US20030132269A1 - Invar forming method for making tooling - Google Patents
Invar forming method for making tooling Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20030132269A1 US20030132269A1 US10/348,401 US34840103A US2003132269A1 US 20030132269 A1 US20030132269 A1 US 20030132269A1 US 34840103 A US34840103 A US 34840103A US 2003132269 A1 US2003132269 A1 US 2003132269A1
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- invar
- tool
- facesheet
- header
- placing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D26/00—Shaping without cutting otherwise than using rigid devices or tools or yieldable or resilient pads, i.e. applying fluid pressure or magnetic forces
- B21D26/02—Shaping without cutting otherwise than using rigid devices or tools or yieldable or resilient pads, i.e. applying fluid pressure or magnetic forces by applying fluid pressure
- B21D26/053—Shaping without cutting otherwise than using rigid devices or tools or yieldable or resilient pads, i.e. applying fluid pressure or magnetic forces by applying fluid pressure characterised by the material of the blanks
- B21D26/055—Blanks having super-plastic properties
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
- B23P15/24—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass dies
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49805—Shaping by direct application of fluent pressure
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
- Y10T29/49892—Joining plate edge perpendicularly to frame
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to Invar tool fabrication. More particularly, the invention relates to a method for fabricating an Invar tool including the step of superplastically forming an Invar facesheet to match or to approximate a predetermined contour of the tool.
- Invar 36 is a nickel-iron alloy that has a rate of thermal expansion that is approximately one-tenth that of carbon steel at temperatures up to 400 degrees F. Invar therefore has a particular attractiveness in fabricating tool components, including a header, which serves as a “frame” for a tool, and a facesheet, which is welded to the header.
- FIGS. 3 and 4 Several of our first approaches in developing the present invention were labor and material intensive.
- One such approach involved a stretch forming technique as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. Specifically, a stretch form die was fabricated to a predetermined contour, and the Invar facesheet was stretched over the die surface. We considered this forming process to be unsuccessful as it required a substantial amount of excess Invar material for the jaws of the stretch press which are used to grip the facesheet. As the amount of this excess Invar material was typically equal to the amount of material that was required to make the facesheet, and as the excess material could not be used as the part of the tool, the excess Invar material needed to be trimmed, which led to substantial waste.
- Another one of our approaches involved bump forming thick Invar material, and cutting the material to fit the tool in segments. Yet another one of our approaches included the use of castings. This approach, however, was very expensive due to the need to eliminate porosity. It is therefore desirable to provide a method and assembly for fabricating an Invar tool with reduced labor and material costs.
- a preferred method of the present invention for fabricating an Invar tool includes the step of providing a tool header defining a predetermined contour. An Invar facesheet is then superplastically formed to match, accurately or substantially, the predetermined contour of the tool header. Normally, the method further provides for welding the Invar facesheet to the tool header. Forming the Invar facesheet in this way results in less scrap, and therefore substantially reduces material costs. Forming the Invar facesheet in this way also leads to reduced labor costs.
- the present invention further provides an Invar tool.
- the Invar tool includes a tool header defining a predetermined contour, and one or more Invar facesheets welded to the tool header.
- the Invar facesheets are formed with an SPF diaphragm driver to substantially match the predetermined contour of the tool header.
- a method for molding parts on Invar tooling includes the step of making an Invar tooling surface from a sheet of Invar with SPF diaphragm forming. The sheet is placed on a tool header, and a part is formed against or on the tooling surface.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an Invar tool fabricated in accordance with the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a superplastically formed Invar facesheet in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an Invar tool fabricated in accordance with one of our first approaches in developing the present invention
- FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an Invar facesheet formed in accordance with one of our first approaches in developing the present invention
- FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective view of a superplastic forming assembly in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 6 a is a cross-sectional side view taken along lines 6 - 6 in FIG. 5 of a superplastic forming assembly before fabrication in accordance with the present invention
- FIG. 6 b is a cross-sectional side view taken along lines 6 - 6 in FIG. 5 of a superplastic forming assembly during fabrication in accordance with the present invention
- FIG. 6 c is a cross-sectional side view taken along lines 6 - 6 in FIG. 5 of a superplastic forming assembly after fabrication in accordance with the present invention
- FIG. 7 is an enlarged side view of area A shown in FIG. 6 c;
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional side view taken along lines 8 - 8 in FIG. 5 of a superplastic forming assembly in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a mold for a ceramic die in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a side view of a process for pouring a ceramic castable material into the mold shown in FIG. 9;
- FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a ceramic die loaded onto a press bed in accordance with the present invention.
