control the operation of the heater cable.
- the present invention provides a heater cable that may be deployed in a wellbore to elevate the temperature of the wellbore above the temperature of the surrounding fluid and the formation.
- One or more fiber optic strings are included in or are carried by the heater cable.
- the heater cable carrying the fiber optics is placed along the desired length of the wellbore.
- At least one fiber optic string measures temperature of the heater cable at a plurality of spaced apart locations.
- Another string may be utilized to determine the temperature of the wellbore.
- the heater cable is heated above the temperature of the wellbore.
- the fluid flowing from the formation to the wellbore lowers the temperature of the cable at the inflow locations.
- the fiber optic string provides measurements of the temperature along the heater cable.
- the fluid flow is determined from the temperature profile of the heater cable provided by the fiber optic sensors.
- the temperature distribution along the heater cable is used to cntrol the operation of the heater cable to maintain the elevated temperature within desired limits.
- the heater cable may be selected turned on and turned off to provide only the desired amount of heat. This may be accomplished by selectively turning on and turning off the heater cable or by increasing and decreasing the electric power supplied as a function of the downhole measured temperatures.
- FIG. 1A shows a portion of a heater cable carrying fiber optic strings according to the present invention.
- FIG. 1B shows the cable of FIG. 1A deployed in a producing borehole that penetrates a number of reservoirs.
- FIG. 2 shows a heater cable deployed in a wellbore being controlled by a control unit as a function of the temperature measurements provided by the fiber optic sensors in the cable.
- FIG. 1A shows a portion of a cable 10 according to one embodiment of the present invention. It includes a heater cable 20 that carries electrical current and is used as a source of heat by means of uniformly dispersed resistive elements within a portion of the cable (not shown).
- the cable also includes a pair of fibers 30 a, 30 b for carrying optical signals down the borehole and back up the borehole and for measuring temperature at spaced locations along the fibers.
- FIG. 1B shows the cable 10 deployed in a producing borehole 50 that penetrates a number of reservoirs.
- three producing intervals 40 a, 40 b and 40 c are shown.
- each of the three producing intervals is assumed to have a uniform temperature of T 0 .
- each of the three producing intervals has a different rate of flow, denoted by Q 1 , Q 2 , Q 3 , of reservoir fluid into the producing well 50 .
- a plurality of fiber optic sensors, 60 a, 60 b, 60 c . . . 60 n in the cable 10 make continuous measurements of temperature at the respective locations.
- a control unit 60 To determine the flow rate from the various zones Q 1 -Q 3 , a control unit 60 provides power to the heater cable 20 , to cause it to heat the wellbore 50 to a temperature T 1 that is significantly higher than To.
- the fluid flowing from the zones 40 a - 40 e which causes the temperature of the heater cable 20 to drop at the flow locations.
- the greater the flow rate of fluid Q 1 past a sensor the greater the temperature of the sensor will drop from T 1 towards T 0 . Measurements of temperature of the sensor are used as an indication of the flow of the formation fluid into the wellbore 50 .
- the control unit 60 receives the signals from the fiber optic strings 30 a - 30 b and can be programmed to calculate the fluid flow from each zone.
- a log such as shown by the resultant log 70 may be continuously displayed and recorded by the control unit 60 .
- the log 70 shows a temperature profile along the well 50 .
- An example of the affect on the temperature curve 80 of the flow from zones Q 1 -Q 3 respectively is shown at locations 80 a - 80 c.
- FIG. 2 shows a heater cable 100 made according to the present invention, deployed or placed in a wellbore 110 having a casing 112 .
- the cable 100 includes one or more fiber optic string 120 adapted to measure temperature at spaced apart locations T 1 -Tn along a segment or portion of the cable 100 shown by the dotted line.
- the heater cable 100 is adapted to heat any desired segment of the cable.
- the heater cable herein is assumed to carry heating elements that heat the segment from T 1 -Tn.
- a power unit 130 supplies power to the heating element 111 .
- a control unit 140 controls the power unit 130 , and an optical energy and data unit 142 .
- the heater element 111 is heated to a predetermined temperature to enhance production flow to the surface.
