US20040148886A1 - Process for adhering roofing material to a roof deck and assembly therefor - Google Patents

Process for adhering roofing material to a roof deck and assembly therefor Download PDF

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US20040148886A1
US20040148886A1 US10/355,303 US35530303A US2004148886A1 US 20040148886 A1 US20040148886 A1 US 20040148886A1 US 35530303 A US35530303 A US 35530303A US 2004148886 A1 US2004148886 A1 US 2004148886A1
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matrix
assembly
asphaltic material
temperature
roofing
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US10/355,303
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US6774344B1 (en
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Geoff Trowbridge
Tommy Rodrigues
Dave Mastropasqua
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BMIC LLC
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Building Materials Investment Corp
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Priority to US10/355,303 priority Critical patent/US6774344B1/en
Assigned to BUILDING MATERIALS INVESTMENT CORPORATION reassignment BUILDING MATERIALS INVESTMENT CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MASTROPASQUA, DAVE, RODRIGUES, TOMMY, TROWBRIDGE, GEOFF
Assigned to CITIBANK, N.A. reassignment CITIBANK, N.A. SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BMCA INSULATION PRODUCTS INC., BUILDING MATERIALS CORPORATION OF AMERICA, BUILDING MATERIALS INVESTMENT CORPORATION, BUILDING MATERIALS MANUFACTURING CORPORATION, DUCTWORK MANUFACTURING CORPORATION, GAF LEATHERBACK CORP., GAF MATERIALS CORPORATION (CANADA), GAF PREMIUM PRODUCTS INC., GAF REAL PROPERTIES, INC., GAFTECH CORPORATION, LL BUILDING PRODUCTS INC., PEQUANNOCK VALLEY CLAIM SERVICE COMPANY, INC., SOUTH PONCA REALTY CORP., WIND GAP REAL PROPERTY ACQUISITION CORP.
Priority to CA002456345A priority patent/CA2456345A1/en
Publication of US20040148886A1 publication Critical patent/US20040148886A1/en
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Assigned to GAF PREMIUM PRODUCTS, INC., PEQUANNOCK VALLEY CLAIM SERVICE COMPANY, INC., BUILDING MATERIALS MANUFACTURING CORPORATION, LL BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC., BUILDING MATERIALS CORPORATION OF AMERICA, SOUTH PONCA REALTY CORP., BUILDING MATERIALS INVESTMENT CORPORATION, GAF MATERIALS CORPORATION (CANADA), BMCA INSULATION PRODUCTS, INC., WIND GAP REAL PROPERTY ACQUISITION CORP., GAFTECH CORPORATION, GAF REAL PROPERTIES, INC., DUCTWORK MANUFACTURING CORPORATION, GAF LEATHERBACK CORP. reassignment GAF PREMIUM PRODUCTS, INC. RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CITIBANK, N.A.
Assigned to DEUTSCHE BANK TRUST COMPANY AMERICAS reassignment DEUTSCHE BANK TRUST COMPANY AMERICAS SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: BMCA ACQUISITION INC., BMCA ACQUISITION SUB INC., BMCA FRESNO II LLC, BMCA FRESNO LLC, BMCA GAINESVILLE LLC, BMCA INSULATION PRODUCTS INC., BMCA QUAKERTOWN INC., BUILDING MATERIALS CORPORATION OF AMERICA, BUILDING MATERIALS INVESTMENT CORPORATION, BUILDING MATERIALS MANUFACTURING CORPORATION, DUCTWORK MANUFACTURING CORPORATION, GAF LEATHERBACK CORP., GAF MATERIALS CORPORATION (CANADA), GAF PREMIUM PRODUCTS INC., GAF REAL PROPERTIES, INC., GAFTECH CORPORATION, HBP ACQUISITION LLC, LL BUILDING PRODUCTS INC., PEQUANNOCK VALLEY CLAIM SERVICE COMPANY, INC., SOUTH PONCA REALTY CORP., WIND GAP REAL PROPERTY ACQUISITION CORP.