- an Invar tool 20 fabricated in accordance with the principles of the present invention includes a tool header 21 having a predetermined contour and an Invar facesheet 22 .
- Invar facesheets 22 are preferably superplastically formed in a diaphragm forming process using an SPF alloy driver to match the predetermined final contour in segments. The segments are welded to the tool header 21 to define the forming surface of the tool and to complete the tool with minimal waste of the Invar.
- FIG. 5 shows a preferred superplastic forming assembly 40 of the present invention.
- the preferred superplastic forming (SPF) assembly 40 includes a press bed 41 , and a die 42 coupled to the press bed 41 .
- the die 42 has a predetermined contour corresponding to the Invar tool 20 (FIG. 1).
- the SPF assembly 40 further includes a superplastically formable diaphragm 43 , and a sealing ring 44 positioned between the die 42 and the diaphragm 43 .
- a press head 45 is coupled to the diaphragm 43 .
- the press head 45 has an associated head weight, and applies a predetermined pressure to the diaphragm 43 such that the Invar facesheet 22 forms against the predetermined contour of the die 42 . It will be appreciated that the head weight is sufficient to offset the reactive force of the predetermined pressure. Further details of a suitable SPF press are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,467,626.
- FIGS. 6 a - 6 c demonstrate the process of forming the Invar facesheet 22 in greater detail.
- the Invar facesheet 22 is positioned between the diaphragm 43 and the die 42 having the predetermined contour 46 .
- the diaphragm 43 is a superplastic alloy, such as titanium. It is heated to a predetermined superplastic temperature, and a predetermined pressure is applied to the diaphragm 43 such that the diaphragm 43 causes the Invar facesheet 22 to form against the predetermined contour 46 of the die 42 .
- the Invar facesheet softens at the SPF temperature, allowing it to be stretched with the diaphragm.
- the diaphragm 43 includes titanium, and the predetermined pressure is applied via argon gas.
- superplastically forming the Invar facesheet 22 allows the Invar facesheet 22 to be profiled to accommodate the predetermined contour 46 before forming and results in a substantial reduction in material waste.
- An important aspect of the SPF process involves proper forming of the die 42 to allow unrestricted fabrication of the Invar facesheet 22 .
- the Invar facesheet 22 transitions from a flat shape as shown in FIG. 6 a, to a partially formed shape as shown in FIG. 6 b, to a finally formed shape as shown in FIG. 6 c. It is also important to note that as shown in FIG. 8, the Invar facesheet 22 can be formed in multiple directions as dictated by the predetermined contour 46 . This increased ability to customize the Invar facesheet is highly desirable over conventional stretch forming approaches to Invar tool fabrication.
- FIG. 7 shows that the sealing ring 44 undergoes compression in response to the head weight of the press head 45 .
- the sealing ring 44 is preferably made of stainless steel and adds stability to the overall SPF process.
- the die 42 be formed from a ceramic castable material, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,467,626.
- the process of forming the die 42 includes the step of creating a mold 50 having the predetermined contour 46 .
- FIG. 10 demonstrates that the ceramic castable material 51 is poured into the mold 50 .
- the ceramic castable material 51 is then allowed to set into the ceramic die 42 , and the ceramic die 42 is demolded.
- the ceramic die 42 is cured at the predetermined superplastic temperature, and loaded onto the press bed 41 .
- the predetermined superplastic temperature is approximately 1650 degrees F.
- the predetermined pressure of the argon gas is approximately 90-180 psi. Curing the ceramic die 42 at the predetermined superplastic temperature insures that the ceramic die 42 will not undergo undesirable thermal expansion during the SPF process.
Abstract
A method for fabricating an Invar tool includes the step of superplastically forming an Invar facesheet for the tool. A tool header is provided, and the Invar facesheet is then formed with an SPF diaphragm driver to match the predetermined contour of the tool header. The Invar facesheet is then welded to the tool header. Forming the Invar facesheet is achieved by positioning the Invar facesheet between a superplastically formable diaphragm and a die having the predetermined contour. The diaphragm is heated to a predetermined superplastic temperature, and a predetermined pressure is applied to the diaphragm. Application of the predetermined pressure allows the diaphragm to cause the Invar facesheet to form against the predetermined contour of the die. Superplastically forming the Invar facesheet results in a negligible amount of excess scrap, reduces material costs, and reduces labor costs.