- the fiber optic string continuously provides the temperature profile along the wellbore via sensor T 1 -Tn. If the temperature of the cable 100 in the wellbore is outside a predetermined norm, the control unit 140 adjusts the power to the cable 100 until the heater cable temperature provided by T 1 -Tn falls back in the desired limits.
- the control unit may be programmed to selectively turn on and turn off the heater cable to optimize the power consumption and to enhance the operating life of the heater cable.
- the heater cable 100 may be deployed below an electrical submersible pump (ESP) when used as shown in FIG. 2 and also above the ESP.
- ESP electrical submersible pump
- the temperature distribution T 1 -Tn along the heater cable is also useful in predicting heater cable 100 failures. It provides indication of hot spots in the heater cable and the efficiency of the cable corresponding to the input power.
Abstract
A heater cable is deployed in a well bore to elevate the temperature of the wellbore above the temperature of the surrounding fluid and the formation. One or more fiber optic strings are included in or carried by the heater cable which is placed along a desired length of the wellbore. At least one fiber optic string measures temperature of the heater cable at a plurality of spaced apart locations. Another string is utilized to determine the temperature of the wellbore. The heater cable is heated above the temperature of the well bore. The fluid flowing from the formation to the wellbore lowers the temperature of the cable at the inflow locations. The fiber optic string provides measurements of the temperature along the heater cable. The fluid flow is determined from the temperature profile of the heater cable provided by the fiber optic sensors.
Description
- This invention relates to utilizing fiber optic sensor strings with heater cables for use in oil wells and more particularly for determining the flow of formation fluid into the wellbore and to control the operation of the heater cables for optimum operations.
- Heater cables are often used in wellbores to increase the temperature of the fluid in the wellbore to prevent the formation of paraffins and to prevent the oil from flocculating. Such phenomena cause at least some of the oil to become highly viscous, and often plugs the perforations. Such fluids can clog the electrical submersible pumps. Heater cables are also used to heat the formation surrounding the wellbores which contain heavy (highly viscous) oil to reduce the viscosity of such oil.
- The heater cable usually is a resistance heating element. High current supplied from the surface can heat the cable to a temperature substantially higher than the formation temperature. In ESP applications, a heater current may be deployed below the ESP. In other production wells, heater cable may be installed along any desired portion or segment of the wells. It is desirable to determine the fluid flow from various production zones along a wellbore and to monitor and control the temperature of the heater cable so as to heat the wellbore only as required for optimum recovery and to reduce power consumption.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,435,978 discloses a hot wire anemometer in which heat is supplied at a constant rate to a sensor element with fluid flowing past the element. The drop in temperature of the sensor element is used to give a measurement of the fluid flow. This method accurately measures the flow under a variety of flow conditions.
- U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 5,551,287 discloses a wireline device in which a hot film anemometer deployed on sensor pads measures the temperature of fluid entering the borehole. The fluid flowing past the sensor element produces a change in resistance that is used in a bridge circuit to give a measurement of temperature. This temperature measurement, when combined with a measurement of local ambient temperature, gives an indication of the rate of fluid flow into the borehole. U.S. Pat. No. 4,621,929 discloses a fiber optic thermal anemometer using a sensor element with temperature sensitive optical properties.
- The present invention is an apparatus and method for monitoring the fluid flow from a producing well with a plurality of producing intervals. A cable that includes a number of fiber optic thermal anemometer sensors is deployed in the producing well with the sensors in the vicinity of the perforations in the casing or inlets from which fluid from the reservoirs enters the production casing. The present invention also provides temperature distribution along the heater cable length which information is utilized to control the operation of the heater cable.
