US20050191025A1 - Variable optical attenuator with tunable wavelength selectivity - Google Patents
Variable optical attenuator with tunable wavelength selectivity Download PDFInfo
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- US20050191025A1 US20050191025A1 US11/118,473 US11847305A US2005191025A1 US 20050191025 A1 US20050191025 A1 US 20050191025A1 US 11847305 A US11847305 A US 11847305A US 2005191025 A1 US2005191025 A1 US 2005191025A1
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- reflectors
- attenuator
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/351—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements
- G02B6/3512—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being reflective, e.g. mirror
- G02B6/352—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being reflective, e.g. mirror the reflective optical element having a shaped reflective surface, e.g. a reflective element comprising several reflective surfaces or facets that function together
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
- G02B26/02—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the intensity of light
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/264—Optical coupling means with optical elements between opposed fibre ends which perform a function other than beam splitting
- G02B6/266—Optical coupling means with optical elements between opposed fibre ends which perform a function other than beam splitting the optical element being an attenuator
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
- G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
- G02B6/29346—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating by wave or beam interference
- G02B6/29358—Multiple beam interferometer external to a light guide, e.g. Fabry-Pérot, etalon, VIPA plate, OTDL plate, continuous interferometer, parallel plate resonator
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
- G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
- G02B6/29379—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means characterised by the function or use of the complete device
- G02B6/29389—Bandpass filtering, e.g. 1x1 device rejecting or passing certain wavelengths
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
- G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
- G02B6/29379—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means characterised by the function or use of the complete device
- G02B6/29395—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means characterised by the function or use of the complete device configurable, e.g. tunable or reconfigurable
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/3594—Characterised by additional functional means, e.g. means for variably attenuating or branching or means for switching differently polarized beams
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/351—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements
- G02B6/3512—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being reflective, e.g. mirror
- G02B6/3514—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being reflective, e.g. mirror the reflective optical element moving along a line so as to translate into and out of the beam path, i.e. across the beam path
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/354—Switching arrangements, i.e. number of input/output ports and interconnection types
- G02B6/3544—2D constellations, i.e. with switching elements and switched beams located in a plane
- G02B6/3548—1xN switch, i.e. one input and a selectable single output of N possible outputs
- G02B6/3552—1x1 switch, e.g. on/off switch
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/354—Switching arrangements, i.e. number of input/output ports and interconnection types
- G02B6/356—Switching arrangements, i.e. number of input/output ports and interconnection types in an optical cross-connect device, e.g. routing and switching aspects of interconnecting different paths propagating different wavelengths to (re)configure the various input and output links
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/3564—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details
- G02B6/3568—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details characterised by the actuating force
- G02B6/357—Electrostatic force
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/3564—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details
- G02B6/3568—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details characterised by the actuating force
- G02B6/3572—Magnetic force
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/3564—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details
- G02B6/3568—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details characterised by the actuating force
- G02B6/3576—Temperature or heat actuation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/3564—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details
- G02B6/3568—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details characterised by the actuating force
- G02B6/3578—Piezoelectric force
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a variable optical attenuator; and, more particularly, to a variable optical attenuator with tunable wavelength selectivity which is capable of serving as a variable optical attenuator for continuously controlling a transmitted power and, at the same time, as a tunable wavelength filter for selectively transmitting a certain wavelength.
- DWDM dense wavelength division multiplexing
- 40 , 80 , or 128 number of channels separated from each other by a wavelength difference of 0.4 nm or 0.8 nm are modulated at several tens of Gbs and then transmitted simultaneously through a single optical fiber, thereby enabling the expansion of a data transmission rate up to several terabytes per second.
- different wavelengths suffer different absorption losses within the optical fiber and, further, optical characteristics of devices employed in the optical communications system, e.g., an optical source, an optical amplifier, a photo detector, a wavelength division multiplexer and demultiplexer, etc., are varied depending on a wavelength involved, there occur differences in optical intensity between the channels.
- an optical attenuator has been conventionally employed in order to adjust the differences in optical intensity between the channels.
- an optical attenuator which changes continuously a path of light coming from an input fiber in order to adjust an amount of light to be introduced into output fiber.
