US20050233665A1 - Light-protective textile - Google Patents
Light-protective textile Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20050233665A1 US20050233665A1 US11/145,695 US14569505A US2005233665A1 US 20050233665 A1 US20050233665 A1 US 20050233665A1 US 14569505 A US14569505 A US 14569505A US 2005233665 A1 US2005233665 A1 US 2005233665A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- recited
- protective material
- light
- textile
- continuous filaments
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 210000003632 microfilament Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 102000002151 Microfilament Proteins Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 108010040897 Microfilament Proteins Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002216 antistatic agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004043 dyeing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 3
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000006750 UV protection Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010028 chemical finishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000059 patterning Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012815 thermoplastic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009941 weaving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
- D04H3/005—Synthetic yarns or filaments
- D04H3/009—Condensation or reaction polymers
- D04H3/011—Polyesters
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47H—FURNISHINGS FOR WINDOWS OR DOORS
- A47H23/00—Curtains; Draperies
- A47H23/02—Shapes of curtains; Selection of particular materials for curtains
- A47H23/08—Selection of particular materials
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
- D04H3/005—Synthetic yarns or filaments
- D04H3/009—Condensation or reaction polymers
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
- D04H3/016—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the fineness
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
- D04H3/08—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating
- D04H3/10—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating with bonds between yarns or filaments made mechanically
- D04H3/11—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating with bonds between yarns or filaments made mechanically by fluid jet
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
- D04H3/08—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating
- D04H3/12—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating with filaments or yarns secured together by chemical or thermo-activatable bonding agents, e.g. adhesives, applied or incorporated in liquid or solid form
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
- D04H3/08—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating
- D04H3/16—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating with bonds between thermoplastic filaments produced in association with filament formation, e.g. immediately following extrusion
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/20—Coated or impregnated woven, knit, or nonwoven fabric which is not [a] associated with another preformed layer or fiber layer or, [b] with respect to woven and knit, characterized, respectively, by a particular or differential weave or knit, wherein the coating or impregnation is neither a foamed material nor a free metal or alloy layer
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
- Y10T442/608—Including strand or fiber material which is of specific structural definition
- Y10T442/614—Strand or fiber material specified as having microdimensions [i.e., microfiber]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
- Y10T442/608—Including strand or fiber material which is of specific structural definition
- Y10T442/614—Strand or fiber material specified as having microdimensions [i.e., microfiber]
- Y10T442/622—Microfiber is a composite fiber
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
- Y10T442/637—Including strand or fiber material which is a monofilament composed of two or more polymeric materials in physically distinct relationship [e.g., sheath-core, side-by-side, islands-in-sea, fibrils-in-matrix, etc.] or composed of physical blend of chemically different polymeric materials or a physical blend of a polymeric material and a filler material
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
- Y10T442/637—Including strand or fiber material which is a monofilament composed of two or more polymeric materials in physically distinct relationship [e.g., sheath-core, side-by-side, islands-in-sea, fibrils-in-matrix, etc.] or composed of physical blend of chemically different polymeric materials or a physical blend of a polymeric material and a filler material
- Y10T442/638—Side-by-side multicomponent strand or fiber material
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
- Y10T442/68—Melt-blown nonwoven fabric
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
- Y10T442/681—Spun-bonded nonwoven fabric
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a textile light-protective material for windows, composed of a micro filament non-woven fabric having a mass per unit area of 20 to 300 g/m 2 .
- Camouflage and light-protective devices for windows are provided in a variety of specific embodiments. In principle, the distinction should be made between soft and hard materials for this purpose. Curtains, drapes, or roller blinds are made of soft textile materials, and vertical or horizontal jalousies and pleated blinds are made of hard materials. Appropriate textile light-protective devices are also used for screening excessive light radiation, for example, in winter gardens. From the document, U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,064, stiff textile composites are known which are made of a non-woven fabric composed of thermoplastic material and a woven fabric that is assembled, stitched, and fused together by heating. Furthermore, from the document, U.S. Pat. No.
