US20040265680A1

US20040265680A1 - Simplified direct oxidation fuel cell system

Info

Publication number: US20040265680A1
Application number: US10/870,570
Authority: US
Inventors: Xiaoming Ren; Juan Becerra; Gerhard Beckmann; Eric Brown; Michael DeFilippis; Jay Neutzler; Shimshon Gottesfeld
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2002-02-19
Filing date: 2004-06-17
Publication date: 2004-12-30
Also published as: JP2005518646A; US20060068271A1; EP1476238A4; US7638215B2; US20030157395A1; US6981877B2; WO2003071627A1; US20050181271A1; EP1476238A1; AU2003211122A1

Abstract

A simplified direct oxidation fuel cell system is disclosed. The fuel cell is constructed in such a manner that fuel is added to the cell anode as it is consumed and water is evaporated off at cell cathode so that there is no need for recirculation of unreacted fuel at the cell anode or water at the cell cathode. In addition, carbon dioxide generated from the anodic reaction is passively vented out of the system by using a CO2 gas permeable membrane material integrated as part of the anode chamber construction. It is thus possible that, the CO2 separation from the anode fluid occurs without the recirculation of the anode fluid outside the anode chamber. In one embodiment, the simplified direct oxidation fuel cell includes a gas permeable, liquid impermeable membrane placed in close proximity to the anode to perform the carbon dioxide separation. In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, a fuel container and delivery assembly is provided, which includes separate conduits from separate containers for methanol and water and a leakproof interface. This allows for mixing of water into the methanol solution, to allow for improved ability to adjust the concentration of methanol and water in the system. The fuel container and delivery assembly operates using simple mechanical flow and simplified geometry. This design minimizes loss of methanol and water via carryover and crossover by limiting introduction of those fluids. The passive system in which fuel is added as it is consumed and CO2 separated, both without pumping, ultimately will increase net power provided to the load due to low parasitic losses.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to the field of fuel cells, and more specifically, to a simplified direct oxidation fuel cell device containing a direct oxidation fuel cell stack with a fuel container, fuel delivery and reaction product release system.

2. Background Information

Fuel cells are devices in which electrochemical reactions are used to generate electricity. A variety of materials may be suited for use as a fuel depending upon the materials chosen for the components of the cell. Organic materials, such as methanol or natural gas, are attractive choices for fuel due to their high specific energy.

Fuel cell systems may be divided into “reformer-based” systems (i.e., those in which the fuel is processed in some fashion to extract hydrogen from the fuel before it is introduced into the fuel cell system) or “direct oxidation” systems in which the fuel is fed directly into the cell without the need for separate internal or external processing. Most currently available fuel cells are reformer-based fuel cell systems. However, because fuel processing is expensive and requires significant volume, reformer based systems are presently limited to comparatively high power applications.

Direct oxidation fuel cell systems may be better suited for a number of applications in smaller mobile devices (e.g., mobile phones, handheld and laptop computers), as well as in some larger applications. Typically, in direct oxidation fuel cells, a carbonaceous liquid fuel in an aqueous solution (typically aqueous methanol) is applied to the anode face of a membrane electrode assembly (MEA). The MEA contains a protonically-conductive but electronically non-conductive membrane (PCM). Typically, a catalyst which enables direct oxidation of the fuel on the anode is disposed on the surface of the PCM (or is otherwise present in the anode chamber of the fuel cell). Protons (from hydrogen found in the fuel and water molecules involved in the anodic reaction) are separated from the electrons. The protons migrate through the PCM, which is impermeable to the electrons. The electrons thus seek a different path to reunite with the protons and oxygen molecules involved in the cathodic reaction and travel through a load, providing electrical power.

One example of a direct oxidation fuel cell system is a direct methanol fuel cell system or DMFC system. In a DMFC system, methanol in an aqueous solution is used as fuel (the “fuel mixture”), and oxygen, preferably from ambient air, is used as the oxidizing agent. There are two fundamental reactions that occur in a DMFC which allow a DMFC system to provide electricity to power consuming devices: the anodic disassociation of the methanol and water fuel mixture into CO2, protons, and electrons; and the cathodic combination of protons, electrons and oxygen into water. The overall reaction may be limited by the failure of either of these reactions to proceed to completion at an acceptable rate (more specifically, failure to oxidize the fuel mixture will limit the cathodic generation of water, and vice versa). A common problem with DMFCs, is that some methanol may pass through the membrane, from the anode portion of the fuel cell to the cathode chamber of the fuel cell without reacting. This phenomenon, known as methanol crossover, may be limited by introducing a dilute aqueous methanol solution as fuel, rather than a concentrated solution.

Fuel cells and fuel cell systems have been the subject of intensified recent development because of their ability to efficiently convert the energy in carbonaceous fuels into electric power while emitting comparatively low levels of environmentally harmful substances. The adaptation of fuel cell systems to mobile uses, however, is not straightforward because of the technical difficulties associated with reforming the complex carbonaceous fuels in a simple, cost effective manner, and within acceptable form factors and volume limits. Further, a safe and efficient storage means for substantially pure hydrogen (which is a gas under the relevant operating conditions) presents a challenge because hydrogen gas must be stored at high pressure and at cryogenic temperatures or in heavy absorption matrices in order to achieve useful energy densities. It has been found, however, that a compact means for storing hydrogen is in a hydrogen rich compound with relatively weak chemical bonds, such as methanol or an aqueous methanol solution (and to a lesser extent, ethanol, propane, butane and other carbonaceous liquids or aqueous solutions thereof).

In particular DMFCs are being developed for commercial production for use in portable electronic devices. Thus, the DMFC system, including the fuel cell, and the components may be fabricated using materials that not only optimize the electricity-generating reactions, but which are also cost effective. Furthermore, the manufacturing process associated with those materials should not be prohibitive in terms of labor intensity cost.

