US20050158610A1 - Reversing air flow across a cathode for a fuel cell - Google Patents
Reversing air flow across a cathode for a fuel cell Download PDFInfo
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- US20050158610A1 US20050158610A1 US11/010,674 US1067404A US2005158610A1 US 20050158610 A1 US20050158610 A1 US 20050158610A1 US 1067404 A US1067404 A US 1067404A US 2005158610 A1 US2005158610 A1 US 2005158610A1
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- Prior art keywords
- air
- cathode
- fuel cell
- temperature
- flow
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04014—Heat exchange using gaseous fluids; Heat exchange by combustion of reactants
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04268—Heating of fuel cells during the start-up of the fuel cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04701—Temperature
- H01M8/04708—Temperature of fuel cell reactants
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04701—Temperature
- H01M8/04731—Temperature of other components of a fuel cell or fuel cell stacks
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04746—Pressure; Flow
- H01M8/04753—Pressure; Flow of fuel cell reactants
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M2008/1293—Fuel cells with solid oxide electrolytes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to hydrogen/oxygen fuel cells; more particularly, to stacks comprising a plurality of individual cells connected by interconnect elements; and most particularly, to a fuel cell assembly wherein internal temperature, especially temperature of the cell itself, is modulated by periodic reversal of the direction of air flow across the cathode.
- Fuel cells which generate electric current by controllably combining elemental hydrogen and oxygen are well known.
- an anodic layer and a cathodic layer are deposited on opposite surfaces of a permeable electrolyte formed of a ceramic solid oxide.
- SOFC solid oxide fuel cell
- Hydrogen either pure or reformed from hydrocarbons, is flowed along the outer surface of the anode and diffuses into the anode.
- Oxygen typically from air, is flowed along the outer surface of the cathode and diffuses into the cathode where it is ionized.
- the oxygen ions diffuse through the electrolyte and combine with hydrogen ions to form water.
- the cathode and the anode are connected externally through the load to complete the circuit whereby electrons are transferred from the anode to the cathode.
- the reformate gas includes CO which is converted to CO 2 at the anode.
- Reformed gasoline is a commonly used fuel in automotive fuel cell applications.
- An SOFC operates at a temperature, typically, of about 750° C. or higher.
- the reaction is exothermic, so the SOFC requires active cooling during operation, typically by flowing cooler air across the cathode.
- the SOFC requires heating for the catalytic electrolyte to begin ionizing oxygen, typically by flowing heated air across the cathode.
- ⁇ T permissible temperature difference
- What is needed is a means for providing a higher difference between the average temperature of cathode entry air and the average temperature of cathode exit air for heating and cooling a fuel cell cathode to shorten the startup time and to reduce the volume of cooling air required.
- a fuel cell assembly in accordance with the invention has means for providing tempered air to, and removing spent air from, air-flow passages across the cathode(s).
- the air flow path includes means for reversing the direction of flow across the cathode(s) periodically to reverse the roles of the leading and trailing edges of the cathode(s) to prevent temperature differences across the cathodes(s) from exceeding 200° C., and thus to prevent damage to the cathode(s) from thermally-induced stresses during startup heating and steady-state cooling.
- FIG. 1 is an exploded isometric view of a single solid oxide fuel cell, showing the various elements and the flow paths of fuel and oxygen through the cell;
- FIG. 2 is an isometric view of a fuel-cell stack comprising five cells like the cell shown in FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 4 a is a schematic view of a fuel cell assembly including tempering apparatus, showing flow of air through the fuel cell in a first direction;
- FIG. 4 b is a view like that shown in FIG. 4 a , showing flow of air through the fuel cell in a second direction opposite to the first direction.
- Fuel 21 typically in the form of hydrogen or reformate gas, is provided at a first edge 25 of anode surface 20 via supply conduits 23 formed in each element and is removed via exhaust conduits 27 provided at a second and opposite edge 29 of anode surface 20 .
- Oxygen typically in the form of air, is provided via supply conduits 33 to passages 26 at a first edge 39 of cathode 18 and is removed via exhaust conduits 41 at a second and opposite edge 43 of cathode 18 .