- stiff textile composites which are made of non-woven fabrics that are embroidered using yarn in a weaving frame.
- the non-woven fabric is made of two different fibers, of which one is thermoplastic and is melted on after the yarn embroidery.
- the known textile composites can also be provided with a foamed plastic layer and are suitable for manufacturing vertical jalousies, pleated blinds, wall panels, or automobile interior coverings.
- the known textile light-protective materials have disadvantages with regard to the high use of material, insufficient screening of the impinging light especially in the UV range, or their resistance to light. In addition, a rational manufacturing method is desirable.
- the present invention has the objective of indicating a textile light-protective material as well as a method for manufacturing it.
- the objective is achieved by a textile light-protective material that is made of a microfilament non-woven fabric having a mass per unit area of 20 to 300 g/m 2 , the non-woven fabric being composed of melt-spun and drawn multicomponent continuous filaments having a titer of 1.5 to 5 dtex that are deposited immediately to form a non-woven material, and at least 80% of the multicomponent continuous filaments are, after an optional pre-bonding, split to form continuous microfilaments having a titer of 0.05 to 2.0 dtex and are bonded.
- the isotropic fiber distribution in the non-woven fabric makes it unnecessary to hem it and to take into account the machine running direction.
- the textile light-protective material has no unraveled fibers. A chemical finishing is not necessary.
- the textile light-protective material is advantageously one in which the non-woven fabric having a mass per unit area of 20 to 300 g/m 2 is made of melt-spun and aerodynamically drawn multicomponent continuous filaments having a titer of 1.5 to 3 dtex that have been immediately deposited to form a non-woven material, and at least 80% of the multicomponent continuous filaments are split to form continuous microfilaments having a titer of 0.1 to 1.0 dtex and are bonded.
- the textile light-protective material is advantageously one in which the multicomponent continuous filament is a bicomponent continuous filament made of two incompatible polymers, specifically a polyester and a polyamide.
- a bicomponent continuous filament of this type has a good capacity for splitting into continuous microfilaments, and it produces a favorable ratio of strength to mass per unit area.
- the textile light-protective material according to the present invention due to the polymers that are used and their filament structure, is wrinkle-free, easily washable, and fast drying, i.e., easy to maintain.
- the textile light-protective material is advantageously one in which the multicomponent continuous filaments have a cross section marked by an orange-like multisegment structure, also termed “pie,” each segment in alternating fashion containing one of the two incompatible polymers.
- an orange-like multisegment structure of the multicomponent continuous filaments a “side-by-side” (s/s) segment arrangement of the incompatible polymers in the multicomponent continuous filament is also possible, which is advantageously used for producing crimped filaments. Segment arrangements of this type of the incompatible polymers in the multicomponent continuous filament have proven to be easy to split.
- the textile light-protective material has a very favorable ratio of mass per unit area to UV-light absorption capacity, so that highly effective light-protective materials can be manufactured therefrom even when small amounts of material are used.
- the textile light-protective material is also advantageously one in which at least one of the incompatible polymers forming the multicomponent continuous filament contains an additive, such as coloring pigments and/or permanently acting antistatic agents, in quantities up to 10% wt.
- an additive such as coloring pigments and/or permanently acting antistatic agents, in quantities up to 10% wt.
- static charges can be reduced or avoided.
- the textile light-protective material in particular when used as curtains or drapes, has excellent maintenance properties with regard to its excellent washability and short drying times.
- the method according to the present invention for manufacturing a textile light-protective material is seen in that multicomponent continuous filaments are spun from the melted mass, are drawn, and are deposited immediately to form a non-woven material, a pre-bonding is carried out, and the non-woven fabric is bonded by high-pressure fluid jets as it is simultaneously split into continuous microfilaments having a titer of 0.05 to 2.0 dtex.
- the textile light-protective material that is obtained in this manner is very uniform with regard to its thickness, has an isotropic fiber distribution, has no tendency to delaminate, and is marked by high modular values.
