US20050106746A1 - Reader for conducting assays - Google Patents
Reader for conducting assays Download PDFInfo
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- US20050106746A1 US20050106746A1 US11/009,832 US983204A US2005106746A1 US 20050106746 A1 US20050106746 A1 US 20050106746A1 US 983204 A US983204 A US 983204A US 2005106746 A1 US2005106746 A1 US 2005106746A1
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- light
- vessel
- well
- assay device
- radial
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/47—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection
- G01N21/49—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection within a body or fluid
- G01N21/51—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection within a body or fluid inside a container, e.g. in an ampoule
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/251—Colorimeters; Construction thereof
- G01N21/253—Colorimeters; Construction thereof for batch operation, i.e. multisample apparatus
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/27—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands using photo-electric detection ; circuits for computing concentration
- G01N21/272—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands using photo-electric detection ; circuits for computing concentration for following a reaction, e.g. for determining photometrically a reaction rate (photometric cinetic analysis)
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/47—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection
- G01N21/49—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection within a body or fluid
- G01N21/53—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection within a body or fluid within a flowing fluid, e.g. smoke
- G01N21/532—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection within a body or fluid within a flowing fluid, e.g. smoke with measurement of scattering and transmission
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/11—Automated chemical analysis
Definitions
- This invention is directed towards the Pyros Kinetix reader for conducting assays. More specifically, this invention is directed to providing an analytical device that, in one embodiment, conveniently and accurately assays both turbidity and chromogenic reactions in plural vessels.
- turbidometric measurements can be used to bioassay and/or bioscreen for the presence of endotoxin using Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) such as PYROTELL-T (Associates of Cape Cod, Falmouth, Mass.).
- LAL Limulus amebocyte lysate
- chromogenic measurements can be used to bioassay and/or bioscreen for the presence of endotoxin using the POLYCHROME chromogenic formulation of LAL (Associates of Cape Cod, Falmouth, Mass.), which releases a yellow chromophore when exposed to endotoxin.
- incandescent sources require relatively large amounts of power, they are commonly driven by high power AC sources such as line sources and microcontroller-based modulation of incandescent source intensity is relatively difficult to implement.
- Shirasawa U.S. Pat. No. 5,337,139 describes a multichannel optical measuring system which uses multiple branches of a quartz optical fiber to project light from mercury or xenon lamps at glass cuvettes that contain biological cell samples in order to perform fluorometric measurements.
- Shirasawa U.S. Pat. No. 5,337,139
- a light emitting diode (LED)/photodiode pair can be associated with each glass cuvette to generate a signal related to the intensity of transmitted light through the cuvette.
- LED light emitting diode
- Mioduski (U.S. Pat. No. 3,882,318) describes a reaction block configured to hold a reaction chamber where a specimen and a test reagent are mixed.
- the reaction block has two optical paths therethrough, one for conducting a transmittance measurement of the specimen/test reagent mixture, and the other to detect the presence of a reaction chamber within the block.
- Each reaction block has an associated printed circuit board for detecting light output from both paths.
- Noeller U.S. Pat. No. 4,784,947 describes a method for photographically recording fluorometric and nephelometric analyses performed using a photo-flash or a strobe light photon source. As both the light transduction and light generation described by Noeller (U.S. Pat. No. 4,784,947) only occurs at discrete times, continuous monitoring and automated data analysis is not possible.
- one object of this invention is to provide a novel method and device for conducting assays.
- Another object of this invention is to provide a novel method and device that, in one embodiment, allows a user to simultaneously assay both turbidity and chromogenic reactions in plural vessels.
- Another object of this invention is to provide a novel method and device that, in one embodiment, allows a user to conduct several assays simultaneously, each assay not necessarily having a same start time.
- Another object of this invention is to provide a novel method and device that, in one embodiment, reduces device component and assembly costs, minimizes the size of the device, makes repair easier.
- Another object of this invention is to provide a novel method and device that, in one embodiment, allows a user to incubate plural assays in plural vessels using a minimum of power while maintaining a desired incubation temperature.
- Such devices can include, according to one embodiment, a single LED source providing illumination to plural vessels through a radial waveguide. Some embodiments can include two LED sources in a single device, each illuminating plural vessels along a different radial waveguide. Some embodiments can include more than two LED sources in a single device. Other embodiments can include one or more radial waveguides for presenting emitted light to the plural vessels at a high intensity.
- inventions can present emitted light along two radial waveguides through a single vessel, the first radial waveguide being used to detect a presence of the vessel and the second radial waveguide being used to transduce an optical property of an analyte within the vessel.
- Some embodiments include modulation of the emission intensity of the one or more LED sources, this modulation being, e.g., a step function. In some embodiments, this modulation is microprocessor-based. In other embodiments, this modulation is mechanical, analog, or otherwise electronically implemented.
- the LED source(s) emit substantially at 470 nm ⁇ 30 nm.
- one or more optical filters is placed along an optical path that passes through the vessel.
- Other embodiments of such devices can include the vessels arranged in a substantially circular geometry around the LED light source(s). Other embodiments may include plural groups of two or more vessels at two or more different radii about a center. Another embodiment may include two groups of 48 vessels at two different radii about the center. In some embodiments, an LED is positioned at the center point. In some embodiments, one or more optical waveguides is used to substantially evenly distribute light from one or more LED's to several vessels. In some embodiments, a lens is used to position a virtual image of one or more LED's at the center. In some embodiments, multiple LED's are vertically staggered along a line passing through the center.
- Such devices can include a single printed circuit board containing plural phototransducers. Some embodiments may include a single printed board having all phototransducers. Some embodiments provide plural vessels in a same plane, and a plane of such a single printed circuit board being substantially parallel to such a plane. Some embodiments provide a plane of such a single printed circuit board below at least one vessel. In some embodiments, a light pipe is used to guide light transmitted along an optical path through a vessel to such a single printed circuit board.
- Such devices can include a multicomponent support for the vessels, a first component being chosen to conduct heat for incubating one or more vessels at a set temperature.
- another component is chosen to thermally insulate the first component and reduce power demands of the device.
- the other component is lighter that the first component and reduces the net weight of the device.
- Other embodiments of such devices can include a precalibrated temperature transducer that reduces calibration demands for operating such a device.
- a method for performing assays can involve generating light using a LED, radially guiding a portion of the generated light, transmitting a portion of the guided light through a plurality of vessels, and transducing a portion of the transmitted light to assay a sample.
- a portion of the generated light can be transmitted through a side or a bottom portion of the plurality of vessels and used to detect the presence of the plurality of vessels.
- a portion of the transmitted light can be reflected using a light pipe.
- a portion of the generated light can be diverged.
- the generated light can be modulated to yield a background measurement.
- FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate, respectively, a top view and a side view of an exemplary optical system according to the present invention
- FIGS. 2A, 2B , and 2 C illustrate a side view of various light paths through an exemplary optical system without a sample holding vessel present, with a sample holding vessel present, and with a sample holding vessel present at an increased magnification;
- FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate, respectively, a top view and a side view of an exemplary embodiment of the optical system that includes a central light source with multiple wells;
- FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate, respectively, a top view and a side view of a second exemplary embodiment of the radial light guide 30 ;
- FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate, respectively, a top view and a side view of an exemplary embodiment of the optical system that includes the second exemplary embodiment of the radial light guide 30 ;
- FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate, respectively, a top view and a side view of a third exemplary embodiment of the radial light guide 30 ;
- FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate, respectively, a top view and a side view of an exemplary embodiment of the optical system that includes the third exemplary embodiment of the radial light guide 30 ;
- FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic of a top view of an exemplary arrangement of a optical system that includes the third exemplary embodiment of the radial light guide 30 ;
- FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary vessel support 80 containing two concentric circular rows of wells 45 , as well as various components to be entirely or partially inserted into the exemplary vessel support 80 ;
- FIG. 10 illustrates an exploded view of an assay device according to the present invention
- FIG. 11 illustrates a wireframe view of an exemplary assembled assay device
- FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary electronics block diagram of an assay device
- FIGS. 13 A-C illustrate a top view in the absence of an analyte holding vessel 40 , a top view in the presence of an analyte holding vessel 40 , and a side view in the presence of an analyte holding vessel 40 that uses an exemplary side wall tube detection scheme with a single radial light guide 30 ;
- FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary process loop for monitoring and controlling the incubation temperature according to the present invention
- FIG. 15 illustrates a process flow for an exemplary on/off modulation of the light output by LED source 1 for background correction
- FIG. 16 illustrates an exemplary computer system 801 that can form an external control/record processor in an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary optical system according to the present invention.
- the illustrated optical system generates light, radially guides it to one or more vessels containing an analyte, transmits the light through the vessel and/or the analyte, and then pipes the light to one or more light transducers where it is transduced.
- radial guiding refers to the transmission of light to plural vessels along plural optical paths, wherein the transmittance along the various paths is substantially equal. This situation is possible to implement using a circular (or arcular) waveguide with a source located at the center, hence giving rise to the term “radial guiding.”
- LED source 1 generates and emits photons, and can also optionally serve to collimate and/or focus the generated photons.
- Examples of commercially available LED's that can form the LED source 1 are the Nichia P/N NSPB500S, the Kingbright P/N L934MBC, and the Hewlett-Packard P/N HLMP-CB16. LED's generate relatively large photon fluxes over relatively narrow bandwidths, especially relative to incandescent sources which emit over a very large bandwidth.
- LED source 1 can generate photons centered around substantially 470 nm with a bandwidth ⁇ 30 nm, although those skilled in the art can increase or decrease the center wavelength and the bandwidth surrounding it to provide different responses.
- plural LED's may be used along with multiple versions of the illustrated optical system in the same assay device.
- LED's with different center wavelengths and/or intensities may be selected to, e.g., provide broader dynamic range for assays, allow dual wavelength assays to, e.g., increase sensitivity and/or allow a user to use plural chromophores and/or obtain better background correction information.
- an optical filter 2 between the LED source 1 and the radial waveguide 30 .
- the filter 2 is optional; since a LED emission spectrum is already relatively narrowband, it is often not necessary to include filter 2 , which further lowers the cost and power requirements of the optical system. However, in some applications that have precise wavelength requirements, such as spectroscopic analyses or chromogenic assays of complex samples, a filter 2 may be desirable.
- a radial light guide 30 that includes a light coupling total internal reflection (TIR) cone 35 for coupling the emitted light into the radial light guide 30 .
- TIR total internal reflection
- light coupling TIR cone 35 is centered within the radial light guide 30 and substantially above the LED source 1 .
- Radial light guide 30 can be formed of, e.g., acrylic cast into a mold that forms light coupling TIR cone 35 .
- the radial light guide 30 with a light coupling TIR cone 35 allows a 20 to 100 mW LED source 1 to provide as much illumination to the analyte holding vessel 40 as a 20 W incandescent bulb.
- a single well 45 configured to support an analyte holding vessel 40 is illustrated beyond the perimeter of the radial light guide 30 .
- plural wells 45 and analyte holding vessels 40 (not shown).
- the distribution of such wells 45 relative to the radial light guide 30 will be discussed further in, e.g., FIGS. 3 and 11 .
- the illustrated well 45 is configured to support an analyte holding vessel 40 that is a test tube, although other suitable vessels, such a optical cuvettes and capillaries, may be used. It is only important that analyte holding vessel 40 be sufficiently transparent over the emission spectrum of LED source 1 to perform the desired assay.
- the exemplary optical system of FIG. 2 also includes a pair of light pipes 60 and 70 along a pair of paths that join the real or virtual position of the LED source 1 and some point in or on an analyte holding vessel 40 in the well 45 .
- the pair of light pipes 60 and 70 neighbor the well 45 .
- Light transmitted through the well 45 is incident upon the pair of light pipes 60 and 70 (provided no analyte holding vessel 40 is present), and reflected in a direction determined by the orientation of a total internal reflection (TIR) surface 21 .
- TIR total internal reflection
- the pair of light pipes 60 and 70 thus allow an optical transducer to be located away from a straight line path that join the real or virtual position of the LED source 1 and some point in or on the analyte holding vessel 40 in the well 45 .
- the light receiving portion of light pipe 60 is located along a path that joins the real or virtual position of the LED source 1 and a point on the bottom curvature of an analyte holding vessel 40 positioned in the well 45 .
- an analyte holding vessel 40 When an analyte holding vessel 40 is present in well 45 , light passing along this line through the radial light guide 30 is significantly deflected out of this path due to refraction by the analyte holding vessel 40 , and a light transducer 65 located at the output of light pipe 60 can easily detect the insertion and/or removal of analyte holding vessel 40 by monitoring the intensity of the received light. Absorption and/or reflection of the light that passes along this path can also decrease the intensity of the received light and detect the presence of an analyte holding vessel 40 in well 45 .