Assigned to DEUTSCHE BANK AG NEW YORK BRANCH reassignment DEUTSCHE BANK AG NEW YORK BRANCH SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: BMCA ACQUISITION INC., BMCA ACQUISITION SUB INC., BMCA FRESNO II LLC, BMCA FRESNO LLC, BMCA GAINESVILLE LLC, BMCA INSULATION PRODUCTS INC., BMCA QUAKERTOWN INC., BUILDING MATERIALS CORPORATION OF AMERICA, BUILDING MATERIALS INVESTMENT CORPORATION, BUILDING MATERIALS MANUFACTURING CORPORATION, DUCTWORK MANUFACTURING CORPORATION, GAF LEATHERBACK CORP., GAF MATERIALS CORPORATION (CANADA), GAF PREMIUM PRODUCTS INC., GAF REAL PROPERTIES, INC., GAFTECH CORPORATION, HBP ACQUISITION LLC, LL BUILDING PRODUCTS INC., PEQUANNOCK VALLEY CLAIM SERVICE COMPANY, INC., SOUTH PONCA REALTY CORP., WIND GAP REAL PROPERTY ACQUISITION CORP.
Assigned to BUILDING MATERIALS CORPORATION OF AMERICA, BMCA ACQUISITION INC., BMCA ACQUISITION SUB INC., BMCA FRESNO II LLC, BMCA FRESNO LLC, BMCA GAINESVILLE LLC, BMCA INSULATION PRODUCTS INC., BMCA QUAKERTOWN INC., BUILDING MATERIALS MANUFACTURING CORPORATION, DUCTWORK MANUFACTURING CORPORATION, GAF MATERIALS CORPORATION (CANADA), GAF PREMIUM PRODUCTS INC., GAF REAL PROPERTIES, INC., GAFTECH CORPORATION, HBP ACQUISITION LLC, LL BUILDING PRODUCTS INC., PEQUANNOCK VALLEY CLAIM SERVICE COMPANY, INC., WIND GAP REAL PROPERTY ACQUISITION CORP., SOUTH PONCA REALTY CORP., GAF LEATHERBACK CORP., BUILDING MATERIALS INVESTMENT CORPORATION reassignment BUILDING MATERIALS CORPORATION OF AMERICA RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DEUTSCHE BANK TRUST COMPANY AMERICAS, AS COLLATERAL AGENT
Assigned to BUILDING MATERIALS CORPORATION OF AMERICA, BMCA ACQUISITION INC., BMCA ACQUISITION SUB INC., BMCA FRESNO II LLC, BMCA FRESNO LLC, BMCA GAINESVILLE LLC, BMCA INSULATION PRODUCTS INC., BMCA QUAKERTOWN INC., BUILDING MATERIALS MANUFACTURING CORPORATION, DUCTWORK MANUFACTURING CORPORATION, GAF MATERIALS CORPORATION (CANADA), GAF PREMIUM PRODUCTS INC., GAF REAL PROPERTIES, INC., GAFTECH CORPORATION, HBP ACQUISITION LLC, LL BUILDING PRODUCTS INC., PEQUANNOCK VALLEY CLAIM SERVICE COMPANY, INC., WIND GAP REAL PROPERTY ACQUISITION CORP., SOUTH PONCA REALTY CORP., GAF LEATHERBACK CORP., BUILDING MATERIALS INVESTMENT CORPORATION reassignment BUILDING MATERIALS CORPORATION OF AMERICA RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DEUTSCHE BANK AG NEW YORK BRANCH, AS COLLATERAL AGENT
Assigned to BMIC LLC reassignment BMIC LLC CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BUILDING MATERIALS INVESTMENT CORPORATION
Assigned to DEUTSCHE BANK AG NEW YORK BRANCH reassignment DEUTSCHE BANK AG NEW YORK BRANCH SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BMIC LLC, ELK COMPOSITE BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC., ELK PREMIUM BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC., ELKCORP, GAF Energy LLC, HBP ACQUISITION LLC, SIPLAST, INC., SPECIALTY GRANULES INVESTMENTS LLC
Adjusted expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D1/00—Roof covering by making use of tiles, slates, shingles, or other small roofing elements
    • E04D1/34—Fastenings for attaching roof-covering elements to the supporting elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D1/00—Roof covering by making use of tiles, slates, shingles, or other small roofing elements
    • E04D1/12—Roofing elements shaped as plain tiles or shingles, i.e. with flat outer surface
    • E04D1/20—Roofing elements shaped as plain tiles or shingles, i.e. with flat outer surface of plastics; of asphalt; of fibrous materials
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D15/00—Apparatus or tools for roof working
    • E04D15/02—Apparatus or tools for roof working for roof coverings comprising tiles, shingles, or like roofing elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D1/00—Roof covering by making use of tiles, slates, shingles, or other small roofing elements
    • E04D1/34—Fastenings for attaching roof-covering elements to the supporting elements
    • E04D2001/3408—Fastenings for attaching roof-covering elements to the supporting elements characterised by the fastener type or material
    • E04D2001/3435—Adhesive, hardenable or heat-sensitive material