Description
- This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application No. 09/528,328 filed on Mar. 20, 2000, presently allowed.
- 1. Technical Field
- The present invention relates generally to Invar tool fabrication. More particularly, the invention relates to a method for fabricating an Invar tool including the step of superplastically forming an Invar facesheet to match or to approximate a predetermined contour of the tool.
- 2. Background Art
- Modern day aerospace, defense, and high tech research applications typically require complex, high precision, and close tolerance tooling. Thermal expansion is an area of particular concern in the aerospace industry with regard to tooling. For example, most military aircraft applications stipulate that tools exhibit minimal dimensional changes when subjected to extreme temperature variations.
- In the campaign to control thermal expansion, a useful material has been developed under the tradename of Invar36. Invar 36 (“Invar”) is a nickel-iron alloy that has a rate of thermal expansion that is approximately one-tenth that of carbon steel at temperatures up to 400 degrees F. Invar therefore has a particular attractiveness in fabricating tool components, including a header, which serves as a “frame” for a tool, and a facesheet, which is welded to the header.
- Several of our first approaches in developing the present invention were labor and material intensive. One such approach involved a stretch forming technique as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. Specifically, a stretch form die was fabricated to a predetermined contour, and the Invar facesheet was stretched over the die surface. We considered this forming process to be unsuccessful as it required a substantial amount of excess Invar material for the jaws of the stretch press which are used to grip the facesheet. As the amount of this excess Invar material was typically equal to the amount of material that was required to make the facesheet, and as the excess material could not be used as the part of the tool, the excess Invar material needed to be trimmed, which led to substantial waste. Another one of our approaches involved bump forming thick Invar material, and cutting the material to fit the tool in segments. Yet another one of our approaches included the use of castings. This approach, however, was very expensive due to the need to eliminate porosity. It is therefore desirable to provide a method and assembly for fabricating an Invar tool with reduced labor and material costs.
- A preferred method of the present invention for fabricating an Invar tool includes the step of providing a tool header defining a predetermined contour. An Invar facesheet is then superplastically formed to match, accurately or substantially, the predetermined contour of the tool header. Normally, the method further provides for welding the Invar facesheet to the tool header. Forming the Invar facesheet in this way results in less scrap, and therefore substantially reduces material costs. Forming the Invar facesheet in this way also leads to reduced labor costs.
- The present invention further provides an Invar tool. The Invar tool includes a tool header defining a predetermined contour, and one or more Invar facesheets welded to the tool header. The Invar facesheets are formed with an SPF diaphragm driver to substantially match the predetermined contour of the tool header.
- Further in accordance with the present invention, a method for molding parts on Invar tooling is provided. The method includes the step of making an Invar tooling surface from a sheet of Invar with SPF diaphragm forming. The sheet is placed on a tool header, and a part is formed against or on the tooling surface.
- The various advantages of the present invention will become apparent to one skilled in the art by reading the following specification and sub-joined claims and by referencing the following drawings in which:
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an Invar tool fabricated in accordance with the present invention;
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a superplastically formed Invar facesheet in accordance with the present invention;
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an Invar tool fabricated in accordance with one of our first approaches in developing the present invention;
- FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an Invar facesheet formed in accordance with one of our first approaches in developing the present invention;
- FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective view of a superplastic forming assembly in accordance with the present invention;
- FIG. 6a is a cross-sectional side view taken along lines 6-6 in FIG. 5 of a superplastic forming assembly before fabrication in accordance with the present invention;
- FIG. 6b is a cross-sectional side view taken along lines 6-6 in FIG. 5 of a superplastic forming assembly during fabrication in accordance with the present invention;
- FIG. 6c is a cross-sectional side view taken along lines 6-6 in FIG. 5 of a superplastic forming assembly after fabrication in accordance with the present invention;
- FIG. 7 is an enlarged side view of area A shown in FIG. 6c;
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional side view taken along lines8-8 in FIG. 5 of a superplastic forming assembly in accordance with the present invention;
- FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a mold for a ceramic die in accordance with the present invention;
- FIG. 10 is a side view of a process for pouring a ceramic castable material into the mold shown in FIG. 9; and
- FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a ceramic die loaded onto a press bed in accordance with the present invention.
- Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, an Invar
tool 20 fabricated in accordance with the principles of the present invention includes atool header 21 having a predetermined contour and an Invarfacesheet 22.Invar facesheets 22 are preferably superplastically formed in a diaphragm forming process using an SPF alloy driver to match the predetermined final contour in segments. The segments are welded to thetool header 21 to define the forming surface of the tool and to complete the tool with minimal waste of the Invar. - FIG. 5 shows a preferred superplastic forming assembly40 of the present invention. The preferred superplastic forming (SPF) assembly 40 includes a
press bed 41, and adie 42 coupled to thepress bed 41. The die 42 has a predetermined contour corresponding to the Invar tool 20 (FIG. 1). The SPF assembly 40 further includes a superplasticallyformable diaphragm 43, and asealing ring 44 positioned between the die 42 and thediaphragm 43. Apress head 45 is coupled to thediaphragm 43. Thepress head 45 has an associated head weight, and applies a predetermined pressure to thediaphragm 43 such that the Invar facesheet 22 forms against the predetermined contour of thedie 42. It will be appreciated that the head weight is sufficient to offset the reactive force of the predetermined pressure. Further details of a suitable SPF press are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,467,626. - FIGS. 6a-6 c demonstrate the process of forming the Invar facesheet 22 in greater detail. Specifically, the Invar facesheet 22 is positioned between the
diaphragm 43 and the die 42 having the predeterminedcontour 46. Thediaphragm 43 is a superplastic alloy, such as titanium. It is heated to a predetermined superplastic temperature, and a predetermined pressure is applied to thediaphragm 43 such that thediaphragm 43 causes the Invar facesheet 22 to form against thepredetermined contour 46 of thedie 42. The Invar facesheet softens at the SPF temperature, allowing it to be stretched with the diaphragm. In one embodiment, thediaphragm 43 includes titanium, and the predetermined pressure is applied via argon gas. Superplastically forming the Invar facesheet 22 allows the Invar facesheet 22 to be profiled to accommodate thepredetermined contour 46 before forming and results in a substantial reduction in material waste. An important aspect of the SPF process involves proper forming of the die 42 to allow unrestricted fabrication of theInvar facesheet 22. - Thus, the Invar facesheet22 transitions from a flat shape as shown in FIG. 6a, to a partially formed shape as shown in FIG. 6b, to a finally formed shape as shown in FIG. 6c. It is also important to note that as shown in FIG. 8, the Invar facesheet 22 can be formed in multiple directions as dictated by the
predetermined contour 46. This increased ability to customize the Invar facesheet is highly desirable over conventional stretch forming approaches to Invar tool fabrication. - FIG. 7 shows that the sealing
ring 44 undergoes compression in response to the head weight of thepress head 45. The sealingring 44 is preferably made of stainless steel and adds stability to the overall SPF process. - It is preferred that the die42 be formed from a ceramic castable material, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,467,626. Thus, as shown in FIG. 9, the process of forming the die 42 includes the step of creating a
mold 50 having the predeterminedcontour 46. FIG. 10 demonstrates that the ceramiccastable material 51 is poured into themold 50. The ceramiccastable material 51 is then allowed to set into theceramic die 42, and the ceramic die 42 is demolded. As shown in FIG. 11, the ceramic die 42 is cured at the predetermined superplastic temperature, and loaded onto thepress bed 41. In one embodiment, the predetermined superplastic temperature is approximately 1650 degrees F., and the predetermined pressure of the argon gas is approximately 90-180 psi. Curing the ceramic die 42 at the predetermined superplastic temperature insures that the ceramic die 42 will not undergo undesirable thermal expansion during the SPF process. - Those skilled in the art can now appreciate from the foregoing description that the broad teachings of the present invention can be implemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, while this invention has been described in connection with particular examples thereof, the true scope of the invention should not be so limited since other modifications will become apparent to the skilled practitioner upon a study of the drawings, specification and the following claims.
Claims (12)
1. A method of forming a part on Invar tooling, the method comprising:
using a tool header having a surface with a desired curvature to provide a support surface;
placing an Invar facesheet with a preformed contour at least substantially in accordance with said desired curvature of said tool header surface, against said tool header surface;
securing said Invar facesheet to said tool header surface such that said Invar facesheet and said tool header cooperatively form an Invar tool; and
using said Invar tool to as a support surface to help form said part into a desired shape.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein placing said Invar facesheet against said tool header surface comprises placing an Invar 36 facesheet against said tool header surface.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein placing said Invar facesheet against said tool header surface comprises placing a superplastically formed (SPF) Invar facesheet against said tool header surface.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising placing a plurality of Invar facesheets each having a predetermined curvature against said tool header surface.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising securing said Invar facesheet to said tool header surface by welding.
