US20050041438A1 - Pulse width modulation soft-switching control - Google Patents
Pulse width modulation soft-switching control Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20050041438A1 US20050041438A1 US10/643,732 US64373203A US2005041438A1 US 20050041438 A1 US20050041438 A1 US 20050041438A1 US 64373203 A US64373203 A US 64373203A US 2005041438 A1 US2005041438 A1 US 2005041438A1
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- Prior art keywords
- switching
- switching circuit
- converter
- zvs
- turns
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
- H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M7/53—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M7/537—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
- H02M7/5387—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
- H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
- H02M3/33576—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
- H02M3/33592—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer having a synchronous rectifier circuit or a synchronous freewheeling circuit at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
- Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes
Abstract
Description
- The invention relates generally to DC/DC converters, and more specifically relates to reducing conduction and switching losses in DC/DC converters.
- DC/DC converters produce an output voltage at a different voltage level than an input voltage to the DC/DC converter. For example, DC/DC converters are commonly used to increase a DC input voltage to a higher output voltage or to decrease a DC input voltage to a lower output voltage. In addition, DC/DC converters provide electrical isolation and power bus regulation. DC/DC converters are employed in a variety of applications, including power supplies for personal computers, office equipment, spacecraft power systems, laptop computers, telecommunications equipment, and DC motor drives.
- The input to a DC/DC converter is typically an unregulated DC voltage. The DC/DC converter produces a regulated output voltage that has a magnitude and/or a polarity that differs from the input voltage. Typical DC/DC converters employ switching devices, such as MOSFETs, IGBTs, BJTs and thyristors, to regulate and convert the input voltage. A controller controls the switching frequency and sequence of the switching devices to produce a desired output voltage. For example, the controller may implement a pulse width modulation (PWM) approach to vary the duty cycle of switching devices. With PWM, the switching frequency is constant and the duty cycle varies with load and voltage requirements.
- DC/DC converters typically include a transformer that isolates the converter input and output. The transformer reduces the stress on the switching devices and improves the efficiency of the switching devices. Conventional PWM converters turn off the switching devices when current is flowing through them, which is commonly referred to as hard switching. When hard switching is used at high frequencies, relatively high switching losses occur. Switching losses are especially pronounced in high power, high voltage applications where hard switching is utilized.
- To reduce switching losses, DC/DC converters implement either zero-current switching (ZCS) or zero-voltage switching (ZVS), which are commonly referred to as soft switching. In devices using ZCS, the switching devices are turned off when there is zero current flowing through the switching devices. In devices using ZVS, the switching devices are turned on when there is no voltage across the switching devices. Neither of these two distinct approaches strike an optimum balance between switching and conduction losses.
- A DC/DC converter converts an input voltage to an output voltage and includes a transformer having a primary side and a secondary side. A primary side bridge rectifier communicates with the primary side and includes a first leg that is connected across the input voltage. The first leg includes a first switching circuit and a second switching circuit. A second leg is connected across the input voltage and includes a third switching circuit and a fourth switching circuit. A controller employs zero voltage switching (ZVS) to control the third and fourth switching devices and hard switching to control the first and second switching devices.
- In other features, the controller turns off the fourth switching device with the ZVS, turns the third switching circuit on with the ZVS and turns the first switching circuit off with hard switching during a first half cycle.
- In yet other features, the controller turns the second switching circuit on with hard switching, turns the third switching circuit off with the ZVS, turns the fourth switching circuit on with the ZVS and turns the second switching circuit off with hard switching during a second half cycle.
- In still other features, the first switching circuit includes a first transistor having a first gate and a first diode that is connected antiparallel to the transistor. The second switching circuit includes a second transistor having a second gate and a second diode that is connected antiparallel to the transistor. The third switching circuit includes a third transistor having a third gate and a third diode that is connected antiparallel to the transistor and a first capacitor that is connected in parallel with the third diode. The fourth switching circuit includes a fourth transistor having a fourth gate and a fourth diode that is connected antiparallel to the transistor and a second capacitor that is connected in parallel with the diode.
- In still other features, when the fourth switching device turns off during the first half cycle, the second capacitor is charged and the first capacitor is discharged. The third switching device is turned on after the first capacitor discharges. The first switching device is turned off when the third switching device is turned on. The third switching device is turned off after the second switching device is turned on during the second half cycle. The first capacitor charges and the second capacitor discharges when the third switching device is turned off. The fourth switching device is turned on when the second capacitor is discharged.
- Further areas of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the preferred embodiment of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
- The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description and accompanying drawings, wherein;
-
FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic of a DC/DC converter including a controller that employs a combination of ZVS and hard switching to reduce the combined switching and conduction losses according to the present invention; and -
FIG. 2 illustrates control signals used by a controller to control switching devices according to the present invention. - The following description of the preferred embodiment(s) is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses. For purposes of clarity, the same reference numbers will be used in the drawings to identify similar elements.