- an air tempering and flow control system 46 for supplying combustion air and thermal maintenance of an SOFC stack 13 in accordance with the invention is connected across the stack between first connector 44 and second connector 44 a .
- System 46 and stack 13 together define a fuel cell assembly 10 .
- Incoming air 48 is introduced at a controlled volume flow by conventional flow control means such as a fan or compressor (not shown) and is passed through an air tempering device 50 , shown as a cathode air heater in FIGS. 4 a and 4 b , by means of which the temperature of air 52 exiting device 50 may be controlled to a desired setpoint temperature.
- air tempering device 50 may be programmed to do no tempering (i.e., turned off) and thus can supply ambient temperature air as well as heated air.
- tempering system 46 may be used both for heating of the SOFC during startup and for cooling of the SOFC during operation, and can make the transition from one mode to the other, all while minimizing thermal imbalances within the SOFC.
- rotor 58 is rotated in only a single direction, either clockwise or counterclockwise, to simplify actuation mechanisms, and that non-50% duty cycles are fully comprehended by the invention.
- Rotor 58 may be alternated between the first and second positions on any desired periodicity.
- the reversal frequency is selected to be relatively high with respect to the thermal time constant of the fuel cell (e.g., 2 Hz) but is low with respect to the time it takes for the flow to move from port A to port C.
- multiple air volume changes occur between ports A and C between reversals of flow. Since flow reversal is fast with respect to the thermal time constant, the cell does not respond to the high gradients associated with much higher ⁇ T air, and thus a much smaller volume of much hotter or much cooler air can be used to heat or cool, respectively, the fuel cell more evenly. Temperature differences exceeding 200° C. may be employed without damage to the cathode.
Abstract
A fuel cell assembly having means for providing tempered air to, and removing spent air from, air-flow passages across the cathode. The air flow path includes means for reversing the direction of flow across the cathode periodically to reverse the roles of the leading and trailing edges of the cathode to prevent temperature differences across the cathode from exceeding 200° C., and thus to prevent damage to the cathode from thermally-induced stresses during startup heating and steady-state cooling.
Description
- The present invention relates to hydrogen/oxygen fuel cells; more particularly, to stacks comprising a plurality of individual cells connected by interconnect elements; and most particularly, to a fuel cell assembly wherein internal temperature, especially temperature of the cell itself, is modulated by periodic reversal of the direction of air flow across the cathode.
- Fuel cells which generate electric current by controllably combining elemental hydrogen and oxygen are well known. In one form of such a fuel cell, an anodic layer and a cathodic layer are deposited on opposite surfaces of a permeable electrolyte formed of a ceramic solid oxide. Such a fuel cell is known in the art as a “solid oxide fuel cell” (SOFC). Hydrogen, either pure or reformed from hydrocarbons, is flowed along the outer surface of the anode and diffuses into the anode. Oxygen, typically from air, is flowed along the outer surface of the cathode and diffuses into the cathode where it is ionized. The oxygen ions diffuse through the electrolyte and combine with hydrogen ions to form water. The cathode and the anode are connected externally through the load to complete the circuit whereby electrons are transferred from the anode to the cathode. When hydrogen is derived from “reformed” hydrocarbons, the reformate gas includes CO which is converted to CO2 at the anode. Reformed gasoline is a commonly used fuel in automotive fuel cell applications.
- An SOFC operates at a temperature, typically, of about 750° C. or higher. The reaction is exothermic, so the SOFC requires active cooling during operation, typically by flowing cooler air across the cathode. Conversely, at startup from ambient temperatures, the SOFC requires heating for the catalytic electrolyte to begin ionizing oxygen, typically by flowing heated air across the cathode.
- A serious problem arises in thermal management within an SOFC. Because the cathode is highly vulnerable to cracking and consequent failure from thermal stresses, temperature differences greater than about 200° C. are unacceptable. Air flows through a fuel cell from introduction at an upstream edge of the cathode to discharge across a downstream edge, undergoing temperature change during such flow. Thus, the cathode experiences an inherent temperature difference between the upstream and downstream edges, and between itself and the temperature-modulating air. Since the permissible temperature difference (ΔT) between the temperature of the heating air and the internal temperature of the SOFC is limited, long warmup times on the order of several hours typically are required, whereas for automotive uses, startup times of about ten minutes or less are highly desirable.