A typical MEA includes a centrally disposed protonically conductive, electronically non-conductive membrane (“PCM”). One example of a commercially available PCM is Nafion® (a registered trademark of E.I. Dupont de Nemours and Company), a cation exchange membrane comprised of perflorocarbon polymers with side chain termini of perflourosulfonic acid groups, in a variety of thicknesses and equivalent weight. The PCM is typically coated on each face with an electrocatalyst such as platinum, or platinum/ruthenium mixtures or alloy particles. On either face of the catalyst coated PCM, the electrode assembly typically includes a diffusion layer. The diffusion layer functions to evenly distribute the liquid fuel mixture across the anode in the case of the fuel, or the gaseous oxygen from air or other source across the cathode face of the PCM. In addition, flow field plates are often placed on the surface of the diffusion layers that are not in contact with the coated PCM. The flow field plates function to provide mass transport of the reactants and by products of the electrochemical reactions, and they also have a current collection functionality in that the flow field plates act to collect and conduct electrons to the external wires connecting to the load.

Direct methanol fuel cell systems typically employ an active management scheme to manage the reactants and byproducts in the direct methanol fuel cell including pumping or otherwise causing fuel mixtures, byproducts and reactants to be circulated throughout the fuel cell system. However, actively managing these reactants and byproducts can involve the use of pumps and flow channels or conduits. In a small hand-held device, in which DMFCs have great potential application, parasitic power losses and volume consumed due to pumps and other devices can be relatively large when compared to the overall power output and volume of a small unit. Thus, it is desirable to avoid using extra pumps, valves and components that consume power or occupy volume within the system. Moreover, such additional components can result in a greater manufacturing and production expense, particularly when those products are going to be manufactured in commercial quantities. In addition, the additional complexity involved in active management of the gases and fluids within the system create a bulky system which can present difficulties with conforming with requisite form factors and space constraints associated with small hand-held devices.

It is thus critical to minimize the complexity and volume of such systems and it is also important to reduce the cost and complexity of manufacturing in large-scale production.

In addition to systemic considerations, it is important to maximize the efficiency of the fuel cell by minimizing certain phenomena associated with DMFCs, as known to those skilled in the art. One goal is to minimize undesirable methanol crossover, which occurs where more methanol than necessary is delivered to the anode side of the fuel cell, and passes through to the cathode without producing electricity, thus wasting fuel and generating unnecessary heat. In addition, it is also desirable to avoid a buildup of cathodically generated water on the cathode diffusion layer, in order to prevent flooding of the cathode catalyst, thus halting the cathodic half reaction, resulting in performance losses.

There remains a need for a direct oxidation fuel cell system, which includes the ability to adjust the amount of methanol, which is presented to the anode in order to avoid excessive amounts of unreacted fuel in the cell. In addition, there remains a need for simplified cell geometry and simple mechanisms for flow adjustment to achieve system simplicity and reliability and facilitate large-scale production of such systems for mass manufacturing.

It is thus an object of the present invention to minimize the loss of methanol and water via crossover and carryover by controlling the introduction of those fluids into the system in the first place, and to present a very simple fuel delivery system which increases net power provided to the load due to the minimization of parasitic losses that are suffered in more complex systems with more active flow of liquid(s). This type of passive direct methanol fuel cell system operation is also facilitated by the separation of gaseous carbon dioxide within the fuel cell, thus eliminating the requirement for at least one pump within the DMFC system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

These and other advantages are provided by the present invention in which a simplified direct oxidation fuel cell system is provided. In one embodiment of the invention, the fuel cell includes a membrane electrode assembly which has a gas permeable layer disposed generally parallel to the anode face of the membrane electrode assembly. The gas permeable layer includes a gas-permeable material, disposed generally parallel to, and in close proximity to, an anode diffusion layer, and it removes the CO2 gas generated in the anoxic reaction, and separates it away from the anode compartment. The CO2 is thus simply vented out of the system, preventing accumulation, which may hinder the anode reaction.

In addition, a fuel delivery assembly coupled with an associated fuel source has a pressure-applying member that places the fuel mixture under pressure and thus delivers fuel to the anode. Thus, as the electricity generating reactions occur, the combination of the CO2 separation and the fuel being consumed creates a void in the anode compartment. The void created is immediately filled with fresh fuel from the pressurized fuel cell delivery system. In this manner, only the amount of fuel that has been consumed is added, thereby avoiding the need to recirculate unreacted fuel back into the fuel cell system. This also minimizes or eliminates the needs for pumps and valves, and other recirculation devices In accordance with another aspect of this embodiment of the invention, there is essentially no recovery of liquid water from the cathode face of the fuel cell, and no recirculation of water. This further simplifies the DMFC system. The anode fluid recirculation is required, as revealed in previous patents for an active DMFC system design including, but not limited to those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,599,638; 5,992,008; and 5,945,231, in order to vent the CO2 and control the methanol concentration in such an active system design.

In accordance with yet a further aspect of the invention, a fuel cell system is described which includes a fuel delivery assembly in which different components deliver fuel and water from discrete sources into the fuel cell. Pure methanol or a concentrated methanol solution is held in one chamber, and water, or a more dilute methanol solution is held in another chamber. The chambers are preferably flexible bladders under pressure, but may, under certain circumstances, be rigid-walled containers. A first inner container disposed within an outer housing holds the fuel solution, and a fuel conduit leads from that first inner container to the fuel cell. A second inner container, which is also disposed within the outer housing holds water to be mixed with the fuel. A water conduit leads from the second container to the fuel cell. A mixing assembly includes a connection that routes the fuel conduit into the water conduit, thus causing the water and methanol to mix. Alternatively, the mixing assembly routes the water conduit into the fuel conduit, thus causing the water and fuel to mix. Alternatively, a mixing chamber can be included into which the fuel conduit and water conduit lead; and once mixed, the substances are distributed in the desired concentration to the fuel cell, typically to the diffusion layer of the anode of the fuel cell.