- The present invention provides a heater cable that may be deployed in a wellbore to elevate the temperature of the wellbore above the temperature of the surrounding fluid and the formation. One or more fiber optic strings are included in or are carried by the heater cable. The heater cable carrying the fiber optics is placed along the desired length of the wellbore. At least one fiber optic string measures temperature of the heater cable at a plurality of spaced apart locations. Another string may be utilized to determine the temperature of the wellbore. In one aspect of this invention, the heater cable is heated above the temperature of the wellbore. The fluid flowing from the formation to the wellbore lowers the temperature of the cable at the inflow locations. The fiber optic string provides measurements of the temperature along the heater cable. The fluid flow is determined from the temperature profile of the heater cable provided by the fiber optic sensors. In another aspect of this invention, the temperature distribution along the heater cable is used to cntrol the operation of the heater cable to maintain the elevated temperature within desired limits. The heater cable may be selected turned on and turned off to provide only the desired amount of heat. This may be accomplished by selectively turning on and turning off the heater cable or by increasing and decreasing the electric power supplied as a function of the downhole measured temperatures.
- For detailed understanding of the present invention, references should be made to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like elements have been given like numerals, wherein:
- FIG. 1A shows a portion of a heater cable carrying fiber optic strings according to the present invention.
- FIG. 1B shows the cable of FIG. 1A deployed in a producing borehole that penetrates a number of reservoirs.
- FIG. 2 shows a heater cable deployed in a wellbore being controlled by a control unit as a function of the temperature measurements provided by the fiber optic sensors in the cable.
- FIG. 1A shows a portion of a
cable 10 according to one embodiment of the present invention. It includes aheater cable 20 that carries electrical current and is used as a source of heat by means of uniformly dispersed resistive elements within a portion of the cable (not shown). The cable also includes a pair offibers - FIG. 1B shows the
cable 10 deployed in a producingborehole 50 that penetrates a number of reservoirs. For illustrative purposes, three producingintervals cable 10 make continuous measurements of temperature at the respective locations. To determine the flow rate from the various zones Q1-Q3, acontrol unit 60 provides power to theheater cable 20, to cause it to heat thewellbore 50 to a temperature T1 that is significantly higher than To. The fluid flowing from the zones 40 a-40 e, which causes the temperature of theheater cable 20 to drop at the flow locations. Under these conditions, the greater the flow rate of fluid Q1 past a sensor, the greater the temperature of the sensor will drop from T1 towards T0. Measurements of temperature of the sensor are used as an indication of the flow of the formation fluid into thewellbore 50. - The
control unit 60 receives the signals from the fiber optic strings 30 a-30 b and can be programmed to calculate the fluid flow from each zone. A log such as shown by theresultant log 70 may be continuously displayed and recorded by thecontrol unit 60. Thelog 70 shows a temperature profile along thewell 50. An example of the affect on thetemperature curve 80 of the flow from zones Q1-Q3 respectively is shown atlocations 80 a-80 c. - FIG. 2 shows a
heater cable 100 made according to the present invention, deployed or placed in awellbore 110 having acasing 112. Thecable 100 includes one or morefiber optic string 120 adapted to measure temperature at spaced apart locations T1-Tn along a segment or portion of thecable 100 shown by the dotted line. Theheater cable 100 is adapted to heat any desired segment of the cable. For convenience, the heater cable herein is assumed to carry heating elements that heat the segment from T1-Tn. Apower unit 130 supplies power to theheating element 111. Acontrol unit 140 controls thepower unit 130, and an optical energy anddata unit 142. - The
heater element 111 is heated to a predetermined temperature to enhance production flow to the surface. The fiber optic string continuously provides the temperature profile along the wellbore via sensor T1-Tn. If the temperature of thecable 100 in the wellbore is outside a predetermined norm, thecontrol unit 140 adjusts the power to thecable 100 until the heater cable temperature provided by T1-Tn falls back in the desired limits. The control unit may be programmed to selectively turn on and turn off the heater cable to optimize the power consumption and to enhance the operating life of the heater cable. - The
heater cable 100 may be deployed below an electrical submersible pump (ESP) when used as shown in FIG. 2 and also above the ESP. The temperature distribution T1-Tn along the heater cable is also useful in predictingheater cable 100 failures. It provides indication of hot spots in the heater cable and the efficiency of the cable corresponding to the input power. - Since the current supplied to the
heater element 111 is the same, the heat generated by a uniform heater element will be uniform. The temperature distribution T1-Tn can thus provide indication of the quality of the heater cable's 110 performance. - While the foregoing disclosure is directed to the preferred embodiments of the invention, various modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. It is intended that all variations within the scope and spirit of the appended claims be embraced by the foregoing disclosure.