- a reflector perpendicular to optic axes of the optical fibers is partially inserted between two optical fibers aligned in a straight line to reflect some portion of the light.
- two optical fibers are aligned parallel to each other in a direction perpendicular to a reflector.
- the amount of light that comes from an input fiber and then is reflected to output fiber can be controlled by varying an angle of the reflector.
- the distance between two optical fibers can be varied to adjust the amount of diffracted light introduced to an opposite optical fiber.
- optic axes of two optical fibers can be separated in a direction perpendicular to a propagation direction of light.
- this type of optical attenuator using the above-described various attenuation methods does not have wavelength selectivity, it involves steps for separating channels from each other and adjusting differences in optical intensity of the channels. Accordingly, the system structure has been complicated.
- an optical attenuator using transmission characteristics of a Fabry-Perot cavity employs the fact that a transmittance for a certain wavelength is differed as a distance between two reflectors is changed. If a reflectance of the reflectors is high, a transmittance of a Fabry-Perot cavity for a certain channel near a resonant wavelength gets rapidly changed as a function of the distance between reflectors though a channel selectivity is increased. Accordingly, it is required to regulate the distance between the reflectors very minutely, which proves to be difficult and troublesome.
- the reflectance of the reflectors is low, on the other hand, the gradient of transmittance relative to the distance between reflectors is lowered, so that a transmitted power can be easily adjusted.
- the channel selectivity is decreased that light of neighboring channels can be transmitted concurrently. Thus, it is required to separate the channels from each other as in the case of the first type of optical attenuator.
- the third type of optical attenuator also requires a process for separating the channels from each other by employing an additional device, as in the above-cited two cases.
- variable optical attenuator with tunable wavelength selectivity which is able to serve as a variable optical attenuator for continuously controlling a transmitted power and, at the same time, as a tunable wavelength filter for selectively transmitting a certain wavelength.
- variable optical attenuator with tunable wavelength selectivity including at least two reflectors disposed parallel to each other at a predetermined angle from an optic axis and driving units connected to said at least two reflectors for allowing the reflectors to move back and forth in a direction perpendicular or parallel to the optic axis or to revolve centering on an axis perpendicular or parallel to the optic axis, wherein the variable optical attenuator is installed between optical fibers or optical waveguides.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a variable optical attenuator capable of adjusting its wavelength selectivity in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 describes the variable optical attenuator in accordance with the present invention which is operated to transmit only a part of incident light, the attenuator being viewed from a direction perpendicular to an optic axis;
- FIGS. 3A to 3 C respectively exemplifies a transmitted power of a resonant wavelength relevant to relative positions of reflectors in the variable optical attenuator in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 4 provides a graph describing a transmittance relevant to relative positions of the reflectors in the variable optical attenuator in accordance with the present invention.
- variable optical attenuator with tunable wavelength selectivity in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- variable optical attenuator includes two reflectors 13 and 14 disposed opposite to each other in a predetermined distance between the two optical fibers 11 and 12 , and two driving units 15 and 16 connected to the reflectors 13 and 14 , respectively, for linearly moving the reflectors 13 and 14 in a direction perpendicular or parallel to the optic axis or revolving the reflectors 13 and 14 relative to an axis perpendicular or parallel to the optic axis.
- the driving units 15 and 16 drive the reflectors 13 and 14 to move back and forth in a direction perpendicular to the optic axis or to revolve centering on an axis parallel to the optic axis, thereby adjusting an area on which the beam profile overlaps with a Fabry-Perot cavity.
- a light attenuation level can be adjusted by changing the area of the overlapping area.
- the driving units 15 and 16 minutely controls the reflectors 13 and 14 to move back and forth in the direction parallel to the optic axis or to rotate centering on an axis perpendicular to the optic axis, thereby varying an effective cavity length.
- a resonant mode at which light transmission occurs can be adjusted by changing such an effective cavity length.
- variable optical attenuator is formed of two reflectors 13 and 14 and two driving units 15 and 16 therefor in the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is also preferable that the variable optical attenuator is composed of more than two reflectors and the corresponding number of driving units therefor.
- variable optical attenuator of the present invention viewed from the direction perpendicular to the optic axis, in which the reflectors 13 and 14 are linearly driven in the direction perpendicular to the optic axis in order to allow only a certain portion of incident light to be transmitted.