Definitions

  • Prefabricated homes and commercial structures employ roofing units comprising asphaltic courses or shingles securely sealed on a roof deck for subsequent assembly and installation.
  • Many of the processes heretofore employed for affixing asphaltic materials to a roof deck pose several problems involving cost and/or time consuming adherence. For example, certain processes require several days to cure and seal the asphaltic overlay to the deck structure.
  • costly radiant heating has been used to shorten the cure time; however, this solution, because of indirect heating sites, fails to provide uniform sealing results.
  • a roof unit so treated is subject to sections of shingle or strip “blow off”. Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a process to overcome the above problems in an economical and commercially feasible manner. More specifically, it is an object of this invention to provide a process which reduces the asphalt adhesion time to not more than a few hours while simultaneously providing a seal which is uniformly secure over the entire deck surface of a prefabricated roof unit.
  • an unattached asphaltic surface covering on a roof deck is contacted with a covering matrix containing a heating element at a temperature sufficient to cure the asphaltic material and seal it to the deck.
  • the present roofing assembly comprises a wood, metal or concrete roof deck overlaid with asphaltic shingles or courses of asphaltic roofing material and a heatable matrix covering the asphaltic material and having a size and shape adapted to blanket at least a portion thereof; said matrix containing a heating element capable of distributing heat at a temperature sufficient to seal the asphaltic material to the deck.
  • the heat generating matrix can be a single blanket covering the entire surface of the asphaltic covered roof or it can comprise several individual coverings adapted to cover sections thereof. Depending upon the pliability of the matrix, a single heating blanket, consistent with the roof dimensions, including valleys and ridges, is most preferred. However, in certain cases where the roof includes dormers or many uneven sections, it may be desirable to employ separate heating blankets over individual sections.
  • the heating element embedded in the matrix is capable of generating a temperature of up to about 200° F., preferably between about 115° and about 185° F.
  • the blanket comprising the matrix and the heating element, can be of a thickness of between about 1 ⁇ 8 th and about 2.5 inches, having a weight sufficient to provide intimate contact between the blanket and the asphaltic roofing material; broadly a weight of from about 0.1 to about 2 psi may be employed. However, a thickness of between about 1 ⁇ 5 th to about 1.5 inches is generally preferred. It is found that the weight of the blanket over the asphaltic material also assists in sealing it to the deck and the direct application of confined heat provides uniform attachment of the asphalt to the deck in the area of intended treatment.
  • the matrix of the invention is composed of natural or synthetic rubber or other inert material, modified when needed for flexibility, so as to conform with the roof surface. More specifically, the matrix can be composed of woven or non-woven material which can withstand the temperature of asphalt sealing without loss of size or shape integrity. Such matrices include a ceramic wool mat, a glass mat, a mat of silicon rubber and other similar products.
  • the preferred heating element in the matrix is an electrical metal coil or wire
  • other heat transmitting means are contemplated within the scope of this invention.
  • a hollow tube or plurality of tubes transporting air, water or oil can be incorporated in the matrix.
  • Solar power can also supply the heat needed in a matrix having one or more reflective surfaces.
  • the heating element can be localized over the area where sealing is needed or it can be distributed throughout or in larger portions of the matrix to heat and seal larger areas of the asphaltic material. Exceptionally good heat distribution is achieved when larger sections of the asphalt is covered with the heat blanket containing spaced heating elements since a uniform heat by convection is achieved in the pockets between the spaces.
  • the asphalt roof covering is any of the conventional types which have a curing temperature of between about 100° and about 185° F.
  • the sealing process is cost effective and simply involves placing the above described heating blanket in contact with the asphaltic covered roof deck and heating the blanket to at least the curing temperature of the asphalt for a period sufficient to achieve strong and uniform bonding between the deck and asphalt material which is usually a period of from about 0.25 to about 3 hours; although generally a heating time of not more than 1.5 hours is sufficient. After attachment is complete, the blanket is removed and a wind lift resistant product is obtained. This process is particularly useful for prefabricated roofing where subsequent building assembly is required.
  • FIG. 1 of the drawings illustrates flexible matrix 2 containing a preferred embodiment of heating element, i.e. serpentine copper alloy wire 4 having connection plug 5 .
  • FIG. 2 is a front view illustrating roofing assembly 6 comprising deck 8 and courses of asphalt covering 10 in contact with heating blanket 12 .