- the method for manufacturing the textile light-protective material is advantageously carried out such that the bonding and the splitting of the multicomponent continuous filaments is accomplished by subjecting the non-woven fabric, which has been optionally pre-bonded, to high-pressure water jets at least once on each side.
- the textile light-protective material has an excellent surface and a degree of splitting of the multicomponent continuous filaments that is greater than 80%.
- the textile light-protective material according to the present invention is also advantageously subjected to a point calendering to increase its wear resistance.
- the split and bonded non-woven fabric is conveyed through heated rollers, of which at least one roller has elevations, which result in a pointwise melting of the filaments to each other.
- the textile light-protective material due to its excellent haptic properties, is used for manufacturing curtains, drapes, or rolling blinds.
- the water-jet bonding of the multifilament non-woven fabric it is possible to carry out a surface patterning, or pattern forming, through the selection of the substrate.
- the textile light-protective material is also advantageously used for manufacturing vertical jalousies or pleated blinds, it being possible to increase the stiffness of the material by a stamp-calendering, by the fusing-on of a polymer component, and/or by coating using a foamed plastic.
- s/s polyester-polyamide (PES-PA6.6) bicomponent continuous filament having a weight ratio of PES to PA6.6 of 60:40, a fiber web having a mass per unit area of 134 g/m 2 is produced and is subjected to a water-jet needling on both sides at pressures up to 230 bar.
- the bicomponent continuous filaments after the water-jet needling, which results in a simultaneous splitting of the initial fibers, have a titer ⁇ 1.5 dtex and a thickness of 0.51 mm.
- tear resistance 372 N were measured in the machine running direction, and 331 N were measured in the transverse direction.
- PET-PA polyethylene terephthalate polyamide
- a fiber web having a mass per unit area of 80 g/m 2 is produced and is subjected to a water-jet needling on both sides at pressures up to 230 bar.
- the textile light-protective material has UV protection of 50+, as determined in accordance with the Australian-New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4399:1996. In this context, the transmission is measured in percent in a range from 250 to 450 nm.
Abstract
The present invention relates to a textile light-protective material composed of a microfilament non-woven fabric having a mass per unit area of 20 to 300 g/m2, in which the non-woven fabric is made of melt-spun and drawn multicomponent continuous filaments having a titer of 1.5 to 5 dtex that are deposited immediately to form a non-woven material and at least 80% of the multicomponent continuous filaments, after an optional pre-bonding, are split to form continuous microfilaments having a titer of 0.05 to 2.0 dtex and are bonded.
Description
- The present invention relates to a textile light-protective material for windows, composed of a micro filament non-woven fabric having a mass per unit area of 20 to 300 g/m2.
- Camouflage and light-protective devices for windows are provided in a variety of specific embodiments. In principle, the distinction should be made between soft and hard materials for this purpose. Curtains, drapes, or roller blinds are made of soft textile materials, and vertical or horizontal jalousies and pleated blinds are made of hard materials. Appropriate textile light-protective devices are also used for screening excessive light radiation, for example, in winter gardens. From the document, U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,064, stiff textile composites are known which are made of a non-woven fabric composed of thermoplastic material and a woven fabric that is assembled, stitched, and fused together by heating. Furthermore, from the document, U.S. Pat. No. 5,600,974, stiff textile composites are known which are made of non-woven fabrics that are embroidered using yarn in a weaving frame. In this context, the non-woven fabric is made of two different fibers, of which one is thermoplastic and is melted on after the yarn embroidery. The known textile composites can also be provided with a foamed plastic layer and are suitable for manufacturing vertical jalousies, pleated blinds, wall panels, or automobile interior coverings.
- The known textile light-protective materials have disadvantages with regard to the high use of material, insufficient screening of the impinging light especially in the UV range, or their resistance to light. In addition, a rational manufacturing method is desirable.
- The present invention has the objective of indicating a textile light-protective material as well as a method for manufacturing it.