- light coming from the optical fiber 11 or 12 has a Gaussian beam type cross section.
- the central area 17 having the Fabry-Perot cavity formed thereon is defined as a resonator region while areas 18 and 19 other than the resonator region are respectively referred to as a left and a right reflector region.
- a Fabry-Perot cavity formed at the central area 17 is serving to filter through only the light having a wavelength satisfying a resonance condition but to reflect light having a wavelength other than that satisfying the resonance condition, wherein the resonance condition is dependent on a distance between the reflectors 13 and 14 .
- the size of the resonator region 17 is changed by movements of the reflectors 13 and 14 , which are driven by the driving units 15 and 16 , respectively, so that a transmitted power of the variable optical attenuator is continuously changed.
- a resonant wavelength ( ⁇ FP ) is determined by an effective cavity length (L eff ) between the reflectors 13 and 14 as shown in the following Eq. 1.
- L eff M ⁇ FP /2 (m represents a natural number) Eq. 1
- the effective cavity length should be set by considering a to-be-transmitted wavelength of light. Since a distance between neighboring resonant wavelengths is narrowed as m increases, it is preferable that m is set to have as small a value as possible in order to adjust the distance between the neighboring resonant wavelengths to be larger than the whole wavelength band for use in an optical transmission system.
- a transmitted power at a resonant wavelength is determined by a reflectance and an absorption of each of the reflectors 13 and 14 as well as an absorption of a material existing between the two reflectors 13 and 14 . In order to maximize a transmittance of the Fabry-Perot cavity, it is preferable that the two reflectors 13 and 14 are symmetrically fabricated in a manner that they have the same reflectance.
- the left and the right reflector regions 18 and 19 respectively having a single reflector located on the optical path reflect all the light corresponding to high-reflectance wavelength bands.
- the transmitted power is varied by changing locations of the reflectors 13 and 14 , which are driven by the driving units 15 and 16 .
- FIGS. 3A to 3 C illustrate the transmission area corresponding to a resonant wavelength observed at an output terminal.
- the transmitted power at the resonant wavelength differs depending on relative positions of the reflectors in the variable optical attenuator in accordance with the present invention.
- the light having the resonant wavelength is selectively transmitted while light having another wavelength is reflected.
- the transmission area 23 is reduced (i.e., only a part of the beam profile overlaps with the resonator region).
- the transmission area 23 only the light with the resonant wavelength is transmitted and light with a wavelength other than the resonant wavelength is reflected while at the left and the right reflector regions 24 and 25 all the light is reflected regardless of their wavelengths.
- the reflectors 13 and 14 are moved outwardly by the driving units 15 and 16 until end portions of the two reflectors 13 and 14 meet, there doesn't exist the resonator region, i.e., there is no region where the two reflectors 13 and 14 are overlapped. At this time, all the light is reflected by the reflectors 13 and 14 .
- the transmitted power at the resonant wavelength is determined by the size of the transmission area 23 where the cross section of light coming from the optical fibers (or optical waveguides) 11 or 12 overlaps with the reflectors 13 and 14 at the same time.
- x refers to a distance 26 between the center of light and an end portion of the reflector 13 while ⁇ 0 represents a radius of light having a Gaussian beam shape. If the two reflectors 13 and 14 , each having a reflectance of, e.g., 99.9%, are moved from the center of the light by a same distance in a left and a right direction, respectively, a transmittance is changed relative to x/ ⁇ 0 as shown in FIG. 4 , wherein a reference number 41 designates a transmittance at a resonant wavelength and a reference number 42 designates a transmittance at a wavelength other than the resonant wavelength.
- Each of the reflectors 13 and 14 is made of a metal film, a dielectric film, an organic film, a semiconductor film, a combination thereof, or a combination of these films and an air gap.
- the reflectors 13 and 14 transmit some of incident light coming from the optical fiber 11 or 12 , thereby allowing for a formation of a resonator region when they are disposed opposite to each other.
- the difference in the transmitted power at the resonant wavelength also increases between the resonator region 17 and the left and the right reflector regions 18 and 19 while a wavelength width of light transmitted through the resonator region is narrowed.