6. A method of forming a part using an Invar tool, the method comprising:
using a tool header having a surface with a desired curvature to provide a support surface;
placing at least one Invar facesheet with a preformed contour at least substantially in accordance with said desired curvature of said tool header surface, against said tool header surface;
fixedly securing said Invar facesheet to said tool header surface to form a unitary Invar tool; and
using said Invar tool as a support surface to help impart a desired shape to a part placed against said Invar tool and forcibly urged against said Invar tool.
7. The method of claim 6 , further comprising welding said Invar facesheet to said tool header surface.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein placing at least one Invar facesheet comprises placing at least one Invar 36 facesheet against said tool header surface.
9. The method of claim 6 , wherein placing at least one Invar facesheet comprises placing at least on superplastically formed (SPF) Invar facesheet against said tool header surface.
10. A method of forming a part with a desired curvature, comprising:
using a tool header having a surface with a desired shape to provide a support surface for supporting said part;
placing a superplastically formed (SPF) Invar facesheet with a preformed contour at least substantially in accordance with said desired shape of said tool header surface, against said tool header surface, to substantially cover said surface of said tool header;
fixedly securing said Invar facesheet to said tool header surface such that said Invar facesheet and said tool header surface are held immovably relative to one another, and such that said Invar facesheet and said tool header cooperatively form an Invar tool; and
using said Invar tool to as a support surface to help form said part into a desired shape when said part is urged against said Invar tool.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein fixedly securing said Invar facesheet comprises welding said Invar facesheet to said tool header surface.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein placing said SPF Invar facesheet against said tool header surface comprises placing a SPF Invar 36 facesheet against said tool header surface.
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US10/348,401 US20030132269A1 (en) | 2000-03-20 | 2003-01-21 | Invar forming method for making tooling |
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US09/528,328 US6510601B1 (en) | 2000-03-20 | 2000-03-20 | Invar forming method for making tooling |
US10/348,401 US20030132269A1 (en) | 2000-03-20 | 2003-01-21 | Invar forming method for making tooling |
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US09/528,328 Division US6510601B1 (en) | 2000-03-20 | 2000-03-20 | Invar forming method for making tooling |
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US10/348,401 Abandoned US20030132269A1 (en) | 2000-03-20 | 2003-01-21 | Invar forming method for making tooling |
US10/348,499 Expired - Fee Related US6672125B2 (en) | 2000-03-20 | 2003-01-21 | Invar tooling |
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US5714179A (en) * | 1995-10-30 | 1998-02-03 | The Boeing Company | Rigid tooling with compliant forming surface for forming parts from composite materials |
DE69628578T2 (en) * | 1995-11-13 | 2004-05-06 | Gmic, Corp. | MANUFACTURING TOOLS THROUGH THERMAL SPRAYING |
US5746553A (en) * | 1996-04-08 | 1998-05-05 | The Boeing Company | Dual purpose lay-up tool |
US5904992A (en) | 1996-09-26 | 1999-05-18 | Mcdonnell Douglas Corporation | Floating superplastic forming/diffusion bonding die, product and process |
US5737954A (en) | 1996-11-15 | 1998-04-14 | Mcdonnell Douglas Corporation | Superplastic forming with direct electrical heating |
KR100583036B1 (en) * | 1997-05-06 | 2006-05-24 | 스피릿 에어로시스템즈, 인크. | Hybrid lay-up tool |
US6430812B1 (en) | 1997-08-28 | 2002-08-13 | The Boeing Company | Superplastic forming of tubing pull-outs |
GB2331722B (en) | 1997-11-28 | 2002-01-09 | Mc Donnell Douglas Corp | Controlling superplastic forming with a gas mass flow meter |
US6510601B1 (en) * | 2000-03-20 | 2003-01-28 | The Boeing Company | Invar forming method for making tooling |
ES2205961B2 (en) * | 2001-02-13 | 2005-03-01 | Eads Construcciones Aeronauticas, S.A. | PROCEDURE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL ELEMENTS THROUGH THE COENCOLATE TECHNOLOGY. |
-
2000
- 2000-03-20 US US09/528,328 patent/US6510601B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-01-21 US US10/348,401 patent/US20030132269A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-01-21 US US10/348,499 patent/US6672125B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20030132363A1 (en) | 2003-07-17 |
US6510601B1 (en) | 2003-01-28 |
US6672125B2 (en) | 2004-01-06 |
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