- Similarly, large volumes of cooling air are required during operation because the permissible ΔT for cooling is limited. Providing such large volumes is parasitically consumptive of power being generated by the fuel cell, thereby reducing the net power output thereof, since it requires a relatively large blower having a relatively large electric motor.
- What is needed is a means for providing a higher difference between the average temperature of cathode entry air and the average temperature of cathode exit air for heating and cooling a fuel cell cathode to shorten the startup time and to reduce the volume of cooling air required.
- It is a principal object of the present invention to provide an improved thermal management method and apparatus for an SOFC wherein startup may be achieved in a short period of time.
- It is a further object of the invention to provide such a method and apparatus wherein lower volumes of cooling air are required.
- Briefly described, a fuel cell assembly in accordance with the invention has means for providing tempered air to, and removing spent air from, air-flow passages across the cathode(s). The air flow path includes means for reversing the direction of flow across the cathode(s) periodically to reverse the roles of the leading and trailing edges of the cathode(s) to prevent temperature differences across the cathodes(s) from exceeding 200° C., and thus to prevent damage to the cathode(s) from thermally-induced stresses during startup heating and steady-state cooling.
- These and other features and advantages of the invention will be more fully understood and appreciated from the following description of certain exemplary embodiments of the invention taken together with the accompanying drawings, in which:
-
FIG. 1 is an exploded isometric view of a single solid oxide fuel cell, showing the various elements and the flow paths of fuel and oxygen through the cell; -
FIG. 2 is an isometric view of a fuel-cell stack comprising five cells like the cell shown inFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 3 is an isometric view like that shown inFIG. 2 , partially exploded, showing the addition of current collectors, end plates, and bolts to form a complete fuel cell stack ready for use; -
FIG. 4 a is a schematic view of a fuel cell assembly including tempering apparatus, showing flow of air through the fuel cell in a first direction; and -
FIG. 4 b is a view like that shown inFIG. 4 a, showing flow of air through the fuel cell in a second direction opposite to the first direction. - Referring to
FIGS. 1 and 2 , an individual fuel cell 11 includes amultilayer element 09 comprising an electrolyte 14 (E) having ananode 16 or positive element (P) deposited on a first surface thereof and acathode 18 or negative element (N) deposited on a second surface thereof. Thus,element 09, which is the actual “fuel cell,” is known in the art by the acronym PEN.Passage 24 for flow offuel 21 across thefree surface 20 ofanode 16 is provided by first cut-outspacers 36 sealed toanode 16 byperipheral seal 37, andpassage 26 for flow ofair 31 across the free surface ofcathode 18 is provided by second cut-out spacers 38 sealed tocathode 18 by anotherperipheral seal 37.Fuel 21, typically in the form of hydrogen or reformate gas, is provided at afirst edge 25 ofanode surface 20 viasupply conduits 23 formed in each element and is removed viaexhaust conduits 27 provided at a second andopposite edge 29 ofanode surface 20. Oxygen, typically in the form of air, is provided viasupply conduits 33 topassages 26 at afirst edge 39 ofcathode 18 and is removed viaexhaust conduits 41 at a second andopposite edge 43 ofcathode 18. - Referring to
FIG. 3 , a plurality of fuel cells 11 may be stacked together to form astack 12, five such cells being shown inFIG. 2 . In a complete workingfuel cell 13,stack 12 is sandwiched between an anodiccurrent collector 34 and a cathodiccurrent collector 32 which in turn are sandwiched between atop plate 15 and a gas-manifold base 17, the entire assembly being bound together bybolts 19 extending through bores intop plate 15 and threadedly received in bores inbase 17. Air is provided tobase 17 for supply to conduits 33 via afirst connector 44. - Referring to
FIG. 4 a, an air tempering andflow control system 46 for supplying combustion air and thermal maintenance of anSOFC stack 13 in accordance with the invention is connected across the stack betweenfirst connector 44 and second connector 44 a.System 46 andstack 13 together define a fuel cell assembly 10. Incomingair 48 is introduced at a controlled volume flow by conventional flow control means such as a fan or compressor (not shown) and is passed through anair tempering device 50, shown as a cathode air heater inFIGS. 4 a and 4 b, by means of which the temperature ofair 52exiting device 50 may be controlled to a desired setpoint temperature. - A