- reflectors used in the variable optical attenuator preferably have a high reflectance in order to implement a variable optical attenuator exhibiting an improved channel selectivity and a low insertion loss. It is preferable that at least one of the reflectors 13 and 14 is a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) or a 2- or 3-dimensional photonic crystal structure in order to increase the reflectance.
- DBR distributed Bragg reflector
- the height and the width of each of the reflectors 13 and 14 are all set to be larger than the diameter of the incident light in order to control all the light inputted to the variable optical attenuator.
- At least one of the reflectors 13 and 14 has a 1- or 2-dimensional lens-shaped surface or an additional 1- or 2-dimensional lens-shaped surface structure is inserted between optical fiber and reflector, whereby it becomes possible to reduce a diffraction loss of light. Further, by tilting the reflectors 13 and 14 in a predetermined degree from a right angle to optic axis, it can be prevented that the reflected light is returned to the optical fibers 11 and 12 , functioning as noises.
- end portions of the reflectors 13 and 14 may have a shape selected from a line, a curve, and a polygon in order to control a transmitted power relative to a displacement of the reflectors 13 and 14 and reduce a difference in an attenuation level due to polarization.
- the driving units 15 and 16 allow the reflectors 13 and 14 to move back and forth or to revolve centering on the optic axis by employing a heat, a current, an electromagnetic force, an electrostatic force, a magnetic force or a piezoelectric force. At the time of adjusting the optical attenuation level, the driving units 15 and 16 may drive both of the reflectors 13 and 14 or may drive only one of the reflectors 13 and 14 with the other being fixed on a certain position.
- variable optical attenuator of the present invention can perform an optical switching operation for a certain wavelength by repeatedly switching from a state for transmitting whole light having the resonant wavelength but reflecting light with a wavelength other than the resonant wavelength, as shown in FIG. 3A , to a state for reflecting all the light inputted thereto, as shown in FIG. 3C .
- variable optical attenuator of the present invention can serve as a tunable wavelength filter by fixing a distance between a center of light and the end portions of the reflectors 13 and 14 such that the optical path and the resonator region fully overlap with each other and changing the resonant wavelength by minutely moving the driving units 15 and 16 , i.e., the reflectors 13 and 14 , in parallel to the optic axis.
- transmitted power is controlled by moving the reflectors 13 and 14 in the variable optical attenuator in accordance with the present invention
- the transmitted power can also be controlled without moving the reflectors 13 and 14 but by setting the reflectors to change its reflectance by employing a heat, a current, a voltage, light, an electromagnetic wave or a pressure.
- variable optical attenuator of the present invention serves as a variable optical attenuator for continuously controlling the transmitted power and, at the same time, as a tunable wavelength filter for selectively transmitting a certain wavelength. Therefore, problems of insertion loss and optical alignment that might be caused by separately installing a wavelength filter and an optical attenuator can be effectively prevented.
- the present invention enables implementation of a variable optical attenuator and a tunable wavelength filter just by using a single device. As a result, the size of a system using the optical attenuator can be reduced.
Abstract
A variable optical attenuator with tunable wavelength selectivity includes at least two reflectors disposed parallel to each other at a predetermined angle from an optic axis and driving units connected to said at least two reflectors for allowing the reflectors to move back and forth in a direction perpendicular or parallel to the optic axis or to revolve centering on an axis perpendicular or parallel to the optic axis. Since the variable optical attenuator of the present invention serves as a variable optical attenuator and, at the same time, as a tunable wavelength filter, problems of insertion loss and optical alignment that might be caused by separately installing a variable optical attenuator and a wavelength filter can be effectively prevented. Moreover, by implementing the variable optical attenuator and the tunable wavelength filter by using a single device, the size of a system using the optical attenuator can be reduced.
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 10/412,580, filed Apr. 14, 2003. This application, in its entirety, is incorporated herein by reference.
- The present invention relates to a variable optical attenuator; and, more particularly, to a variable optical attenuator with tunable wavelength selectivity which is capable of serving as a variable optical attenuator for continuously controlling a transmitted power and, at the same time, as a tunable wavelength filter for selectively transmitting a certain wavelength.
- In a DWDM (dense wavelength division multiplexing) optical communications system, 40, 80, or 128 number of channels separated from each other by a wavelength difference of 0.4 nm or 0.8 nm are modulated at several tens of Gbs and then transmitted simultaneously through a single optical fiber, thereby enabling the expansion of a data transmission rate up to several terabytes per second. Since, however, different wavelengths suffer different absorption losses within the optical fiber and, further, optical characteristics of devices employed in the optical communications system, e.g., an optical source, an optical amplifier, a photo detector, a wavelength division multiplexer and demultiplexer, etc., are varied depending on a wavelength involved, there occur differences in optical intensity between the channels. Thus, an optical attenuator has been conventionally employed in order to adjust the differences in optical intensity between the channels.
- Conventionally, there exist three types of optical attenuators.
- First, there is an optical attenuator which changes continuously a path of light coming from an input fiber in order to adjust an amount of light to be introduced into output fiber. In an optical attenuator of this type, a reflector perpendicular to optic axes of the optical fibers is partially inserted between two optical fibers aligned in a straight line to reflect some portion of the light. In addition to the above-described configuration, it is also possible that two optical fibers are aligned parallel to each other in a direction perpendicular to a reflector. In this configuration, the amount of light that comes from an input fiber and then is reflected to output fiber can be controlled by varying an angle of the reflector. Besides, the distance between two optical fibers can be varied to adjust the amount of diffracted light introduced to an opposite optical fiber. Furthermore, optic axes of two optical fibers can be separated in a direction perpendicular to a propagation direction of light.
- However, since this type of optical attenuator using the above-described various attenuation methods does not have wavelength selectivity, it involves steps for separating channels from each other and adjusting differences in optical intensity of the channels. Accordingly, the system structure has been complicated.
- Second, there exists an optical attenuator using transmission characteristics of a Fabry-Perot cavity. Specifically, employed in this optical attenuator is the fact that a transmittance for a certain wavelength is differed as a distance between two reflectors is changed. If a reflectance of the reflectors is high, a transmittance of a Fabry-Perot cavity for a certain channel near a resonant wavelength gets rapidly changed as a function of the distance between reflectors though a channel selectivity is increased. Accordingly, it is required to regulate the distance between the reflectors very minutely, which proves to be difficult and troublesome. If the reflectance of the reflectors is low, on the other hand, the gradient of transmittance relative to the distance between reflectors is lowered, so that a transmitted power can be easily adjusted. However, the channel selectivity is decreased that light of neighboring channels can be transmitted concurrently. Thus, it is required to separate the channels from each other as in the case of the first type of optical attenuator.
- Thirdly, there is an optical attenuator using a Faraday effect. In this type of attenuator, light is polarized by a polarizer at an input terminal, and then the polarization direction changes while the light passes through a material having a Faraday effect. A transmitted power is controlled by adjusting an polarization angle of the light relative to a polarizer located at an output terminal. In this method, however, light having only one specific polarization direction can be transmitted through the polarizer at the input terminal, so that loss rate of randomly polarized light reaches 50% or more. Further, in case polarized light emitted from a laser is employed, there exists a necessity for arranging the polarizer at the input terminal parallel to a polarization state of the laser. Furthermore, since it is very difficult to arrange all of the to-be-reflected light to be perpendicular to the to-be-transmitted light, the third type of optical attenuator also requires a process for separating the channels from each other by employing an additional device, as in the above-cited two cases.
- It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a variable optical attenuator with tunable wavelength selectivity which is able to serve as a variable optical attenuator for continuously controlling a transmitted power and, at the same time, as a tunable wavelength filter for selectively transmitting a certain wavelength.
- In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a variable optical attenuator with tunable wavelength selectivity including at least two reflectors disposed parallel to each other at a predetermined angle from an optic axis and driving units connected to said at least two reflectors for allowing the reflectors to move back and forth in a direction perpendicular or parallel to the optic axis or to revolve centering on an axis perpendicular or parallel to the optic axis, wherein the variable optical attenuator is installed between optical fibers or optical waveguides.
- The above and other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments given in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
-
FIG. 1 illustrates a variable optical attenuator capable of adjusting its wavelength selectivity in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 2 describes the variable optical attenuator in accordance with the present invention which is operated to transmit only a part of incident light, the attenuator being viewed from a direction perpendicular to an optic axis; -
FIGS. 3A to 3C respectively exemplifies a transmitted power of a resonant wavelength relevant to relative positions of reflectors in the variable optical attenuator in accordance with the present invention; and -
FIG. 4 provides a graph describing a transmittance relevant to relative positions of the reflectors in the variable optical attenuator in accordance with the present invention. - Referring to
FIG. 1 , there is provided a variable optical attenuator with tunable wavelength selectivity in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. - As shown in
FIG. 1 , two optical fibers (or waveguides) 11 and 12 are arranged in a manner that their optic axes are aligned in a straight line. The variable optical attenuator includes tworeflectors optical fibers driving units reflectors reflectors reflectors - The
driving units reflectors driving units reflectors - Though the variable optical attenuator is formed of two
reflectors driving units - Referring to
FIG. 2 , there is described the variable optical attenuator of the present invention viewed from the direction perpendicular to the optic axis, in which thereflectors - In
FIG. 2 , light coming from theoptical fiber central area 17 where the tworeflectors central area 17 having the Fabry-Perot cavity formed thereon is defined as a resonator region whileareas central area 17 is serving to filter through only the light having a wavelength satisfying a resonance condition but to reflect light having a wavelength other than that satisfying the resonance condition, wherein the resonance condition is dependent on a distance between thereflectors resonator region 17 is changed by movements of thereflectors driving units - Herein, a resonant wavelength (λFP) is determined by an effective cavity length (Leff) between the
reflectors
Leff=MλFP/2 (m represents a natural number) Eq. 1 - Accordingly, the effective cavity length should be set by considering a to-be-transmitted wavelength of light. Since a distance between neighboring resonant wavelengths is narrowed as m increases, it is preferable that m is set to have as small a value as possible in order to adjust the distance between the neighboring resonant wavelengths to be larger than the whole wavelength band for use in an optical transmission system. A transmitted power at a resonant wavelength is determined by a reflectance and an absorption of each of the
reflectors reflectors reflectors - The left and the
right reflector regions - Next, variation of transmitted power at a resonant wavelength will be described hereinafter with reference to
FIGS. 3A to 3C. The transmitted power is varied by changing locations of thereflectors units -
FIGS. 3A to 3C illustrate the transmission area corresponding to a resonant wavelength observed at an output terminal. The transmitted power at the resonant wavelength differs depending on relative positions of the reflectors in the variable optical attenuator in accordance with the present invention. - As shown in
FIG. 3A , if both the tworeflectors - If the
reflectors units transmission area 23 is reduced (i.e., only a part of the beam profile overlaps with the resonator region). Thus, at thetransmission area 23, only the light with the resonant wavelength is transmitted and light with a wavelength other than the resonant wavelength is reflected while at the left and theright reflector regions - If the
reflectors units reflectors reflectors reflectors - As described above, the transmitted power at the resonant wavelength is determined by the size of the
transmission area 23 where the cross section of light coming from the optical fibers (or optical waveguides) 11 or 12 overlaps with thereflectors - For example, assume that x refers to a
distance 26 between the center of light and an end portion of thereflector 13 while ω0 represents a radius of light having a Gaussian beam shape. If the tworeflectors FIG. 4 , wherein areference number 41 designates a transmittance at a resonant wavelength and areference number 42 designates a transmittance at a wavelength other than the resonant wavelength. - Each of the
reflectors reflectors optical fiber reflectors resonator region 17 and the left and theright reflector regions reflectors reflectors - Further, it is preferable that at least one of the
reflectors reflectors optical fibers - Further, end portions of the
reflectors reflectors - The driving
units reflectors units reflectors reflectors - The variable optical attenuator of the present invention can perform an optical switching operation for a certain wavelength by repeatedly switching from a state for transmitting whole light having the resonant wavelength but reflecting light with a wavelength other than the resonant wavelength, as shown in
FIG. 3A , to a state for reflecting all the light inputted thereto, as shown inFIG. 3C . - Furthermore, the variable optical attenuator of the present invention can serve as a tunable wavelength filter by fixing a distance between a center of light and the end portions of the
reflectors units reflectors - Though transmitted power is controlled by moving the
reflectors reflectors reflectors reflectors - As described above, the variable optical attenuator of the present invention serves as a variable optical attenuator for continuously controlling the transmitted power and, at the same time, as a tunable wavelength filter for selectively transmitting a certain wavelength. Therefore, problems of insertion loss and optical alignment that might be caused by separately installing a wavelength filter and an optical attenuator can be effectively prevented.