In accordance with another aspect of this embodiment of the invention, fuel solution and water are delivered to the fuel cell by separate flow channels, and the mixing process occurs directly upon the anode diffusion layer, prior to being introduced to the anode catalyst on the protonically conductive membrane.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention description below refers to the accompanying drawings, of which: [0020]
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a prior art direct oxidation fuel cell system; [0021]
FIG. 1A is a block diagram of a direct methanol fuel cell system in which the present invention may be employed; [0022]
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross section of one embodiment of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of the present invention, which includes an anode gas permeable layer in intimate contact with the anode diffusion layer; [0023]
FIG. 3 is a top plan view of the gas separation layer of the present invention, with fuel flow path systems incorporated therein; [0024]
FIG. 4 is a schematic side section of the gas separation layer embodiment of the present invention, which allows carbon dioxide to be separated while being impermeable to the fuel solution; [0025]
FIG. 5 is a schematic cross section of a further embodiment of the invention in which a gas permeable, fluid impermeable membrane is placed in close proximity to the anode surface to allow carbon dioxide gas to be vented out of the system; [0026]
FIG. 6 is an alternative embodiment of the device of FIG. 5 in which a second fuel inlet is added to the system to allow for high concentration methanol to be delivered to a first inlet and low concentration to be delivered to a second inlet; [0027]
FIG. 6A is an isometric illustration of an anode chamber having a gas permeable wall portion, in accordance with one aspect of the invention; [0028]
FIG. 6B is the device of FIG. 6A with gas permeable material comprising a different aspect of the anode chamber; [0029]
FIG. 7A is a schematic cross section of one embodiment of a direct methanol fuel delivery assembly in accordance with the present invention which contains separate bladders for fuel and water; [0030]
FIG. 7B is an alternative embodiment of the device of FIG. 7A; [0031]
FIG. 8 is another embodiment of the fuel container and delivery apparatus of the present invention in which the fuel solution and water are in separate fuel bladders and have conduits, which lead into a mixing chamber for mixing the fuel and water; [0032]
FIG. 9 is an alternative embodiment of the fuel container and delivery apparatus in which the separate conduits for fuel and water lead directly to the diffusion layers of the fuel cell; and [0033]
FIG. 10 is a side section of the device of FIG. 9 with the conduits shown contiguous to the anode diffusion layer, in accordance with the present invention. [0034]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF AN ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENT

For a better understanding of the invention, the components of a direct oxidation fuel cell system, a direct oxidation fuel cell and the basic operation of a typical direct oxidation fuel cell system, as is understood in the prior art, will be briefly described. A prior art direct oxidation [0035] fuel cell system 2 is illustrated in FIG. 1. The fuel cell system 2 includes a direct oxidation fuel cell, which may be a direct methanol fuel cell 3 (“DMFC”), for example. For purposes of illustration we herein describe an illustrative embodiment of the invention with DMFC 3, with the fuel substance being methanol or an aqueous methanol solution. It should be understood, however, that it is within the scope of the present invention that other fuels may be used in an appropriate fuel cell. Thus, as used herein, the word “fuel” shall include methanol, ethanol, propane, butane or combinations thereof and aqueous solutions thereof, and other hydrocarbon fuels amenable to use in direct oxidation fuel cell systems.
The [0036] system 2, including the DMFC 3, has a fuel delivery system 4 to deliver fuel from an associated fuel source. The DMFC 3 includes a housing 5 that encloses a membrane electrode assembly 6 (MEA). MEA 6 incorporates protonically conductive, electronically non-conductive membrane 7. PCM 7 has an anode face 8 and cathode face 10, each of which may be coated with a catalyst, including but not limited to platinum or a blend of platinum and ruthenium or a platinum/ruthenium alloy. The catalyst may be supported or unsupported, or dispersed within a recast ionomer blend. The portion of DMFC 3 defined by the housing 5 and the anode face of the PCM is referred to herein as the anode chamber 18. The portion of DMFC 3 defined by the housing and the cathode face of the PCM is referred to herein as the cathode chamber 20. Additional elements of the direct methanol fuel cell system such as flow field plates, and diffusion layers (not shown in FIG. 1) may be employed to facilitate flow of reactants and byproducts and may also be included within anode chamber 18 and cathode chamber 20.
Referring now to FIG. 2, a [0037] membrane electrode assembly 6 has the centrally disposed, protonically-conductive membrane (PCM) 7. PCM 7 is impermeable to electrons and thus the electrons travel through the load providing electrical power. The PCM 7 is composed of a suitable material, such as poly perfluorovinylether sulfonic acid (which is commercially available as NAFION® a registered trademark of E.I. Dupont de Nemours and Company). A catalyst 10, typically platinum or an alloy of platinum and ruthenium, is disposed between the anode diffusion layer 22 and PCM 7. A cathode catalyst 12, typically platinum, is also disposed between the cathode diffusion layer 24 and the PCM 7. The anode diffusion layer 22 would, in turn be in contact with an anode flow field plate 26. In some embodiments of the invention the flow field plate 26 and diffusion layer 22 may consist of one component. A cathode diffusion layer 24 is in contact with cathode flow field plate 28. These components of the fuel cell are in well-defined contact with one another to promote electrical conductivity, and minimize contact losses. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the MEA need not be a six layer device, but can contain fewer components when the functionality of several components are combined.
Furthermore, as will be understood by those skilled in the art, electricity-generating reactions occur when a fuel substance is introduced to the [0038] anode face 8 of the PCM 7, and oxygen, usually supplied through the introduction of ambient air, is introduced to the cathode face 10 of the PCM 7. More specifically, a carbonaceous fuel substance is delivered to the anode chamber 18 of the DMFC 3. The fuel mixture passes through channels in a flow field plate and/or a diffusion layer that is discussed in further detail herein, and is ultimately presented to the catalysts. Catalysts on the membrane surface, or which are otherwise present near the membrane surface, enable the direct oxidation of the carbonaceous fuel on the anode face of the PCM. This generates CO2, protons and electrons from the fuel and water molecules of the fuel mixture. Upon the closing of an external circuit, these protons pass through PCM 7, which is impermeable to electrons. The electrons reunite with the protons and oxygen in the cathodic electrochemical reaction after traveling through a load 21 of the external circuit, thus providing the electrical power to the load. As long as the chemical reactions continue, a current is maintained through the external circuit.
In accordance with the present invention, a passive DMFC system is provided in which the fuel is delivered to the [0039] MEA 6 in such a manner that the fuel delivered is effectively consumed so that there is no need to recirculate unreacted fuel from the anode. This is possible based upon several aspects of the present invention. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, direct methanol fuel cells produce liquid water (H2O) at the cathode and gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2) at the anode as chemical products of the reaction. Prior systems, such as those set forth in FIG. 1, and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,599,638, separate carbon dioxide produced in the anodic reaction out of the system to ambient air, by circulating any unreacted fuel mixture and carbon dioxide carried within it through gas separators located outside the fuel cell anode chamber, or allowing the carbon dioxide to be vented passively directly to the ambient environment at a vent located outside the fuel cell anode chamber, based on the tendency of gasses in a liquid solution to rise. Alternatively, the carbon dioxide may be used to perform work within the system. Such systems have been described in commonly-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/717,754, filed on Nov. 21, 2000, for a PASSIVELY PUMPED LIQUID FEED FUEL CELL SYSTEM, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Another method of utilizing the carbon dioxide is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/837,831, filed on Apr. 18, 2001, for a METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CO2—DRIVEN MANAGEMENT FOR A DIRECT OXIDATION FUEL CELL SYSTEM, which discloses a method of using carbon dioxide to actively draw air to the cathode face of the protonically-conductive membrane. [0040]
However, a direct methanol fuel cell may be simplified, in accordance with the present invention, by being constructed without the use of pumps if, in the first instance, the carbon dioxide is vented out of the system without having to circulate the fuel solution in which the carbon dioxide is contained. A schematic diagram of the invention, which implements a carbon dioxide separator enabling such passive selective venting of CO2CO2, is set forth in FIG. 1A. [0041]
The carbon dioxide is vented out of the system by a gas-[0042] permeable layer 30. In FIG. 2, a gas permeable, liquid impermeable layer is mechanically fastened or bonded to the opposite side of the anode diffusion layer. This forms a 6-layer MEA including a gas separator/anode diffusion layer/anode catalyst/PCM/cathode catalyst/cathode diffusion layer. The removal of the anodically-generated gases (CO2) from the anode side of the MEA is accomplished by the gas permeable layer 30, preferably composed of a porous or expanded PTFE that is placed in close proximity to the side of the anode diffusion layer is opposite to a front surface, which is in intimate contact with the anode surface 8 of the direct methanol fuel cell membrane 7. The resulting system self-regulates delivery of fuel to the anode by only allowing fuel to enter at the rate it is consumed, because the passive effective removal of CO2 ensures that the only change in volume in the anode compartment is caused by the anodic, fuel consuming process.
Fuel is delivered to the cell at a slight pressure to ensure that sufficient fuel is always introduced to the system to completely fill the volume created by the consumption of fuel and release of carbon dioxide product. The gas generated in the anode compartment is driven through the gas [0043] permeable layer 30 by the differential partial pressure of CO2 across the separator membrane. Consumption of fuel in the anode compartment will create a void if the product gas is effectively vented and this void is instantaneously filled by additional fuel from the pressurized fuel source. There is substantially no fuel exit from the anode compartment, so fuel can only enter the anode compartment 18 at the rate it is consumed, and/or lost by methanol crossover. Methanol crossover is minimized, however, according to this scheme for a passive DMFC system, by limiting and controlling the concentration of methanol in the anode compartment through addition of fuel at the same rate of it's consumption.
FIG. 3 is a top plan view of the gas [0044] permeable layer 30, into which a flow field channel 34 has been fashioned. The fuel mixture is added to the anode chamber and passes along the circuitous path of the flow field 34 along the gas permeable membrane, introducing fuel to the anode diffusion layer.
As illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6, the gas [0045] permeable layer 30 is placed in close proximity to the diffusion layer 22, which is in intimate contact with the anode surface 8. A fuel inlet 50 allows for the introduction of the fuel between the gas permeable layer 30 and the anode surface 8 of the MEA 6. Flow fields in the gas permeable layer 30 direct the fuel along a serpentine path to distribute the fuel across the anode diffusion layer in a substantially uniform manner.
As CO2 is generated in the reactions, it is drawn through the gas [0046] permeable layer 30 and away from the membrane electrode assembly. The gas permeable layer 30 is permeable to gas but impermeable to liquid such as methanol and water, and may be fashioned from other hydrophobic materials to substantially resist the liquids in the fuel solution from passing through the gas permeable layer. It may be possible to fashion the fuel conduit by hot pressing or milling the flow field into the CO2 separation layer, which is preferably fabricated from an expanded PTFE or other gas permeable material. It is sealed against leakage (as illustrated schematically by the darker portion 44) such that only gas will travel in the direction of the arrow out of the system and fuel would travel in a direction perpendicular to the figure (z-axis). Alternatively, portions of the gas permeable layer 30 in may be treated in such a fashion that only certain areas will allow carbon dioxide to pass, causing it to be removed at these areas of the gas permeable layer 30. It should thus be understood that removal of anodically generated gasses by the membrane 30, from the anode chamber 18 of the fuel cell is performed without having to move the fuel through a separate conduit or into a separate chamber. It is further possible to attach the gas permeable layer 30 to the MEA 6 mechanically or by bonding it to the diffusion later, forming a 6-layer MEA as shown in FIG. 2.