flow path selector 54, for example, a rotary four-port valve having ports A, B, C, and D connected to temperedair 52,input connector 44, output connector 44 a, andexhaust 56, respectively, and responsive to conventional programmable control means 47, is shown inFIGS. 4 a and 4 b. Of course, other means for making and controllably selecting such connections as may occur to those of ordinary skill in the art are fully comprehended by the present invention.Selector 54 includes ashaped rotor 58 rotatably disposed in ahousing 60 to form first andsecond chambers Rotor 58 is capable of being rotated about anaxis 62 between a first position as shown inFIG. 4 a, wherein port A is connected to port B and port C is connected to port D, and a second position as shown inFIG. 4 b, wherein port A is connected to port D and port B is connected to port C. Withrotor 58 in the first position, temperedair 52 flows throughstack 13 in a first direction fromport 44 to port 44 a and thence toexhaust 56; and in the second position in the reverse direction from port 44 a toport 44 and thence to exhaust 56. To control the flow direction of the tempered air, control means 47 can be programmed to rotaterotor 58 in one direction or in either direction between the first position and the second position, and at varied duty cycles to achieve the desired fuel cell temperature. - By reversing the flow of air through SOFC 13 across the cathode surfaces thereof, and thereby alternating the effective supply and
exhaust edges flow control system 46 prevents establishment of a significant and dangerous temperature difference between these edges. - It should be noted that
air tempering device 50 may be programmed to do no tempering (i.e., turned off) and thus can supply ambient temperature air as well as heated air. Thus,tempering system 46 may be used both for heating of the SOFC during startup and for cooling of the SOFC during operation, and can make the transition from one mode to the other, all while minimizing thermal imbalances within the SOFC. - It should be further noted that preferably
rotor 58 is rotated in only a single direction, either clockwise or counterclockwise, to simplify actuation mechanisms, and that non-50% duty cycles are fully comprehended by the invention. - As noted above, in prior art tempering, the vulnerability of the cathode to failure from thermal expansion imposes very modest limits on the temperature of the air which may be used to heat or cool the SOFC, i.e., ΔT<200° C. Improved
control system 46 permits use of much greater ΔT values, the maximum permissible values for any given SOFC being readily determinable without undue experimentation. Higher permissible ΔT values confer two very important benefits over prior art systems, particularly for automotive uses wherein a fuel cell may be required to start repeatedly on short notice and wherein net electric output is critically important. First, warmup times from ambient temperatures may be significantly shortened. Second, parasitic electric losses may be reduced by providing heating and cooling air at substantially lower volume and higher ΔT; hence, the size and power of the air blower may be reduced. -
Rotor 58 may be alternated between the first and second positions on any desired periodicity. Preferably, the reversal frequency is selected to be relatively high with respect to the thermal time constant of the fuel cell (e.g., 2 Hz) but is low with respect to the time it takes for the flow to move from port A to port C. Preferably, multiple air volume changes occur between ports A and C between reversals of flow. Since flow reversal is fast with respect to the thermal time constant, the cell does not respond to the high gradients associated with much higher ΔT air, and thus a much smaller volume of much hotter or much cooler air can be used to heat or cool, respectively, the fuel cell more evenly. Temperature differences exceeding 200° C. may be employed without damage to the cathode. - While the invention has been described by reference to various specific embodiments, it should be understood that numerous changes may be made within the spirit and scope of the inventive concepts described. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the described embodiments, but will have full scope defined by the language of the following claims.