- The DC/DC converter according to the present invention selectively employs both hard switching and ZVS to selectively reduce conduction and switching losses.
FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic of a DC/DC converter 10 that operates with significantly reduced switching and conduction losses. Theconverter 10 includes aprimary side bridge 14 with afirst leg 18 and asecond leg 22 that are connected between afirst bus line 26 and asecond bus line 30. Thefirst leg 18 includes afirst switching circuit 34 connected in series with asecond switching circuit 38. Thesecond leg 22 includes athird switching circuit 42 connected in series with afourth switching circuit 46. - The
first switching circuit 34 includes a first switching device Q1 connected in parallel with a first diode D1. Thesecond switching circuit 38 includes a second switching device Q2 connected in parallel with a second diode D2. Thethird switching circuit 42 includes a third switching device Q3 connected in parallel with a third diode D3 and a first capacitor C3. Thefourth switching circuit 46 includes a fourth switching device Q4 connected in parallel with a fourth diode D4 and a second capacitor C4. - The switching devices Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 can be any switching device suitable for high frequency, high power electrical switching. For example, the switching devices Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 can be a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), a bipolar junction transistor (BJT), or other suitable transistors. For convenience, switching devices Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 will be referred to herein merely as switches.
- The
converter 10 further includes atransformer 50 having aprimary coil 54, asecondary coil 58, and a leakage inductor Llkg. The opposite end of theprimary coil 54 is connected to thesecond leg 22 between thethird switching circuit 42 and thefourth switching circuit 46. Theprimary side bridge 14 also includes a first filter capacitor Cin connected between the first andsecond bus lines - The
converter 10 further includes a secondaryside bridge rectifier 62 that includes athird leg 66 and afourth leg 70 connected between athird bus line 74 and afourth bus line 78. Thethird leg 66 includes thesecondary coil 58 of thetransformer 50 connected in series with afifth switching circuit 82 which includes a fifth switching device S1 connected in parallel with a fifth diode D5. Thefourth leg 70 includes asixth switching circuit 86 that includes a sixth switching device S2 connected in parallel with a sixth diode D6. Therectifier 62 further includes a second filter capacitor Co connected between the third andfourth bus lines third bus line 74 includes a first inductor L1 connected between thefourth leg 70 and the second filter capacitor Co. A second inductor L2 is connected in parallel with the first inductor L1 and thesecondary coil 58 of thetransformer 50. - A
controller 90 is connected to the switches Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, S1 and S2 and controls the operation of the switches Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, S1 and S2. Thecontroller 90 can be any control device suitable for controlling the operation of the switches Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, S1 and S2. For example a microprocessor, a programmable logic controller (PLC) an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a circuit, or any other device may be used. Thecontroller 90 utilizes pulse width modulation (PWM) to sequentially transition the switches Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, S1 and S2 between an On position and an Off position. - More specifically, the
controller 90 implements a desired duty cycle to control the transitioning of the switches Q1-Q4 to chop a current signal created by Vin. The chopped current flows through theprimary coil 54 in accordance with the duty cycle, thereby creating an electro-magnetic field in thetransformer 50. The electro-magnetic field generates current through thesecondary coil 58. The current is rectified by an appropriate switching sequence of the switches S1 and S2. The switching sequence is controlled by thecontroller 90. - The rectified current provides the voltage Vo, having a desired voltage level, to a load (not shown) connected across the third and
fourth bus lines controller 90 transitions the switches Q1-Q4 between the On and Off positions in a sequence that operates theconverter 10 with significantly reduced switching and conduction losses with respect to the switching and conduction losses of known DC/DC converters. -
FIG. 2 is a state diagram 100 illustrating the control signals used by thecontroller 90 to control the switches Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 during one duty cycle Ts. The state diagram 100 also illustrates current patterns of a current iL1 flowing through the first inductor L1, a current id1 flowing through the switch S2, and a current iTs flowing through thesecondary coil 58 of thetransformer 50 during the duty cycle Ts. - During a first half cycle, the switching sequence proceeds as follows: Switch Q4 turns off at t1 (soft switching). Capacitor C4 is charged to Vin and capacitor C3 discharges to 0. Switch Q3 can turn on with zero voltage switching. Switch Q1 is turned off immediately, which is a hard switching of switch Q1. While there is some switching loss, there is a substantial savings overall due to reduced conduction loss.
- The next half cycle proceeds as follows: At t3, switch Q2 is turned on, which is a hard turn on. Switch Q3 is still on from the previous half cycle. Switch Q3 can be turned off with zero voltage soft switching. Capacitor C3 charges and capacitor C4 discharges. When capacitor C4 reaches 0 volts, switch Q4 is turned on with zero voltage switching. Switch Q2 is then turned off, which is a hard switching transition.
- Those skilled in the art can now appreciate from the foregoing description that the broad teachings of the present invention can be implemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, while this invention has been described in connection with particular examples thereof, the true scope of the invention should not be so limited since other modifications will become apparent to the skilled practitioner upon a study of the drawings, the specification and the following claims.
Claims (20)
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/643,732 US6856521B1 (en) | 2003-08-19 | 2003-08-19 | Pulse width modulation soft-switching control |
DE102004039691A DE102004039691A1 (en) | 2003-08-19 | 2004-08-16 | Soft-switch control with pulse width modulation |
JP2004239712A JP2005065497A (en) | 2003-08-19 | 2004-08-19 | Pulse-width modulation soft switching control |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/643,732 US6856521B1 (en) | 2003-08-19 | 2003-08-19 | Pulse width modulation soft-switching control |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US6856521B1 US6856521B1 (en) | 2005-02-15 |
US20050041438A1 true US20050041438A1 (en) | 2005-02-24 |
Family
ID=34116783
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/643,732 Expired - Fee Related US6856521B1 (en) | 2003-08-19 | 2003-08-19 | Pulse width modulation soft-switching control |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6856521B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2005065497A (en) |
DE (1) | DE102004039691A1 (en) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20090219075A1 (en) * | 2008-02-29 | 2009-09-03 | Huettinger Elektronik Gmbh + Co. Kg | Full Bridge Arrangement |
CN102158089A (en) * | 2011-02-22 | 2011-08-17 | 深圳华意隆电气股份有限公司 | Power inverter and reactive absorption circuit of contravariant soft switching electric welder |
CN102201740A (en) * | 2011-06-10 | 2011-09-28 | 李峰华 | High frequency resonant soft-switching circuit for electric welding machine |
CN102215005A (en) * | 2010-04-07 | 2011-10-12 | 苏州风云电源有限公司 | Inverter |
US8963471B1 (en) * | 2012-03-29 | 2015-02-24 | Western Digital Technologies, Inc. | Pulse width modulation DC motor controller |
US20220165204A1 (en) * | 2020-11-26 | 2022-05-26 | Lg Electronics Inc. | Image display apparatus |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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AT413908B (en) * | 2002-08-12 | 2006-07-15 | Siemens Ag Oesterreich | SWITCHING REGULATOR |
US7768807B2 (en) * | 2007-05-14 | 2010-08-03 | Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. | Bidirectional no load control with overshoot protection |
US7924134B2 (en) * | 2007-12-17 | 2011-04-12 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Inductor packaging for power converters |
US8339808B2 (en) | 2009-06-19 | 2012-12-25 | Tdk Corporation | Switching power supply unit |
JP5644125B2 (en) * | 2010-02-03 | 2014-12-24 | 富士電機株式会社 | Starting method of DC-DC conversion circuit |
EP3540927B1 (en) * | 2010-06-25 | 2020-10-14 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Dc-dc converter |
DE102010060957A1 (en) * | 2010-12-02 | 2012-06-06 | Sma Solar Technology Ag | Method for operating a DC-DC converter |
JP5552149B2 (en) * | 2012-10-05 | 2014-07-16 | オリジン電気株式会社 | Converter and bidirectional converter |
US9570993B2 (en) | 2013-03-28 | 2017-02-14 | Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | DC-DC converter |
US20150311805A1 (en) * | 2014-04-24 | 2015-10-29 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Power supply device, image forming apparatus, laser device, laser ignition device, and electronic device |
JP7175137B2 (en) * | 2018-08-27 | 2022-11-18 | ダイヤゼブラ電機株式会社 | converter |
JP2023514090A (en) * | 2020-02-19 | 2023-04-05 | エアロジェット ロケットダイン インコーポレイテッド | Shoot-through current detection and protection circuit |
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US4953068A (en) * | 1989-11-08 | 1990-08-28 | Unisys Corporation | Full bridge power converter with multiple zero voltage resonant transition switching |
US5132889A (en) * | 1991-05-15 | 1992-07-21 | Ibm Corporation | Resonant-transition DC-to-DC converter |
US5231563A (en) * | 1990-09-07 | 1993-07-27 | Itt Corporation | Square wave converter having an improved zero voltage switching operation |
US5418703A (en) * | 1993-08-31 | 1995-05-23 | International Business Machines Corp. | DC-DC converter with reset control for enhanced zero-volt switching |