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Buildings Adapted To Withstand Abnormal External Influences (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)
  • Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)

Abstract

The process of adhering asphaltic roofing tiles to a roof deck by covering the tiles on the deck with a heat blanket capable of generating a temperature of at least the cure temperature of the tiles thereby sealing the tiles to the deck.

Description

    BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • Prefabricated homes and commercial structures employ roofing units comprising asphaltic courses or shingles securely sealed on a roof deck for subsequent assembly and installation. Many of the processes heretofore employed for affixing asphaltic materials to a roof deck pose several problems involving cost and/or time consuming adherence. For example, certain processes require several days to cure and seal the asphaltic overlay to the deck structure. To overcome this drawback, costly radiant heating has been used to shorten the cure time; however, this solution, because of indirect heating sites, fails to provide uniform sealing results. As a consequence, a roof unit so treated is subject to sections of shingle or strip “blow off”. Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a process to overcome the above problems in an economical and commercially feasible manner. More specifically, it is an object of this invention to provide a process which reduces the asphalt adhesion time to not more than a few hours while simultaneously providing a seal which is uniformly secure over the entire deck surface of a prefabricated roof unit. [0001]
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • In accordance with this invention, an unattached asphaltic surface covering on a roof deck is contacted with a covering matrix containing a heating element at a temperature sufficient to cure the asphaltic material and seal it to the deck. The present roofing assembly comprises a wood, metal or concrete roof deck overlaid with asphaltic shingles or courses of asphaltic roofing material and a heatable matrix covering the asphaltic material and having a size and shape adapted to blanket at least a portion thereof; said matrix containing a heating element capable of distributing heat at a temperature sufficient to seal the asphaltic material to the deck.[0002]
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • The heat generating matrix can be a single blanket covering the entire surface of the asphaltic covered roof or it can comprise several individual coverings adapted to cover sections thereof. Depending upon the pliability of the matrix, a single heating blanket, consistent with the roof dimensions, including valleys and ridges, is most preferred. However, in certain cases where the roof includes dormers or many uneven sections, it may be desirable to employ separate heating blankets over individual sections. The heating element embedded in the matrix is capable of generating a temperature of up to about 200° F., preferably between about 115° and about 185° F. [0003]
  • The blanket, comprising the matrix and the heating element, can be of a thickness of between about ⅛[0004] th and about 2.5 inches, having a weight sufficient to provide intimate contact between the blanket and the asphaltic roofing material; broadly a weight of from about 0.1 to about 2 psi may be employed. However, a thickness of between about ⅕th to about 1.5 inches is generally preferred. It is found that the weight of the blanket over the asphaltic material also assists in sealing it to the deck and the direct application of confined heat provides uniform attachment of the asphalt to the deck in the area of intended treatment.
  • The matrix of the invention is composed of natural or synthetic rubber or other inert material, modified when needed for flexibility, so as to conform with the roof surface. More specifically, the matrix can be composed of woven or non-woven material which can withstand the temperature of asphalt sealing without loss of size or shape integrity. Such matrices include a ceramic wool mat, a glass mat, a mat of silicon rubber and other similar products. [0005]