Claims (7)
1. A reversing-flow air tempering and supply system for supplying air from a source through air-flow passages of a fuel cell having first and second ports connected to the air-flow passages, comprising:
a) means for receiving air from said source and tempering said air to a predetermined temperature; and
b) flow-selection means for receiving tempered air from said tempering means and being connected across said first and second ports and being reversibly acting at a predetermined periodicity to direct said tempered air sequentially in periodically alternating directions through said air-flow passages between said first and second ports;
c) wherein said air-flow passages are at a first temperature and wherein a temperature difference (ΔT) is defined between said first temperature and said predetermined temperature.
2. (canceled)
3. A system in accordance with claim 1 wherein the frequency of said reversing is about 2 Hz.
4. (canceled)
5. A system in accordance with claim 1 wherein said predetermined temperature is higher than said first temperature, said system being in a heating mode with respect to said air-flow passages.
6. A system in accordance with claim 1 wherein said predetermined temperature is lower than said first temperature, said system being in a cooling mode with respect to said air-flow passages.
7. A system in accordance with claim 1 wherein said ΔT is greater than 200° C.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US11/010,674 US20050158610A1 (en) | 2002-03-27 | 2004-12-13 | Reversing air flow across a cathode for a fuel cell |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US10/108,166 US6830844B2 (en) | 2002-03-27 | 2002-03-27 | Reversing air flow across a cathode for a fuel cell |
US11/010,674 US20050158610A1 (en) | 2002-03-27 | 2004-12-13 | Reversing air flow across a cathode for a fuel cell |
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US10/108,166 Continuation US6830844B2 (en) | 2002-03-27 | 2002-03-27 | Reversing air flow across a cathode for a fuel cell |
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US20050158610A1 true US20050158610A1 (en) | 2005-07-21 |
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US10/108,166 Expired - Fee Related US6830844B2 (en) | 2002-03-27 | 2002-03-27 | Reversing air flow across a cathode for a fuel cell |
US11/010,674 Abandoned US20050158610A1 (en) | 2002-03-27 | 2004-12-13 | Reversing air flow across a cathode for a fuel cell |
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Cited By (5)
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US20080032172A1 (en) * | 2006-08-04 | 2008-02-07 | Subhasish Mukerjee | Conductive coating for solid oxide fuel cell |
US20080318091A1 (en) * | 2006-01-20 | 2008-12-25 | Mihails Kusnezoff | Method and system of operating a high-temperature fuel cell |
US8932775B2 (en) | 2010-05-28 | 2015-01-13 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Method and apparatus for controlling the operation of a fuel cell |
US10547072B2 (en) | 2016-10-18 | 2020-01-28 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Fuel cell system |
US10804553B2 (en) | 2016-11-21 | 2020-10-13 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Fuel cell system |
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US6830844B2 (en) * | 2002-03-27 | 2004-12-14 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Reversing air flow across a cathode for a fuel cell |
US6959730B2 (en) * | 2003-10-15 | 2005-11-01 | Utc Fuel Cells, Llc | Single valve fuel cell stack gas flow and containment |
US7867273B2 (en) | 2007-06-27 | 2011-01-11 | Abbott Laboratories | Endoprostheses for peripheral arteries and other body vessels |
FI20095375A0 (en) * | 2009-04-06 | 2009-04-06 | Waertsilae Finland Oy | Method and Arrangements for Improving Usability of a Fuel Cell System |
CA2766167A1 (en) | 2009-07-06 | 2011-01-13 | Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S | Combined flow patterns in a fuel cell stack or an electrolysis cell stack |
WO2011032644A1 (en) | 2009-09-17 | 2011-03-24 | Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S | Reactant gas supply for fuel cells or electrolysis cells |
CA2811670A1 (en) | 2010-09-28 | 2012-04-05 | Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S | Co-flow / counter-flow fuel cell or electrolysis cell |
WO2014068168A1 (en) | 2012-10-31 | 2014-05-08 | Elcogen Oy | Method and arrangement for feeding reactants into a fuel cell stack and an electrolyzer stack |
TWI697150B (en) | 2018-11-22 | 2020-06-21 | 財團法人工業技術研究院 | Controlling method and device of fuel cell system with multiple stack towers |
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- 2002-03-27 US US10/108,166 patent/US6830844B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
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- 2004-12-13 US US11/010,674 patent/US20050158610A1/en not_active Abandoned
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