Claims (21)
1. A method for use in a wellbore, comprising:
providing a heater cable and a distributed temperature sensor;
placing the heater cable and the distributed temperature sensor in the wellbore;
heating the heater cable to a temperature above a temperature of the surrounding wellbore;
measuring a temperature profile along at least a segment of the wellbore by use of the distributed temperature sensor; and
determining a characteristic by using the temperature profile, the characteristic being associated with at least one of the wellbore and components deployed in the wellbore.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the providing step comprises providing the heater cable and the distributed temperature sensor in one bundle.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the distributed temperature sensor comprises at least one fiber optic string.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the placing step comprises placing the heater cable and the distributed temperature sensor along at least one formation of the wellbore.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the determining step comprises determining fluid flow from the formation into the wellbore by using the temperature profile.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the placing step comprises placing the heater cable and the distributed temperature sensor along a plurality of formations of the wellbore.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the determining step comprises determining the fluid flow from each of the formations into the wellbore by using the temperature profile.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising adjusting the heating level of the heater cable as a function of the temperature profile.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the determining step comprises determining whether the heater cable is performing within acceptable parameters by using the temperature profile.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the placing step comprises placing the heater cable and the distributed temperature sensor adjacent to each other in the wellbore.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the determining step comprises determining fluid flow along the wellbore.
12. A system for use in a wellbore, comprising:
a heater cable and a distributed temperature sensor deployed in the wellbore;
the heater cable adapted to be heated to a temperature above a temperature of the surrounding wellbore;
the distributed temperature sensor adapted to measure a temperature profile along at least a segment of the wellbore; and
wherein the temperature profile is used to determine a characteristic by using the temperature profile, the characteristic being associated with at least one of the wellbore and components deployed in the wellbore.
13. The system of claim 1 , wherein the heater cable and the distributed temperature sensor are packaged in one bundle.
14. The system of claim 1 , wherein the distributed temperature sensor comprises at least one fiber optic string.
15. The system of claim 1 , wherein the heater cable and the distributed temperature sensor are placed along at least one formation of the wellbore.
16. The system of claim 15 , wherein the temperature profile is used to determine fluid flow from the formation into the wellbore.
17. The system of claim 16 , wherein the heater cable and the distributed temperature sensor are placed along a plurality of formations of the wellbore.
18. The system of claim 17 , further comprising a control unit adapted to adjust the heating level of the heater cable as a function of the temperature profile.
19. The system of claim 1 , wherein the heating level of the heater cable is adjusted as a function of the temperature profile.
20. The system of claim 1 , wherein the temperature profile is used to determine whether the heater cable is performing within acceptable parameters.
21. The system of claim 20 , wherein the heater cable and the distributed temperature sensor are placed adjacent to each other in the wellbore.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US10/323,267 US6769805B2 (en) | 1998-08-25 | 2002-12-17 | Method of using a heater with a fiber optic string in a wellbore |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US9778398P | 1998-08-25 | 1998-08-25 | |
US09/763,542 US6636029B1 (en) | 1998-08-25 | 1999-08-20 | Device and method for creating one or more magnetic field gradients through a straight conductor |
US10/323,267 US6769805B2 (en) | 1998-08-25 | 2002-12-17 | Method of using a heater with a fiber optic string in a wellbore |
Related Parent Applications (3)
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US09/763,542 Division US6636029B1 (en) | 1998-08-25 | 1999-08-20 | Device and method for creating one or more magnetic field gradients through a straight conductor |
PCT/US1999/019781 Division WO2000011317A1 (en) | 1998-08-25 | 1999-08-25 | Method of using a heater with a fiber optic string in a wellbore |
US09/763,543 Division US6497279B1 (en) | 1998-08-25 | 1999-08-25 | Method of using a heater with a fiber optic string in a wellbore |
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US20030122535A1 true US20030122535A1 (en) | 2003-07-03 |
US6769805B2 US6769805B2 (en) | 2004-08-03 |
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