  • Although the preferred heating element in the matrix is an electrical metal coil or wire, other heat transmitting means are contemplated within the scope of this invention. For example, a hollow tube or plurality of tubes transporting air, water or oil can be incorporated in the matrix. Solar power can also supply the heat needed in a matrix having one or more reflective surfaces. The heating element can be localized over the area where sealing is needed or it can be distributed throughout or in larger portions of the matrix to heat and seal larger areas of the asphaltic material. Exceptionally good heat distribution is achieved when larger sections of the asphalt is covered with the heat blanket containing spaced heating elements since a uniform heat by convection is achieved in the pockets between the spaces. [0006]
  • The asphalt roof covering is any of the conventional types which have a curing temperature of between about 100° and about 185° F. The sealing process is cost effective and simply involves placing the above described heating blanket in contact with the asphaltic covered roof deck and heating the blanket to at least the curing temperature of the asphalt for a period sufficient to achieve strong and uniform bonding between the deck and asphalt material which is usually a period of from about 0.25 to about 3 hours; although generally a heating time of not more than 1.5 hours is sufficient. After attachment is complete, the blanket is removed and a wind lift resistant product is obtained. This process is particularly useful for prefabricated roofing where subsequent building assembly is required. [0007]
  • Reference is now had to FIG. 1 of the drawings which illustrates [0008] flexible matrix 2 containing a preferred embodiment of heating element, i.e. serpentine copper alloy wire 4 having connection plug 5. FIG. 2 is a front view illustrating roofing assembly 6 comprising deck 8 and courses of asphalt covering 10 in contact with heating blanket 12.

Claims (12)

What is claimed is:
1. The process of affixing asphaltic material to a roof deck which comprises:
(a) covering a roof deck with a conventional asphaltic material having a cure temperature of between about 110° and about 180° C.;
(b) covering at least a portion of the asphaltic material with al matrix containing a heating element capable of generating a temperature sufficient to heat said asphaltic material to at least its curing temperature and
(c) heating the matrix or membrane for a period and temperature sufficient to achieve wind lift resistant sealing between the asphaltic material and the roof deck.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the matrix is heated for about 0.25 to about 3 hours, at between about 100° and about 200° F.
3. A roofing assembly comprising a roof deck, overlaid with a conventional asphaltic material sealable to the deck at a temperature of between about 110° and about 180° C. and an integral matrix covering the asphaltic material, which matrix contains a heating element capable of generating a temperature of at least the sealing temperature of the asphaltic material.
4. The roofing assembly of claim 3 wherein said matrix has a thickness of between about ⅛th and 2.5 inches.
5. The roofing assembly of claim 4 wherein said matrix has a thickness of between about ⅕th and about 1.5 inches.
6. The roofing assembly of claim 3 wherein the weight of the matrix over the asphaltic material promotes intimate contact between the asphaltic material and the roof deck.
7. The roofing assembly of claim 3 wherein said heating element is a metal coil or wire.
8. The roofing assembly of claim 3 wherein said assembly is a prefabricated roof.
9. The assembly of claim 3 wherein the matrix is a woven or non-woven mat composed of natural or synthetic rubber, ceramic wool, glass or other synthetic fibers capable of maintaining integrity at the sealing temperature.
10. The assembly of claim 3 wherein the heating element generates a temperature of between about 110° and about 200° F.
11. The assembly of claim 3 wherein said asphaltic material is a plurality of roofing courses.
12. The assembly of claim 3 wherein said asphaltic material is a plurality of roofing shingles.
US10/355,303 2003-01-30 2003-01-30 Process for adhering roofing material to a roof deck and assembly therefor Expired - Lifetime US6774344B1 (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/355,303 US6774344B1 (en) 2003-01-30 2003-01-30 Process for adhering roofing material to a roof deck and assembly therefor
CA002456345A CA2456345A1 (en) 2003-01-30 2004-01-28 Process for adhering roofing material to a roof deck and assembly therefor