- According to the present invention, the objective is achieved by a textile light-protective material that is made of a microfilament non-woven fabric having a mass per unit area of 20 to 300 g/m2, the non-woven fabric being composed of melt-spun and drawn multicomponent continuous filaments having a titer of 1.5 to 5 dtex that are deposited immediately to form a non-woven material, and at least 80% of the multicomponent continuous filaments are, after an optional pre-bonding, split to form continuous microfilaments having a titer of 0.05 to 2.0 dtex and are bonded. The isotropic fiber distribution in the non-woven fabric makes it unnecessary to hem it and to take into account the machine running direction. As a result of the continuous filaments, the textile light-protective material has no unraveled fibers. A chemical finishing is not necessary.
- The textile light-protective material is advantageously one in which the non-woven fabric having a mass per unit area of 20 to 300 g/m2 is made of melt-spun and aerodynamically drawn multicomponent continuous filaments having a titer of 1.5 to 3 dtex that have been immediately deposited to form a non-woven material, and at least 80% of the multicomponent continuous filaments are split to form continuous microfilaments having a titer of 0.1 to 1.0 dtex and are bonded.
- The textile light-protective material is advantageously one in which the multicomponent continuous filament is a bicomponent continuous filament made of two incompatible polymers, specifically a polyester and a polyamide. A bicomponent continuous filament of this type has a good capacity for splitting into continuous microfilaments, and it produces a favorable ratio of strength to mass per unit area. At the same time, the textile light-protective material according to the present invention, due to the polymers that are used and their filament structure, is wrinkle-free, easily washable, and fast drying, i.e., easy to maintain.
- The textile light-protective material is advantageously one in which the multicomponent continuous filaments have a cross section marked by an orange-like multisegment structure, also termed “pie,” each segment in alternating fashion containing one of the two incompatible polymers. In addition to this orange-like multi-segment structure of the multicomponent continuous filaments, a “side-by-side” (s/s) segment arrangement of the incompatible polymers in the multicomponent continuous filament is also possible, which is advantageously used for producing crimped filaments. Segment arrangements of this type of the incompatible polymers in the multicomponent continuous filament have proven to be easy to split. The textile light-protective material has a very favorable ratio of mass per unit area to UV-light absorption capacity, so that highly effective light-protective materials can be manufactured therefrom even when small amounts of material are used.
- The textile light-protective material is also advantageously one in which at least one of the incompatible polymers forming the multicomponent continuous filament contains an additive, such as coloring pigments and/or permanently acting antistatic agents, in quantities up to 10% wt. As a result of the additives, static charges can be reduced or avoided. The textile light-protective material, in particular when used as curtains or drapes, has excellent maintenance properties with regard to its excellent washability and short drying times.
- The method according to the present invention for manufacturing a textile light-protective material is seen in that multicomponent continuous filaments are spun from the melted mass, are drawn, and are deposited immediately to form a non-woven material, a pre-bonding is carried out, and the non-woven fabric is bonded by high-pressure fluid jets as it is simultaneously split into continuous microfilaments having a titer of 0.05 to 2.0 dtex. The textile light-protective material that is obtained in this manner is very uniform with regard to its thickness, has an isotropic fiber distribution, has no tendency to delaminate, and is marked by high modular values.
- The method for manufacturing the textile light-protective material is advantageously carried out such that the bonding and the splitting of the multicomponent continuous filaments is accomplished by subjecting the non-woven fabric, which has been optionally pre-bonded, to high-pressure water jets at least once on each side. As a result, the textile light-protective material has an excellent surface and a degree of splitting of the multicomponent continuous filaments that is greater than 80%.
- The textile light-protective material according to the present invention is also advantageously subjected to a point calendering to increase its wear resistance. For this purpose, the split and bonded non-woven fabric is conveyed through heated rollers, of which at least one roller has elevations, which result in a pointwise melting of the filaments to each other.
- The textile light-protective material, due to its excellent haptic properties, is used for manufacturing curtains, drapes, or rolling blinds. In this context, in the water-jet bonding of the multifilament non-woven fabric, it is possible to carry out a surface patterning, or pattern forming, through the selection of the substrate.