- the light receiving portion of light pipe 60 can be located along a path that joins the real or virtual position of the LED source 1 and a point on the side curvature of the analyte holding vessel 40 to obtain a similar sensitivity, as further illustrated in FIGS. 13 A-C.
- Light pipe 70 is preferably located along a light path that joins the real or virtual position of the LED source 1 and a point near the center of an inserted analyte holding vessel 40 , but away from the bottom. As such, a relatively long pathlength through the analyte holding vessel 40 is examined and refraction (due to, e.g., tubular analyte holding vessels 40 ) is minimized.
- both light pipes 60 and 70 receive light from a same radial light guide 30 .
- two different radial light guides 20 can each transmit light to a single respective light pipe 60 and 70 .
- even three or more different radial light guides 20 can be used with associated light pipes.
- both TIR surfaces 21 reflect light downward, substantially at right angles relative to the respective path of that light through the analyte holding vessel 40 .
- the TIR surfaces 21 and pair of light pipes 60 and 70 can be eliminated in whole or in part, although this will often require the placement of the light transducers 65 and 75 for multiple analyte holding vessels 40 upon multiple printed circuit boards.
- a pair of light transducers 65 and 75 can be used to determine the transmissivity of both optical paths.
- Suitable, commercially available light transducers 65 and 75 include photodiodes such as the Centrovision P/N BPW-34, Hamamatsu P/N S4707-01, Hamamatsu P/N S3407-01, UDT Sensors P/N BPW34, UDT Sensors P/N BPW34B, Infinion P/N BPW34, Infinion P/N BPW34 B, and the Perkin Elmer P/N VTD34.
- FIGS. 2A, 2B , and 2 C A further illustration of side views of various light paths 100 , 101 , and 102 through an exemplary optical system with and without a sample holding vessel present is provided in FIGS. 2A, 2B , and 2 C (albeit at higher magnification).
- FIG. 2A photons generated at the LED source 1 are reflected by the light coupling TIR cone 35 and carried along radial light guide 30 to a vessel support 80 that may or may not support an analyte holding vessel 40 therein. If an analyte holding vessel 40 is not supported by the a particular well 45 of the vessel support 80 , then the light path 101 will conduct a relatively high intensity of light to light pipe 60 , which in turn conducts the light to light transducer 65 .
- FIG. 2C illustrates a side view of various light paths through an exemplary optical system with a sample holding vessel present at an increased magnification.
- light that has passed through the radial light guide 30 is directed downward due to refraction caused by the base of an analyte holding vessel 40 in a well 45 of the vessel support 80 .
- Refraction need not be the physical origin of the decreased light intensity received at light guide 60 .
- reflection and/or absorption can also cause reduced light transmission to light guide 60 .
- the positioning sleeve 11 serves to accurately center LED source 1 directly under light coupling TIR cone 35 , ensuring substantially uniform radial illumination by light guided through radial light guide 30 .
- FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate, respectively, a top view and a side view of an exemplary embodiment of the optical system that includes a central light source with multiple wells 45 of the vessel support 80 for holding multiple analyte holding vessels 40 .
- the multiple wells 45 are arranged radially about the light coupling TIR cone 35 of the radial light guide 30 .
- the multiple wells 45 of the vessel support 80 receive substantially equal radiant fluxes from the LED source 1 .
- this radial symmetry can be exploited to maintain all wells 45 of the vessel support 80 at a substantially equal temperature.
- the vessel support 80 includes a ring made of a thermally conducting material (e.g., a metal such as aluminum or copper such as heat conducting block 85 shown in e.g., FIG. 10 ), then a heater ring (such as heater 90 shown in e.g., FIG. 10 ) can be disposed just inside and/or outside of the vessel support 80 and all wells 45 of the vessel support 80 will be maintained at a substantially equal temperature.
- a heater ring such as heater 90 shown in e.g., FIG. 10
- both wells 45 of the vessel support 80 will be discussed in more detail in regard to FIG. 9 .
- FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate, respectively, a top view and a side view of a second exemplary embodiment of the radial light guide 30 , namely a curved wedge lightguide.
- the radial light guide 30 of FIGS. 4A and 4B guides light emitted by LED source 1 (optionally passing through a light filter 2 ) radially to multiple wells 45 within the vessel support 80 .
- LED source 1 optionally passing through a light filter 2
- FIGS. 4A and 4B guides light emitted by LED source 1 (optionally passing through a light filter 2 ) radially to multiple wells 45 within the vessel support 80 .
- LED source 1 optionally passing through a light filter 2
- curved wedge waveguides plural LED sources can be vertically staggered, and the light illuminating the analyte holding vessels 40 in wells 45 appear to originate from a single, central source 111 .
- the intensity per well 45 is increased.
- This effect can be augmented by collecting and/or focusing light upon the end of radial light guide 30 using, e.g., lenses and spherical and/or parabolic reflectors (not shown).
- the increased light intensity per well 45 is particularly useful when, e.g., assaying samples with a low transmittance.
- Another reason that the radial light guide 30 of FIGS. 4A and 4B is particularly useful is that several such light guides and LED sources 1 may be used in a single device for conducting assays.
- each chromophore can be probed at a wavelength for which it has a near-maximum response (e.g., absorbance), and an increased sensitivity to each chromophore can be achieved.
- different filters can be inserted between each of the LED sources 1 and the radial light guides 30 .
- FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate, respectively, a top view and a side view of an exemplary embodiment of the optical system that includes the second exemplary embodiment of the radial light guide 30 .
- Plural LED sources 1 are available in this optical system, and light emitted by these LED sources 1 is substantially evenly distributed along the perimeter of radial light guide 30 due to the symmetric arrangement of plural versions of the second exemplary embodiment of the radial light guide 30 about a central axis.
- the plural LED sources 1 can have similar or different emission spectra, as desired.
- FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate, respectively, a top view and a side view of a third exemplary embodiment of the radial light guide 30 , namely a lensmatic wedge lightguide.
- the radial light guide 30 of FIGS. 6A and 6B guides light emitted by LED source 1 (optionally passing through a light filter 2 ) radially to multiple wells 45 within the vessel support 80 .
- the lensmatic wedge lightguide has at least one of the light coupling face 32 (where light is received from the LED source 1 ) and a light decoupling face 31 (where light is transmitted to the analyte holding vessels 40 in wells 45 ) with a radius of curvature that is smaller than the radius of the one or more concentric rows of wells 45 in the vessel support 80 for the analyte holding vessels 40 .
- the lensmatic wedge lightguide version of the radial light guide 30 thus can be designed to create a virtual image 111 of the LED source 1 directly at the center point of the radius of one or more concentric rows of wells 45 in the vessel support 80 .
- the third embodiment (lensmatic wedge) radial light guide 30 of FIGS. 6A and 6B is particularly useful for reasons similar to those described in regard to the second embodiment (curved wedge) of the radial light guide 30 of FIGS. 4A and 4B .
- the intensity per analyte holding vessel 40 is increased.
- This effect can be augmented by collecting and/or focusing light upon the end of radial light guide 30 using, e.g., lenses and spherical and/or parabolic reflectors (not shown).
- the increased light intensity per analyte holding vessel 40 is particularly useful when, e.g., assaying samples with a low transmittance.
- Another reason that the third embodiment (lensmatic wedge) radial light guide 30 of FIGS. 6A and 6B is particularly useful is that several such lightguides and LED sources 1 may be used in a single device for conducting assays. This broadens the range of available assays that may be performed upon the analyte holding vessels 40 in vessel support 80 .
- some wells 45 of the vessel support 80 may be dedicated to assaying for one chromophore, while other wells 45 may be dedicated to assaying for another chromophore that has a different absorption spectrum.
- each chromophore can be probed at a wavelength for which it has a maximum absorbance, and an increased sensitivity to each chromophore can be achieved.
- different filters can be inserted between each of the LED sources 1 and the radial light guides 30 .
- multiple copies of the third embodiment (lensmatic wedge) radial light guides 20 of FIGS. 6A and 6B can be maintained in a substantially single plane. As such, it is easier to stack multiple layers of the third embodiment (lensmatic wedge) radial light guides 20 so that each well 45 in vessel support 80 can be assayed by a user-selected wavelength independent of the location of well 45 .
- a single well 45 may also be assayed at multiple wavelengths using this approach by, e.g, multiplexing the transmission wavelength through a single well 45 by shifting the phase of an on/off modulation for different LED sources 1 stacked atop one another but illuminating a single well 45 .
- the stacking of multiple layers of the third embodiment (lensmatic wedge) radial light guides 20 can be accompanied by the addition of further light pipe(s) and transducer(s) (sensitive to the wavelength(s) of the further LED sources 1 ) so that complete additional, independent, optical channels can be formed.
- lensmatic wedge radial light guides 20 are relatively easy to make.
- FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate, respectively, a top view and a side view of an exemplary embodiment of an optical system that includes the third exemplary embodiment of the radial light guide 30 , namely the lensmatic wedge.
- plural LED sources 1 are available in this optical system, and light emitted by these LED sources 1 is substantially evenly distributed along the perimeter of radial light guide 30 due to the symmetric arrangement of plural versions of the third exemplary embodiment of the radial light guide 30 about a central axis.
- the plural LED sources 1 can have similar or different emission spectra, as desired.
- FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic of a top view of an exemplary arrangement of a optical system that includes the third exemplary embodiment of the radial light guide 30 , namely the lensmatic wedge. This is presented to emphasize that, in this case, all radial light guides 20 can form a virtual image 111 of a respective LED source 1 at a point central to all wells 45 of the vessel support 80 .
- FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary heat conducting block 85 from a vessel support 80 that contains two concentric circular rows of wells 45 . Also shown are a heater ring 90 , a temperature transducing thermistor 1000 , a fixing dowel pin 6 , 0 -rings 41 , and dual light pipes 675 .
- the heat conducting block 85 contains two concentric circular rows of wells 45 configured to support an inserted analyte holding vessel 40 (not shown). By using two concentric circular rows of wells 45 , the capacity of the instrument (i.e., number of wells 45 ) can be increased. This allows for the parallel assaying of multiple analyte holding vessels 40 without an unwieldy increase in the dimensions of the vessel support 80 . In one embodiment, there are 96 wells 45 within a single vessel support 80 , distributed in two concentric circular rows.
- the wells 45 are relatively deep and a significant portion of an inserted analyte holding vessel 40 can be enclosed within each well 45 .
- cross bores (not shown) directed radially through the vessel support 80 are necessary to allow the transmission of light through the vessel support 80 to the wells 45 and light pipes 60 and 70 .
- the exemplary vessel support 80 also includes a heater ring 90 that surrounds the heat conducting block 85 .
- a heater ring 90 that surrounds the heat conducting block 85 .
- By maintaining radial symmetry about a central axis for both the heater ring 90 and the wells 45 in the heat conducting block 85 a relatively equal temperature can be maintained at each well 45 in a single row. As such, even if absolute temperature control is ineffective, accurate differential measurements across analyte holding vessels 40 incubated in a same row can be made.
- heater ring 90 is formed from a low power, DC heater. The power supply for such a heater ring 90 can be placed under microprocessor control and, given that the supply is DC, a source of AC electrical noise within the device for assays is eliminated.
- the exemplary vessel support 80 also includes a temperature transducing thermistor 1000 that is favorably disposed in contact with or within the heat conducting block 85 .
- the temperature transducing thermistor 1000 can be used to generate a control signal used for the closed loop control of the temperature of heat conducting block 85 .
- a suitable, commercially available thermistor 1000 is the P/N QT06002-128 REV A from Quality Thermistor, Inc. For example, if the temperature transducing thermistor 1000 indicates that the temperature of the heat conducting block 85 has dropped below a predetermined (and possibly operator-set) temperature, then increased power can be presented to heater ring 90 , and the temperature of the heat conducting block 85 increased.
- assay incubation temperature is maintained at 37° ⁇ 0.1° C. using a calibrated thermistor with a ⁇ 0.1° C. accuracy.
- the look-up table for the temperature transducing thermistor 1000 is stored in a memory, and the temperature transducing thermistor 1000 is read every 3 seconds via a 12 bit A/D converter. This digital signal corresponds to the control signal for the feedback loop, and a microcontroller increases power applied to the heater when the apparent temperature drops below 36.9° C. and decreases applied power when the apparent temperature exceeds 37.1° C.
- the exemplary vessel support 80 can also include an O-ring 41 that can be sandwiched in each well 45 .
- An O-ring 41 so disposed along the interior of well 45 provides enough resistance to falling such that an analyte holding vessels 40 that is placed into a well 45 will not drop and splash the analyte.
- O-rings 41 are inexpensive and replaceable.
- the exemplary vessel support 80 can also include an dual light pipe 675 that includes each of light pipes 60 and 70 inserted into the base of heat conducting block 85 .
- Dual light pipe 675 can be used to maintain a constant spatial relationship between each of light pipes 60 and 70 .
- the exemplary vessel support 80 can also include a fixing dowel pin 6 that can be inserted into heat conducting block 85 used to fix the relative angular position of the heat conducting block 85 relative to any support or cover therefor.
- FIG. 10 illustrates the assembly of an assay device according to the present invention.
- the device for assays is enclosed within a base 200 and a cover 800 that protect the optical and electronic components from, e.g., dust, water splashes, and other environmental hazards.
- all light transducers 65 and 75 are arranged on a single printed circuit board assembly 300 to receive light output from a respective light pipe 60 or 70 .
- Some or all electronic signal processing elements can be located on a single printed circuit board assembly 300 , such as, e.g., timing elements, A/D converters, channel multiplexers, electrical filters, switches, and/or buffers.
- Either a raw or a processed (e.g., sampled and filtered) output from the individual light transducers 65 and 75 can be relayed to an external control/record processor by way of a multi-pin bulkhead connector (not shown) affixed to, e.g., the side wall of base 200 .
- a multi-pin bulkhead connector (not shown) affixed to, e.g., the side wall of base 200 .
- plural printed circuit board assemblies 300 can be used in some embodiments of the invention.
- one or more LED source(s) 1 and radial waveguide(s) 30 can be disposed substantially concentrically within heater 90 and heat conducting block 85 . If heat conducting block 85 is relatively thick, then one or more of the light paths 100 and 101 can pass through heat conducting block 85 . This can be accomplished by boring radial holes to transmit the light emitted from radial waveguide(s) 30 through an analyte holding vessel 40 in a well 45 to a respective light pipe 60 or 70 which is affixed within heat conducting block 85 .
- the respective light pipe 60 or 70 which can be fixed within a hole bored into the heat conducting block 85 in an axial direction, can then transmit the light to the respective light transducer 65 or 75 on printed circuit board assembly 300 .
- additional light pipes and light transducers can be added, as needed.
- the illustrated device for assay has two separate radial waveguides 30 according to the first described embodiment, one which transmits light along light path 100 for assaying and one which transmits light along light path 101 for detecting an analyte holding vessel 40 .
- radial waveguides 30 can be disposed such that they transmit light above heat conducting block 85 to a respective light pipe 60 or 70 , which may or may not be affixed within the heat conducting block 85 . In such a case, it may be desirable to optically isolate the individual analyte holding vessels 40 by interposing an opaque sheet between neighboring analyte holding vessels 40 .
- the two separate radial waveguides 30 are themselves optically isolated from one another through an optical separator 400 .
- an optical separator can be formed, e.g., from a thin metallic or polymeric piece that is substantially opaque in the wavelengths used by the respective one or more LED source(s) 1 .
- an insulating shell 500 is disposed and affixed atop the heat conducting block 85 and/or heater 90 to form vessel support 80 .
- the insulating shell 500 can serves multiple purposes. Firstly, by thermally isolating the heat conducting block 85 and/or heater 90 , the power requirements of the heater 90 can be reduced, and more uniform heating across the heat conducting block 85 can be obtained. Furthermore, even if insulating shell 500 were in physical contact with base 200 , then conductive thermal transport to base 200 can be minimized.
- a DC heater 90 can be used, which is easily amenable to microprocessor-based control and eliminates background electrical noise by removing a high power AC component from the assay device. This is particularly beneficial when a printed circuit board assembly 300 contains some and/or all of the processing equipment, since the base 200 and a cover 800 can form, in some embodiments, a Faraday cage with only DC power feed lines for the internal electronic circuitry.
- the insulating shell 500 allows for the minimization of the thickness of the conducting block 85 within the vessel support 80 , and hence reduces the total weight of the instrument.
- the insulating shell 500 can have a top face that is displaced from the conducting block 85 and holes (not shown) that support the analyte holding vessels 40 can be drilled through this top face.
- an analyte holding vessel 40 that is inserted into a well 45 is supported both at the conducting block 85 and at the insulating shell 500 .
- insulating shell 500 thus allows for the minimization of the thickness of conducting block 85 in the vessel support 80 while maintaining support for an analyte holding vessels 40 with a minimal increase in weight, since insulating shell 500 can be made from, e.g., a polymer.
- An example material for the insulating shell 500 is DELRIN (acetal).
- Yet another advantage of the insulating shell 500 is that it can serve to fix the position of other components, including the O-rings 41 and the radial light guide(s) 20 , relative to the conducting block 85 and wells 45 .
- an indicator assembly layer including a cover 700 and an LED indicator assembly 600 is included between the insulating shell 500 and the cover 800 .
- Both the cover 700 and LED indicator assembly 600 can be used to provide a human operator with information regarding the wells 45 .
- an alphanumeric denominator for each well 45 can be included upon the cover 700 and the LED indicator assembly 600 can be used, e.g., to indicate to an operator that the assay device considers that an analyte holding vessel 40 has been inserted into a particular well 45 .
- operator error due to incomplete and/or incorrect insertion of an analyte holding vessel 40 can be avoided.
- FIG. 11 illustrates a wireframe view of an exemplary 96 well assembled assay device.
- the 96 wells in the illustrated exemplary device are arranged in two concentric circular rows about a center point which contains a real or virtual LED source 1 .
- the locations of the wells 45 along the two rows are furthermore offset with regard to one another, so that a clear optical path to the outer wells from the real or virtual LED source 1 exists.
- FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary electronics block diagram of an assay device.
- a single control/record processor 610 can be used to control operation of the elements of the assay device, as well as to record the results of the assays.
- the resistance of thermistor 1000 can be measured by, e.g., placing thermistor 1000 in a bridge and digitizing a differential voltage across the bridge using an A/D convertor 660 .
- the digitized differential voltage can be relayed to the control/record processor 610 which might have access to, e.g., a look-up table that associates certain differential voltages with certain temperatures.
- An exemplary commercially available control/record processor 610 is the Motorola P/N MC68HC711E9FN3.
- the control/record processor 610 can then compare the digitized differential voltage with a reference value, and increase and/or decrease the power output to heater 90 as needed. This will be discussed in more detail in regard to FIG. 14 .
- Another method of determining a temperature is through the use of a manufacturer-calibrated thermistor 1000 .
- An R-T look-up table is provided by the manufacturer for such devices.
- the A/D converter 660 measures an absolute potential drop and hence resistance across the thermistor 1000 .
- control/record processor 610 Another function of the control/record processor 610 is implemented using a digital connection to an LED source 1 intensity controller 650 .
- This intensity controller 650 can receive digital intensity control signals from the control/record processor 610 and use them to increase and/or decrease the bias voltage applied to one or more of the LED sources 1 . This will be done, e.g., when an analyte holding vessel 40 is newly inserted into a particular well 45 , or when an the light received by a light transducer 75 is too low in intensity for an accurate measurement to be made by a light transducer 75 .
- the intensity controller 650 can also be used to modulate the bias voltage applied to the LED sources 1 as needed.
- a suitable voltage across the LED sources 1 must exist (i.e., the LED sources 1 must be forward biased). This too can be determined by the control/record processor 610 , which uses a light source multiplexer 655 to selectively complete a return electrical current path through one or more particular LED sources 1 .
- the light source multiplexer 655 can selectively forward bias an LED source 1 in response to, e.g., the insertion of an analyte holding vessel 40 into a particular well 45 serviced by an LED source 1 , the selection of a certain assay wavelength by an operator corresponding to the emission of LED source 1 , or simply to effect an on/off modulation as described in more detail in FIG. 15 .
- a separate vessel detect light source 1 is illustrated in FIG. 12 for the sake of illustrating separate control of the vessel detect optical path when a dedicated radial light guide 30 is used to form light path 101 .
- This vessel detect light source 1 can also be formed by an LED and controlled using a light source multiplexer 655 and intensity controller 650 as described above.
- control/record processor 610 can respond to light transducer 75 receiving an insufficient light intensity is by changing an amplification gain for an amplifier associated with one or more light transducer(s) 75 . This can be done by transmitting a well select signal to well selection unit 620 along with a digital gain adjust signal to the gain adjuster 635 , which in turn can increase the gain of signal amplifier 645 for the selected well 45 .
- the well selection unit 620 can be formed of another multiplexer that selects the output of a particular well 45 for input to the signal amplifier 645 .
- plural well selection units 620 , signal amplifiers 645 , and gain adjusters 635 can be used as well to produce a similar action.
- a similar process can be used to adjust a light intensity cut-off level for determining when an analyte holding vessel 40 is present in one or more wells 45 .
- Digital level adjuster 630 can be used to set an appropriate voltage for the vessel detect comparator 640 that is midway between the output voltage of light transducer 65 when an analyte holding vessel 40 is present and the output voltage of light transducer 65 when an analyte holding vessel 40 is absent from a well 45 .
- a voltage set signal can be transmitted from control/record processor 610 to digital level adjuster 630 at the same time that the appropriate well is identified to well selection unit 620 .
- plural well selection units 620 , level adjusters 630 , and vessel detect comparators 640 can be used as well to produce a similar action.
- the control/record processor 610 can also be used to generate a ready signal, and error signal, and/or other indicator signals for output to indicator 11 .
- the indicator 11 thus serves to provide operation information to an operator.
- the control/record processor 610 can also be used to handle communications with another control/record processor 610 , an output and/or input device, and/or with one or more computer-readable memory devices by way of a communications port 670 . These functions will be discussed further in regard to FIG. 16 .
- FIGS. 13 A-C illustrate a top view in the absence of an analyte holding vessel 40 , a top view in the presence of an analyte holding vessel 40 , and a side view in the presence of an analyte holding vessel 40 that uses an exemplary side wall tube detection scheme with a single radial light guide 30 .
- both the light paths 100 and 101 (as well as 102 ) pass through a single radial light guide 30 with the light path 101 simply being displaced by some angle from light path 100 within the single radial light guide 30 .
- the side wall of the analyte holding vessel 40 deflects the path of light that travels down light path 101 without the analyte holding vessel 40 present in the well 45 to the light path 102 when the analyte holding vessel 40 is present in the well 45 .
- This configuration is particularly advantageous when a flat-bottomed analyte holding vessel 40 as illustrated in FIG. 13C is used.
- the side wall detection scheme illustrated in FIGS. 13 A-C provides two further advantages.
- the side wall curvature is often manufactured to tighter tolerances than the radius of the bottom of these vessels. As such, more reliable detection of these vessels can be obtained.
- sidewall detection allows the minimization of the length of light path 100 . Since light pipe 70 can be brought closer to the well 45 , the length of the light path 100 can be decreased, and the intensity of the light received by light pipe 70 increased.
- FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary process loop for monitoring and controlling the incubation temperature according to the present invention.
- this process loop is performed at all times during operation of the assay device.
- an analyte holding vessel 40 need not be inserted into a well 45 .
- the temperature is read using temperature transducing thermistor 1000 which can be precalibrated with corresponding temperature and resistances stored in a look-up table in computer-readable memory.
- temperature transducing thermistor 1000 can be linearized over a temperature range near a common incubation temperature such as 37.0° C. In either case, once a temperature (and/or corresponding resistance) has been determined, it is recorded in step 1220 .
- step 1220 This can be done by writing to a computer readable memory, such as the illustrated Pyros data block 1000 .
- Recordation of the temperature in step 1220 need not always be performed. For example, in the case of a long assay time, only one in a certain number of measured temperatures need be recorded. Alternatively, if no analyte holding vessels 40 are located in a well 45 , then temperature need not be recorded.
- step 1230 a determination is made as to whether the temperature read in step 1210 is within a certain range. In the illustrated process loop, if the read temperature is less than 37.1° C. and greater than 36.9° C., then the process flow returns to step 1210 , perhaps after a suitable delay. However, if the read temperature is less than 36.9° C., then the process flow proceeds to step 1280 , where the heater control indicates that the power to the heater 90 should be increased. In step 1285 , another determination is made as to whether the temperature read in step 1210 falls within a certain range. The determination in step 1285 is made to determine whether a critical temperature situation due to underheating exists.
- a critical situation is indicated to the operator by setting a front panel LED indicator to red in step 1295 .
- the assay device also sets an internal status indicator to a value, e.g., 0, that indicates the presence of a critical temperature situation due to underheating.
- both the temperature and status is recorded in step 1270 by writing to, e.g., the illustrated Pyros data block 1000 . After recordation of the temperature and status, the process flow loops back to step 1210 .
- step 1235 if it is determined that a critical temperature situation does not exist, then the process flow proceeds to step 1270 without indicating a critical temperature situation to the user and/or other portions of the device.
- step 1270 can be recorded in step 1270 as needed by writing to, e.g., the illustrated Pyros data block 1000 .
- the process flow loops back to step 1210 .
- step 1230 if the read temperature is greater than 37.1° C., then the process flow proceeds to step 1240 , where the heater control indicates that the power to the heater 90 should be decreased and/or cut off.
- step 1250 another determination is made as to whether the temperature read in step 1210 falls within a certain range. The determination in step 1250 is made to determine whether a critical temperature situation due to overheating exists. For example, if the read temperature is greater than 37.5° C., then a critical situation is indicated to the operator by setting a front panel LED indicator to red in step 1260 . The assay device also sets an internal status indicator to a value, e.g., 2, that indicates the presence of a critical temperature situation due to overheating.
- a critical temperature situation due to overheating For example, if the read temperature is greater than 37.5° C., then a critical situation is indicated to the operator by setting a front panel LED indicator to red in step 1260 .
- the assay device also sets an internal status indicator to a value, e.
- both the temperature and status can be recorded in step 1270 by writing to, e.g., the illustrated Pyros data block 1000 .
- the process flow loops back to step 1210 .
- step 1250 if it is determined that a critical temperature situation does not exist, then the process flow proceeds to step 1270 without indicating a critical temperature situation to the user and/or other portions of the device.
- both the temperature and status can be recorded in step 1270 by writing to, e.g., the illustrated Pyros data block 1000 .
- the process flow loops back to step 1210 .
- FIG. 15 illustrates a process flow for an exemplary on/off modulation of the light output by LED source 1 for background correction.
- a background light level is first determined for a particular light transducer, and then a transmitted light measurement is performed. The background level can thus be subtracted out, and more accurate measurements made.
- a LED source 1 that provides the majority of the illumination for a particular well 45 is shut off.
- a particular well 45 already has an analyte holding vessel 40 inserted therein.
- the particular well 45 can be operator-identified, or the instrument can constantly cycle around all available (e.g., filled) wells 45 and the particular well 45 can just happen to be a next well in line.
- the address of the particular well 45 is selected in step 1310 so that a background output of the light transducer 75 (and even a light transducer 65 , as needed) can be digitized and/or otherwise processed for storage. Thereafter, in step 1320 , the background output of the light transducer 75 is read and/or digitized. After information related to the background output of the light transducer 75 has been stored, the process flow proceeds to step 1330 where the LED source 1 that provides the majority of the illumination for a particular well 45 is turned on.
- sample value The light transmitted through the analyte holding vessel 40 when the LED source 1 is turned on is termed the “sample value.”
- sample values are read over a period of time so that the contents of the analyte holding vessel 40 can be, e.g., turbidometrically and chromogenically assayed.
- the read background output of the light transducer 75 is subtracted from the “sample values.”
- both the unchanged “sample values” and the read background output of the light transducer 75 can be stored and the subtraction operation performed, e.g., only upon the request of an operator.
- Modulation of the intensity of emitted light from LED source 1 need not be implemented as described (single step on/off) in regard to FIG. 15 .
- a sinusoidal modulation of the output intensity of LED source 1 with phase locking can be used to discriminate between the light originating from a particular LED source 1 and background (including other LED sources 1 , provided the other sources aren't similarly modulated).
- the on/off modulation can occur continuously during assaying, so that a continuous measurement of background is made.
- the light emitted from LED source 1 can be controlled to follow a predetermined intensity as a function of time.
- This intensity as a function of time can be selected, e.g., to mimic the intensity as a function of time that would be observed if a particular assay were being performed.
- the light from a single LED source 1 can be substantially uniformly transmitted to plural (or even all) light transducers 75 simultaneously.
- the measured intensities for each of the separate optical channels can be compared and each optical channel can be calibrated.
- FIG. 16 illustrates a computer system 801 that can form an external control/record processor in an embodiment of the present invention.
- computer system 801 can communicate with control/record processor 610 of FIG. 12 by way of communications port 670 .
- Computer system 801 includes a bus 802 or other communication mechanism for communicating information, and a processor 803 coupled with bus 802 for processing the information.
- Computer system 801 also includes a main memory 804 , such as a random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device (e.g., dynamic RAM (DRAM), static RAM (SRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), flash RAM), coupled to bus 802 for storing information and instructions to be executed by processor 803 .
- main memory 804 may be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions to be executed by processor 803 .
- Computer system 801 further includes a read only memory (ROM) 805 or other static storage device (e.g., programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), and electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM)) coupled to bus 802 for storing static information and instructions for processor 803 .
- ROM read only memory
- PROM programmable ROM
- EPROM erasable PROM
- EEPROM electrically erasable PROM
- a storage device 807 and/or 808 such as a magnetic disk or optical disk, is provided and coupled to bus 802 by way of a disk controller 806 for storing information and instructions.
- Storage device 807 and/or 808 can contain the tables that record operating and/or measurement information, such as the Pyros data block 1000 of FIG. 14 .
- the computer system 801 may also include special purpose logic devices (e.g., application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)) or configurable logic devices (e.g., generic array of logic (GAL) or reprogrammable field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs)).
- special purpose logic devices e.g., application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)
- configurable logic devices e.g., generic array of logic (GAL) or reprogrammable field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs)
- Other removable media devices e.g., a compact disc, flash memory cards, a tape, and a removable magneto-optical media
- further fixed, high density media drives may be added to the computer system 801 using an appropriate device bus (e.g., a small computer system interface (SCSI) bus, an enhanced integrated device electronics (IDE) bus, or an ultra-direct memory access (DMA) bus).
- SCSI small computer system interface
- IDE enhanced integrated device electronics
- DMA ultra-direct memory access
- Such removable media devices and fixed, high density media drives can also contain the tables that record operating and/or measurement information, such as the Pyros data block 1000 of FIG. 14 .
- the computer system 801 may additionally include a compact disc reader, a compact disc reader-writer unit, or a compact disc juke box, each of which may be connected to the same device bus or another device bus.
- Computer system 801 may be coupled via bus 802 to a display 810 , such as a cathode ray tube (CRT), for displaying information to a computer user.
- Display 810 can perform the functions of an indicator 11 as seen in FIG. 12 , especially when the assay device is operated remotely from the computer system 801 .
- the display 810 may be controlled by a display or graphics card.
- the computer system includes input devices, such as a keyboard 811 and a pointing device 812 (e.g., a cursor control), for communicating information and command selections to processor 803 .
- the pointing device 812 e.g., cursor control
- the pointing device 812 for example, is a mouse, a trackball, or cursor direction keys for communicating direction information and command selections to processor 803 and for controlling cursor movement on the display 810 .
- the computer system 801 can perform a portion or all of the processing steps of the invention in response to processor 803 executing one or more sequences of one or more instructions contained in a memory, such as the main hard disk memory 807 . Such instructions may be read into the main hard disk memory 807 from another computer readable medium, such as storage device 808 .
- processors in a multi-processing arrangement may also be employed to execute the sequences of instructions contained in main hard disk memory 807 .
- hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions. Thus, embodiments are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software.
- the system 801 includes at least one computer readable medium or memory programmed according to the teachings of the invention and for storing data structures, tables, records, or other data described herein.
- Examples of computer readable media are compact discs, hard disks, floppy disks, tape, magneto-optical disks, PROMs (EPROM, EEPROM, Flash EPROM), DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, etc.
- the present invention includes software for controlling the computer system 801 , for driving a device or devices for implementing the invention, and for enabling the computer system 801 to interact with a human user.
- Such software may include, but is not limited to, device drivers, operating systems, development tools, and applications software.
- Such computer readable media further includes the computer program product of the present invention for performing all or a portion (if processing is distributed) of the processing performed in implementing the invention.
- the computer code devices of the present invention may be any interpreted or executable code mechanism, including but not limited to scripts, interpreters, dynamic link libraries, Java classes, and complete executable programs. Moreover, parts of the processing of the present invention may be distributed for better performance, reliability, and/or cost.
- Non-volatile media includes, for example, optical, magnetic disks, and magneto-optical disks, such as storage device 807 and/or 808 .
- Transmission media includes coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise bus 802 . Transmission media also may also take the form of acoustic or light waves, such as those generated during radio wave and infrared data communications.
- Computer readable media include, for example, hard disks, floppy disks, tape, magneto-optical disks, PROMs (EPROM, EEPROM, Flash EPROM), DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, or any other magnetic medium, compact disks (e.g., CD-ROM), or any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, or other physical medium with patterns of holes, a carrier wave (described below), or any other medium from which a computer can read.
- Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying out one or more sequences of one or more instructions to processor 803 for execution.
- the instructions may initially be carried on a magnetic disk of a remote computer.
- the remote computer can load the instructions for implementing all or a portion of the present invention remotely into a dynamic memory and send the instructions over a telephone line using a modem.
- a modem local to computer system 801 may receive the data on the telephone line and use an infrared transmitter to convert the data to an infrared signal.
- An infrared detector coupled to bus 802 can receive the data carried in the infrared signal and place the data on bus 802 .
- Bus 802 carries the data to main hard disk memory 807 , from which processor 803 retrieves and executes the instructions.
- the instructions received by main hard disk memory 807 may optionally be stored on a removable media storage device 808 either before or after execution by processor 803 .
- Computer system 801 also includes a communication interface 813 coupled to bus 802 .
- Communication interface 813 can be connected to communication port 670 of an internal control/record processor 610 , or internal control/record processor 610 can be eliminated in whole or in part and the communication interface 813 can conduct direct communications with, e.g., level adjuster 630 and gain adjuster 635 .
- communication interface 813 sends and receives electrical, electromagnetic, or optical signals that carry data representing various types of information.
Abstract
An analytical device that can be used to conveniently and accurately assay plural vessels. In one exemplary embodiment, a pair of LED sources provides illumination through a pair of radial waveguides to plural vessels arranged in a pair of substantially concentric and circular rows about the LED sources. A light pipe receives light transmitted through a vessel from each radial waveguide and reflects the received light downward to a single printed circuit board that contains a photodiode for each light pipe, as well as processing circuitry. The first LED source/radial waveguide optical is used to confirm the presence of a vessel, and the second is used to perform, e.g., turbidometric and/or colorimetric assays upon an analyte within the vessel. The vessel is incubated in a vessel support that includes a heat conducting base and a heat insulating cover. Heat is supplied by a DC heater.
Description
- This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 60/167,618 filed Nov. 26, 1999.
- 1. Field of the Invention
- This invention is directed towards the Pyros Kinetix reader for conducting assays. More specifically, this invention is directed to providing an analytical device that, in one embodiment, conveniently and accurately assays both turbidity and chromogenic reactions in plural vessels.
- 2. Discussion of the Background
- Optical techniques are commonly used to transduce a number of different chemical and biological parameters. Among many thousand such examples, turbidometric measurements can be used to bioassay and/or bioscreen for the presence of endotoxin using Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) such as PYROTELL-T (Associates of Cape Cod, Falmouth, Mass.). Similarly, chromogenic measurements can be used to bioassay and/or bioscreen for the presence of endotoxin using the POLYCHROME chromogenic formulation of LAL (Associates of Cape Cod, Falmouth, Mass.), which releases a yellow chromophore when exposed to endotoxin.
- Many different instruments have been described that use optical techniques to transduce these and other such biological parameters. For example, Hoyt (U.S. Pat. No. 4,936,682) describes an instrument for measuring the light absorption characteristics of a plurality of samples arranged in a substantially circular pattern about a single incandescent light source. Incandescent light sources are however only suitable for performing certain types of assays since their emission intensity is primarily in the IR and long wavelength portion of the visible spectrum. Moreover, incandescent light sources require intensity adjustments to maintain a relatively constant emission flux, have limited operational lifetimes, and, as a consequence of resistive heating of the filament, dissipate large amounts of heat that often complicate temperature control in incubators. Finally, since incandescent sources require relatively large amounts of power, they are commonly driven by high power AC sources such as line sources and microcontroller-based modulation of incandescent source intensity is relatively difficult to implement. Shirasawa (U.S. Pat. No. 5,337,139) describes a multichannel optical measuring system which uses multiple branches of a quartz optical fiber to project light from mercury or xenon lamps at glass cuvettes that contain biological cell samples in order to perform fluorometric measurements. Shirasawa (U.S. Pat. No. 5,337,139) also describes that a light emitting diode (LED)/photodiode pair can be associated with each glass cuvette to generate a signal related to the intensity of transmitted light through the cuvette. Mioduski (U.S. Pat. No. 3,882,318) describes a reaction block configured to hold a reaction chamber where a specimen and a test reagent are mixed. The reaction block has two optical paths therethrough, one for conducting a transmittance measurement of the specimen/test reagent mixture, and the other to detect the presence of a reaction chamber within the block. Each reaction block has an associated printed circuit board for detecting light output from both paths. Noeller (U.S. Pat. No. 4,784,947) describes a method for photographically recording fluorometric and nephelometric analyses performed using a photo-flash or a strobe light photon source. As both the light transduction and light generation described by Noeller (U.S. Pat. No. 4,784,947) only occurs at discrete times, continuous monitoring and automated data analysis is not possible.
- The disclosure of each of the above-noted patents is incorporated herein by reference.
- Accordingly, one object of this invention is to provide a novel method and device for conducting assays.
- Another object of this invention is to provide a novel method and device that, in one embodiment, allows a user to simultaneously assay both turbidity and chromogenic reactions in plural vessels.
- Another object of this invention is to provide a novel method and device that, in one embodiment, allows a user to conduct several assays simultaneously, each assay not necessarily having a same start time.
- Another object of this invention is to provide a novel method and device that, in one embodiment, reduces device component and assembly costs, minimizes the size of the device, makes repair easier.
- Another object of this invention is to provide a novel method and device that, in one embodiment, allows a user to incubate plural assays in plural vessels using a minimum of power while maintaining a desired incubation temperature.
- These and other objects of the invention can be realized by using a PYROS KINETIX READER and similar devices. Such devices can include, according to one embodiment, a single LED source providing illumination to plural vessels through a radial waveguide. Some embodiments can include two LED sources in a single device, each illuminating plural vessels along a different radial waveguide. Some embodiments can include more than two LED sources in a single device. Other embodiments can include one or more radial waveguides for presenting emitted light to the plural vessels at a high intensity. Other embodiments can present emitted light along two radial waveguides through a single vessel, the first radial waveguide being used to detect a presence of the vessel and the second radial waveguide being used to transduce an optical property of an analyte within the vessel. Some embodiments include modulation of the emission intensity of the one or more LED sources, this modulation being, e.g., a step function. In some embodiments, this modulation is microprocessor-based. In other embodiments, this modulation is mechanical, analog, or otherwise electronically implemented. In some embodiments, the LED source(s) emit substantially at 470 nm±30 nm. In some embodiments, one or more optical filters is placed along an optical path that passes through the vessel.
- Other embodiments of such devices can include the vessels arranged in a substantially circular geometry around the LED light source(s). Other embodiments may include plural groups of two or more vessels at two or more different radii about a center. Another embodiment may include two groups of 48 vessels at two different radii about the center. In some embodiments, an LED is positioned at the center point. In some embodiments, one or more optical waveguides is used to substantially evenly distribute light from one or more LED's to several vessels. In some embodiments, a lens is used to position a virtual image of one or more LED's at the center. In some embodiments, multiple LED's are vertically staggered along a line passing through the center.
- Other embodiments of such devices can include a single printed circuit board containing plural phototransducers. Some embodiments may include a single printed board having all phototransducers. Some embodiments provide plural vessels in a same plane, and a plane of such a single printed circuit board being substantially parallel to such a plane. Some embodiments provide a plane of such a single printed circuit board below at least one vessel. In some embodiments, a light pipe is used to guide light transmitted along an optical path through a vessel to such a single printed circuit board.
- Other embodiments of such devices can include a multicomponent support for the vessels, a first component being chosen to conduct heat for incubating one or more vessels at a set temperature. In some embodiments, another component is chosen to thermally insulate the first component and reduce power demands of the device. In some embodiments, the other component is lighter that the first component and reduces the net weight of the device.
- Other embodiments of such devices can include a precalibrated temperature transducer that reduces calibration demands for operating such a device.
- The aforementioned and other objects of the invention can also be realized using methods that are simple to implement upon the PYROS KINETIX READER and other similar devices. A method for performing assays can involve generating light using a LED, radially guiding a portion of the generated light, transmitting a portion of the guided light through a plurality of vessels, and transducing a portion of the transmitted light to assay a sample. In some embodiments, a portion of the generated light can be transmitted through a side or a bottom portion of the plurality of vessels and used to detect the presence of the plurality of vessels. In other embodiments, a portion of the transmitted light can be reflected using a light pipe. In some embodiments, a portion of the generated light can be diverged. In other embodiments, the generated light can be modulated to yield a background measurement.
- A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same become better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
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FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate, respectively, a top view and a side view of an exemplary optical system according to the present invention; -
FIGS. 2A, 2B , and 2C illustrate a side view of various light paths through an exemplary optical system without a sample holding vessel present, with a sample holding vessel present, and with a sample holding vessel present at an increased magnification; -
FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate, respectively, a top view and a side view of an exemplary embodiment of the optical system that includes a central light source with multiple wells; -
FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate, respectively, a top view and a side view of a second exemplary embodiment of the radiallight guide 30; -
FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate, respectively, a top view and a side view of an exemplary embodiment of the optical system that includes the second exemplary embodiment of the radiallight guide 30; -
FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate, respectively, a top view and a side view of a third exemplary embodiment of the radiallight guide 30; -
FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate, respectively, a top view and a side view of an exemplary embodiment of the optical system that includes the third exemplary embodiment of the radiallight guide 30; -
FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic of a top view of an exemplary arrangement of a optical system that includes the third exemplary embodiment of the radiallight guide 30; -
FIG. 9 illustrates anexemplary vessel support 80 containing two concentric circular rows ofwells 45, as well as various components to be entirely or partially inserted into theexemplary vessel support 80; -
FIG. 10 illustrates an exploded view of an assay device according to the present invention; -
FIG. 11 illustrates a wireframe view of an exemplary assembled assay device; -
FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary electronics block diagram of an assay device; - FIGS. 13A-C illustrate a top view in the absence of an
analyte holding vessel 40, a top view in the presence of ananalyte holding vessel 40, and a side view in the presence of ananalyte holding vessel 40 that uses an exemplary side wall tube detection scheme with a singleradial light guide 30; -
FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary process loop for monitoring and controlling the incubation temperature according to the present invention; -
FIG. 15 illustrates a process flow for an exemplary on/off modulation of the light output byLED source 1 for background correction; and -
FIG. 16 illustrates anexemplary computer system 801 that can form an external control/record processor in an embodiment of the present invention. - Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding parts throughout the several views, and more particularly to
FIG. 1 thereof, which illustrates an exemplary optical system according to the present invention. The illustrated optical system generates light, radially guides it to one or more vessels containing an analyte, transmits the light through the vessel and/or the analyte, and then pipes the light to one or more light transducers where it is transduced. As used herein, radial guiding refers to the transmission of light to plural vessels along plural optical paths, wherein the transmittance along the various paths is substantially equal. This situation is possible to implement using a circular (or arcular) waveguide with a source located at the center, hence giving rise to the term “radial guiding.” - In
FIGS. 1A and 1B ,LED source 1 generates and emits photons, and can also optionally serve to collimate and/or focus the generated photons. Examples of commercially available LED's that can form theLED source 1 are the Nichia P/N NSPB500S, the Kingbright P/N L934MBC, and the Hewlett-Packard P/N HLMP-CB16. LED's generate relatively large photon fluxes over relatively narrow bandwidths, especially relative to incandescent sources which emit over a very large bandwidth. In one embodiment,LED source 1 can generate photons centered around substantially 470 nm with a bandwidth ±30 nm, although those skilled in the art can increase or decrease the center wavelength and the bandwidth surrounding it to provide different responses. Naturally, plural LED's may be used along with multiple versions of the illustrated optical system in the same assay device. In such a case, LED's with different center wavelengths and/or intensities may be selected to, e.g., provide broader dynamic range for assays, allow dual wavelength assays to, e.g., increase sensitivity and/or allow a user to use plural chromophores and/or obtain better background correction information. - Also illustrated in
FIG. 1B is anoptical filter 2 between theLED source 1 and theradial waveguide 30. Thefilter 2 is optional; since a LED emission spectrum is already relatively narrowband, it is often not necessary to includefilter 2, which further lowers the cost and power requirements of the optical system. However, in some applications that have precise wavelength requirements, such as spectroscopic analyses or chromogenic assays of complex samples, afilter 2 may be desirable. - In the illustrated embodiment, light emitted by
LED source 1 is guided radially by a radiallight guide 30 that includes a light coupling total internal reflection (TIR)cone 35 for coupling the emitted light into the radiallight guide 30. As illustrated, lightcoupling TIR cone 35 is centered within the radiallight guide 30 and substantially above theLED source 1. In such a geometry, light emitted byLED source 1 is substantially evenly transmitted from the center of light guide 20 toward the perimeter of radiallight guide 30. Radiallight guide 30 can be formed of, e.g., acrylic cast into a mold that forms lightcoupling TIR cone 35. The radiallight guide 30 with a lightcoupling TIR cone 35 allows a 20 to 100mW LED source 1 to provide as much illumination to theanalyte holding vessel 40 as a 20 W incandescent bulb. - A
single well 45 configured to support ananalyte holding vessel 40 is illustrated beyond the perimeter of the radiallight guide 30. Naturally, it is both possible and desirable to useplural wells 45 and analyte holding vessels 40 (not shown). The distribution ofsuch wells 45 relative to the radiallight guide 30 will be discussed further in, e.g.,FIGS. 3 and 11 . The illustrated well 45 is configured to support ananalyte holding vessel 40 that is a test tube, although other suitable vessels, such a optical cuvettes and capillaries, may be used. It is only important thatanalyte holding vessel 40 be sufficiently transparent over the emission spectrum ofLED source 1 to perform the desired assay. - The exemplary optical system of
FIG. 2 also includes a pair oflight pipes LED source 1 and some point in or on ananalyte holding vessel 40 in thewell 45. The pair oflight pipes well 45. Light transmitted through the well 45 is incident upon the pair oflight pipes 60 and 70 (provided noanalyte holding vessel 40 is present), and reflected in a direction determined by the orientation of a total internal reflection (TIR)surface 21. The pair oflight pipes LED source 1 and some point in or on theanalyte holding vessel 40 in thewell 45. This is desirable in the interest of simplifying device design, limiting the number of harness connections, decreasing the cost of the device, and simplifying maintenance and repair. As illustrated, the light receiving portion oflight pipe 60 is located along a path that joins the real or virtual position of theLED source 1 and a point on the bottom curvature of ananalyte holding vessel 40 positioned in thewell 45. When ananalyte holding vessel 40 is present in well 45, light passing along this line through the radiallight guide 30 is significantly deflected out of this path due to refraction by theanalyte holding vessel 40, and alight transducer 65 located at the output oflight pipe 60 can easily detect the insertion and/or removal ofanalyte holding vessel 40 by monitoring the intensity of the received light. Absorption and/or reflection of the light that passes along this path can also decrease the intensity of the received light and detect the presence of ananalyte holding vessel 40 inwell 45. Alternatively, the light receiving portion oflight pipe 60 can be located along a path that joins the real or virtual position of theLED source 1 and a point on the side curvature of theanalyte holding vessel 40 to obtain a similar sensitivity, as further illustrated in FIGS. 13A-C. -
Light pipe 70, on the other hand, is preferably located along a light path that joins the real or virtual position of theLED source 1 and a point near the center of an insertedanalyte holding vessel 40, but away from the bottom. As such, a relatively long pathlength through theanalyte holding vessel 40 is examined and refraction (due to, e.g., tubular analyte holding vessels 40) is minimized. - In the illustrated embodiment of
FIG. 1B , bothlight pipes light guide 30. This is not necessarily the case. For example, two different radial light guides 20 can each transmit light to a singlerespective light pipe - In the illustrated embodiment, both TIR surfaces 21 reflect light downward, substantially at right angles relative to the respective path of that light through the
analyte holding vessel 40. This is preferred, since no tilting and/or stoppering of theanalyte holding vessel 40 is required and thelight transducers analyte holding vessels 40 can be positioned in a single printed circuit board located below and substantially parallel with the radiallight guide 30. Naturally, in some embodiments of the invention, the TIR surfaces 21 and pair oflight pipes light transducers analyte holding vessels 40 upon multiple printed circuit boards. At the output of the pair oflight pipes light transducers light transducers - A further illustration of side views of various
light paths FIGS. 2A, 2B , and 2C (albeit at higher magnification). InFIG. 2A , photons generated at theLED source 1 are reflected by the lightcoupling TIR cone 35 and carried along radiallight guide 30 to avessel support 80 that may or may not support ananalyte holding vessel 40 therein. If ananalyte holding vessel 40 is not supported by the aparticular well 45 of thevessel support 80, then thelight path 101 will conduct a relatively high intensity of light tolight pipe 60, which in turn conducts the light tolight transducer 65. On the other hand, if a (filled)analyte holding vessel 40 is supported by aparticular well 45 of thevessel support 80, then light originally onlight path 101 is deflected alonglight path 102, and a relatively low intensity of light is received atlight pipe 60 andlight transducer 65. Thus, by measuring an intensity of the light received atlight transducer 65, the presence of ananalyte holding vessel 40 in a well 45 of thevessel support 80 can be made. -
FIG. 2C illustrates a side view of various light paths through an exemplary optical system with a sample holding vessel present at an increased magnification. As illustrated, light that has passed through the radiallight guide 30 is directed downward due to refraction caused by the base of ananalyte holding vessel 40 in a well 45 of thevessel support 80. Refraction need not be the physical origin of the decreased light intensity received atlight guide 60. For example, reflection and/or absorption can also cause reduced light transmission tolight guide 60. - As illustrated in
FIGS. 2A, 2B , and 2C, sincelight path 100 is incident upon a position substantially at the middle ofanalyte holding vessel 40, the direction oflight path 100 remains substantially unchanged by the presence ofanalyte holding vessel 40. Naturally, the intensity of light transmitted alonglight path 100 will change, and this intensity change will be used to assay the contents ofanalyte holding vessel 40. - Also illustrated in
FIG. 2A and 2B is apositioning sleeve 11 arranged about theLED source 1. Thepositioning sleeve 11 serves to accurately centerLED source 1 directly under lightcoupling TIR cone 35, ensuring substantially uniform radial illumination by light guided through radiallight guide 30. -
FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate, respectively, a top view and a side view of an exemplary embodiment of the optical system that includes a central light source withmultiple wells 45 of thevessel support 80 for holding multipleanalyte holding vessels 40. In the illustrated embodiment, themultiple wells 45 are arranged radially about the lightcoupling TIR cone 35 of the radiallight guide 30. As such, themultiple wells 45 of thevessel support 80 receive substantially equal radiant fluxes from theLED source 1. Moreover, if thevessel support 80 is radially symmetric, this radial symmetry can be exploited to maintain allwells 45 of thevessel support 80 at a substantially equal temperature. For example, if thevessel support 80 includes a ring made of a thermally conducting material (e.g., a metal such as aluminum or copper such asheat conducting block 85 shown in e.g.,FIG. 10 ), then a heater ring (such asheater 90 shown in e.g.,FIG. 10 ) can be disposed just inside and/or outside of thevessel support 80 and allwells 45 of thevessel support 80 will be maintained at a substantially equal temperature. Thus, even if the absolute incubation temperature is subject to errors due to, e.g., thermal fluctuations and/or miscalibrated equipment, then accurate differential measurements across samples withindifferent wells 45 of thevessel support 80 will still be possible. Both the heating of and disposition ofwells 45 within thevessel support 80 will be discussed in more detail in regard toFIG. 9 . -
FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate, respectively, a top view and a side view of a second exemplary embodiment of the radiallight guide 30, namely a curved wedge lightguide. As with the radiallight guide 30 ofFIGS. 1A and 1B , the radiallight guide 30 ofFIGS. 4A and 4B guides light emitted by LED source 1 (optionally passing through a light filter 2) radially tomultiple wells 45 within thevessel support 80. With curved wedge waveguides, plural LED sources can be vertically staggered, and the light illuminating theanalyte holding vessels 40 inwells 45 appear to originate from a single,central source 111. The radiallight guide 30 ofFIGS. 4A and 4B is particularly useful for several different reasons. For example, by reducing the total number ofwells 45 that are illuminated by aparticular LED source 1, then the intensity perwell 45 is increased. This effect can be augmented by collecting and/or focusing light upon the end of radiallight guide 30 using, e.g., lenses and spherical and/or parabolic reflectors (not shown). The increased light intensity perwell 45 is particularly useful when, e.g., assaying samples with a low transmittance. Another reason that the radiallight guide 30 ofFIGS. 4A and 4B is particularly useful is that several such light guides andLED sources 1 may be used in a single device for conducting assays. This broadens the range of available assays that may be performed upon theanalyte holding vessels 40 invessel support 80. For example, somewells 45 of thevessel support 80 may be dedicated to assaying for one chromophore, whileother wells 45 may be dedicated to assaying for another chromophore that has a different absorption spectrum. Sincedifferent LED sources 1 can be used to sample separate groups ofwells 45, each chromophore can be probed at a wavelength for which it has a near-maximum response (e.g., absorbance), and an increased sensitivity to each chromophore can be achieved. Moreover, different filters can be inserted between each of theLED sources 1 and the radial light guides 30. -
FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate, respectively, a top view and a side view of an exemplary embodiment of the optical system that includes the second exemplary embodiment of the radiallight guide 30.Plural LED sources 1 are available in this optical system, and light emitted by theseLED sources 1 is substantially evenly distributed along the perimeter of radiallight guide 30 due to the symmetric arrangement of plural versions of the second exemplary embodiment of the radiallight guide 30 about a central axis. As described before, theplural LED sources 1 can have similar or different emission spectra, as desired. -
FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate, respectively, a top view and a side view of a third exemplary embodiment of the radiallight guide 30, namely a lensmatic wedge lightguide. As with the radiallight guide 30 ofFIGS. 1A and 1B , the radiallight guide 30 ofFIGS. 6A and 6B guides light emitted by LED source 1 (optionally passing through a light filter 2) radially tomultiple wells 45 within thevessel support 80. However, the lensmatic wedge lightguide has at least one of the light coupling face 32 (where light is received from the LED source 1) and a light decoupling face 31 (where light is transmitted to theanalyte holding vessels 40 in wells 45) with a radius of curvature that is smaller than the radius of the one or more concentric rows ofwells 45 in thevessel support 80 for theanalyte holding vessels 40. The lensmatic wedge lightguide version of the radiallight guide 30 thus can be designed to create avirtual image 111 of theLED source 1 directly at the center point of the radius of one or more concentric rows ofwells 45 in thevessel support 80. Once again, substantially even radial distribution of light emitted byplural LED sources 1 can be assured, even though these sources do not occupy the same physical space. - The third embodiment (lensmatic wedge)
radial light guide 30 ofFIGS. 6A and 6B is particularly useful for reasons similar to those described in regard to the second embodiment (curved wedge) of the radiallight guide 30 ofFIGS. 4A and 4B . For example, by reducing the total number ofanalyte holding vessels 40 that are illuminated by aparticular LED source 1, then the intensity peranalyte holding vessel 40 is increased. This effect can be augmented by collecting and/or focusing light upon the end of radiallight guide 30 using, e.g., lenses and spherical and/or parabolic reflectors (not shown). The increased light intensity peranalyte holding vessel 40 is particularly useful when, e.g., assaying samples with a low transmittance. Another reason that the third embodiment (lensmatic wedge)radial light guide 30 ofFIGS. 6A and 6B is particularly useful is that several such lightguides andLED sources 1 may be used in a single device for conducting assays. This broadens the range of available assays that may be performed upon theanalyte holding vessels 40 invessel support 80. For example, somewells 45 of thevessel support 80 may be dedicated to assaying for one chromophore, whileother wells 45 may be dedicated to assaying for another chromophore that has a different absorption spectrum. Sincedifferent LED sources 1 can be used to sample separate groups ofwells 45, each chromophore can be probed at a wavelength for which it has a maximum absorbance, and an increased sensitivity to each chromophore can be achieved. Moreover, different filters can be inserted between each of theLED sources 1 and the radial light guides 30. - In contrast with the second embodiment (curved wedge)
radial light guide 30 ofFIGS. 4A and 4B , multiple copies of the third embodiment (lensmatic wedge) radial light guides 20 ofFIGS. 6A and 6B can be maintained in a substantially single plane. As such, it is easier to stack multiple layers of the third embodiment (lensmatic wedge) radial light guides 20 so that each well 45 invessel support 80 can be assayed by a user-selected wavelength independent of the location of well 45. Asingle well 45 may also be assayed at multiple wavelengths using this approach by, e.g, multiplexing the transmission wavelength through asingle well 45 by shifting the phase of an on/off modulation fordifferent LED sources 1 stacked atop one another but illuminating asingle well 45. The stacking of multiple layers of the third embodiment (lensmatic wedge) radial light guides 20 can be accompanied by the addition of further light pipe(s) and transducer(s) (sensitive to the wavelength(s) of the further LED sources 1) so that complete additional, independent, optical channels can be formed. Finally, lensmatic wedge radial light guides 20 are relatively easy to make. -
FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate, respectively, a top view and a side view of an exemplary embodiment of an optical system that includes the third exemplary embodiment of the radiallight guide 30, namely the lensmatic wedge. Similarly toFIGS. 5A and 5B ,plural LED sources 1 are available in this optical system, and light emitted by theseLED sources 1 is substantially evenly distributed along the perimeter of radiallight guide 30 due to the symmetric arrangement of plural versions of the third exemplary embodiment of the radiallight guide 30 about a central axis. As described before, theplural LED sources 1 can have similar or different emission spectra, as desired. -
FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic of a top view of an exemplary arrangement of a optical system that includes the third exemplary embodiment of the radiallight guide 30, namely the lensmatic wedge. This is presented to emphasize that, in this case, all radial light guides 20 can form avirtual image 111 of arespective LED source 1 at a point central to allwells 45 of thevessel support 80. -
FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplaryheat conducting block 85 from avessel support 80 that contains two concentric circular rows ofwells 45. Also shown are aheater ring 90, atemperature transducing thermistor 1000, a fixingdowel pin 6, 0-rings 41, and duallight pipes 675. Theheat conducting block 85 contains two concentric circular rows ofwells 45 configured to support an inserted analyte holding vessel 40 (not shown). By using two concentric circular rows ofwells 45, the capacity of the instrument (i.e., number of wells 45) can be increased. This allows for the parallel assaying of multipleanalyte holding vessels 40 without an unwieldy increase in the dimensions of thevessel support 80. In one embodiment, there are 96wells 45 within asingle vessel support 80, distributed in two concentric circular rows. - In the illustrated embodiment, the
wells 45 are relatively deep and a significant portion of an insertedanalyte holding vessel 40 can be enclosed within each well 45. Thus, cross bores (not shown) directed radially through thevessel support 80 are necessary to allow the transmission of light through thevessel support 80 to thewells 45 andlight pipes - The
exemplary vessel support 80 also includes aheater ring 90 that surrounds theheat conducting block 85. By maintaining radial symmetry about a central axis for both theheater ring 90 and thewells 45 in theheat conducting block 85, a relatively equal temperature can be maintained at each well 45 in a single row. As such, even if absolute temperature control is ineffective, accurate differential measurements acrossanalyte holding vessels 40 incubated in a same row can be made. In one embodiment,heater ring 90 is formed from a low power, DC heater. The power supply for such aheater ring 90 can be placed under microprocessor control and, given that the supply is DC, a source of AC electrical noise within the device for assays is eliminated. - The
exemplary vessel support 80 also includes atemperature transducing thermistor 1000 that is favorably disposed in contact with or within theheat conducting block 85. Thetemperature transducing thermistor 1000 can be used to generate a control signal used for the closed loop control of the temperature ofheat conducting block 85. A suitable, commerciallyavailable thermistor 1000 is the P/N QT06002-128 REV A from Quality Thermistor, Inc. For example, if thetemperature transducing thermistor 1000 indicates that the temperature of theheat conducting block 85 has dropped below a predetermined (and possibly operator-set) temperature, then increased power can be presented toheater ring 90, and the temperature of theheat conducting block 85 increased. In some embodiments of the device, assay incubation temperature is maintained at 37°±0.1° C. using a calibrated thermistor with a ±0.1° C. accuracy. The look-up table for thetemperature transducing thermistor 1000 is stored in a memory, and thetemperature transducing thermistor 1000 is read every 3 seconds via a 12 bit A/D converter. This digital signal corresponds to the control signal for the feedback loop, and a microcontroller increases power applied to the heater when the apparent temperature drops below 36.9° C. and decreases applied power when the apparent temperature exceeds 37.1° C. - The
exemplary vessel support 80 can also include an O-ring 41 that can be sandwiched in each well 45. An O-ring 41 so disposed along the interior of well 45 provides enough resistance to falling such that ananalyte holding vessels 40 that is placed into a well 45 will not drop and splash the analyte. Moreover, such O-rings 41 are inexpensive and replaceable. - The
exemplary vessel support 80 can also include andual light pipe 675 that includes each oflight pipes heat conducting block 85. Duallight pipe 675 can be used to maintain a constant spatial relationship between each oflight pipes - Finally, the
exemplary vessel support 80 can also include a fixingdowel pin 6 that can be inserted intoheat conducting block 85 used to fix the relative angular position of theheat conducting block 85 relative to any support or cover therefor. -
FIG. 10 illustrates the assembly of an assay device according to the present invention. The device for assays is enclosed within abase 200 and acover 800 that protect the optical and electronic components from, e.g., dust, water splashes, and other environmental hazards. In the illustrated embodiment, alllight transducers circuit board assembly 300 to receive light output from arespective light pipe circuit board assembly 300, such as, e.g., timing elements, A/D converters, channel multiplexers, electrical filters, switches, and/or buffers. Either a raw or a processed (e.g., sampled and filtered) output from the individuallight transducers base 200. Naturally, plural printedcircuit board assemblies 300 can be used in some embodiments of the invention. - Depending upon the thickness of
heat conducting block 85, one or more LED source(s) 1 and radial waveguide(s) 30 can be disposed substantially concentrically withinheater 90 andheat conducting block 85. Ifheat conducting block 85 is relatively thick, then one or more of thelight paths heat conducting block 85. This can be accomplished by boring radial holes to transmit the light emitted from radial waveguide(s) 30 through ananalyte holding vessel 40 in a well 45 to arespective light pipe heat conducting block 85. Therespective light pipe heat conducting block 85 in an axial direction, can then transmit the light to the respectivelight transducer circuit board assembly 300. As mentioned before, if further optical channels capable of making measurements upon a singleanalyte holding vessel 40 in a well 45 are added, then additional light pipes and light transducers can be added, as needed. - The illustrated device for assay has two separate
radial waveguides 30 according to the first described embodiment, one which transmits light alonglight path 100 for assaying and one which transmits light alonglight path 101 for detecting ananalyte holding vessel 40. Naturally, other numbers and types ofradial waveguides 30 are available under the current invention. Moreover, one or more radial waveguide(s) 30 can be disposed such that they transmit light aboveheat conducting block 85 to arespective light pipe heat conducting block 85. In such a case, it may be desirable to optically isolate the individualanalyte holding vessels 40 by interposing an opaque sheet between neighboringanalyte holding vessels 40. - The two separate
radial waveguides 30 are themselves optically isolated from one another through anoptical separator 400. Such an optical separator can be formed, e.g., from a thin metallic or polymeric piece that is substantially opaque in the wavelengths used by the respective one or more LED source(s) 1. - In the illustrated embodiment, an insulating
shell 500 is disposed and affixed atop theheat conducting block 85 and/orheater 90 to formvessel support 80. The insulatingshell 500 can serves multiple purposes. Firstly, by thermally isolating theheat conducting block 85 and/orheater 90, the power requirements of theheater 90 can be reduced, and more uniform heating across theheat conducting block 85 can be obtained. Furthermore, even if insulatingshell 500 were in physical contact withbase 200, then conductive thermal transport to base 200 can be minimized. Moreover, since the insulatingshell 500 reduces the power requirements ofheater 90 for maintaining a substantially constant incubation temperature, aDC heater 90 can be used, which is easily amenable to microprocessor-based control and eliminates background electrical noise by removing a high power AC component from the assay device. This is particularly beneficial when a printedcircuit board assembly 300 contains some and/or all of the processing equipment, since thebase 200 and acover 800 can form, in some embodiments, a Faraday cage with only DC power feed lines for the internal electronic circuitry. - Another advantage of the insulating
shell 500 is that it allows for the minimization of the thickness of the conductingblock 85 within thevessel support 80, and hence reduces the total weight of the instrument. For example, the insulatingshell 500 can have a top face that is displaced from the conductingblock 85 and holes (not shown) that support theanalyte holding vessels 40 can be drilled through this top face. Thus, ananalyte holding vessel 40 that is inserted into a well 45 is supported both at the conductingblock 85 and at the insulatingshell 500. The use of an insulating shell thus allows for the minimization of the thickness of conductingblock 85 in thevessel support 80 while maintaining support for ananalyte holding vessels 40 with a minimal increase in weight, since insulatingshell 500 can be made from, e.g., a polymer. An example material for the insulatingshell 500 is DELRIN (acetal). - Yet another advantage of the insulating
shell 500 is that it can serve to fix the position of other components, including the O-rings 41 and the radial light guide(s) 20, relative to the conductingblock 85 andwells 45. - In the embodiment illustrated in
FIG. 10 , an indicator assembly layer including acover 700 and anLED indicator assembly 600 is included between the insulatingshell 500 and thecover 800. Both thecover 700 andLED indicator assembly 600 can be used to provide a human operator with information regarding thewells 45. For example, an alphanumeric denominator for each well 45 can be included upon thecover 700 and theLED indicator assembly 600 can be used, e.g., to indicate to an operator that the assay device considers that ananalyte holding vessel 40 has been inserted into aparticular well 45. Thus, operator error due to incomplete and/or incorrect insertion of ananalyte holding vessel 40 can be avoided. -
FIG. 11 illustrates a wireframe view of an exemplary 96 well assembled assay device. The 96 wells in the illustrated exemplary device are arranged in two concentric circular rows about a center point which contains a real orvirtual LED source 1. The locations of thewells 45 along the two rows are furthermore offset with regard to one another, so that a clear optical path to the outer wells from the real orvirtual LED source 1 exists. Finally, there need not be any moving parts in the assay device, and moreover the entire device can be microprocessor controlled and DC powered. -
FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary electronics block diagram of an assay device. As mentioned before, a single control/record processor 610 can be used to control operation of the elements of the assay device, as well as to record the results of the assays. For example, the resistance ofthermistor 1000 can be measured by, e.g., placingthermistor 1000 in a bridge and digitizing a differential voltage across the bridge using an A/D convertor 660. The digitized differential voltage can be relayed to the control/record processor 610 which might have access to, e.g., a look-up table that associates certain differential voltages with certain temperatures. An exemplary commercially available control/record processor 610 is the Motorola P/N MC68HC711E9FN3. The control/record processor 610 can then compare the digitized differential voltage with a reference value, and increase and/or decrease the power output toheater 90 as needed. This will be discussed in more detail in regard toFIG. 14 . - Another method of determining a temperature is through the use of a manufacturer-calibrated
thermistor 1000. An R-T look-up table is provided by the manufacturer for such devices. In this case, the A/D converter 660 measures an absolute potential drop and hence resistance across thethermistor 1000. - Another function of the control/
record processor 610 is implemented using a digital connection to anLED source 1intensity controller 650. Thisintensity controller 650 can receive digital intensity control signals from the control/record processor 610 and use them to increase and/or decrease the bias voltage applied to one or more of the LED sources 1. This will be done, e.g., when ananalyte holding vessel 40 is newly inserted into aparticular well 45, or when an the light received by alight transducer 75 is too low in intensity for an accurate measurement to be made by alight transducer 75. Theintensity controller 650 can also be used to modulate the bias voltage applied to theLED sources 1 as needed. - In order for the applied bias voltage to effect a light emission from the
LED sources 1, a suitable voltage across theLED sources 1 must exist (i.e., theLED sources 1 must be forward biased). This too can be determined by the control/record processor 610, which uses alight source multiplexer 655 to selectively complete a return electrical current path through one or moreparticular LED sources 1. Thelight source multiplexer 655 can selectively forward bias anLED source 1 in response to, e.g., the insertion of ananalyte holding vessel 40 into aparticular well 45 serviced by anLED source 1, the selection of a certain assay wavelength by an operator corresponding to the emission ofLED source 1, or simply to effect an on/off modulation as described in more detail inFIG. 15 . - A separate vessel detect
light source 1 is illustrated inFIG. 12 for the sake of illustrating separate control of the vessel detect optical path when a dedicated radiallight guide 30 is used to formlight path 101. This vessel detectlight source 1 can also be formed by an LED and controlled using alight source multiplexer 655 andintensity controller 650 as described above. - Another way that the control/
record processor 610 can respond tolight transducer 75 receiving an insufficient light intensity is by changing an amplification gain for an amplifier associated with one or more light transducer(s) 75. This can be done by transmitting a well select signal towell selection unit 620 along with a digital gain adjust signal to thegain adjuster 635, which in turn can increase the gain ofsignal amplifier 645 for the selected well 45. Thewell selection unit 620 can be formed of another multiplexer that selects the output of aparticular well 45 for input to thesignal amplifier 645. Naturally, pluralwell selection units 620,signal amplifiers 645, and gainadjusters 635 can be used as well to produce a similar action. - A similar process can be used to adjust a light intensity cut-off level for determining when an
analyte holding vessel 40 is present in one ormore wells 45.Digital level adjuster 630 can be used to set an appropriate voltage for the vessel detectcomparator 640 that is midway between the output voltage oflight transducer 65 when ananalyte holding vessel 40 is present and the output voltage oflight transducer 65 when ananalyte holding vessel 40 is absent from awell 45. A voltage set signal can be transmitted from control/record processor 610 todigital level adjuster 630 at the same time that the appropriate well is identified towell selection unit 620. Once again, pluralwell selection units 620,level adjusters 630, and vessel detectcomparators 640 can be used as well to produce a similar action. - The control/
record processor 610 can also be used to generate a ready signal, and error signal, and/or other indicator signals for output toindicator 11. Theindicator 11 thus serves to provide operation information to an operator. - The control/
record processor 610 can also be used to handle communications with another control/record processor 610, an output and/or input device, and/or with one or more computer-readable memory devices by way of acommunications port 670. These functions will be discussed further in regard toFIG. 16 . - FIGS. 13A-C illustrate a top view in the absence of an
analyte holding vessel 40, a top view in the presence of ananalyte holding vessel 40, and a side view in the presence of ananalyte holding vessel 40 that uses an exemplary side wall tube detection scheme with a singleradial light guide 30. In the illustrated example, both thelight paths 100 and 101 (as well as 102) pass through a singleradial light guide 30 with thelight path 101 simply being displaced by some angle fromlight path 100 within the singleradial light guide 30. As illustrated, the side wall of theanalyte holding vessel 40 deflects the path of light that travels downlight path 101 without theanalyte holding vessel 40 present in the well 45 to thelight path 102 when theanalyte holding vessel 40 is present in thewell 45. This configuration is particularly advantageous when a flat-bottomedanalyte holding vessel 40 as illustrated inFIG. 13C is used. - Furthermore, the side wall detection scheme illustrated in FIGS. 13A-C provides two further advantages. When the
analyte holding vessel 40 is a test tube, the side wall curvature is often manufactured to tighter tolerances than the radius of the bottom of these vessels. As such, more reliable detection of these vessels can be obtained. Furthermore, regardless of the type ofanalyte holding vessel 40, sidewall detection allows the minimization of the length oflight path 100. Sincelight pipe 70 can be brought closer to the well 45, the length of thelight path 100 can be decreased, and the intensity of the light received bylight pipe 70 increased. -
FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary process loop for monitoring and controlling the incubation temperature according to the present invention. In one embodiment, this process loop is performed at all times during operation of the assay device. In other words, ananalyte holding vessel 40 need not be inserted into awell 45. Instep 1210, the temperature is read usingtemperature transducing thermistor 1000 which can be precalibrated with corresponding temperature and resistances stored in a look-up table in computer-readable memory. Alternatively,temperature transducing thermistor 1000 can be linearized over a temperature range near a common incubation temperature such as 37.0° C. In either case, once a temperature (and/or corresponding resistance) has been determined, it is recorded instep 1220. This can be done by writing to a computer readable memory, such as the illustratedPyros data block 1000. Recordation of the temperature instep 1220 need not always be performed. For example, in the case of a long assay time, only one in a certain number of measured temperatures need be recorded. Alternatively, if noanalyte holding vessels 40 are located in a well 45, then temperature need not be recorded. - In
step 1230, a determination is made as to whether the temperature read instep 1210 is within a certain range. In the illustrated process loop, if the read temperature is less than 37.1° C. and greater than 36.9° C., then the process flow returns to step 1210, perhaps after a suitable delay. However, if the read temperature is less than 36.9° C., then the process flow proceeds to step 1280, where the heater control indicates that the power to theheater 90 should be increased. Instep 1285, another determination is made as to whether the temperature read instep 1210 falls within a certain range. The determination instep 1285 is made to determine whether a critical temperature situation due to underheating exists. For example, if the read temperature is less than 36.5° C., then a critical situation is indicated to the operator by setting a front panel LED indicator to red instep 1295. The assay device also sets an internal status indicator to a value, e.g., 0, that indicates the presence of a critical temperature situation due to underheating. After the critical temperature situation is indicated to both the user and/or other portions of the device, both the temperature and status is recorded instep 1270 by writing to, e.g., the illustratedPyros data block 1000. After recordation of the temperature and status, the process flow loops back tostep 1210. - In step 1235, if it is determined that a critical temperature situation does not exist, then the process flow proceeds to step 1270 without indicating a critical temperature situation to the user and/or other portions of the device. Once again, both the temperature and status can be recorded in
step 1270 as needed by writing to, e.g., the illustratedPyros data block 1000. After recordation of the temperature and status, the process flow loops back tostep 1210. - In
step 1230, if the read temperature is greater than 37.1° C., then the process flow proceeds to step 1240, where the heater control indicates that the power to theheater 90 should be decreased and/or cut off. Instep 1250, another determination is made as to whether the temperature read instep 1210 falls within a certain range. The determination instep 1250 is made to determine whether a critical temperature situation due to overheating exists. For example, if the read temperature is greater than 37.5° C., then a critical situation is indicated to the operator by setting a front panel LED indicator to red instep 1260. The assay device also sets an internal status indicator to a value, e.g., 2, that indicates the presence of a critical temperature situation due to overheating. After the critical temperature situation is indicated to both the user and/or other portions of the device, both the temperature and status can be recorded instep 1270 by writing to, e.g., the illustratedPyros data block 1000. After recordation of the temperature and status, the process flow loops back tostep 1210. - In
step 1250, if it is determined that a critical temperature situation does not exist, then the process flow proceeds to step 1270 without indicating a critical temperature situation to the user and/or other portions of the device. Once again, both the temperature and status can be recorded instep 1270 by writing to, e.g., the illustratedPyros data block 1000. After recordation of the temperature and status, the process flow loops back tostep 1210. -
FIG. 15 illustrates a process flow for an exemplary on/off modulation of the light output byLED source 1 for background correction. In the on/off modulation, a background light level is first determined for a particular light transducer, and then a transmitted light measurement is performed. The background level can thus be subtracted out, and more accurate measurements made. Instep 1300, aLED source 1 that provides the majority of the illumination for aparticular well 45 is shut off. In a preferred embodiment, aparticular well 45 already has ananalyte holding vessel 40 inserted therein. Theparticular well 45 can be operator-identified, or the instrument can constantly cycle around all available (e.g., filled)wells 45 and theparticular well 45 can just happen to be a next well in line. In either case, the address of theparticular well 45 is selected instep 1310 so that a background output of the light transducer 75 (and even alight transducer 65, as needed) can be digitized and/or otherwise processed for storage. Thereafter, instep 1320, the background output of thelight transducer 75 is read and/or digitized. After information related to the background output of thelight transducer 75 has been stored, the process flow proceeds to step 1330 where theLED source 1 that provides the majority of the illumination for aparticular well 45 is turned on. The light transmitted through theanalyte holding vessel 40 when theLED source 1 is turned on is termed the “sample value.” Instep 1340, one or more “sample values” are read over a period of time so that the contents of theanalyte holding vessel 40 can be, e.g., turbidometrically and chromogenically assayed. Before the read “sample values” are, e.g., displayed and/or stored in a computer-readable memory, the read background output of thelight transducer 75 is subtracted from the “sample values.” Naturally, both the unchanged “sample values” and the read background output of thelight transducer 75 can be stored and the subtraction operation performed, e.g., only upon the request of an operator. - Modulation of the intensity of emitted light from
LED source 1 need not be implemented as described (single step on/off) in regard toFIG. 15 . For example, a sinusoidal modulation of the output intensity ofLED source 1 with phase locking can be used to discriminate between the light originating from aparticular LED source 1 and background (includingother LED sources 1, provided the other sources aren't similarly modulated). As another example, the on/off modulation can occur continuously during assaying, so that a continuous measurement of background is made. - As another example of a useful modulation, the light emitted from
LED source 1 can be controlled to follow a predetermined intensity as a function of time. This intensity as a function of time can be selected, e.g., to mimic the intensity as a function of time that would be observed if a particular assay were being performed. Thus, if all analyte holdingvessels 40 are removed from thewells 45, then the light from asingle LED source 1 can be substantially uniformly transmitted to plural (or even all)light transducers 75 simultaneously. Thus, the measured intensities for each of the separate optical channels can be compared and each optical channel can be calibrated. -
FIG. 16 illustrates acomputer system 801 that can form an external control/record processor in an embodiment of the present invention. For example,computer system 801 can communicate with control/record processor 610 ofFIG. 12 by way ofcommunications port 670. -
Computer system 801 includes abus 802 or other communication mechanism for communicating information, and aprocessor 803 coupled withbus 802 for processing the information.Computer system 801 also includes amain memory 804, such as a random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device (e.g., dynamic RAM (DRAM), static RAM (SRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), flash RAM), coupled tobus 802 for storing information and instructions to be executed byprocessor 803. In addition,main memory 804 may be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions to be executed byprocessor 803.Computer system 801 further includes a read only memory (ROM) 805 or other static storage device (e.g., programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), and electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM)) coupled tobus 802 for storing static information and instructions forprocessor 803. Astorage device 807 and/or 808, such as a magnetic disk or optical disk, is provided and coupled tobus 802 by way of adisk controller 806 for storing information and instructions.Storage device 807 and/or 808 can contain the tables that record operating and/or measurement information, such as the Pyros data block 1000 ofFIG. 14 . - The
computer system 801 may also include special purpose logic devices (e.g., application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)) or configurable logic devices (e.g., generic array of logic (GAL) or reprogrammable field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs)). Other removable media devices (e.g., a compact disc, flash memory cards, a tape, and a removable magneto-optical media) or further fixed, high density media drives, may be added to thecomputer system 801 using an appropriate device bus (e.g., a small computer system interface (SCSI) bus, an enhanced integrated device electronics (IDE) bus, or an ultra-direct memory access (DMA) bus). Such removable media devices and fixed, high density media drives can also contain the tables that record operating and/or measurement information, such as the Pyros data block 1000 ofFIG. 14 . Thecomputer system 801 may additionally include a compact disc reader, a compact disc reader-writer unit, or a compact disc juke box, each of which may be connected to the same device bus or another device bus. -
Computer system 801 may be coupled viabus 802 to adisplay 810, such as a cathode ray tube (CRT), for displaying information to a computer user.Display 810 can perform the functions of anindicator 11 as seen inFIG. 12 , especially when the assay device is operated remotely from thecomputer system 801. Thedisplay 810 may be controlled by a display or graphics card. The computer system includes input devices, such as akeyboard 811 and a pointing device 812 (e.g., a cursor control), for communicating information and command selections toprocessor 803. The pointing device 812 (e.g., cursor control), for example, is a mouse, a trackball, or cursor direction keys for communicating direction information and command selections toprocessor 803 and for controlling cursor movement on thedisplay 810. - The
computer system 801 can perform a portion or all of the processing steps of the invention in response toprocessor 803 executing one or more sequences of one or more instructions contained in a memory, such as the mainhard disk memory 807. Such instructions may be read into the mainhard disk memory 807 from another computer readable medium, such asstorage device 808. One or more processors in a multi-processing arrangement may also be employed to execute the sequences of instructions contained in mainhard disk memory 807. In alternative embodiments, hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions. Thus, embodiments are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software. - As stated above, the
system 801 includes at least one computer readable medium or memory programmed according to the teachings of the invention and for storing data structures, tables, records, or other data described herein. Examples of computer readable media are compact discs, hard disks, floppy disks, tape, magneto-optical disks, PROMs (EPROM, EEPROM, Flash EPROM), DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, etc. Stored on any one or on a combination of computer readable media, the present invention includes software for controlling thecomputer system 801, for driving a device or devices for implementing the invention, and for enabling thecomputer system 801 to interact with a human user. Such software may include, but is not limited to, device drivers, operating systems, development tools, and applications software. Such computer readable media further includes the computer program product of the present invention for performing all or a portion (if processing is distributed) of the processing performed in implementing the invention. - The computer code devices of the present invention may be any interpreted or executable code mechanism, including but not limited to scripts, interpreters, dynamic link libraries, Java classes, and complete executable programs. Moreover, parts of the processing of the present invention may be distributed for better performance, reliability, and/or cost.
- The term “computer readable medium” as used herein refers to any medium or media that participate in recording data and/or providing instructions to
processor 803 for execution. A computer readable medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Non-volatile media includes, for example, optical, magnetic disks, and magneto-optical disks, such asstorage device 807 and/or 808. Transmission media includes coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprisebus 802. Transmission media also may also take the form of acoustic or light waves, such as those generated during radio wave and infrared data communications. - Common forms of computer readable media include, for example, hard disks, floppy disks, tape, magneto-optical disks, PROMs (EPROM, EEPROM, Flash EPROM), DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, or any other magnetic medium, compact disks (e.g., CD-ROM), or any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, or other physical medium with patterns of holes, a carrier wave (described below), or any other medium from which a computer can read.
- Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying out one or more sequences of one or more instructions to
processor 803 for execution. For example, the instructions may initially be carried on a magnetic disk of a remote computer. The remote computer can load the instructions for implementing all or a portion of the present invention remotely into a dynamic memory and send the instructions over a telephone line using a modem. A modem local tocomputer system 801 may receive the data on the telephone line and use an infrared transmitter to convert the data to an infrared signal. An infrared detector coupled tobus 802 can receive the data carried in the infrared signal and place the data onbus 802.Bus 802 carries the data to mainhard disk memory 807, from whichprocessor 803 retrieves and executes the instructions. The instructions received by mainhard disk memory 807 may optionally be stored on a removablemedia storage device 808 either before or after execution byprocessor 803. -
Computer system 801 also includes acommunication interface 813 coupled tobus 802.Communication interface 813 can be connected tocommunication port 670 of an internal control/record processor 610, or internal control/record processor 610 can be eliminated in whole or in part and thecommunication interface 813 can conduct direct communications with, e.g.,level adjuster 630 andgain adjuster 635. In any such implementation,communication interface 813 sends and receives electrical, electromagnetic, or optical signals that carry data representing various types of information. - Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.
Claims (27)
1-83. (canceled).
84. An assay device comprising:
a light source;
a plurality of vessel wells in which at least one well of the plurality of vessel wells is configured to receive light from the light source; and
a first light sensor configured to detect a signal from the at least one well of the plurality of vessel wells configured to receive light from the light source.
85. The assay device of claim 84 in which the light source is a LED.
86. The assay device of claim 84 in which the at least one light sensor is a photodiode.
87. The assay device of claim 84 further comprising an optical filter between the light source and the at least one well of the plurality of vessel wells that is configured to receive light from the light source.
88. The assay device of claim 84 further comprising a second light sensor configured to receive light from the at least one of the plurality of vessel wells configured to receive light from the light source.
89. The assay device of claim 88 in which the first and second light sensors are located on a single printed circuit board.
90. The assay device of claim 84 further comprising at least one light pipe configured to direct light from the at least one well of the plurality of vessel wells configured to receive light from the light source.
91. An assay device comprising:
a light source;
a plurality of vessels wells in which at least one well of the plurality of vessel wells is configured to receive light from the light source;
a plurality of light sensors, wherein at least one of the plurality of light sensors is configured to detect a light signal from the at least one well of the plurality of vessel wells configured to receive light from the light source.
92. The assay device of claim 91 in which the light source is a LED.
93. The assay device of claim 91 in which the at least one of the plurality of light sensors configured to detect a signal from the at least one well of the plurality of vessel wells is a photodiode.
94. The assay device of claim 91 further comprising an optical filter between the light source and the at least one well of the plurality of vessel wells that is configured to receive light from the light source.
95. The assay device of claim 91 in which the plurality of light sensors are located on a single printed circuit board.
96. The assay device of claim 91 further comprising a processor configured to control the light source and the plurality of light sensors.
97. The assay device of claim 91 further comprising at least one light pipe configured to direct light from the at least one well of the plurality of vessel wells that is configured to receive light from the light source.
98. An assay device comprising:
a plurality of vessel wells each configured to receive light;
a light source configured to provide light to a single well of the plurality of vessel wells; and
a light sensor configured to receive a light signal from the single well.
99. The assay device of claim 98 in which the light source is a LED.
100. The assay device of claim 98 in which the light sensor is a photodiode.
101. The assay device of claim 98 further comprising an optical filter between the light source and the single well.
102. The assay device of claim 98 further comprising a second light sensor configured to receive light from the single well.
103. The assay device of claim 102 in which the first and second light sensors are located on a single printed circuit board.
104. The assay device of claim 98 further comprising at least one light pipe configured to direct light from the single well of the plurality of vessel wells.
105. An assay device comprising:
a light source;
a vessel well configured to receive light from the light source; and
two or more light sensors located on a single printed circuit board, wherein at least one of the two or more light sensors is configured to receive a light signal from the vessel well.
106. The assay device of claim 105 in which the light source is a LED.
107. The assay device of claim 105 in which at least one of the two or more light sensors is a photodiode.
108. The assay device of claim 105 further comprising an optical filter between the light source and the vessel well.
109. The assay device of claim 105 further comprising at least one light pipe configured to direct light from the vessel well configured to receive light from the light source.
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