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US10/355,303 US6774344B1 (en) 2003-01-30 2003-01-30 Process for adhering roofing material to a roof deck and assembly therefor

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Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7219476B2 (en) 2004-11-30 2007-05-22 Akins Faron L Roofing system

Citations (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2546743A (en) * 1949-09-08 1951-03-27 Joseph L Harrison Electrically heated deicing shingle
US3129316A (en) * 1962-07-30 1964-04-14 Ferris N Glass Heating element for eliminating ice from a roof
US3214565A (en) * 1963-01-30 1965-10-26 Armstrong Cork Co Ceiling tile adapted for electrical heating and sound absorption
US3431972A (en) * 1966-11-21 1969-03-11 Oscar Bernardi & Co Apparatus for removing snow from pitched roofs
US3445628A (en) * 1966-09-16 1969-05-20 Thomas A Bateman Sr Electric radiant heating panel
US3691343A (en) * 1971-09-23 1972-09-12 Victor B Norman Modular system of roof heater shingles
US3806702A (en) * 1973-05-14 1974-04-23 Folger P Apparatus for preventing snow accumulation
US4040867A (en) * 1976-08-24 1977-08-09 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Solar cell shingle
US5813184A (en) * 1997-05-13 1998-09-29 Mckenna; David J. Heated serially connectable roofing shingles
US6166352A (en) * 1999-05-24 2000-12-26 Turton; Kenneth Ice shield for roof eaves
US6632309B1 (en) * 1995-11-19 2003-10-14 Hexcel Cs Corporation Structural reinforcement member and method of utilizing the same to reinforce a product

Patent Citations (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2546743A (en) * 1949-09-08 1951-03-27 Joseph L Harrison Electrically heated deicing shingle
US3129316A (en) * 1962-07-30 1964-04-14 Ferris N Glass Heating element for eliminating ice from a roof
US3214565A (en) * 1963-01-30 1965-10-26 Armstrong Cork Co Ceiling tile adapted for electrical heating and sound absorption
US3445628A (en) * 1966-09-16 1969-05-20 Thomas A Bateman Sr Electric radiant heating panel
US3431972A (en) * 1966-11-21 1969-03-11 Oscar Bernardi & Co Apparatus for removing snow from pitched roofs
US3691343A (en) * 1971-09-23 1972-09-12 Victor B Norman Modular system of roof heater shingles
US3806702A (en) * 1973-05-14 1974-04-23 Folger P Apparatus for preventing snow accumulation
US4040867A (en) * 1976-08-24 1977-08-09 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Solar cell shingle
US6632309B1 (en) * 1995-11-19 2003-10-14 Hexcel Cs Corporation Structural reinforcement member and method of utilizing the same to reinforce a product
US5813184A (en) * 1997-05-13 1998-09-29 Mckenna; David J. Heated serially connectable roofing shingles
US6166352A (en) * 1999-05-24 2000-12-26 Turton; Kenneth Ice shield for roof eaves

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CA2456345A1 (en) 2004-07-30
US6774344B1 (en) 2004-08-10

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