- The textile light-protective material is also advantageously used for manufacturing vertical jalousies or pleated blinds, it being possible to increase the stiffness of the material by a stamp-calendering, by the fusing-on of a polymer component, and/or by coating using a foamed plastic.
- From an s/s polyester-polyamide (PES-PA6.6) bicomponent continuous filament having a weight ratio of PES to PA6.6 of 60:40, a fiber web having a mass per unit area of 134 g/m2 is produced and is subjected to a water-jet needling on both sides at pressures up to 230 bar. The bicomponent continuous filaments, after the water-jet needling, which results in a simultaneous splitting of the initial fibers, have a titer <1.5 dtex and a thickness of 0.51 mm. For the tear resistance, 372 N were measured in the machine running direction, and 331 N were measured in the transverse direction. After irradiation on a black wall using a xenon test lamp 150 S at a light energy of 152 W/m2 over 150 hours at a relative humidity of 45% and a temperature of 90 degrees C., the change was ascertained through a comparison using 6 blue tones. The sample was evaluated as >7 on a scale extending from 4 to 7.
- From a 16-segment (PIE) polyester-polyamide (PES-PA6.6) bicomponent continuous filament having a weight ratio of PES to PA6.6 of 70:30, a fiber web having a mass per unit area of 116 g/m2 is produced and is subjected to a water-jet needling on both sides at pressures up to 230 bar. The bicomponent continuous filaments, after the water-jet needling, which results in a simultaneous splitting of the initial fibers, have a titer <0.1 dtex and a thickness of 0.51 mm. For the tear resistance, 383 N were measured in the machine running direction, and 324 N were measured in the transverse direction. After irradiation on a black wall using a xenon test lamp 150 S at a light energy of 152 W/m2 over 150 hours at a relative humidity of 45% and a temperature of 90 degrees C., the change was ascertained through a comparison using 6 blue tones. The sample was evaluated as >7 on a scale extending from 4 to 7.
- (OP-370) 7
- (OP-465) ≧7
- (OP-464) 7
- (OP-690) 7
- From a polyethylene terephthalate polyamide (PET-PA) bicomponent continuous filament having a weight ratio of PET/PA66 in the elementary fiber of 70/30 and an additive of X % wt of titanium dioxide, a fiber web having a mass per unit area of 80 g/m2 is produced and is subjected to a water-jet needling on both sides at pressures up to 230 bar. The bicomponent continuous filaments, after the water-jet needling, which results in a simultaneous splitting of the initial fibers, have a titer of 0.1 to 0.8 dtex. The textile light-protective material has UV protection of 50+, as determined in accordance with the Australian-New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4399:1996. In this context, the transmission is measured in percent in a range from 250 to 450 nm.
Claims (18)
1-11. (canceled)
12. A textile light-protective material comprising:
a microfilament non-woven fabric having a mass per unit area of 20 to 300 g/m2, the non-woven fabric including multicomponent continuous filaments, the filaments being melt-spun and drawn filaments having an original titer of 1.5 to 5 dtex deposited immediately to form a non-woven material;
the multicomponent continuous filaments of the non-woven material being split continuous microfilaments having a titer of 0.05 to 2.0 dtex and being bonded, a degree of splitting of the multicomponent continuous filaments being greater than 80%.
13. The textile light-protective material of claim 12 wherein the multi-component continuous filaments are pre-bonded filaments.
14. The textile light-protective material as recited in claim 12 wherein the original titer is 1.5 to 3 dtex and the titer of the split continuous microfilaments is 0.1 to 1.0 dtex.
15. The textile light-protective material as recited in claim 12 wherein the multicomponent continuous filament is a bicomponent continuous filament consisting of two incompatible polymers.
16. The textile light-protective material as recited in claim 15 wherein the two incompatible polymers are a polyester and a polyamide.
17. The textile light-protective material as recited in claim 12 wherein the multicomponent continuous filaments have a cross section of an orange-like multisegment structure, each segment in alternating fashion containing one of the two incompatible polymers and/or possessing a “side-by-side” structure.