- Moreover, the present invention enables implementation of a variable optical attenuator and a tunable wavelength filter just by using a single device. As a result, the size of a system using the optical attenuator can be reduced.
- While the invention has been shown and described with respect to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined in the following claims.
Claims (27)
1-13. (canceled)
14. A variable optical attenuator with tunable wavelength selectivity comprising:
at least two reflectors disposed parallel to each other to form a Fabry-Perot cavity, wherein the Fabry-Perot cavity overlaps with an optical path at a transmission area, and;
driving units connected to said at least two reflectors for allowing transmitted power to change with a variation of the overlapped area between the Fabry-Perot cavity and the optical path.
15. The attenuator of claim 14 , wherein light having a resonant wavelength satisfying a resonance condition is transmitted through the transmission area while light having a non-resonant wavelength not satisfying the resonance condition is reflected at the transmission area, and the resonant wavelength satisfying the resonance condition is varied as the reflectors are moved back and forth in a direction parallel to an optic axis or revolved centering on an axis perpendicular to the optic axis by the driving units.
16. The attenuator of claim 14 , wherein the transmission area is varied as the reflectors are moved back and forth in a direction perpendicular to the optic axis or revolved centering on an axis parallel to the optic axis by the driving units.
17. The attenuator of claim 14 , wherein the attenuator transmits the light having the resonant wavelength satisfying the resonance condition if the transmission area covers whole cross-section of the optical path but reflects all of incident light if the transmission area does not exist.
18. The attenuator of claim 14 , wherein angles between the reflectors and the optic axis are changed in a predetermined degree from 90° in order to prevent the light having a non-resonant wavelength from being reflected back to an input optical waveguide or an optical fiber.
19. The attenuator of claim 14 , wherein angles between the reflectors and the optic axis are changed in a predetermined degree from 90° in order to prevent an additional Fabry-Perot cavity from being formed between a reflector and an optical waveguide or an optical fiber.
20. The attenuator of claim 14 , wherein at least one of the reflectors are a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) or have a 2- or 3-dimensional photonic crystal structure.
21. The attenuator of claim 14 , wherein each of the reflectors is made of a metal film, a dielectric film, an organic film, a semiconductor film, a combination thereof, or a combination of these films and an air gap.
22. The attenuator of claim 14 , wherein at least one of the reflectors have a 1- or 2-dimensional lens-shaped surface or an additional 1- or 2-dimensioanl lens-shaped surface structure is inserted between the optical fiber and the reflector.
23. The attenuator of claim 14 , wherein end portions of the reflectors may have a shape selected from a line, a curve, and a polygon.
24. The attenuator of claim 14 , wherein at least one of the reflectors has a reflectance which is changed by using a heat, a current, a voltage, light, an electromagnetic wave or a pressure.
25. The attenuator of claim 14 , wherein at least one of the reflectors is fixed at a certain position while the other reflectors are moved back and forth or revolved.
26. The attenuator of claim 14 , wherein the driving units drive the reflectors to move back and forth or to revolve by employing a heat, a current, an electromagnetic force, an electrostatic force or a piezoelectric force.
27. A variable optical attenuator, comprising:
at least two reflectors disposed parallel to each other at a predetermined angle from an optic axis; and
driving units connected to said at least two reflectors for allowing the reflectors to move back and forth in a direction perpendicular or parallel to the optic axis or to revolve centering on an axis perpendicular or parallel to the optic axis,
wherein the variable optical attenuator is a variable optical attenuator with tunable wavelength selectivity and is installed between optical waveguides or optical fibers.
28. The attenuator of claim 27 , wherein a Fabry-Perot cavity overlaps with an optical path at a transmission area, light having a resonant wavelength satisfying a resonance condition is transmitted through the transmission area while light having a non-resonant wavelength not satisfying the resonance condition is reflected at the transmission area, and the resonance condition is dependant on a distance between the reflectors.
29. The attenuator of claim 28 , wherein the resonant wavelength satisfying the resonance condition is varied as the reflectors are moved back and forth in a direction parallel to the optic axis or revolved centering on an axis perpendicular to the optic axis by the driving units.
30. The attenuator of claim 28 , wherein the transmission area is varied as the reflectors are moved back and forth in a direction perpendicular to the optic axis or revolved centering on an axis parallel to the optic axis, and transmitted power is changed with a variation of the transmission area.
31. The attenuator of claim 28 , wherein the attenuator transmits the light having the resonant wavelength satisfying the resonance condition if the transmission area covers whole cross-section of the optical path but reflects all of incident light if the transmission area does not exist.
32. The attenuator of claim 27 , wherein at least one of the reflectors are a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) or have a 2- or 3-dimensional photonic crystal structure.
33. The attenuator of claim 27 , wherein each of the reflectors is made of a metal film, a dielectric film, an organic film, a semiconductor film, a combination thereof, or a combination of these films and an air gap.
34. The attenuator of claim 27 , wherein at least one of the reflectors have a 1- or 2-dimensional lens-shaped surface or an additional 1- or 2-dimensioanl lens-shaped surface structure is inserted between the optical fiber and the reflector.
35. The attenuator of claim 27 , wherein end portions of the reflectors may have a shape selected from a line, a curve, and a polygon.
36. The attenuator of claim 27 , wherein at least one of the reflectors has a reflectance which is changed by using a heat, a current, a voltage, light, an electromagnetic wave or a pressure.
37. The attenuator of claim 27 , wherein at least one of the reflectors is fixed at a certain position while the other reflectors are moved back and forth or revolved.
38. The attenuator of claim 27 , wherein angles between the reflectors and the optic axis are changed in a predetermined degree from 90° in order to send reflected light in a specific direction.
39. The attenuator of claim 27 , wherein the driving units drive the reflectors to move back and forth or to revolve by employing a heat, a current, an electromagnetic force, an electrostatic force or a piezoelectric force.
Priority Applications (1)
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US11/118,473 US20050191025A1 (en) | 2002-11-15 | 2005-05-02 | Variable optical attenuator with tunable wavelength selectivity |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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KR10-2002-0070965A KR100490754B1 (en) | 2002-11-15 | 2002-11-15 | Variable optical attenuator with tunable wavelength dependence |
KR10-2002-70965 | 2002-11-15 | ||
US10/412,580 US6947656B2 (en) | 2002-11-15 | 2003-04-14 | Variable optical attenuator with tunable wavelength selectivity |
US11/118,473 US20050191025A1 (en) | 2002-11-15 | 2005-05-02 | Variable optical attenuator with tunable wavelength selectivity |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US10/412,580 Continuation US6947656B2 (en) | 2002-11-15 | 2003-04-14 | Variable optical attenuator with tunable wavelength selectivity |
Publications (1)
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US20050191025A1 true US20050191025A1 (en) | 2005-09-01 |
Family
ID=32291740
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US10/412,580 Expired - Lifetime US6947656B2 (en) | 2002-11-15 | 2003-04-14 | Variable optical attenuator with tunable wavelength selectivity |
US11/118,473 Abandoned US20050191025A1 (en) | 2002-11-15 | 2005-05-02 | Variable optical attenuator with tunable wavelength selectivity |
Family Applications Before (1)
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US10/412,580 Expired - Lifetime US6947656B2 (en) | 2002-11-15 | 2003-04-14 | Variable optical attenuator with tunable wavelength selectivity |
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KR (1) | KR100490754B1 (en) |
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US20100092125A1 (en) * | 2007-01-09 | 2010-04-15 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Optical structure on an optical fiber and method of fabrication |
US20110041616A1 (en) * | 2005-04-29 | 2011-02-24 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Acoustic sensor with at least one photonic crystal slab |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US6947656B2 (en) | 2005-09-20 |
KR20040042989A (en) | 2004-05-22 |
KR100490754B1 (en) | 2005-05-24 |
US20040096177A1 (en) | 2004-05-20 |
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