US5442540A (en) * | 1992-06-12 | 1995-08-15 | The Center For Innovative Technology | Soft-switching PWM converters |
US5563775A (en) * | 1994-06-16 | 1996-10-08 | Reliance Comm/Tech Corporation | Full bridge phase displaced resonant transition circuit for obtaining constant resonant transition current from 0° phase angle to 180° phase angle |
US5877947A (en) * | 1997-07-30 | 1999-03-02 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Snubber circuit for a rectifier and method of operation thereof |
US5946200A (en) * | 1995-12-02 | 1999-08-31 | Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute | Circulating current free type high frequency soft switching pulsewidth modulated full bridge DC/DC converter |
US5956238A (en) * | 1998-06-24 | 1999-09-21 | Celestica North America Inc. | Blocking time maintenance circuit for ZVS converters |
US6483724B1 (en) * | 2002-02-15 | 2002-11-19 | Valere Power, Inc. | DC/DC ZVS full bridge converter power supply method and apparatus |
US6560127B2 (en) * | 2000-05-04 | 2003-05-06 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Power conversion circuit having improved zero voltage switching |
US6563719B1 (en) * | 2002-04-09 | 2003-05-13 | Bel-Fuse, Inc. | Self-driven synchronous rectification scheme |
US6650551B1 (en) * | 2002-06-06 | 2003-11-18 | Astec International Limited | ZVS/ZVT resonant choke with voltage clamp winding |
-
2003
- 2003-08-19 US US10/643,732 patent/US6856521B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2004
- 2004-08-16 DE DE102004039691A patent/DE102004039691A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2004-08-19 JP JP2004239712A patent/JP2005065497A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (13)
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US4953068A (en) * | 1989-11-08 | 1990-08-28 | Unisys Corporation | Full bridge power converter with multiple zero voltage resonant transition switching |
US5231563A (en) * | 1990-09-07 | 1993-07-27 | Itt Corporation | Square wave converter having an improved zero voltage switching operation |
US5132889A (en) * | 1991-05-15 | 1992-07-21 | Ibm Corporation | Resonant-transition DC-to-DC converter |
US5442540A (en) * | 1992-06-12 | 1995-08-15 | The Center For Innovative Technology | Soft-switching PWM converters |
US5418703A (en) * | 1993-08-31 | 1995-05-23 | International Business Machines Corp. | DC-DC converter with reset control for enhanced zero-volt switching |
US5563775A (en) * | 1994-06-16 | 1996-10-08 | Reliance Comm/Tech Corporation | Full bridge phase displaced resonant transition circuit for obtaining constant resonant transition current from 0° phase angle to 180° phase angle |
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US5956238A (en) * | 1998-06-24 | 1999-09-21 | Celestica North America Inc. | Blocking time maintenance circuit for ZVS converters |
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US6650551B1 (en) * | 2002-06-06 | 2003-11-18 | Astec International Limited | ZVS/ZVT resonant choke with voltage clamp winding |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20090219075A1 (en) * | 2008-02-29 | 2009-09-03 | Huettinger Elektronik Gmbh + Co. Kg | Full Bridge Arrangement |
US7782100B2 (en) | 2008-02-29 | 2010-08-24 | Huettinger Elektronik Gmbh + Co. Kg | Driving a full bridge circuit |
CN102215005A (en) * | 2010-04-07 | 2011-10-12 | 苏州风云电源有限公司 | Inverter |
CN102158089A (en) * | 2011-02-22 | 2011-08-17 | 深圳华意隆电气股份有限公司 | Power inverter and reactive absorption circuit of contravariant soft switching electric welder |
CN102201740A (en) * | 2011-06-10 | 2011-09-28 | 李峰华 | High frequency resonant soft-switching circuit for electric welding machine |
US8963471B1 (en) * | 2012-03-29 | 2015-02-24 | Western Digital Technologies, Inc. | Pulse width modulation DC motor controller |
US20220165204A1 (en) * | 2020-11-26 | 2022-05-26 | Lg Electronics Inc. | Image display apparatus |
US11587497B2 (en) * | 2020-11-26 | 2023-02-21 | Lg Electronics Inc. | Image display apparatus |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US6856521B1 (en) | 2005-02-15 |
JP2005065497A (en) | 2005-03-10 |
DE102004039691A1 (en) | 2005-03-24 |
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Owner name: GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION, MICHIGAN Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:CHEN, KEMING;LAZAR, JAMES F.;KAJOUKE, LATEEF A.;REEL/FRAME:014730/0124 Effective date: 20030808 |
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Owner name: GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS, INC., MICHIGAN Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:022092/0703 Effective date: 20050119 Owner name: GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS, INC.,MICHIGAN Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:022092/0703 Effective date: 20050119 |
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