18. The textile light-protective material as recited in claim 12 wherein the multicomponent continuous filament includes at least two incompatible polymers, and wherein at least one of the incompatible polymers contains an additive in quantities up to 10% wt.
19. The textile light-protective material as recited in claim 18 wherein the additive is at least one of a coloring pigment, a permanently acting antistatic agent, and a hydrophilic or hydrophobic-altering agent.
20. A method for manufacturing a textile light-protective material having a microfilament non-woven fabric with a mass per unit area of 20 to 300 g/m2, comprising the steps of:
spinning and drawing a melted mass to form multicomponent continuous filaments having a titer of 1.5 to 5 dtex;
depositing immediately the multicomponent continuous filaments to form a non-woven material; and
bonding the non-woven material using high-pressure fluid jets and simultaneously splitting the multicomponent continuous filaments into continuous microfilaments having a titer of 0.05 to 2.0 dtex, a degree of splitting of the multicomponent continuous filaments being greater than 80%.
21. The method as recited in claim 20 wherein the non-woven material is pre-bonded before the bonding and step.
22. The method as recited in claim 20 wherein bonding step includes subjecting two sides of the non-woven material to the high-pressure fluid jets.
23. The method as recited in claim 20 further comprising spin dyeing the multicomponent continuous filaments.
24. The method as recited in claim 20 further comprising point-calendering the textile light-protective material.
25. The method as recited in claim 20 further comprising manufacturing a curtain, drape, or rolling blind from the light-protective material.
26. The method as recited in claim 20 further comprising manufacturing a vertical jalousie or a pleated blind from the light-protective material.
27. The textile light-protective material as recited in claim 12 wherein the material is part of a curtain, drape, or rolling blind.
28. The textile light-protective material as recited in claim 12 wherein the material is part of a vertical jalousie or a pleated blind.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/145,695 US20050233665A1 (en) | 2000-03-07 | 2005-06-06 | Light-protective textile |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DEDE10011053.3 | 2000-03-07 | ||
DE10011053A DE10011053C2 (en) | 2000-03-07 | 2000-03-07 | Textile light protection material |
PCT/EP2001/002357 WO2001066844A2 (en) | 2000-03-07 | 2001-03-02 | Light-protective textile |
WOPCT/EP01/02357 | 2001-03-02 | ||
US10/220,907 US20030153224A1 (en) | 2000-03-07 | 2001-03-02 | Light-protective textile |
US11/145,695 US20050233665A1 (en) | 2000-03-07 | 2005-06-06 | Light-protective textile |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/220,907 Continuation US20030153224A1 (en) | 2000-03-07 | 2001-03-02 | Light-protective textile |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20050233665A1 true US20050233665A1 (en) | 2005-10-20 |
Family
ID=7633819
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/220,907 Abandoned US20030153224A1 (en) | 2000-03-07 | 2001-03-02 | Light-protective textile |
US11/145,695 Abandoned US20050233665A1 (en) | 2000-03-07 | 2005-06-06 | Light-protective textile |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/220,907 Abandoned US20030153224A1 (en) | 2000-03-07 | 2001-03-02 | Light-protective textile |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US20030153224A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1263306A2 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2001239277A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE10011053C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001066844A2 (en) |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7309372B2 (en) * | 2004-11-05 | 2007-12-18 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Filter medium and structure |
US7985344B2 (en) | 2004-11-05 | 2011-07-26 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | High strength, high capacity filter media and structure |
US8021455B2 (en) | 2007-02-22 | 2011-09-20 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Filter element and method |
US8057567B2 (en) | 2004-11-05 | 2011-11-15 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Filter medium and breather filter structure |
US8177875B2 (en) | 2005-02-04 | 2012-05-15 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Aerosol separator; and method |