Alternatively, the gas permeable membrane may be in physical contact with the anode diffusion layer next to the face of the [0047] PCM 7. In either case, the gas permeable membrane is in sufficiently close proximity that the CO2 that passes through the anode diffusion layer can escape before the CO2 molecules are able to coalesce and form large bubbles, which could disrupt the flow of fluids in and around the fuel cell. The gas permeable membrane draws the carbon dioxide gas generated in the anodic reaction away from the anode surface. Those skilled in the art will recognize that a gas permeable layer will not only allow carbon dioxide to be released, but may allow atmospheric oxygen to enter into the anode compartment of the fuel cell. If oxygen does enter the anode chamber, it will diminish the power output of the cell, and adversely affect the performance of the DMFC system. However, this problem may be addressed by utilizing a gas selective material such as Teflon AF tubing, available from Biogeneral Inc. which preferentially allows carbon dioxide, but significantly less so for oxygen, to pass through it, thus limiting the amount of oxygen being introduced to the system while still allowing carbon dioxide to be removed from the system. It may further be possible to cause the carbon dioxide to travel to the ambient environment via a tortuous path once it has been eliminated from the fuel cell, thus creating a “blanket” of carbon dioxide that will substantially prevent oxygen from passing into the anode chamber. The formation of a “blanket” of carbon dioxide is further assisted by the fact that a higher CO2 pressure inside the anode chamber than the atmospheric pressure drives the CO2 flux leaving the anode chamber. Other methods, including the use of passive valves and other mechanical apparatus may be used to limit the flow of oxygen into the anode chamber. In any event any associated losses due to the limited introduction of oxygen are very likely to be less than those caused by the parasitic power drain of flow control apparatuses.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the water generated in the cathodic reaction is evaporated into the atmosphere, or otherwise removed. Thus, there is no need for additional components for recirculating water. In this manner, a passive system is provided in which fuel is added as it is consumed by a volume replacement method. This provides a simple system that would exhibit increased net power provided to the load due to lower parasitic losses. Referring to FIG. 6, another aspect of the invention is schematically illustrated in which a [0048] second fuel inlet 60 can be included at a different port in the membrane electrode assembly, to allow a second fuel concentration to be introduced into the system. For example, having two fuel inlets into the anode chamber 18 would allow a high methanol concentration (or pure methanol) fuel to be delivered by the first inlet 50, for example, and a low methanol concentration (or water) fuel to be delivered by the second port 60. Each inlet could independently deliver methanol or water (aqueous solutions of varying concentrations) in such a manner that fuel concentration could be controlled by switching between the high and low concentration fuels. A feedback mechanism for the valves may be cell temperature, methanol concentration, cell voltage, cell current and cell power output or other means desired in a particular application. In FIG. 6, the fuel inlets are shown located on opposite aspects of the fuel cell system, however they may be placed in close proximity to one another as well.
The designs illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6 enable a fully functional DMFC to be fabricated with few, if any pumps. This is particularly important with respect to hand held devices, as noted herein, because in such a device, even a small pump can lead to a significant parasitic power loss associated with operation of each pump. It also enables a functional DMFC to be built that does not require fuel recirculation, cathode water collection, or internal circulation of reactants and byproducts, each of which is a comparatively complicated and inefficient operation. This design enables a very compact DMFC system to be constructed which in turn produces high system volumetric power density and minimal parasitic power losses and enables a DMFC with fewer active control mechanisms, thus reducing the complexity and expense of the DMFC system. [0049]
In another embodiment of the invention, a typical diffusion layer is used to fabricate the DMFC, but the anode chamber is fabricated with at least one surface using a gas permeable material. Two examples of this aspect of the invention are set forth in FIGS. 6A and 6B. In FIGS. 6A-6B the gas permeable layer areas are illustrated as [0050] windows 62 and 64 in FIG. 6a, and as portholes 65 through 68 in FIG. 6B. These gas permeable portions allow gaseous carbon dioxide to be removed from the fuel cell. If this embodiment of the invention is implemented, then more typical MEA assemblies may be utilized in the fabrication of the DMFC and DMFC system.
In addition, it is possible to apply a catalyst to the gas permeable material, to ensure that any methanol vapor that passes through the gas permeable material will be oxidized upon exposure to oxygen present in the ambient environment. [0051]
It should be noted that for purposes of clarity of illustration, FIGS. 6A and 6B show the gas permeable membrane sections on one side of the anode chamber. It should be understood that gas permeable surfaces, windows or other shapes, can be configured on any aspect of the anode chamber, or on multiple aspects (or sides) of the chamber, while remaining within the scope of the present invention. [0052]
Referring now to FIGS. 7A through 10, another aspect of the invention will be described. FIG. 7 illustrates a fuel container and [0053] delivery assembly 700, which may be used in the system of FIG. 1 (in which the component is labeled as fuel container and delivery assembly 4). The fuel container and delivery assembly 700 has an exterior housing 702.
The [0054] exterior housing 702 may be a substantially rigid cartridge. The cartridge 702 may be inserted into an external fuel delivery apparatus, or an internal reservoir within the system. The cartridge 702 encloses two collapsible containers, the first container 704, being a container for a fuel solution. This may be MeOH in the form of pure methanol or a concentrated aqueous methanol solution (“methanol”). A second collapsible fuel container 706 preferably holds water or a dilute aqueous methanol solution (“water”). The fuel container 704 has a conduit 710, which leads out of the housing 702 toward the fuel cell system, which system is illustrated schematically by line 720. The second container, which is the water container 706, has a conduit 722 that leads towards the system 720.
An [0055] interface 730 is a leakproof seal that is suitably located between the fuel container and delivery assembly and the fuel cell system. It may be a mechanical coupling or an elastomeric seal that is impermeable to both liquids and gasses, so that methanol solution and water will feed into the fuel cell system without leakage or waste. In accordance with an alternative aspect of the invention, the fuel container and delivery assembly 700 has an outer housing 702 (which houses the fuel container 704 and the water container 706) and in this case the interface 730 is located within the direct methanol fuel cell system (FIG. 7B).
As will be understood by those skilled in the art, it is desirable to mix the methanol or methanol solution with water in order to adjust the concentration of fuel delivered to the fuel cell. In some instances, a high concentration of fuel (or a pure methanol) may be needed to start up a system, or satisfy high power demands. A lower concentration fuel might be needed to continuously power a system or to provide power for critical, low power functions such as maintaining non-volatile data in a personal digital assistant, while a system is powered down, similar to the functionality provided by a battery-backed NVRAM. [0056]
In the embodiments of FIGS. 7A and 7B, methanol and water are introduced into the system via [0057] separate conduits 710 and 722. Mixing is performed in one of a number of ways, such as that shown in FIG. 7A in which the methanol conduit 710 is routed into the water conduit 722 to mix the two substances in a single conduit 740. As an alternative, as illustrated in FIG. 7B, the water conduit 722 is routed into the methanol conduit 710.
The flow of the components of the fuel can be controlled by metering valves, such as the [0058] valve 748. The combined conduit 740 then leads to the flow field plate and diffusion layer (or gas permeable layer) as previously described herein in the anode portion 18 of the fuel cell (FIG. 5).
Another aspect of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 8. FIG. 8 shows a [0059] fuel delivery assembly 800, which has an outer housing 802 enclosing a methanol or methanol in solution container 804 and a water container 806. A conduit 810 leads from the methanol solution container 804. A conduit 822 leads from the water container 806. An interface 830 provides a leakproof link for the two conduits into the fuel cell system 820.
The [0060] conduits 810 and 822 are valved and appropriate amounts, as adjusted for the desired methanol concentration, are introduced into a mixing chamber 850. Once mixed, the aqueous fuel solution is valved at valve 856 to the fuel flow plate and diffusion layers of the anode portion of a membrane electrode assembly of a fuel cell, such as that illustrated in FIG. 5.
As will be understood by those skilled in the art, a pump may be used to implement the invention to ensure that a fuel mixture is available when needed. However because pumps can add to the complexity, weight and bulk of a fuel cell system, increasing parasitic losses, a pressurized cartridge that includes a pressure-applying element, as described in a commonly-owned, presently co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/041,301 filed on Jan. 8, 2002 for a FUEL CONTAINER AND DELIVERY APPARATUS FOR A LIQUID FEED FUEL CELL SYSTEM is preferable. It is also noted that, the fuel container and delivery system need not be cartridge based, or even refillable. The fuel container may be contained within the system or apparatus to which it supplies power. Alternatively, it can be controlled as a disposable unit while remaining within the scope of the present invention. [0061]
Another aspect of this embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10. A fuel container and delivery assembly [0062] 900 (FIG. 9) has an exterior housing 902 which encloses a methanol solution container 904 and a water container 906. The methanol solution flows through the methanol conduit 910, and the water flows through water conduit 922. These conduits are shown in cross section in FIG. 10. The conduits include apertures along the walls thereof through which fluids can pass. The methanol passes through the walls of the conduit 1010 and into the anode diffusion layer 1001. In a similar fashion, water is dispersed to the fuel cell anode diffusion layer 1001 via openings in the flow channel 1012. The different liquids mix in the diffusion layer 1001 prior to being introduced to the protonically conductive membrane 1005 (which is also in intimate contact with cathode diffusion layer 1008). Valves can be used to control the amounts of fuel and/or water that are dispersed into the respective diffusion layer.
It should be understood that, in the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 7A through 10, the different components of the methanol and water fuel mixture held in [0063] fuel container 702 and water container 706, for example, are packaged as flexible bladders under pressure. As an alternative, the containers may be rigid walled chambers, in which case the fuel is drawn via suction or gravity. It is again noted that those skilled in the art will recognize that methanol may be either neat methanol or a concentrated solution of methanol and water.
It is preferable that these embodiments of the invention be employed with fuel cell systems that do not recirculate water or fuel, and which also employ a gas permeable layer for the removal of carbon dioxide. [0064]
It should be understood by those skilled in the art that the invention described herein provides an improved direct oxidation fuel cell which is simplified and exhibits fewer power losses, as it does not require the use of pumps and other recirculation components. It also allows adjustments to the fuel concentration, which enables fuel to be added only, as it is consumed. Thus, problems associated with methanol crossover and water carryover are reduced due to limiting the introduction of those fluids into the system. [0065]
The foregoing description has been directed to specific embodiments of the invention. It will be apparent, however, that other variations and other modifications may be made to the described embodiments, with the attainment of some or all of the advantages of such. Therefore, it is the object of the appended claims to cover all such variations and modifications as come within the true spirit and scope of the invention.[0066]

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A direct oxidation fuel cell system, comprising:

(A) a fuel source;

(B) a direct oxidation fuel cell, having:

(i) a membrane electrode assembly, including;

(a) a protonically conductive, electronically non-conductive membrane electrolyte, having an anode face and an opposing cathode face; and

(b) a catalyst coating disposed on each of said anode face and said cathode face, whereby electricity-generating reactions occur upon introduction of an associated fuel solution from said fuel source including anodic dissociation of said fuel solution into carbon dioxide, protons and electrons, and a cathodic combination of protons, electrons and oxygen from an associated source of oxygen, producing water; and

(ii) an anodic diffusion layer disposed in intimate contact with said anode face of said membrane electrode assembly and having a plurality of openings therein to allow said associated fuel solution to pass through to said anode face, as fuel is consumed at said anode;

(iii) a cathodic diffusion layer disposed in intimate contact with said cathode face of said membrane electrode assembly and having a plurality of openings therein to allow oxygen to pass through to said cathode face of said membrane electrode assembly;

(C) a gas permeable layer comprised substantially of a gas permeable material, said gas permeable layer being disposed generally parallel to said anodic diffusion layer, such that said fuel solution can pass between said anodic diffusion layer and said gas permeable layer, and carbon dioxide that is released as fuel is consumed at said anode face, passes through said gas permeable layer and is vented from said fuel cell, whereby carbon dioxide is removed from said fuel cell without active transport mechanisms; and

(D) gas permeable layer load coupled across said fuel cell, said load providing a path for said electrons whereby electricity is provided as said electricity-generating reactions proceed.

2. The direct oxidation fuel cell system as defined in claim 1 further comprising a pressurized fuel delivery assembly coupled between said fuel source and said anodic diffusion layer in such a manner that as fuel is consumed at said anode face, and carbon dioxide is separated by said gas permeable layer, fuel is drawn into said fuel cell and said fuel cell is refilled by volume replacement from said fuel delivery assembly.

3. The direct oxidation fuel cell system as defined in claim 1 further comprising means for evaporating off water produced at said cathode face of said protonically conductive membrane.

4. The direct oxidation fuel cell system as defined in claim 1 wherein said gas permeable layer is comprised substantially of expanded PTFE.

5. The direct oxidation fuel cell system as defined in claim 1 wherein said gas permeable layer further includes a flow field channel formed therein to assist in the transport of liquids to said anode face of said protonically conductive membrane, while gases are drawn through said gas permeable layer.

6. The direct oxidation fuel cell system as defined in claim 4 wherein said flow field channel is sealed with a material that is liquid impermeable, gas permeable, to resist passing of fuel through said gas permeable layer, by allowing gas to pass through to said membrane.

7. The direct oxidation fuel cell system as defined in claim 1 further comprising a housing encapsulating said direct oxidation fuel cell, said housing having an inlet port for the introduction of fuel into said fuel cell.

8. The direct oxidation fuel cell system as defined in claim 6 further comprising a second port being defined in said housing into which fuel can be introduced, or removed, from the fuel cell.

9. The direct oxidation fuel cell system as defined in claim 1 wherein said protonically conductive membrane is comprised substantially of Nafion.

10. The direct oxidation fuel cell system as defined in claim 1 wherein said fuel from said fuel source is a methanol solution.

11. The direct oxidation fuel cell system as defined in claim 1 wherein said anodic diffusion layer is sandwiched between said gas permeable layer and said protonically-conductive membrane.

12. The direct oxidation fuel cell system as defined in claim 1 wherein said gas separation membrane is in intimate contact with said anodic diffusion layer.

13. The direct oxidation fuel cell system as defined in claim 7 wherein said gas permeable layer is disposed on a portion of said housing, encompassing said anode chamber.

14. The direct oxidation fuel cell system as defined in claim 11 wherein said gas permeable layer is disposed on at least one surface of said housing.

15. The direct oxidation fuel cell system as defined in claim 11 wherein said gas permeable layer comprises at least one porthole in said housing.

16. A direct oxidation fuel cell, comprising:

(A) a membrane electrode assembly, including:

(i) a protonically conductive, electronically non-conductive membrane electrolyte, having an anode face and an opposing cathode face; and

(ii) a catalyst coating disposed on each of said anode face and said cathode face, whereby electricity-generating reactions occur upon introduction of fuel solution from an associated fuel source, including anodic dissociation of said fuel solution into carbon dioxide, protons and electrons, and cathodic combination of protons, electrons and oxygen from an associated source of oxygen, producing water;

(B) an anodic diffusion layer disposed in intimate contact with said anode face of said membrane electrode assembly, and having a plurality of openings therein to allow said associated fuel mixture to pass through to said anode face as fuel is consumed at said anode;

(C) a cathodic diffusion layer disposed in intimate contact with said cathode face of said membrane electrode assembly and having a plurality of openings therein to allow oxygen to pass through to said cathode face of said membrane electrode assembly; and

(D) a gas permeable, fluid impermeable membrane disposed generally parallel to said anodic diffusion layer, such that said fuel solution can pass between said anodic diffusion layer and said gas permeable membrane to separate carbon dioxide that is released at said anode face and to vent carbon dioxide from said fuel cell, whereby carbon dioxide is removed from said fuel cell without active transport mechanisms.

17. The direct oxidation fuel cell as defined in claim 16 wherein said gas permeable membrane is comprised substantially of expanded PTFE.

18. The direct oxidation fuel cell as defined in claim 17 wherein said gas permeable membrane includes a flow field channel to assist in the transport of liquids across said anode face of said protonically conductive membrane, while gases are drawn through said gas permeable membrane.

19. The direct oxidation fuel cell as defined in claim 18 wherein said flow field channel is sealed with a material that is liquid impermeable to resist passing of fuel through said gas permeable layer.

20. A fuel container and delivery assembly for use with an associated direct oxidation fuel cell system, the fuel container and delivery assembly, comprising:

(A) an exterior housing having an opening at one end thereof;

(B) a first inner container disposed within said exterior housing, for holding a fuel solution, and a fuel conduit extending through said opening in said exterior housing, and coupling said first inner container to said associated fuel cell system;

(C) a second inner container disposed within said exterior housing, for holding water to be mixed with said fuel solution and a water conduit extending through said opening in said exterior housing, and coupling said second inner container to said associated fuel cell system;

(D) an interface for sealing the coupling of said fuel conduit and said water conduit with said associated fuel cell system;

(E) mixing assembly connecting said fuel conduit with said water conduit to mix fuel and water to adjust an amount of water mixed into fuel to result in a fuel mixture of a predetermined concentration; and

(F) delivery conduit for transporting said resulting fuel mixture to said associated direct oxidation fuel cell system.

21. The fuel container and delivery assembly as defined in claim 20 wherein said fuel conduit is constructed to intersect into said water conduit to thereby mix said fuel solution with water.

22. The fuel container and delivery assembly as defined in claim 21 further comprising a valve located along said fuel conduit to control the addition of fuel solution to be mixed with said water.

23. The fuel container and delivery assembly as defined in claim 20 wherein said water conduit is constructed to intersect into said fuel conduit to thereby mix water into said fuel solution.

24. The fuel container and delivery assembly as defined in claim 23 further comprising a valve located along said water conduit to control the addition of water to be mixed into said fuel solution.

25. The fuel container and delivery assembly as defined in claim 20 further comprising a mixing chamber into which said fuel conduit and said water conduit lead to thereby mix said fuel solution and said water.

26. The fuel container and delivery assembly as defined in claim 25 further comprising a valve located along at least one of said fuel conduit and said water conduit to control the flow of liquids into said mixing chamber.

27. The fuel container and delivery assembly as defined in claim 26 further comprising a valve located along said delivery conduit to control the flow of the resulting fuel mixture to said associated direct oxidation fuel cell system.

28. The fuel container and delivery assembly as defined in claim 27, wherein said fuel conduit and said water conduit include openings along walls thereof, and said walls of said fuel conduit and said water conduit are disposed contiguous to said anode diffusion layer, which in turn is in intimate contact with said anode face of said fuel cell, whereby fuel and water are dispersed through said walls of said conduits to said anode diffusion layer.

29. The fuel container and delivery assembly as defined in claim 28 wherein said fuel conduit and said water conduit include means for controlling the amount of each substance that travels through its respective conduit to thereby control the fuel concentration of liquids presented to said anode face of said fuel cell.

30. The fuel container and delivery assembly as defined in claim 20 wherein said associated fuel cell includes a gas permeable layer disposed generally parallel to said anodic diffusion layer, said gas permeable layer removing carbon dioxide from said fuel cell.

31. The fuel container and delivery assembly as defined in claim 30 wherein said gas permeable layer is comprised substantially of expanded PTFE.

32. The fuel container and delivery assembly as defined in claim 30 wherein said fuel cell includes means for evaporating off water produced at said cathode face of said membrane electrode assembly.

33. The fuel container and delivery assembly as defined in claim 20 wherein said exterior housing includes a pressure-applying element which applies pressure to at least one of said fuel container and said water container to place liquids in said fuel conduit and said water conduit under pressure.

34. The fuel container and delivery assembly as defined in claim 20 further comprising a pump to transport liquid fuel from said fuel container into said fuel conduit.

35. The fuel container and delivery assembly as defined in claim 20 further comprising a pump to transport water from said water container into said water conduit.

36. A method of removing carbon dioxide from a direct oxidation fuel cell, said fuel cell having a protonically conductive membrane, said protonically conductive membrane having an anode, and an anode diffusion layer, and a cathode, the method including the steps of:

separating carbon dioxide from said anode by providing a gas permeable layer, comprised substantially of a gas permeable, liquid impermeable material contiguous to an anodic diffusion layer, which is in turn, in intimate contact with said protonically conductive membrane allowing removal of carbon dioxide generated at said anode, and while allowing fuel solution to penetrate to said anode.

37. A gas management component for use in a direct oxidation fuel cell having a catalyzed membrane electrolyte with an anode aspect and a cathode aspect, comprising:

an element substantially comprised of a gas-permeable, liquid-impermeable material, which element is disposed in close proximity to the anode aspect of the catalyzed membrane electrolyte assembly.

38. The gas management component as defined in claim 37 wherein said material is gas-selective in such a manner that it is permeable to anodic effluent gas, but is substantially less permeable to oxygen.

39. The gas management component as defined in claim 37 wherein said gas management component is made part of a flow field element, providing said flow field element with gas releasing properties while effectively delivering fuel to active area of the membrane electrolyte.

40. The gas management component as defined in claim 39 wherein fuel is delivered to said active area of the membrane electrolyte through an associated anodic diffusion layer.

41. The gas management component as defined in claim 39 wherein said flow fields encourage removal of anodically-generated gasses such that they are released from the direct oxidation fuel cell prior to excessive collection of gaseous anodic product within the said anode chamber in said fuel cell.

42. The gas management component as defined in claim 37 wherein said gas management component is disposed within said fuel cell in such a manner that anodically-generated gasses are released prior to coalescing and impeding the flow of fuel from an associated fuel source into said anode chamber.

43. A membrane electrode assembly of a direct oxidation fuel cell, comprising:

(A) a protonically-conductive, electronically non-conductive catalyzed membrane electrolyte;

(B) a catalyst disposed on said membrane electrolyte;

(C) an anode diffusion layer disposed contiguous to an anode aspect of the membrane electrolyte;

(D) a cathode diffusion layer disposed contiguous to a cathode aspect of the membrane electrolyte; and

(E) a gas-permeable, liquid-impermeable layer coupled to, or in close proximity with said anode diffusion layer.

44. The membrane electrode assembly as defined in claim 43 wherein said gas-permeable, liquid-impermeable layer is mechanically attached or bonded to said anode diffusion layer.

45. A method of managing anodic effluent in a direct oxidation fuel cell, said fuel cell having a catalyzed membrane electrolyte with an anode aspect and a cathode aspect, the method including the step of:

removing gaseous anodic effluent from a liquid by providing a gas management component comprised substantially of a gas-permeable, liquid-impermeable layer disposed in close proximity to the anode aspect of the direct oxidation fuel cell.

46. The method, as defined in claim 45, including providing said gas-permeable, liquid-impermeable layer in contact with the anode aspect of the membrane electrolyte assembly.

47. A method of separating anodically-generated gasses in a direct oxidation fuel cell, said fuel cell having a catalyzed membrane electrolyte with an anode aspect and a cathode aspect, and an anode chamber being defined between said anode aspect and an exterior of said fuel cell, the method including the steps of:

separating said anodically-generated gasses from a fluid volume of fuel contained within said anode chamber of said fuel cell, without recirculating said volume of fuel.