US8267681B2 (en) | 2009-01-28 | 2012-09-18 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Method and apparatus for forming a fibrous media |
US8404014B2 (en) | 2005-02-22 | 2013-03-26 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Aerosol separator |
US8721756B2 (en) | 2008-06-13 | 2014-05-13 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Filter construction for use with air in-take for gas turbine and methods |
US20150017401A1 (en) * | 2012-02-16 | 2015-01-15 | Carl Freudenberg Kg | Textile light-protection material |
US9114339B2 (en) | 2007-02-23 | 2015-08-25 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Formed filter element |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2415011B (en) * | 2004-06-11 | 2009-01-14 | Louver Lite Ltd | Blind fabric |
DE102006045616B3 (en) * | 2006-09-25 | 2008-02-21 | Carl Freudenberg Kg | Manufacture of resilient fleece with thermoplastic filaments, places fleece in hot water containing additives, jiggers, tensions, reduces width, dries and winds up |
DE102010007672A1 (en) * | 2010-02-10 | 2011-08-11 | era Beschichtung GmbH & Co. KG, 31592 | Coating, method of applying the coating and use of the same |
DE102013211532A1 (en) * | 2013-06-19 | 2014-12-24 | C-Con GmbH & Co. KG | Inner sun protection element for buildings |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5899785A (en) * | 1996-06-17 | 1999-05-04 | Firma Carl Freudenberg | Nonwoven lap formed of very fine continuous filaments |
US5965084A (en) * | 1996-10-29 | 1999-10-12 | Chisso Corporation | Process for producing non-woven fabrics of ultrafine polyolefin fibers |
US6200669B1 (en) * | 1996-11-26 | 2001-03-13 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Entangled nonwoven fabrics and methods for forming the same |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0749619B2 (en) * | 1990-04-12 | 1995-05-31 | ユニチカ株式会社 | Entangled nonwoven fabric and method for producing the same |
US5436064A (en) * | 1990-06-18 | 1995-07-25 | Burlington Industries, Inc. | Stiff fabric composite |
TW246699B (en) * | 1992-10-05 | 1995-05-01 | Unitika Ltd |
-
2000
- 2000-03-07 DE DE10011053A patent/DE10011053C2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-03-02 AU AU2001239277A patent/AU2001239277A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-03-02 EP EP01913843A patent/EP1263306A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-03-02 WO PCT/EP2001/002357 patent/WO2001066844A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-03-02 US US10/220,907 patent/US20030153224A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2005
- 2005-06-06 US US11/145,695 patent/US20050233665A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5899785A (en) * | 1996-06-17 | 1999-05-04 | Firma Carl Freudenberg | Nonwoven lap formed of very fine continuous filaments |
US5965084A (en) * | 1996-10-29 | 1999-10-12 | Chisso Corporation | Process for producing non-woven fabrics of ultrafine polyolefin fibers |
US6200669B1 (en) * | 1996-11-26 | 2001-03-13 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Entangled nonwoven fabrics and methods for forming the same |
Cited By (26)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7309372B2 (en) * | 2004-11-05 | 2007-12-18 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Filter medium and structure |
US8641796B2 (en) | 2004-11-05 | 2014-02-04 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Filter medium and breather filter structure |
US7985344B2 (en) | 2004-11-05 | 2011-07-26 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | High strength, high capacity filter media and structure |
US8021457B2 (en) | 2004-11-05 | 2011-09-20 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Filter media and structure |
US11504663B2 (en) | 2004-11-05 | 2022-11-22 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Filter medium and breather filter structure |
US8057567B2 (en) | 2004-11-05 | 2011-11-15 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Filter medium and breather filter structure |
US7314497B2 (en) * | 2004-11-05 | 2008-01-01 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Filter medium and structure |
US8268033B2 (en) | 2004-11-05 | 2012-09-18 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Filter medium and structure |
US10610813B2 (en) | 2004-11-05 | 2020-04-07 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Filter medium and breather filter structure |
US8277529B2 (en) | 2004-11-05 | 2012-10-02 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Filter medium and breather filter structure |
USRE49097E1 (en) * | 2004-11-05 | 2022-06-07 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Filter medium and structure |
USRE47737E1 (en) * | 2004-11-05 | 2019-11-26 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Filter medium and structure |
US8512435B2 (en) | 2004-11-05 | 2013-08-20 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Filter medium and breather filter structure |
US9795906B2 (en) | 2004-11-05 | 2017-10-24 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Filter medium and breather filter structure |
US8177875B2 (en) | 2005-02-04 | 2012-05-15 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Aerosol separator; and method |
US8460424B2 (en) | 2005-02-04 | 2013-06-11 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Aerosol separator; and method |
US8404014B2 (en) | 2005-02-22 | 2013-03-26 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Aerosol separator |
US8021455B2 (en) | 2007-02-22 | 2011-09-20 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Filter element and method |
US9114339B2 (en) | 2007-02-23 | 2015-08-25 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Formed filter element |
US8721756B2 (en) | 2008-06-13 | 2014-05-13 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Filter construction for use with air in-take for gas turbine and methods |
US9353481B2 (en) | 2009-01-28 | 2016-05-31 | Donldson Company, Inc. | Method and apparatus for forming a fibrous media |
US8524041B2 (en) | 2009-01-28 | 2013-09-03 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Method for forming a fibrous media |
US9885154B2 (en) | 2009-01-28 | 2018-02-06 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Fibrous media |
US10316468B2 (en) | 2009-01-28 | 2019-06-11 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Fibrous media |
US8267681B2 (en) | 2009-01-28 | 2012-09-18 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Method and apparatus for forming a fibrous media |
US20150017401A1 (en) * | 2012-02-16 | 2015-01-15 | Carl Freudenberg Kg | Textile light-protection material |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1263306A2 (en) | 2002-12-11 |
AU2001239277A1 (en) | 2001-09-17 |
WO2001066844A2 (en) | 2001-09-13 |
DE10011053A1 (en) | 2001-10-11 |
DE10011053C2 (en) | 2002-06-20 |
US20030153224A1 (en) | 2003-08-14 |
WO2001066844A3 (en) | 2002-03-14 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US20050233665A1 (en) | Light-protective textile | |
US5256224A (en) | Process for making molded, tufted polyolefin carpet | |
US4842915A (en) | Tufting base for carpets made of a spunbonded fabric, a method of manufacturing the base, and a tufting carpet | |
DK3108051T3 (en) | Microfiber COMPOSITE NONWOVENS | |
KR20070070178A (en) | Woven/knit fabric including crimped fiber and decreasing in porosity upon humidification, process for producing the same, and textile product | |
US10406565B2 (en) | Cleaning cloth | |
DE2834468C2 (en) | Three-dimensionally deformable carpet | |
CN1846027A (en) | Method for coating grey goods for carpeting using a broad slotted nozzle | |
US20160263618A1 (en) | Method of light-protection textile material | |
EP0763616B1 (en) | Dust-control mat having excellent dimensional stability and method of producing the same | |
EP1416077A2 (en) | Three-dimensional microfibrous fabric with a suede-like effect and method for its preparation | |
DE10108092B4 (en) | Method of making a tufting carrier | |
US20040253888A1 (en) | Nonwoven sheeting having tailor-made, non uniform properties | |
WO2001048293A1 (en) | Sleeping apparel | |
JPH10273865A (en) | Filament nonwoven fabric, its production, base cloth for tufted carpet and tufted carpet | |
EP1251755B1 (en) | Use of a non-woven micro-filament fabric for sports apparel with uv protection | |
DE19962358C1 (en) | Pocket lining material, for trouser or jacket pockets, comprises a nonwoven fabric of directly laid, melt-spun, drawn continuous microfilaments, using bicomponent filaments of incompatible polymers | |
JP2002339230A (en) | Conjugated fiber net suitable for pleating | |
WO2001047382A1 (en) | Protective clothes | |
KR101167758B1 (en) | Light high-strength tuft backing and method for producing the same | |
WO2001048292A1 (en) | Sanitary fabric | |
WO2001048294A1 (en) | Sanitary apparel |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |