US20050280020A1 - Visible light emitting diodes fabricated from soluble semiconducting polymers - Google Patents

Visible light emitting diodes fabricated from soluble semiconducting polymers Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US20050280020A1
US20050280020A1 US11/050,082 US5008205A US2005280020A1 US 20050280020 A1 US20050280020 A1 US 20050280020A1 US 5008205 A US5008205 A US 5008205A US 2005280020 A1 US2005280020 A1 US 2005280020A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
light
emitting diode
layer
substrate
conducting
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US11/050,082
Inventor
Alan Heeger
David Braun
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
University of California
Original Assignee
University of California
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=24657148&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=US20050280020(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by University of California filed Critical University of California
Priority to US11/050,082 priority Critical patent/US20050280020A1/en
Assigned to REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, THE reassignment REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, THE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BRAUN, DAVID, HEEGER, ALAN J.
Publication of US20050280020A1 publication Critical patent/US20050280020A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K50/00Organic light-emitting devices
    • H10K50/80Constructional details
    • H10K50/805Electrodes
    • H10K50/82Cathodes
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K71/00Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K71/10Deposition of organic active material
    • H10K71/191Deposition of organic active material characterised by provisions for the orientation or alignment of the layer to be deposited
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K50/00Organic light-emitting devices
    • H10K50/10OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
    • H10K50/11OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K50/00Organic light-emitting devices
    • H10K50/80Constructional details
    • H10K50/805Electrodes
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K50/00Organic light-emitting devices
    • H10K50/80Constructional details
    • H10K50/805Electrodes
    • H10K50/81Anodes
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K50/00Organic light-emitting devices
    • H10K50/80Constructional details
    • H10K50/868Arrangements for polarized light emission
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K2102/00Constructional details relating to the organic devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K2102/301Details of OLEDs
    • H10K2102/311Flexible OLED
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K71/00Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/10Organic polymers or oligomers
    • H10K85/111Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
    • H10K85/114Poly-phenylenevinylene; Derivatives thereof

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to light-emitting diodes and their fabrication. More particularly, it concerns light-emitting diodes fabricated from semiconducting (conjugated) polymers which are soluble in common organic solvents, and yet more particularly to the fabrication of such diodes on flexible polymer substrates.
  • LEDs Solid-state light-emitting diodes
  • GaAs gallium arsenide
  • the LEDs made of these materials are typically limited to the emission of light at the long wavelength end of the visible spectrum.
  • suitable organic materials for use as the active (light-emitting) components of LEDs See references 1-6).
  • the need for relatively high voltages (i.e., voltages incompatible with digital electronics) for the onset of light emission has been a hindrance to the commercialization of LEDs fabricated from organic materials.
  • Burroughs et al disclosed a multi-step process in the fabrication of LED structures characterized as follows:
  • a glass substrate is utilized.
  • the substrate is pre-coated with a transparent conducting layer of indium/tin oxide (ITO).
  • ITO indium/tin oxide
  • a soluble precursor polymer to the conjugated polymer, poly(phenylene vinylene), PPV, is cast from solution onto the substrate as a thin, semitransparent layer (approximately 100-200 nm).
  • the precursor polymer is converted to the final conjugated PPV by heat treating the precursor polymer (already formed as a thin film on the substrate) to temperatures in excess of 200° C. while pumping in vacuum.
  • the negative, electron-injecting contact is fabricated from a low work function metal such as aluminum, or magnesium-silver alloy; said negative electrode acting as the rectifying contact in the diode structure.
  • the resulting devices showed asymmetric current versus voltage curves indicative of the formation of a diode, and the diodes were observed to emit visible light under conditions of forward bias at bias voltages in excess of about 14 V with quantum efficiencies up to 0.05%.
  • the methods of Burroughs et al therefore, suffer a number of specific disadvantages. Because of the use of a rigid glass substrate, the resulting LED structures are rigid and inflexible.
  • the need for heating to temperatures in excess of 200° C. to convert the precursor polymer to the final conjugated polymer precludes the use of flexible transparent polymer substrates, such as, for example, polyethyleneterephthalate, polystyrene, polycarbonate and the like, for the fabrication of flexible LED structures with novel shapes and forms.
  • the need for heating to temperatures in excess of 200° C. to convert the precursor polymer to the final conjugated polymer has the added disadvantage of possibly creating defects in the conjugated polymer and in particular at the upper surface of the conjugated polymer which forms the rectifying contact with the low work function metal.
  • this invention provides a process for fabricating light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
  • the process involves a process for fabrication of light-emitting diodes which emit visible light. This process comprises the steps of:
  • an alternative process for fabricating light-emitting diodes which emit visible light comprises the steps of:
  • this invention provides a process for making oriented polymer-based LEDs which emit polarized visible light. This process includes the steps of:
  • this invention provides the LEDs fabricated by any of these processes.
  • the LED devices employ poly(2-methoxy,5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene), MEH-PPV, as the conjugated polymer.
  • MEH-PPV offers the advantage of being a conjugated polymer which is soluble in organic solvents. LED device fabrication is simplified because of the direct casting of the conjugated polymer from solution.
  • the LED structure can be fabricated on a flexible transparent polymer substrate.
  • These polymer films are manufactured as large area continuous films.
  • the use of flexible polymer films as substrate enables the fabrication of large area polymer LEDs using either a batch process or a continuous process.
  • the conjugated polymer-based LEDs are prepared on a substrate.
  • the substrate should be transparent and nonconducting. It can be a rigid material such as a rigid plastic including rigid acrylates, carbonates, and the like, rigid inorganic oxides such as glass, quartz, sapphire, and the like. It can also be a flexible transparent organic polymer such as polyester—for example polyethyleneterephthalate, flexible polycarbonate, poly (methyl methacrylate), poly(styrene) and the like.
  • the thickness of this substrate is not critical.
  • the invention provides LEDs based on conjugated polymers.
  • the conjugated polymer is cast directly from a solution onto a precooled substrate to form a substrate-supported film.
  • the conjugated polymer is present as a free-standing film.
  • the conjugated polymer is present as a component of a gel-processed admixture with a carrier polymer and the film is formed from this admixture.
  • This embodiment offers an easy way to obtain aligned conjugated polymer structures which lead to LEDs which can emit polarized light.
  • the conjugated polymers used herein include soluble conjugated polymers known in the art. These include, for example, poly(2-methoxy,5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene) or “MEH-PPV”, P3ATs, poly(3-alkylthiophenes) (where alkyl is from 6 to 16 carbons), such as poly(2,5-dimethoxy-p-phenylene vinylene)-“PDMPV”, and poly(2,5-thienylenevinylene); poly(phenylenevinylene) or “PPV” and alkoxy derivatives thereof; and polyanilines. Of these, the MEH-PPV materials are preferred. The preparation of MEH-PPV is given in the examples herein.
  • the conjugated polymer can be deposited or cast directly from solution.
  • the solvent employed is one which will dissolve the polymer and not interfere with its subsequent deposition.
  • organic solvents are used. These can include halohydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride, aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene, benzene, toluene, other hydrocarbons such as decaline, and the like. Mixed solvents can be used, as well. Polar solvents such as water, acetone, acids and the like may be suitable. These are merely a representative exemplification and the solvent can be selected broadly from materials meeting the criteria set forth above.
  • the solution can be relatively delete, such as from 0.1 to 20% w in concentration, especially 0.2 to 5% w. Film thicknesses of 50-400 and 100-200 nm are used.
  • the conjugated polymer is present in admixture with a carrier polymer.
  • the criteria for the selection of the carrier polymer are as follows.
  • the material should allow for the formation of mechanically coherent films, at low concentrations, and remain stable in solvents that are capable of dispersing, or dissolving the conjugated polymers for forming the final film.
  • Low concentrations of carrier polymer are preferred in order to minimize processing difficulties, i.e., excessively high viscosity or the formation of gross inhomogeneities; however the concentration of the carrier should be high enough to allow for formation of coherent structures.
  • Preferred carrier polymers are high molecular weight (M.W.>100,000) flexible chain polymers, such as polyethylene, isotactic polypropylene, polyethylene oxide, polystyrene, and the like.
  • these macromolecular materials enable the formation of coherent structures from a wide variety of liquids, including water, acids, and numerous polar and nonpolar organic solvents. Films or sheets manufactured using these carrier polymers have sufficient mechanical strength at polymer concentrations as low as 1%, even as low as 0.1%, by volume to enable the coating and subsequent processing as desired.
  • Mechanically coherent films can also be prepared from lower molecular weight flexible chain polymers, but generally, higher concentrations of these carrier polymers are required.
  • carrier polymer is made primarily on the basis of compatibility of the conjugated polymer, as well as with the solvent or solvents used.
  • blending of polar conducting polymers generally requires carrier structures that are capable of co-dissolving with or absorbing polar reactants.
  • coherent structures are those comprised of poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(ethylene oxide), poly-para(phenylene terephthalate), poly-para-benzamide, etc., and suitable liquids.
  • nonpolar carrier structures are selected, such as those containing polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(butadiene), and the like.
  • the initial concentration of the carrier polymer generally is selected above 0.1% by volume, and more preferably above about 0.75% by volume.
  • concentration of the carrier polymer in the solution is below 50% by volume, and still more preferably below 25% by volume.
  • solution is provided by dissolving a selected carrier polymer and conjugated polymer in a compatible solvent (or mixed solvents) to a predetermined concentration (using the aforementioned guidelines).
  • a compatible solvent is a solvent system into which a desired quantity of soluble conjugated polymer (or soluble precursor polymer) can be dissolved.
  • the solvent system is also one in which the carrier polymer is substantially soluble, and will not interfere with the subsequent structure formation process.
  • the carrier solution is formed into selected shape, e.g. a fiber, film or the like, by extrusion or by any other suitable method.
  • the solvent is then removed (through evaporation, extraction, or any other convenient method).
  • Gels can be formed from the carrier conjugate solution in various ways, e.g., through chemical crosslinking of the macromolecules in solution, swelling of cross-linked macromolecules, thermoreversible gelation, and coagulation of polymer solutions.
  • the two latter types of gel formation are preferred, although under certain experimental conditions, chemically crosslinked gels may be preferred.
  • Thermoreversible gelation refers to the physical transformation of polymer solution to polymer gel upon lower of the temperature of a homogeneous polymer solution (although in exceptional cases a temperature elevation may be required).
  • This mode of polymer gelation requires the preparation of a homogeneous solution of the selected carrier polymer in an appropriate solvent according to standard techniques known to those skilled in the art.
  • the polymer solution is cast or extruded into a fiber, rod or film form, and the temperature is lowered to below the gelation temperature of the polymer in order to form coherent gels.
  • This procedure is well known and is commercially employed, e.g., for the formation of gels of high molecular weight polyethylene in decalin, paraffin oil, oligomeric polyolefins, xylene, etc., as precursors for high strength polyolefin fibers and films.
  • Coding of a polymer solution involves contacting the solution with a nonsolvent for the dissolved polymer, thus causing the polymer to precipitate. This process is well known, and is commercially employed, for example, in the formation of rayon fibers and films, and spinning of high-performance aramid fibers, etc.
  • thermoreversible gels are substantially greater than melt processed materials.
  • the large draw ratios possible with thermoreversible gels are also advantageous if composite materials may be prepared with materials limited in their drawability due to low molecular weights.
  • conducting polymers not only do the mechanical properties improve, but, more importantly, the electrical conductivity also often displays drastic enhancement by tensile drawing and the orientation of the conjugated polymer gives rise to LEDs which will emit polarized light because of the orientation.
  • the conjugated polymer layer of the LEDs of this invention is bounded on one surface by a transparent conducting first layer.
  • This layer is between the substrate and the conjugated polymer layer.
  • This first layer is a transparent conductive layer made of a high work function material that is a material with a work function above 4.5 eV.
  • This layer can be a film of an electronegative metal such as gold or silver, with gold being the preferred member of that group. It can also be formed of a conductive metal-metal oxide mixture such as indium-tin oxide.
  • These layers are commonly deposited by vacuum sputtering (RF or Magnetron) electron beam evaporation, thermal vapor deposition, chemical deposition and the like.
  • the ohmic contact layer should be low resistance: preferably less than 300 ohms/square and more preferably less than 100 ohms/square.
  • an electron-injecting contact is present on the other side of the conjugated polymer film.
  • This is fabricated from a low work function metal or alloy (a low work function material has a work function below 4.3.
  • Typical materials include indium, calcium, barium and magnesium, with calcium being a particularly good material.
  • These electrodes are applied by using methods well-known to the art (e.g. evaporated, sputtered, or electron-beam evaporation) and acting as the rectifying contact in the diode structure.
  • This example involves the preparation of poly(2-methoxy,5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene) “MEH-PPV”.
  • the material was dissolved in a minimum amount of hexane and precipitated by adding methanol until the solution became cloudy. After cooling, filtering and washing with cold methanol, 3.4 g (52%) of white crystalline material (mp 52-54° C.) was obtained.
  • the conjugated polymer is highly colored (bright red-orange).
  • the precursor polymer was converted to the conjugated MEH-PPV by heating to reflux (approx. 214° C.) in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene solvent.
  • the product was identical with the material obtained in Example 1.
  • LEDs Light-emitting diodes
  • a rectifying indium (work function 4.2 eV, Reference 10) contact on the front surface of an MEH-PPV film which is deposited by spin-casting from dilute tetrahydrofuran solution containing 1% MEH-PPV by weight onto a glass substrate.
  • the resulting MEH-PPV films have uniform surfaces with thicknesses near 1200 ⁇ .
  • the glass substrate had been previously coated with a layer of indium/tin-oxide to form an ohmic contact.
  • the Indium contact is deposited on top of the MEH-PPV polymer film by vacuum evaporation at pressures below 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 Torr yielding active areas of 0.04 cm 2 .
  • the EL spectra obtained with 3 V AC superposed (at 681 Hz) on 13V forward bias, showed characteristic spectral features similar to those observed in the photoluminescence of MEH-PPV. 11
  • the room temperature electroluminescence peaks near 2.1 eV with a hint of a second peak above 1.9 eV. At 90K, the intensity increases and shifts to the red, and the two peaks become clearly resolved.
  • the electroluminecence intensity was measured as a function of current flow under increasing forward bias.
  • the quantum efficiency was determined with a calibrated Silicon photodiode and corrected for the spectral response and the solid angle of the collecting optics.
  • the measured quantum efficiency at 0.8 mA is ⁇ 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 photons per electron for Indium electrodes.
  • LEDs Light-emitting diodes
  • the resulting MEH-PPV films have uniform surfaces with thicknesses near 1200 ⁇ .
  • the glass substrate has been partially coated with a layer of indium/tin-oxide to form an “ohmic” contact.
  • the calcium contact is deposited on top of the MEH-PPV polymer film by vacuum evaporation at pressures below 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 Torr yielding active areas of 0.04 cm 2 .
  • LEDs Light-emitting diodes
  • PET flexible transparent polyethyleneterephthalate
  • the resulting MEH-PPV films on PET have uniform surfaces with thicknesses near 1200 ⁇ .
  • the PET substrate is pre-coated with a layer of indium/tin-oxide to form an “ohmic” contact.
  • the calcium rectifying contact is deposited on top of the MEH-PPV polymer film by vacuum evaporation at pressures below 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 Torr yielding active areas of 0.04 cm 2 .
  • MEH-PPV is cast onto a film of pure UHMW-PE which has been stretched to a moderate draw ratio (e.g. draw ratio >20, Reference 11).
  • the MEH-PPV is observed to orient spontaneously along the draw direction; both the photo-absorption and the photoluminescence spectra are highly anisotropic. Since the luminescence spectrum is polarized with electric vector along the chain alignment direction, light-emitting diodes can be fabricated which emit polarized light.
  • MEH-PPV was gel-processed and chain oriented as a guest in UHMW-PE.
  • the gel-processing of conjugated polymer as a guest in a gel-processed blend involves three steps:
  • This solution is thoroughly mixed and allowed to equilibrate in a hot oil bath at 126° C. for one hour. The solution is then poured onto a glass surface to cool, forming a gel which was allowed to dry (into a film). Films were then cut into strips and tensile-drawn over a hot pin at 110-120° C. Once processed in this manner, the films are oriented.
  • the high work function and low work function electrodes are offered as in Examples 4 and 5, and LEDs result.

Abstract

Visible light LEDs are produced having a layer of conjugated polymer which is cast directly from solution or formed as a gel-processed admixture with a carrier polymer. The LEDs can be formed so as to emit polarized light.

Description

    FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • This invention relates generally to light-emitting diodes and their fabrication. More particularly, it concerns light-emitting diodes fabricated from semiconducting (conjugated) polymers which are soluble in common organic solvents, and yet more particularly to the fabrication of such diodes on flexible polymer substrates.
  • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • Solid-state light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have found widespread application in displays, as well as in a variety of less common applications. Currently, LEDs are fabricated from conventional semiconductors; for example, gallium arsenide (GaAs), typically doped with aluminum, indium, or phosphorus. Using this technology, it is very difficult to make large area displays. In addition, the LEDs made of these materials are typically limited to the emission of light at the long wavelength end of the visible spectrum. For these reasons, there has been considerable interest for many years in the development of suitable organic materials for use as the active (light-emitting) components of LEDs. (See references 1-6). The need for relatively high voltages (i.e., voltages incompatible with digital electronics) for the onset of light emission has been a hindrance to the commercialization of LEDs fabricated from organic materials.
  • The utilization of semiconducting organic polymers (i.e., conjugated polymers) in the fabrication of LEDs expands the use of organic materials in electroluminescent devices and expands the possible applications for conducting polymers into the area of active light sources, (see Reference 7) with the possibility of significant advantages over existing LED technology. Controlling the energy gap of the polymer, either through the judicious choice of the conjugated backbone structure or through side-chain functionalization, should make possible the emission of a variety of colors throughout the visible spectrum.
  • In the prior art, Tomozawa et al (see Reference 8) disclosed diodes fabricated by casting semiconducting polymers from solution.
  • Also in the art, Burroughs et al (see Reference 7) disclosed a multi-step process in the fabrication of LED structures characterized as follows:
  • 1) A glass substrate is utilized. The substrate is pre-coated with a transparent conducting layer of indium/tin oxide (ITO). This ITO coating, having high work function serves as the ohmic hole-injecting electrode.
  • 2) A soluble precursor polymer to the conjugated polymer, poly(phenylene vinylene), PPV, is cast from solution onto the substrate as a thin, semitransparent layer (approximately 100-200 nm).
  • 3) The precursor polymer is converted to the final conjugated PPV by heat treating the precursor polymer (already formed as a thin film on the substrate) to temperatures in excess of 200° C. while pumping in vacuum.
  • 4) The negative, electron-injecting contact is fabricated from a low work function metal such as aluminum, or magnesium-silver alloy; said negative electrode acting as the rectifying contact in the diode structure.
  • The resulting devices showed asymmetric current versus voltage curves indicative of the formation of a diode, and the diodes were observed to emit visible light under conditions of forward bias at bias voltages in excess of about 14 V with quantum efficiencies up to 0.05%.
  • The methods of Burroughs et al, therefore, suffer a number of specific disadvantages. Because of the use of a rigid glass substrate, the resulting LED structures are rigid and inflexible. The need for heating to temperatures in excess of 200° C. to convert the precursor polymer to the final conjugated polymer precludes the use of flexible transparent polymer substrates, such as, for example, polyethyleneterephthalate, polystyrene, polycarbonate and the like, for the fabrication of flexible LED structures with novel shapes and forms. The need for heating to temperatures in excess of 200° C. to convert the precursor polymer to the final conjugated polymer has the added disadvantage of possibly creating defects in the conjugated polymer and in particular at the upper surface of the conjugated polymer which forms the rectifying contact with the low work function metal.
  • Thus, the ability to fabricate light-emitting diodes from organic materials and in particular from polymers, remains seriously limited.
  • References
  • 1. P. S. Vincent, W. A. Barlow, R. A. Hann and G. G. Roberts, Thin Solid Films, 94, 476 (1982).
  • 2. C. W. Tang, S. A. Van Syke, Appl. Phys. Lett. 51, 913 (1987).
  • 3. C. W. Tang, S. A. Van Syke and C. H. Chen, J. Appl. Phys. 65, 3610 (1989).
  • 4. C. Adachi, S. Tokito, T. Tsutsui, and S. Saito, Appl. Phys. Lett. 55, 1489 (1989).
  • 5. C. Adachi, S. Tokito, T. Tsutsui, and S. Saito, Appl. Phys. Lett. 56, 799 (1989).
  • 6. M. Nohara, M. Hasegawa, C. Hosohawa, H. Tokailin, T. Kusomoto, Chem. Lett. 189 (1990).
  • 7. J. H. Burroughs, D. D. C. Bradley, A. R. Brown, R. N. Marks, K. Mackay, R. H. Friend, P. L. Burns and A. B. Holmes, Nature 347, 539 (1990).
  • 8. H. Tomozawa, D. Braun, S. D. Phillips, R. Worland, A. J. Heeger, and H. Kroemer, Synth. Met. 28, C687 (1989).
  • 9. F. Wudl, P.-M. Allemand, G. Srdanov, Z. Ni, and D. McBranch, in Materials for Non-linear Optics: Chemical Perspectives (to be published in 1991).
  • 10. S. M. Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1981).
  • 11. a. T. W. Hagler, K. Pakbaz, J. Moulton, F. Wudl, P. Smith, and A. J. Heeger, Polym. Commun. (in press). b. T. W. Hagler, K. Pakbaz, K. Voss and A. J. Heeger, Phys. Rev. B. (in press).
  • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • It is accordingly an object of the present invention to overcome the aforementioned disadvantages of the prior art and, primarily, to provide light-emitting diodes fabricated from semiconducting polymers which are soluble in the conjugated form and therefore require no subsequent heat treatment at elevated temperatures
  • It is additionally an object of the present invention to utilize the processing advantages associated with the fabrication of diode structures from soluble semiconductor polymers cast from solution to enable the fabrication of large active areas.
  • It is additionally an object of the present invention to provide light-emitting diodes fabricated from semiconducting polymers using flexible organic polymer substrates.
  • It is additionally an object of the present invention to provide methods for the fabrication of light-emitting diodes fabricated from semiconducting polymers which turn on at bias voltages compatible with digital electronics (i.e., at voltages less than 5 volts).
  • Additional objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art on examination of the following, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
  • In one aspect this invention provides a process for fabricating light-emitting diodes (LEDs). In this embodiment the process involves a process for fabrication of light-emitting diodes which emit visible light. This process comprises the steps of:
  • i) precoating a substrate with a transparent conducting first layer having high work function and serving as an ohmic hole-injecting electrode;
  • ii) casting upon the first layer directly from solution, a thin transparent layer of a soluble conjugated polymer; and
  • iii) fabricating a negative, electron-injecting contact onto the conjugated polymer film. This contact is formed from a low work function metal and acts as the rectifying contact in the diode structure.
  • In another embodiment, an alternative process for fabricating light-emitting diodes which emit visible light is provided. This process comprises the steps of:
  • i) casting a free-standing, semi-transparent film of a soluble conjugated polymer from solution, said film serving as a luminescent, semiconducting polymer and simultaneously as a substrate;
  • ii) coating the free-standing, conjugated polymer film on one side with a transparent conducting first layer having a high work function and serving as the ohmic hole-injecting electrode; and
  • iii) fabricating a negative electron-injecting contact onto the other side of the conjugated polymer film. This contact is made of a low work function metal and acts as the rectifying contact in the diode structure.
  • In yet an additional embodiment this invention provides a process for making oriented polymer-based LEDs which emit polarized visible light. This process includes the steps of:
  • i) gel-processing a soluble conjugated polymer as a member of an admixture with ultra-high molecular weight carrier polymer. The gel-processed mixture is formed into an oriented, free-standing film in which the conjugated polymer is chain-aligned. This chain-aligning resulting in polarized luminescence for the polymer.
  • ii) coating the free-standing, oriented polymer film on one side with a transparent, conducting first layer having high work function and serving as an ohmic hole-injecting electrode, and
  • iii) fabricating a negative, electron-injecting contact onto the other side of the conjugated polymer film. This contact is fabricated from a low work function metal and acts as the rectifying contact in the diode structure.
  • In another general aspect this invention provides the LEDs fabricated by any of these processes. In a more particular aspect of this invetion, the LED devices employ poly(2-methoxy,5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene), MEH-PPV, as the conjugated polymer. MEH-PPV offers the advantage of being a conjugated polymer which is soluble in organic solvents. LED device fabrication is simplified because of the direct casting of the conjugated polymer from solution.
  • Surprisingly, it was found that by using calcium as the low work function rectifying contact, and by using ITO coated PET films as the substrate, flexible LED structures are fabricated which benefit from the excellent mechanical properties of both the polymer substrate and the conjugated polymer semiconducting layer and which exhibit the advantageous characteristics of a turn-on voltage reduced to 3-4 volts (i.e TTL compatible), and a quantum efficiency which is improved by more than an order of magnitude to values of approximately 1%.
  • Specific advantages of this invention over the prior art include the following:
  • (i) Because the luminescent semiconducting polymer is soluble in its final conjugated form, there is no need for heat treatment at elevated temperatures. This greatly simplifies the fabrication procedure and enables a continuous manufacturing process,
  • (ii) Since the luminescent semiconducting polymer layer can be cast onto the substrate directly from solution at room temperature, the LED structure can be fabricated on a flexible transparent polymer substrate. These polymer films are manufactured as large area continuous films. Thus, the use of flexible polymer films as substrate enables the fabrication of large area polymer LEDs using either a batch process or a continuous process.
  • (iii) The use of Calcium as the low work function contact onto MEH-PPV as the luminescent polymer leads to unexpected improvements in the efficiency of the device and in the compatibility of the device with modern digital electronic circuitry.
  • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • The Substrates
  • In some embodiments, the conjugated polymer-based LEDs are prepared on a substrate. The substrate should be transparent and nonconducting. It can be a rigid material such as a rigid plastic including rigid acrylates, carbonates, and the like, rigid inorganic oxides such as glass, quartz, sapphire, and the like. It can also be a flexible transparent organic polymer such as polyester—for example polyethyleneterephthalate, flexible polycarbonate, poly (methyl methacrylate), poly(styrene) and the like.
  • The thickness of this substrate is not critical.
  • The Conjugated Polymer
  • The invention provides LEDs based on conjugated polymers.
  • In one embodiment the conjugated polymer is cast directly from a solution onto a precooled substrate to form a substrate-supported film.
  • In another, the conjugated polymer is present as a free-standing film.
  • In a third embodiment, the conjugated polymer is present as a component of a gel-processed admixture with a carrier polymer and the film is formed from this admixture. This embodiment offers an easy way to obtain aligned conjugated polymer structures which lead to LEDs which can emit polarized light.
  • The conjugated polymers used herein include soluble conjugated polymers known in the art. These include, for example, poly(2-methoxy,5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene) or “MEH-PPV”, P3ATs, poly(3-alkylthiophenes) (where alkyl is from 6 to 16 carbons), such as poly(2,5-dimethoxy-p-phenylene vinylene)-“PDMPV”, and poly(2,5-thienylenevinylene); poly(phenylenevinylene) or “PPV” and alkoxy derivatives thereof; and polyanilines. Of these, the MEH-PPV materials are preferred. The preparation of MEH-PPV is given in the examples herein.
  • The conjugated polymer can be deposited or cast directly from solution. The solvent employed is one which will dissolve the polymer and not interfere with its subsequent deposition.
  • Typically, organic solvents are used. These can include halohydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride, aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene, benzene, toluene, other hydrocarbons such as decaline, and the like. Mixed solvents can be used, as well. Polar solvents such as water, acetone, acids and the like may be suitable. These are merely a representative exemplification and the solvent can be selected broadly from materials meeting the criteria set forth above.
  • When depositing the conjugated polymer on a substrate, the solution can be relatively delete, such as from 0.1 to 20% w in concentration, especially 0.2 to 5% w. Film thicknesses of 50-400 and 100-200 nm are used.
  • The Carrier Polymer.
  • In some embodiments, the conjugated polymer is present in admixture with a carrier polymer.
  • The criteria for the selection of the carrier polymer are as follows. The material should allow for the formation of mechanically coherent films, at low concentrations, and remain stable in solvents that are capable of dispersing, or dissolving the conjugated polymers for forming the final film. Low concentrations of carrier polymer are preferred in order to minimize processing difficulties, i.e., excessively high viscosity or the formation of gross inhomogeneities; however the concentration of the carrier should be high enough to allow for formation of coherent structures. Preferred carrier polymers are high molecular weight (M.W.>100,000) flexible chain polymers, such as polyethylene, isotactic polypropylene, polyethylene oxide, polystyrene, and the like. Under appropriate conditions, which can be readily determined by those skilled in the art, these macromolecular materials enable the formation of coherent structures from a wide variety of liquids, including water, acids, and numerous polar and nonpolar organic solvents. Films or sheets manufactured using these carrier polymers have sufficient mechanical strength at polymer concentrations as low as 1%, even as low as 0.1%, by volume to enable the coating and subsequent processing as desired.
  • Mechanically coherent films can also be prepared from lower molecular weight flexible chain polymers, but generally, higher concentrations of these carrier polymers are required.
  • Selection of the carrier polymer is made primarily on the basis of compatibility of the conjugated polymer, as well as with the solvent or solvents used. For example, blending of polar conducting polymers generally requires carrier structures that are capable of co-dissolving with or absorbing polar reactants. Examples of such coherent structures are those comprised of poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(ethylene oxide), poly-para(phenylene terephthalate), poly-para-benzamide, etc., and suitable liquids. On the other hand, if the blending of the final polymer cannot proceed in a polar environment, nonpolar carrier structures are selected, such as those containing polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(butadiene), and the like.
  • Turning now to the issue of concentration, it is of crucial importance that the carrier structure formed have sufficient mechanical coherence for further handling during the formation of the final polymer blend. Therefore, the initial concentration of the carrier polymer generally is selected above 0.1% by volume, and more preferably above about 0.75% by volume. On the other hand, it is not desirable to select carrier polymer concentrations exceeding 90% by volume, because this has a diluting effect on the final conjugated polymer composite product. More preferably, the concentration of the carrier polymer in the solution is below 50% by volume, and still more preferably below 25% by volume.
  • Thus, solution is provided by dissolving a selected carrier polymer and conjugated polymer in a compatible solvent (or mixed solvents) to a predetermined concentration (using the aforementioned guidelines). In the present process the “compatible solvent” is a solvent system into which a desired quantity of soluble conjugated polymer (or soluble precursor polymer) can be dissolved. The solvent system is also one in which the carrier polymer is substantially soluble, and will not interfere with the subsequent structure formation process. The carrier solution is formed into selected shape, e.g. a fiber, film or the like, by extrusion or by any other suitable method. The solvent is then removed (through evaporation, extraction, or any other convenient method).
  • Gels can be formed from the carrier conjugate solution in various ways, e.g., through chemical crosslinking of the macromolecules in solution, swelling of cross-linked macromolecules, thermoreversible gelation, and coagulation of polymer solutions. In the present invention, the two latter types of gel formation are preferred, although under certain experimental conditions, chemically crosslinked gels may be preferred.
  • Thermoreversible gelation refers to the physical transformation of polymer solution to polymer gel upon lower of the temperature of a homogeneous polymer solution (although in exceptional cases a temperature elevation may be required). This mode of polymer gelation requires the preparation of a homogeneous solution of the selected carrier polymer in an appropriate solvent according to standard techniques known to those skilled in the art. The polymer solution is cast or extruded into a fiber, rod or film form, and the temperature is lowered to below the gelation temperature of the polymer in order to form coherent gels. This procedure is well known and is commercially employed, e.g., for the formation of gels of high molecular weight polyethylene in decalin, paraffin oil, oligomeric polyolefins, xylene, etc., as precursors for high strength polyolefin fibers and films.
  • “Coagulation” of a polymer solution involves contacting the solution with a nonsolvent for the dissolved polymer, thus causing the polymer to precipitate. This process is well known, and is commercially employed, for example, in the formation of rayon fibers and films, and spinning of high-performance aramid fibers, etc.
  • Frequently, it is desirable to subject the carrier polymer/conducting polymer composite to mechanical deformation, typically by stretching, during or after the initial forming step. Deformation of polymeric materials is carried out in order to orient the macromolecules in the direction of draw, which results in improved mechanical properties. Maximum deformations of thermoreversible gels are substantially greater than melt processed materials. (P. Smith and P. J. Lemstra, Colloid and Polym. Sci., 258, 891, (1980).) The large draw ratios possible with thermoreversible gels are also advantageous if composite materials may be prepared with materials limited in their drawability due to low molecular weights. In the case of conducting polymers, not only do the mechanical properties improve, but, more importantly, the electrical conductivity also often displays drastic enhancement by tensile drawing and the orientation of the conjugated polymer gives rise to LEDs which will emit polarized light because of the orientation.
  • The Transparent Conducting First Layer
  • The conjugated polymer layer of the LEDs of this invention is bounded on one surface by a transparent conducting first layer.
  • When a substrate is present, this layer is between the substrate and the conjugated polymer layer. This first layer is a transparent conductive layer made of a high work function material that is a material with a work function above 4.5 eV. This layer can be a film of an electronegative metal such as gold or silver, with gold being the preferred member of that group. It can also be formed of a conductive metal-metal oxide mixture such as indium-tin oxide.
  • These layers are commonly deposited by vacuum sputtering (RF or Magnetron) electron beam evaporation, thermal vapor deposition, chemical deposition and the like.
  • The ohmic contact layer should be low resistance: preferably less than 300 ohms/square and more preferably less than 100 ohms/square.
  • The Electron Injecting Contact
  • On the other side of the conjugated polymer film an electron-injecting contact is present. This is fabricated from a low work function metal or alloy (a low work function material has a work function below 4.3. Typical materials include indium, calcium, barium and magnesium, with calcium being a particularly good material. These electrodes are applied by using methods well-known to the art (e.g. evaporated, sputtered, or electron-beam evaporation) and acting as the rectifying contact in the diode structure.
  • EXAMPLES
  • This invention will be further described by the following examples. These are intended to embody the invention but not to limit its scope.
  • Example 1
  • This example involves the preparation of poly(2-methoxy,5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene) “MEH-PPV”.
  • Monomer Synthesis
  • 1. Preparation of 1-Methoxy-4-(2-Ethyl-Hexyloxy)Benzene
  • A solution of 24.8 g (0.2 mole) of 4-methoxy phenol in 150 ml dry methanol was mixed under nitrogen with 2.5 M solution of sodium methoxide (1.1 equivalent) and refluxed for 20 min. After cooling the reaction mixture to room temperature, a solution of 2-ethylbromohexane (42.5 ml, 1.1 equivalent) in 150 ml methanol was added dropwise. After refluxing for 16 h, the brownish solution turned light yellow. The methanol was evaporated and the remaining mixture of the white solid and yellow oil was combined with 200 ml of ether, washed several times with 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide, H2O and dried over MgSO4. After the solvent was evaporated, 40 g (85%) of yellow oil was obtained. The crude material was distilled under vacuum (2.2 mm Hg, b.p. 148-149° C.), to give a clear, viscous liquid. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 6.98 (4H, s, aromatics), 3.8 (5H, t, O-CH2, O-CH3), 0.7-1.7 (15 H, m, C7H15. IR (NaCl plate) 750, 790, 825, 925, 1045, 1105, 1180, 1235, 1290, 1385, 1445, 1470, 1510, 1595, 1615, 1850, 2030, 2870, 2920, 2960, 3040. MS. Anal. Calc. for C15H24O2: C, 76.23; H, 10.23; O, 13.54. Found: C, 76.38; H, 10.21; O, 13.45.
  • 2. Preparation of 2,5-bis(Chloromethyl)-1-Methoxy-4-(2-Ethyl-Hexyloxy)Benzene
  • To the solution of 4.9 g (20.7 mmoles) of compound (1) in 100 ml p-dioxane cooled down to 0-5° C., 18 ml of conc. HCl, and 10 ml of 37% aqueous formalin solution was added. Anhydrous HCl was bubbled for 30 min, the reaction mixture warmed up to R.T. and stirred for 1.5-2 h. Another 10 ml of formalin solution was added and HCl gas bubbled for 5-10 min at 0-5° C. After stirring at R.T. for 16 h, and then refluxed for 3-4 h. After cooling and removing the solvents, an off-white “greasy” solid was obtained. The material was dissolved in a minimum amount of hexane and precipitated by adding methanol until the solution became cloudy. After cooling, filtering and washing with cold methanol, 3.4 g (52%) of white crystalline material (mp 52-54° C.) was obtained. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 6.98 (2H, s, aromatics), 4.65 (4H, s, CH2-Cl), 3.86 (5H, t, O-CH3, O-CH2), 0.9-1.5 (15H, m, C7H15), IR (KBr) 610, 700, 740, 875, 915, 1045, 1140, 1185, 1230, 1265, 1320, 1420, 1470, 1520, 1620, 1730, 2880, 2930, 2960, 3050. MS. Anal. Calc. for C17H26O2Cl2: C, 61.26; H, 7.86; 0, 9.60; Cl, 21.27. Found: C, 61.31; h, 7.74; O, 9.72; Cl, 21.39.
  • Polymerization
  • Preparation of Poly(1-Methoxy-4-(2-Ethylhexyloxy-2,5-Phenylenevinylene) MEH-MPV
  • To a solution of 1.0 g (3 mmol) of 2,5-bis(chloromethyl)-methoxy-4-(2-ethylhexyloxy)benzene in 20 ml of anhydrous THF was added dropwise a solution of 2.12 g (18 mmol) of 95% potassium tert-butoxide in 80 ml of anhydrous THF at R.T. with stirring. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 24 h and poured into 500 ml of methanol with stirring. The resulting red precipitate was washed with distilled water and reprecipitated from THF/methanol and dried under vacuum to afford 0.35 g (45% yield). UV (CHCl3) 500. IR (film) 695, 850, 960, 1035, 1200, 1250, 1350, 1410, 1460, 1500, 2840, 2900, 2940, 3040. Anal. Calc. for C17H24O2: C, 78.46; H, 9.23. Found: C, 78.34; H, 9.26.
  • Molecular weight (GPC vs. polystyrene) 3×105. Inherent viscosity˜5 dl/g (but time dependent due to the tendency to form aggregates). As is the case with a few other stiff chain polymers, the viscosity increases with standing, particularly in benzene. The resulting solution is therefore thixotropic.
  • The conjugated polymer is highly colored (bright red-orange).
  • Example 2 Preparation of MEH-PPV via a Precursor Polymer Route
  • Monomer Synthesis
  • The monomer synthesis is exactly the same as in Example 1.
  • Polymerization of the Precursor Polymer and Conversion to MEH-PPV
  • A solution of 200 mg (0.39 mmol) of the monomer salt of Example 1 in 1.2 ml dry methanbl was cooled to 0° C. for 10 min and a cold degassed solution of 28 mg (1.7 equivalents) of sodium hydroxide in 0.7 ml methanol was added slowly. After 10 min the reaction mixture became yellow and viscous. The above mixture was maintained at 0° C. for another 2-3 h and then the solution was neutralized. A very thick, gum-like material was transferred into a Spectrapore membrane (MW cutoff 12,000-14,000) and dialyzed in degassed methanol containing 1% water for 3 days. After drying in vacuo, 70 mg (47%) of “plastic” yellow precursor polymer material was obtained. UV (CHCl3) 365. IR (film) 740, 805, 870, 1045, 1075, 1100, 1125, 1210, 1270, 1420, 1470, 1510, 2930, 2970, 3020. Soluble in C6H5Cl, C6H3Cl3, CH2C2, CHCl3, Et2O, THF. Insoluble in MeOH.
  • The precursor polymer was converted to the conjugated MEH-PPV by heating to reflux (approx. 214° C.) in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene solvent. The product was identical with the material obtained in Example 1.
  • Example 3
  • Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were fabricated consisting of a rectifying indium (work function=4.2 eV, Reference 10) contact on the front surface of an MEH-PPV film which is deposited by spin-casting from dilute tetrahydrofuran solution containing 1% MEH-PPV by weight onto a glass substrate. The resulting MEH-PPV films have uniform surfaces with thicknesses near 1200 Å. The glass substrate had been previously coated with a layer of indium/tin-oxide to form an ohmic contact. The Indium contact is deposited on top of the MEH-PPV polymer film by vacuum evaporation at pressures below 4×10−7 Torr yielding active areas of 0.04 cm2.
  • While ramping the applied bias, yellow-orange light becomes visible to the eye just below 9 V forward bias (no light is observed under reversed bias). Above 15 V, the rectification ratio of the diode exceeds 104.
  • The EL spectra, obtained with 3 V AC superposed (at 681 Hz) on 13V forward bias, showed characteristic spectral features similar to those observed in the photoluminescence of MEH-PPV.11 The room temperature electroluminescence peaks near 2.1 eV with a hint of a second peak above 1.9 eV. At 90K, the intensity increases and shifts to the red, and the two peaks become clearly resolved.
  • The electroluminecence intensity was measured as a function of current flow under increasing forward bias. The quantum efficiency was determined with a calibrated Silicon photodiode and corrected for the spectral response and the solid angle of the collecting optics. The measured quantum efficiency at 0.8 mA is ≈5×10−4 photons per electron for Indium electrodes.
  • Example 4
  • Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were fabricated consisting of a rectifying calcium (work function=3 eV, Reference 10) contact on the front surface of an MEH-PPV film which is deposited by spin-casting from dilute solution onto a glass substrate. The resulting MEH-PPV films have uniform surfaces with thicknesses near 1200 Å. The glass substrate has been partially coated with a layer of indium/tin-oxide to form an “ohmic” contact. The calcium contact is deposited on top of the MEH-PPV polymer film by vacuum evaporation at pressures below 4×10−7 Torr yielding active areas of 0.04 cm2.
  • For the calcium/MEH-PPV diodes, rectification ratios as high as 105 are achieved.
  • While ramping the applied bias, yellow-orange light becomes visible to the eye just above 3 V forward bias (no light is observed under reversed bias). The quantum efficiency was determined with a calibrated Silicon photodiode and corrected for the spectral response and the solid angle of the collecting optics. The measured quantum efficiency at 0.8 mA is ≈7×10−3 photons per electron for calcium electrodes (i.e., nearly 1%!!). The emission from the Calcium/MEH-PPV LEDs is bright and easily seen in a lighted room at 4V forward bias.
  • Example 5
  • Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were fabricated consisting of a rectifying calcium (work function=3 eV, Reference 10) contact on the front surface of an MEH-PPV film which is deposited by spin-casting from dilute solution onto a flexible transparent polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) film (7 mils thickness) as substrate. The resulting MEH-PPV films on PET have uniform surfaces with thicknesses near 1200 Å. The PET substrate is pre-coated with a layer of indium/tin-oxide to form an “ohmic” contact. The calcium rectifying contact is deposited on top of the MEH-PPV polymer film by vacuum evaporation at pressures below 4×10−7 Torr yielding active areas of 0.04 cm2.
  • For the calcium/MEH-PPV diodes, rectification ratios as high as 103 are achieved.
  • While ramping the applied bias, yellow-orange light becomes visible to the eye just above 9 V forward bias (no light is observed under reversed bias). The quantum efficiency was determined with a calibrated Silicon photodiode and corrected for the spectral response and the solid angle of the collecting optics. The measured quantum efficiency at 5.5 μA is 4×10−3 photons per electron for calcium electrodes. The emission from the calcium/MEH-PPV LEDs is bright and easily seen in a lighted room at 4V forward bias.
  • Example 6
  • MEH-PPV is cast onto a film of pure UHMW-PE which has been stretched to a moderate draw ratio (e.g. draw ratio >20, Reference 11). The MEH-PPV is observed to orient spontaneously along the draw direction; both the photo-absorption and the photoluminescence spectra are highly anisotropic. Since the luminescence spectrum is polarized with electric vector along the chain alignment direction, light-emitting diodes can be fabricated which emit polarized light.
  • Example 7
  • MEH-PPV was gel-processed and chain oriented as a guest in UHMW-PE. The gel-processing of conjugated polymer as a guest in a gel-processed blend involves three steps:
  • A. Co-solution with a suitable carrier polymer
  • B. Carrier Structure Formation
  • C. Drawing of the Carrier/Polymer blend.
  • Carrier Solution Preparation, Film Formation, Gelation, and Drawing.
  • PE-MEH-PPV blends are prepared by mixing MEH-PPV (Mw=450,000) in xylene with UHMW polyethylene (Hostalen GUR 415; Mw=4×106) in xylene such that the PE to solvent ratio was 0.75% by weight. This solution is thoroughly mixed and allowed to equilibrate in a hot oil bath at 126° C. for one hour. The solution is then poured onto a glass surface to cool, forming a gel which was allowed to dry (into a film). Films were then cut into strips and tensile-drawn over a hot pin at 110-120° C. Once processed in this manner, the films are oriented. The high work function and low work function electrodes are offered as in Examples 4 and 5, and LEDs result.

Claims (25)

1-47. (canceled)
48. A light-emitting diode which emits visible light and which has a quantum efficiency of at least 1%, comprising:
i) a substrate;
ii) a transparent conducting first layer coated onto said substrate, said first layer having high work function and serving as a hole-injecting electrode;
iii) a transparent layer of a soluble semiconducting luminescent conjugated polymer fabricated onto the transparent conducting first layer; and
iv) an electron-injecting contact fabricated from a low work function metal onto the semiconducting conjugated polymer layer.
49. The light-emitting diode of claim 48, wherein the substrate is a transparent, inorganic substrate.
50. The light-emitting diode of claim 48, wherein the substrate is a transparent, organic polymer substrate.
51. The light-emitting diode of claim 48, wherein the conducting first layer is an electronegative metal.
52. The light-emitting diode of claim 48, wherein the conducting first layer is a conductive metal-metal oxide mixture.
53. The light-emitting diode of claim 48, wherein the semiconducting conjugated polymer layer comprises poly(2-methoxy,5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene).
54. The light-emitting diode of claim 48, wherein the low work function metal is calcium.
55. The light-emitting diode of claim 48, wherein the semiconducting conjugated polymer layer comprises a semiconducting conjugated polymer selected from the group consisting of soluble alkoxy derivatives of poly(phenylenevinylene).
56. The light-emitting diode of claim 48, wherein the conducting first layer comprises gold or silver.
57. The light-emitting diode of claim 48, wherein the conducting first layer comprises indium-tin oxide.
58. The light-emitting diode of claim 48, wherein the substrate comprises an organic polymer selected from the group consisting of polyesters, polycarbonates, polyacrylates, and polystyrenes.
59. The light-emitting diode of claim 48, wherein the low work function metal is barium.
60. A light-emitting diode which emits visible light and which has a quantum efficiency of at least 1%, comprising:
i) a substrate;
ii) a transparent conducting first layer coated onto said substrate, said first layer having high work function and serving as a hole-injecting electrode;
iii) a transparent layer of a soluble semiconducting luminescent conjugated polymer fabricated onto the transparent conducting first layer; and
iv) an electron-injecting contact fabricated from calcium or a lower work function alkaline earth metal onto the semiconducting conjugated polymer layer.
61. The light-emitting diode of claim 60, wherein the substrate is a transparent, inorganic substrate.
62. The light-emitting diode of claim 60, wherein the substrate is a transparent, organic polymer substrate.
63. The light-emitting diode of claim 60, wherein the substrate comprises an organic polymer selected from the group consisting of polyesters, polycarbonates, polyacrylates, and polystyrenes.
64. The light-emitting diode of claim 60, wherein the conducting first layer is a conductive metal-metal oxide mixture.
65. The light-emitting diode of claim 60, wherein the conducting first layer comprises indium-tin oxide.
66. The light-emitting diode of claim 60, wherein the conducting first layer is an electronegative metal.
67. The light-emitting diode of claim 60, wherein the conducting first layer comprises gold or silver.
68. The light-emitting diode of claim 60, wherein the semiconducting conjugated polymer layer comprises a semiconducting conjugated polymer selected from the group consisting of soluble alkoxy derivatives of poly(phenylenevinylene).
69. The light-emitting diode of claim 60, wherein the semiconducting conjugated polymer layer comprises poly(2-methoxy,5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene).
70. The light-emitting diode of claim 60, wherein the electron-injecting contact is calcium.
71. The light-emitting diode of claim 60, wherein the electron-injecting contact is barium.
US11/050,082 1991-02-27 2005-02-02 Visible light emitting diodes fabricated from soluble semiconducting polymers Abandoned US20050280020A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11/050,082 US20050280020A1 (en) 1991-02-27 2005-02-02 Visible light emitting diodes fabricated from soluble semiconducting polymers

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US07/662,290 US5408109A (en) 1991-02-27 1991-02-27 Visible light emitting diodes fabricated from soluble semiconducting polymers
US08/359,883 US5869350A (en) 1991-02-27 1994-12-20 Fabrication of visible light emitting diodes soluble semiconducting polymers
US09/243,173 US6534329B2 (en) 1991-02-27 1999-02-02 Visible light emitting diodes fabricated from soluble semiconducting polymers
US10/223,917 US6878974B2 (en) 1991-02-27 2002-08-20 Visible light emitting diodes fabricated from soluble semiconducting polymers
US11/050,082 US20050280020A1 (en) 1991-02-27 2005-02-02 Visible light emitting diodes fabricated from soluble semiconducting polymers

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/223,917 Continuation US6878974B2 (en) 1991-02-27 2002-08-20 Visible light emitting diodes fabricated from soluble semiconducting polymers

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20050280020A1 true US20050280020A1 (en) 2005-12-22

Family

ID=24657148

Family Applications (5)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US07/662,290 Expired - Lifetime US5408109A (en) 1991-02-27 1991-02-27 Visible light emitting diodes fabricated from soluble semiconducting polymers
US08/359,883 Expired - Lifetime US5869350A (en) 1991-02-27 1994-12-20 Fabrication of visible light emitting diodes soluble semiconducting polymers
US09/243,173 Expired - Fee Related US6534329B2 (en) 1991-02-27 1999-02-02 Visible light emitting diodes fabricated from soluble semiconducting polymers
US10/223,917 Expired - Fee Related US6878974B2 (en) 1991-02-27 2002-08-20 Visible light emitting diodes fabricated from soluble semiconducting polymers
US11/050,082 Abandoned US20050280020A1 (en) 1991-02-27 2005-02-02 Visible light emitting diodes fabricated from soluble semiconducting polymers

Family Applications Before (4)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US07/662,290 Expired - Lifetime US5408109A (en) 1991-02-27 1991-02-27 Visible light emitting diodes fabricated from soluble semiconducting polymers
US08/359,883 Expired - Lifetime US5869350A (en) 1991-02-27 1994-12-20 Fabrication of visible light emitting diodes soluble semiconducting polymers
US09/243,173 Expired - Fee Related US6534329B2 (en) 1991-02-27 1999-02-02 Visible light emitting diodes fabricated from soluble semiconducting polymers
US10/223,917 Expired - Fee Related US6878974B2 (en) 1991-02-27 2002-08-20 Visible light emitting diodes fabricated from soluble semiconducting polymers

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (5) US5408109A (en)
EP (1) EP0573549B2 (en)
JP (5) JP3299262B2 (en)
AT (1) ATE166748T1 (en)
AU (1) AU1445292A (en)
CA (1) CA2105069C (en)
DE (1) DE69225697T3 (en)
WO (1) WO1992016023A1 (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20070172978A1 (en) * 2003-05-12 2007-07-26 Cambridge University Technical Service Limited Manufacture of a polymer device
WO2018012875A1 (en) * 2016-07-13 2018-01-18 광주과학기술원 Composite polymer semiconductor using conjugated polymer and insulator polymer, and method for producing same

Families Citing this family (326)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5689428A (en) 1990-09-28 1997-11-18 Texas Instruments Incorporated Integrated circuits, transistors, data processing systems, printed wiring boards, digital computers, smart power devices, and processes of manufacture
US5408109A (en) 1991-02-27 1995-04-18 The Regents Of The University Of California Visible light emitting diodes fabricated from soluble semiconducting polymers
AU5843894A (en) * 1992-12-29 1994-07-19 Rijksuniversiteit Te Groningen Multi-bloc copolymer based tunable light emitting diode, polymers suitable therefor and oligomers
US5567550A (en) * 1993-03-25 1996-10-22 Texas Instruments Incorporated Method of making a mask for making integrated circuits
US5514878A (en) * 1994-03-18 1996-05-07 Holmes; Andrew B. Polymers for electroluminescent devices
JP2821347B2 (en) * 1993-10-12 1998-11-05 日本電気株式会社 Current control type light emitting element array
DE69506215T2 (en) * 1994-05-18 1999-06-10 Koninkl Philips Electronics Nv METHOD FOR PRODUCING A THIN LAYER FROM CONJUGED, SUBSTITUTED OR NON-SUBSTITUTED POLY (P-PHENYLENE VINYLENE) BY GAS PHASE DEPOSITION, AND PRODUCTION METHOD OF AN ELECTROLUMINESCENTING DEVICE
DE69507437T2 (en) * 1994-05-19 1999-07-08 Koninkl Philips Electronics Nv LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE WITH AN ACTIVE LAYER OF 2.5-SUBSTITUTED POLY (P-PHENYLENE-VINYLENE)
US5682043A (en) * 1994-06-28 1997-10-28 Uniax Corporation Electrochemical light-emitting devices
DE4430691A1 (en) * 1994-08-30 1996-03-07 Bayer Ag Electroluminescent devices and their use
EP1271669A3 (en) * 1994-09-06 2005-01-26 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Electroluminescent device comprising a transparent structured electrode layer made from a conductive polymer
US5652930A (en) * 1994-12-16 1997-07-29 Eastman Kodak Company Camera information display
US5629533A (en) * 1995-02-06 1997-05-13 Motorola Optical sensor and method
DE19505942A1 (en) 1995-02-21 1996-08-22 Bayer Ag (Co) polymers based on vinyl units and their use in electroluminescent arrangements
DE19511484A1 (en) * 1995-03-29 1996-10-02 Bayer Ag (Co) polymers based on vinyl units and their use in electroluminescent arrangements
US6075106A (en) * 1995-03-29 2000-06-13 D-51368 Bayer Ag (Co)polymers based on vinyl units and use thereof in electroluminescent devices
DE19516922A1 (en) * 1995-05-09 1996-11-14 Bosch Gmbh Robert Electroluminescent layer system
US5677546A (en) * 1995-05-19 1997-10-14 Uniax Corporation Polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells in surface cell configuration
WO1996037001A1 (en) * 1995-05-19 1996-11-21 Uniax Corporation Electrochemical light-emitting devices
KR0155863B1 (en) * 1995-07-31 1998-11-16 김광호 Blue luminescent polymer and luminescent diode using the same
EP0787419B1 (en) * 1995-08-21 2001-05-30 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Electroluminescent device
EP0793814B1 (en) * 1995-09-25 2005-06-15 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Electroluminescent illumination system and a flat-panel picture display device provided with such a system
DE19536843A1 (en) * 1995-10-02 1997-04-03 Bayer Ag (Co) polymers based on vinyl units and their use in electroluminescent arrangements
DE19627070A1 (en) 1996-07-05 1998-01-08 Bayer Ag Electroluminescent devices using glare systems
WO1998003566A1 (en) * 1996-07-19 1998-01-29 The Regents Of The University Of California Conjugated polymers as materials for solid state lasers
US5693956A (en) * 1996-07-29 1997-12-02 Motorola Inverted oleds on hard plastic substrate
DE19632949A1 (en) * 1996-08-16 1998-02-19 Bayer Ag (Co) polymers based on vinyl units and their use in electroluminescent arrangements
JP3254574B2 (en) 1996-08-30 2002-02-12 東京エレクトロン株式会社 Method and apparatus for forming coating film
US5966393A (en) * 1996-12-13 1999-10-12 The Regents Of The University Of California Hybrid light-emitting sources for efficient and cost effective white lighting and for full-color applications
US5856013A (en) * 1997-01-21 1999-01-05 Xerox Corp Ohmic contact-providing compositions
US5965281A (en) * 1997-02-04 1999-10-12 Uniax Corporation Electrically active polymer compositions and their use in efficient, low operating voltage, polymer light-emitting diodes with air-stable cathodes
US5864642A (en) * 1997-02-10 1999-01-26 Motorola, Inc. Electro-optic device board
US5958573A (en) * 1997-02-10 1999-09-28 Quantum Energy Technologies Electroluminescent device having a structured particle electron conductor
US5952778A (en) * 1997-03-18 1999-09-14 International Business Machines Corporation Encapsulated organic light emitting device
US5903246A (en) * 1997-04-04 1999-05-11 Sarnoff Corporation Circuit and method for driving an organic light emitting diode (O-LED) display
US5952789A (en) * 1997-04-14 1999-09-14 Sarnoff Corporation Active matrix organic light emitting diode (amoled) display pixel structure and data load/illuminate circuit therefor
US6452218B1 (en) 1997-06-10 2002-09-17 Uniax Corporation Ultra-thin alkaline earth metals as stable electron-injecting electrodes for polymer light emitting diodes
US5998045A (en) * 1997-07-03 1999-12-07 International Business Machines Corporation Polymeric light-emitting device
US6891583B1 (en) * 1997-07-03 2005-05-10 Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich Photoluminescent display devices having a photoluminescent layer with a high degree of polarization in its absorption, and methods for making the same
US6023259A (en) * 1997-07-11 2000-02-08 Fed Corporation OLED active matrix using a single transistor current mode pixel design
DE69833013T2 (en) 1997-10-21 2006-08-24 Cambridge Display Technology Ltd. POLYMERIC MATERIALS FOR ELECTROLUMINESCENT DEVICE
DE19812259A1 (en) 1998-03-20 1999-10-21 Bayer Ag EL arrangement based on tertiary amines, alcohol-soluble Alq3 derivatives or mixtures and polymeric binders
DE19825765A1 (en) 1998-06-09 1999-12-16 Bayer Ag Electroluminescent devices using glare systems
US6127693A (en) * 1998-07-02 2000-10-03 National Science Council Of Republic Of China Light emitting diode with blue light and red light emitting polymers
DE19829947A1 (en) 1998-07-04 2000-01-05 Bayer Ag Electroluminescent devices with boron chelates
US6316130B1 (en) 1998-07-04 2001-11-13 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Electroluminescent assemblies using azomethine-metal complexes
CA2276808A1 (en) 1998-07-04 2000-01-04 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Electroluminescent assemblies using boron chelates of 8-aminoquinoline derivatives
DE19832644C1 (en) * 1998-07-10 2000-04-06 Samsung Display Devices Co Ltd Organic light-emitting diode has light-emitting active layer of new poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-1,2-ethenylene-2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene-1,2-ethenylene)
CA2337085A1 (en) 1998-08-03 2000-02-17 Uniax Corporation Encapsulation of polymer-based solid state devices with inorganic materials
DE19839947A1 (en) 1998-09-02 2000-03-09 Bayer Ag Electroluminescent devices with thiophene carboxylate metal complexes
DE19839946A1 (en) 1998-09-02 2000-03-09 Bayer Ag Electroluminescent devices with multinuclear metal complexes
AU1111200A (en) 1998-10-14 2000-05-01 Uniax Corporation Thin metal-oxide layer as stable electron-injecting electrode for light emittingdiodes
US6221438B1 (en) 1998-11-03 2001-04-24 Sarnoff Corporation Patterned deposition of a material
US6037190A (en) * 1998-11-13 2000-03-14 Industrial Technology Research Institute Method for fabricating an organic electro-luminescent device
RU2259803C2 (en) 1999-05-04 2005-09-10 Тек Мэтс Ллс Improved floor mat
US7205903B2 (en) 1999-05-04 2007-04-17 Intellimat, Inc. Interactive and dynamic electronic floor advertising/messaging display
US6886209B2 (en) * 1999-05-04 2005-05-03 Tech Mats, Llc Advanced floor mat
US20030126708A1 (en) * 1999-05-04 2003-07-10 Blum Ronald D. Remove tabs for tacky inserts of a floor mat
US6844058B2 (en) 1999-05-04 2005-01-18 Tech Mats, Llc Floor mat including tacky surface with tacky-when-dry and tacky-when-wet properties
US20030232554A1 (en) * 1999-05-04 2003-12-18 Blum Ronald D. Multi-layer tacky and water-absorbing shoe-cleaning product
US20020023308A1 (en) * 2000-08-25 2002-02-28 Blum Ronald D. Advanced floor mat
US6735806B2 (en) 1999-05-04 2004-05-18 Eggs In The Pipeline, Llc Tacky roller for improved surface cleaning
US6982649B2 (en) 1999-05-04 2006-01-03 Intellimats, Llc Floor display system with interactive features
US6940418B2 (en) 1999-05-04 2005-09-06 Intellimats, Llc Electronic floor display cleaning system and protective cover
US6219876B1 (en) 1999-05-04 2001-04-24 Tech Mats, L.L.C. Floor mat
US7145469B2 (en) * 1999-05-04 2006-12-05 Intellimats, Llc Display system for use on horizontal or non-horizontal surfaces
US6917301B2 (en) * 1999-05-04 2005-07-12 Intellimats, Llc Floor display system with variable image orientation
US6233776B1 (en) * 1999-05-04 2001-05-22 Tech Mats, L.L.C Advanced floor mat
US20040139570A1 (en) * 1999-05-04 2004-07-22 Blum Ronald D. Tacky sheets with reduced glare or shine
US7009523B2 (en) * 1999-05-04 2006-03-07 Intellimats, Llc Modular protective structure for floor display
US20080278408A1 (en) * 1999-05-04 2008-11-13 Intellimat, Inc. Floor display systems and additional display systems, and methods and computer program products for using floor display systems and additional display system
US20020092110A1 (en) * 1999-05-04 2002-07-18 Blum Ronald D. Floor mat support and drainage structure
US20020156634A1 (en) * 1999-05-04 2002-10-24 Blum Ronald D. Floor mat with voice-responsive display
US7109881B2 (en) * 1999-05-04 2006-09-19 Intellimats Llc Electronic floor display with weight measurement and reflective display
KR20010106471A (en) * 1999-07-09 2001-11-29 추후보정 Encapsulation of a device
EP1112674B1 (en) 1999-07-09 2009-09-09 Institute of Materials Research & Engineering Laminates for encapsulating oled devices
US6849869B1 (en) 1999-07-19 2005-02-01 Dupont Displays, Inc. Long lifetime polymer light-emitting devices with improved luminous efficiency and improved radiance
US6593687B1 (en) 1999-07-20 2003-07-15 Sri International Cavity-emission electroluminescent device and method for forming the device
US6383665B1 (en) 1999-08-19 2002-05-07 Lucent Technologies Inc. Polarizable photoactive and electroactive polymers and light emitting devices
US6593690B1 (en) * 1999-09-03 2003-07-15 3M Innovative Properties Company Large area organic electronic devices having conducting polymer buffer layers and methods of making same
KR100337021B1 (en) 1999-10-18 2002-05-16 윤덕용 Polymer electroluminescent devices using emissive polymers based on ionomers
US6888308B1 (en) 1999-12-17 2005-05-03 Osram Opto Semiconductors Gmbh Organic LED device
US6307322B1 (en) 1999-12-28 2001-10-23 Sarnoff Corporation Thin-film transistor circuitry with reduced sensitivity to variance in transistor threshold voltage
US6835576B2 (en) * 2000-05-02 2004-12-28 Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. Magnetic thin film, a magnetic component that uses this magnetic thin film, manufacturing methods for the same, and a power conversion device
DE10012205A1 (en) 2000-03-13 2001-09-27 Siemens Ag Light emitting diode for mobile phone and electronic displays has optoelectronic active layer applied as a solution and dried while being vibrated
KR20010095429A (en) * 2000-03-30 2001-11-07 윤덕용 Organic Electroluminescent Devices Using a Single Ion Conductor as an Electron or a Hole Injecting Material
WO2001077203A2 (en) * 2000-04-11 2001-10-18 Dupont Displays, Inc. Soluble poly(aryl-oxadiazole) conjugated polymers
AU2001259187A1 (en) * 2000-04-27 2001-11-07 Add-Vision, Inc. Screen printing light-emitting polymer patterned devices
US7067346B2 (en) * 2000-06-06 2006-06-27 Simon Foster University Titanium carboxylate films for use in semiconductor processing
US7074640B2 (en) 2000-06-06 2006-07-11 Simon Fraser University Method of making barrier layers
US20020036291A1 (en) * 2000-06-20 2002-03-28 Parker Ian D. Multilayer structures as stable hole-injecting electrodes for use in high efficiency organic electronic devices
US20020031602A1 (en) * 2000-06-20 2002-03-14 Chi Zhang Thermal treatment of solution-processed organic electroactive layer in organic electronic device
US20020121638A1 (en) 2000-06-30 2002-09-05 Vladimir Grushin Electroluminescent iridium compounds with fluorinated phenylpyridines, phenylpyrimidines, and phenylquinolines and devices made with such compounds
US6417245B1 (en) * 2000-07-20 2002-07-09 The Research Foundation Of State University Of Ny Method for the preparation of conjugated polymers
US20040029310A1 (en) * 2000-08-18 2004-02-12 Adoft Bernds Organic field-effect transistor (ofet), a production method therefor, an integrated circut constructed from the same and their uses
EP1309994A2 (en) * 2000-08-18 2003-05-14 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Encapsulated organic-electronic component, method for producing the same and use thereof
DE10043204A1 (en) 2000-09-01 2002-04-04 Siemens Ag Organic field-effect transistor, method for structuring an OFET and integrated circuit
DE10042974B4 (en) * 2000-09-01 2008-04-30 Samsung SDI Co., Ltd., Suwon Method for electrically addressing fluorescent display elements and display
DE10044842A1 (en) * 2000-09-11 2002-04-04 Siemens Ag Organic rectifier, circuit, RFID tag and use of an organic rectifier
EP1323195A1 (en) * 2000-09-22 2003-07-02 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Electrode and/or conductor track for organic components and production method therefor
DE10061299A1 (en) * 2000-12-08 2002-06-27 Siemens Ag Device for determining and / or forwarding at least one environmental influence, production method and use thereof
DE10061297C2 (en) * 2000-12-08 2003-05-28 Siemens Ag Procedure for structuring an OFET
DE10063721A1 (en) * 2000-12-20 2002-07-11 Merck Patent Gmbh Organic semiconductor, manufacturing process therefor and uses
DE10105914C1 (en) * 2001-02-09 2002-10-10 Siemens Ag Organic field effect transistor with photo-structured gate dielectric and a method for its production
US6756474B2 (en) * 2001-02-09 2004-06-29 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Aqueous conductive dispersions of polyaniline having enhanced viscosity
JP2005509200A (en) * 2001-03-26 2005-04-07 シーメンス アクチエンゲゼルシヤフト Device having at least two organic electronic component elements and manufacturing method for the device
DE10117663B4 (en) * 2001-04-09 2004-09-02 Samsung SDI Co., Ltd., Suwon Process for the production of matrix arrangements based on various types of organic conductive materials
DE10126859A1 (en) * 2001-06-01 2002-12-12 Siemens Ag Production of conducting structures used in organic FETs, illuminated diodes, organic diodes and integrated circuits comprises directly or indirectly forming conducting pathways
MXPA04001412A (en) * 2001-08-16 2004-07-15 3M Innovative Properties Co Method and materials for patterning of a polymerizable, amorphous matrix with electrically active material disposed therein.
US6699597B2 (en) * 2001-08-16 2004-03-02 3M Innovative Properties Company Method and materials for patterning of an amorphous, non-polymeric, organic matrix with electrically active material disposed therein
US20030048256A1 (en) * 2001-09-07 2003-03-13 Salmon Peter C. Computing device with roll up components
US6680578B2 (en) 2001-09-19 2004-01-20 Osram Opto Semiconductors, Gmbh Organic light emitting diode light source
JP2003123968A (en) * 2001-10-15 2003-04-25 Univ Toyama Method for producing organic electroluminescent element
DE10151036A1 (en) * 2001-10-16 2003-05-08 Siemens Ag Isolator for an organic electronic component
DE10151440C1 (en) 2001-10-18 2003-02-06 Siemens Ag Organic electronic component for implementing an encapsulated partially organic electronic component has components like a flexible foil as an antenna, a diode or capacitor and an organic transistor.
KR100478521B1 (en) * 2001-10-29 2005-03-28 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 Emitting composition mixture polymer and electroluminescence device using the same
US7250512B2 (en) 2001-11-07 2007-07-31 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Electroluminescent iridium compounds having red-orange or red emission and devices made with such compounds
US20030124265A1 (en) * 2001-12-04 2003-07-03 3M Innovative Properties Company Method and materials for transferring a material onto a plasma treated surface according to a pattern
DE10160732A1 (en) * 2001-12-11 2003-06-26 Siemens Ag OFET used e.g. in RFID tag, comprises an intermediate layer on an active semiconductor layer
US20030153141A1 (en) * 2001-12-20 2003-08-14 Carter Susan A. Screen printable electrode for light emitting polymer device
WO2003053707A2 (en) * 2001-12-20 2003-07-03 Add-Vision, Inc. Screen printable electroluminescent polymer ink
JP4299144B2 (en) 2001-12-26 2009-07-22 イー・アイ・デュポン・ドウ・ヌムール・アンド・カンパニー Electroluminescent iridium compounds comprising fluorinated phenylpyridines, phenylpyrimidines, and phenylquinolines, and devices made using such compounds
US20030180447A1 (en) * 2002-01-18 2003-09-25 Meth Jeffery Scott Process for forming a multicolor display
DE10212640B4 (en) * 2002-03-21 2004-02-05 Siemens Ag Logical components made of organic field effect transistors
JP3926180B2 (en) * 2002-03-26 2007-06-06 シャープ株式会社 ORGANIC EL LIGHT EMITTING ELEMENT AND LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY DEVICE USING THE SAME
US7205366B2 (en) * 2002-04-02 2007-04-17 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Hole transport polymers and devices made with such polymers
US8299706B2 (en) 2002-04-15 2012-10-30 Schott Ag Hermetic encapsulation of organic, electro-optical elements
US7268486B2 (en) 2002-04-15 2007-09-11 Schott Ag Hermetic encapsulation of organic, electro-optical elements
CA2381833C (en) * 2002-04-16 2011-02-15 American Dye Source, Inc. Hybrid organic-inorganic light emitting polymers
US7241512B2 (en) * 2002-04-19 2007-07-10 3M Innovative Properties Company Electroluminescent materials and methods of manufacture and use
AU2003221969A1 (en) 2002-04-19 2003-11-03 3M Innovative Properties Company Materials for organic electronic devices
EP1501671A4 (en) * 2002-05-08 2007-03-21 Target Technology Co Llc Silver alloy thin film reflector and transparent electrical conductor
JP4907084B2 (en) * 2002-05-21 2012-03-28 ノースウエスタン ユニバーシティ Electrostatic drive lithography
US7132174B2 (en) * 2002-05-31 2006-11-07 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Copolymers having tunable energy levels and color of emission
US6936355B2 (en) * 2002-06-04 2005-08-30 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Organic photoluminescent polymers with improved stability
DE10226370B4 (en) * 2002-06-13 2008-12-11 Polyic Gmbh & Co. Kg Substrate for an electronic component, use of the substrate, methods for increasing the charge carrier mobility and organic field effect transistor (OFET)
DE60333646D1 (en) * 2002-06-20 2010-09-16 Univ California METHOD AND COMPOSITIONS FOR DETECTING AND ANALYZING POLYNUCLEOTIDES USING LIGHT-INCH MULTICHROMOPHORES
US7144950B2 (en) 2003-09-17 2006-12-05 The Regents Of The University Of California Conformationally flexible cationic conjugated polymers
US9371559B2 (en) 2002-06-20 2016-06-21 The Regents Of The University Of California Compositions for detection and analysis of polynucleotides using light harvesting multichromophores
US10001475B2 (en) 2002-06-20 2018-06-19 The Regents Of The University Of California Light harvesting multichromophore compositions and methods of using the same
US20040004433A1 (en) * 2002-06-26 2004-01-08 3M Innovative Properties Company Buffer layers for organic electroluminescent devices and methods of manufacture and use
US8044517B2 (en) 2002-07-29 2011-10-25 Polyic Gmbh & Co. Kg Electronic component comprising predominantly organic functional materials and a method for the production thereof
US7090929B2 (en) * 2002-07-30 2006-08-15 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Metallic complexes covalently bound to conjugated polymers and electronic devices containing such compositions
EP1526902B1 (en) * 2002-08-08 2008-05-21 PolyIC GmbH & Co. KG Electronic device
US6784017B2 (en) * 2002-08-12 2004-08-31 Precision Dynamics Corporation Method of creating a high performance organic semiconductor device
JP2005537637A (en) 2002-08-23 2005-12-08 ジーメンス アクツィエンゲゼルシャフト Organic components and related circuits for overvoltage protection
WO2004092324A2 (en) * 2002-08-26 2004-10-28 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for detection and analysis of polynucleotides using light harvesting multichromophores
EP1534831A2 (en) * 2002-09-04 2005-06-01 Board Of Regents The University Of Texas System Composition, method and use of bi-functional biomaterials
JP2006500461A (en) * 2002-09-24 2006-01-05 イー・アイ・デュポン・ドウ・ヌムール・アンド・カンパニー Water-dispersible polyaniline produced using polymer acid colloids for electronics applications
US7094902B2 (en) * 2002-09-25 2006-08-22 3M Innovative Properties Company Electroactive polymers
US20040062947A1 (en) * 2002-09-25 2004-04-01 Lamansky Sergey A. Organic electroluminescent compositions
US6890868B2 (en) * 2002-10-17 2005-05-10 Xerox Corporation Process for depositing gelable composition that includes dissolving gelable composition in liquid with agitating to disrupt gelling
WO2004042837A2 (en) * 2002-11-05 2004-05-21 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Organic electronic component with high-resolution structuring and method for the production thereof
DE10253154A1 (en) * 2002-11-14 2004-05-27 Siemens Ag Biosensor, used to identify analyte in liquid sample, has test field with detector, where detector registers field changes as electrical signals for evaluation
BR0316116A (en) * 2002-11-14 2005-09-27 Elisha Holding Llc Process for applying a multilayer protective coating to a substrate having an electrically conductive surface and corrosion resistant article
WO2004047194A2 (en) * 2002-11-19 2004-06-03 Polyic Gmbh & Co.Kg Organic electronic component comprising the same organic material for at least two functional layers
EP1563553B1 (en) * 2002-11-19 2007-02-14 PolyIC GmbH & Co. KG Organic electronic circuitcomprising a structured, semi-conductive functional layer and a method for producing said component
US6896827B2 (en) * 2002-12-06 2005-05-24 Eastman Kodak Company Compressed fluid formulation containing electroluminescent polymeric material
US6927415B2 (en) * 2002-12-06 2005-08-09 Eastman Kodak Company Compressed fluid formulation containing electron transporting material
US6896723B2 (en) * 2002-12-06 2005-05-24 Eastman Kodak Company Compressed fluid formulation containing hole transporting material
US6866678B2 (en) 2002-12-10 2005-03-15 Interbational Technology Center Phototherapeutic treatment methods and apparatus
US6975067B2 (en) * 2002-12-19 2005-12-13 3M Innovative Properties Company Organic electroluminescent device and encapsulation method
DE10300521A1 (en) * 2003-01-09 2004-07-22 Siemens Ag Organoresistive memory
DE502004003677D1 (en) * 2003-01-21 2007-06-14 Polyic Gmbh & Co Kg ORGANIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENT AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING ORGANIC ELECTRONICS
DE10302149A1 (en) 2003-01-21 2005-08-25 Siemens Ag Use of conductive carbon black / graphite blends for the production of low-cost electronics
CN1742343B (en) * 2003-01-29 2011-10-19 波尔伊克两合公司 Organic storage component and corresponding triggering circuit
US7816016B1 (en) 2003-02-13 2010-10-19 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Electroluminescent iridium compounds and devices made therefrom
AU2004215006A1 (en) 2003-02-13 2004-09-10 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for detection and analysis of polynucleotide-binding protein interactions using light harvesting multichromophores
CN1774806B (en) 2003-02-14 2010-06-16 日本电气株式会社 Line element and semiconductor circuit applied with line element
US20040165015A1 (en) * 2003-02-20 2004-08-26 Blum Ronald D. Electronic display device for floor advertising/messaging
DE10308515B4 (en) * 2003-02-26 2007-01-25 Schott Ag Method for producing organic light-emitting diodes and organic light-emitting diode
US7192657B2 (en) * 2003-04-15 2007-03-20 3M Innovative Properties Company Ethynyl containing electron transport dyes and compositions
US7271406B2 (en) * 2003-04-15 2007-09-18 3M Innovative Properties Company Electron transport agents for organic electronic devices
US20040256978A1 (en) * 2003-05-27 2004-12-23 Gang Yu Array comprising organic electronic devices with a black lattice and process for forming the same
AU2003243850A1 (en) * 2003-06-18 2005-01-04 Bratya Vassilevi Ad Refrigerator and system of refrigerators
DE10330062A1 (en) * 2003-07-03 2005-01-27 Siemens Ag Method and device for structuring organic layers
DE10330064B3 (en) * 2003-07-03 2004-12-09 Siemens Ag Organic logic gate has load field effect transistor with potential-free gate electrode in series with switching field effect transistor
DE10338277A1 (en) * 2003-08-20 2005-03-17 Siemens Ag Organic capacitor with voltage controlled capacity
DE10339036A1 (en) 2003-08-25 2005-03-31 Siemens Ag Organic electronic component with high-resolution structuring and manufacturing method
DE10340644B4 (en) * 2003-09-03 2010-10-07 Polyic Gmbh & Co. Kg Mechanical controls for organic polymer electronics
DE10340643B4 (en) * 2003-09-03 2009-04-16 Polyic Gmbh & Co. Kg Printing method for producing a double layer for polymer electronics circuits, and thereby produced electronic component with double layer
US20050052119A1 (en) * 2003-09-08 2005-03-10 Gang Yu Organic electronic device having low background luminescence
US9017766B2 (en) 2003-09-17 2015-04-28 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and devices comprising soluble conjugated polymers
US20050069726A1 (en) * 2003-09-30 2005-03-31 Douglas Elliot Paul Light emitting composite material and devices thereof
US7271534B2 (en) * 2003-11-04 2007-09-18 3M Innovative Properties Company Segmented organic light emitting device
US7432124B2 (en) * 2003-11-04 2008-10-07 3M Innovative Properties Company Method of making an organic light emitting device
US20060139342A1 (en) * 2004-12-29 2006-06-29 Gang Yu Electronic devices and processes for forming electronic devices
US7892382B2 (en) * 2003-11-18 2011-02-22 Samsung Mobile Display Co., Ltd. Electroluminescent devices and methods of making electroluminescent devices including a color conversion element
WO2005051048A1 (en) * 2003-11-18 2005-06-02 3M Innovative Properties Company A method of making an electroluminescent device including a color filter
GB2408209A (en) * 2003-11-18 2005-05-25 Qinetiq Ltd Flexible medical light source
DE10359156B4 (en) * 2003-12-16 2007-08-30 Schott Ag display device
US20050156512A1 (en) * 2003-12-30 2005-07-21 Vadim Savvateev Electroluminescent devices with at least one electrode having apertures and methods of using such devices
DE102004002024A1 (en) * 2004-01-14 2005-08-11 Siemens Ag Self-aligning gate organic transistor and method of making the same
US7351358B2 (en) 2004-03-17 2008-04-01 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Water dispersible polypyrroles made with polymeric acid colloids for electronics applications
US7052924B2 (en) * 2004-03-29 2006-05-30 Articulated Technologies, Llc Light active sheet and methods for making the same
US7858994B2 (en) * 2006-06-16 2010-12-28 Articulated Technologies, Llc Solid state light sheet and bare die semiconductor circuits with series connected bare die circuit elements
US7294961B2 (en) * 2004-03-29 2007-11-13 Articulated Technologies, Llc Photo-radiation source provided with emissive particles dispersed in a charge-transport matrix
US7427782B2 (en) 2004-03-29 2008-09-23 Articulated Technologies, Llc Roll-to-roll fabricated light sheet and encapsulated semiconductor circuit devices
US7259030B2 (en) * 2004-03-29 2007-08-21 Articulated Technologies, Llc Roll-to-roll fabricated light sheet and encapsulated semiconductor circuit devices
US7217956B2 (en) * 2004-03-29 2007-05-15 Articulated Technologies, Llc. Light active sheet material
US7250632B2 (en) * 2004-04-06 2007-07-31 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Electronic devices having a layer overlying an edge of a different layer and a process for forming the same
US7046225B2 (en) * 2004-08-06 2006-05-16 Chen-Jean Chou Light emitting device display circuit and drive method thereof
US7053875B2 (en) * 2004-08-21 2006-05-30 Chen-Jean Chou Light emitting device display circuit and drive method thereof
DE102004040831A1 (en) * 2004-08-23 2006-03-09 Polyic Gmbh & Co. Kg Radio-tag compatible outer packaging
DE112005002103T5 (en) 2004-09-03 2007-07-26 The Regents Of The University Of California, Oakland Soluble conjugated polymers using methods and devices
WO2006029231A1 (en) 2004-09-03 2006-03-16 The Regents Of The University Of California Soluble conjugated polymers
CN100444242C (en) * 2004-09-03 2008-12-17 周庆盈 Light emitting device display circuit and drive method thereof
US7402345B2 (en) * 2004-09-14 2008-07-22 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Electroluminescent iridium compounds with fluorinated phenylpyridine ligands, and devices made with such compounds
US7589707B2 (en) * 2004-09-24 2009-09-15 Chen-Jean Chou Active matrix light emitting device display pixel circuit and drive method
WO2006038174A2 (en) * 2004-10-01 2006-04-13 Chen-Jean Chou Light emitting device display and drive method thereof
CN101040174A (en) * 2004-10-15 2007-09-19 皇家飞利浦电子股份有限公司 Colour switching temperature indicator
JP2008520189A (en) * 2004-10-19 2008-06-19 マサチューセッツ インスティテュート オブ テクノロジー Biomolecular recognition of crystal defects
US7537884B2 (en) * 2004-10-20 2009-05-26 National Taiwan University Method for forming self-synthesizing conductive or conjugated polymer film and application
US7315042B2 (en) * 2004-11-18 2008-01-01 3M Innovative Properties Company Semiconductors containing trans-1,2-bis(acenyl)ethylene compounds
US20060105199A1 (en) * 2004-11-18 2006-05-18 3M Innovative Properties Company Electroluminescent devices containing trans-1,2-bis(acenyl)ethylene compounds
DE102004059465A1 (en) * 2004-12-10 2006-06-14 Polyic Gmbh & Co. Kg recognition system
DE102004059467A1 (en) * 2004-12-10 2006-07-20 Polyic Gmbh & Co. Kg Gate made of organic field effect transistors
DE102004059464A1 (en) * 2004-12-10 2006-06-29 Polyic Gmbh & Co. Kg Electronic component with modulator
BRPI0519375A2 (en) 2004-12-23 2009-01-20 Ciba Sc Holding Ag electroluminescent metal complexes with nucleophilic carbene ligands
DE102004063435A1 (en) 2004-12-23 2006-07-27 Polyic Gmbh & Co. Kg Organic rectifier
US20060142520A1 (en) * 2004-12-27 2006-06-29 3M Innovative Properties Company Hole transport layers for organic electroluminescent devices
US8569948B2 (en) * 2004-12-28 2013-10-29 Samsung Display Co., Ltd. Electroluminescent devices and methods of making electroluminescent devices including an optical spacer
US7887876B2 (en) * 2004-12-29 2011-02-15 Dupont Displays Inc. Organic electronic device and method to manufacture same
US7187123B2 (en) * 2004-12-29 2007-03-06 Dupont Displays, Inc. Display device
US20060141135A1 (en) * 2004-12-29 2006-06-29 Jian Wang Processes for forming layers for electronic devices using heating elements
US20060138946A1 (en) * 2004-12-29 2006-06-29 Jian Wang Electrical device with a low reflectivity layer
US7268006B2 (en) 2004-12-30 2007-09-11 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Electronic device including a guest material within a layer and a process for forming the same
US7563392B1 (en) * 2004-12-30 2009-07-21 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Organic conductive compositions and structures
US7803254B2 (en) * 2004-12-30 2010-09-28 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Processes for forming electronic devices and electronic devices formed by such processes
US20060146079A1 (en) * 2004-12-30 2006-07-06 Macpherson Charles D Process and apparatus for forming an electronic device
US7469638B2 (en) * 2004-12-30 2008-12-30 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Electronic devices and processes for forming the same
US20060228466A1 (en) * 2004-12-30 2006-10-12 Gang Yu Solution dispense and patterning process and apparatus
US20060145598A1 (en) * 2004-12-30 2006-07-06 Macpherson Charles D Electronic devices and process for forming the same
US7584701B2 (en) * 2004-12-30 2009-09-08 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Processes for printing layers for electronic devices and printing apparatuses for performing the processes
US7355204B2 (en) * 2004-12-30 2008-04-08 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Organic device with environmental protection structure
US8691667B1 (en) 2004-12-30 2014-04-08 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Method and apparatus for depositing a pattern on a substrate
CA2594458C (en) 2005-01-10 2016-08-23 The Regents Of The University Of California Cationic conjugated polymers suitable for strand-specific polynucleotide detection in homogeneous and solid state assays
US7811755B2 (en) * 2005-01-10 2010-10-12 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and articles for strand-specific polynucleotide detection with cationic multichromophores
WO2006083932A2 (en) 2005-01-31 2006-08-10 The Regents Of The University Methods and compositions for aggregant detection
DE112006000495B4 (en) 2005-03-01 2017-11-09 The Regents Of The University Of California Multilayer light emitting polymer diode for solid state lighting applications
DE102005009820A1 (en) * 2005-03-01 2006-09-07 Polyic Gmbh & Co. Kg Electronic assembly with organic logic switching elements
DE102005009819A1 (en) 2005-03-01 2006-09-07 Polyic Gmbh & Co. Kg electronics assembly
US7572655B2 (en) 2005-03-23 2009-08-11 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Electronic devices having a layer overlying an edge of a different layer and a process for forming the same
US7645478B2 (en) * 2005-03-31 2010-01-12 3M Innovative Properties Company Methods of making displays
DE102005017655B4 (en) * 2005-04-15 2008-12-11 Polyic Gmbh & Co. Kg Multilayer composite body with electronic function
CN101208369B (en) 2005-06-28 2013-03-27 E.I.内穆尔杜邦公司 High work function transparent conductors
DE102005031448A1 (en) 2005-07-04 2007-01-11 Polyic Gmbh & Co. Kg Activatable optical layer
DE102005035589A1 (en) 2005-07-29 2007-02-01 Polyic Gmbh & Co. Kg Manufacturing electronic component on surface of substrate where component has two overlapping function layers
DE102005035590A1 (en) * 2005-07-29 2007-02-01 Polyic Gmbh & Co. Kg Electronic component has flexible substrate and stack of layers including function layer on substratesurface
US7744793B2 (en) 2005-09-06 2010-06-29 Lemaire Alexander B Apparatus and method for growing fullerene nanotube forests, and forming nanotube films, threads and composite structures therefrom
US7850778B2 (en) * 2005-09-06 2010-12-14 Lemaire Charles A Apparatus and method for growing fullerene nanotube forests, and forming nanotube films, threads and composite structures therefrom
DE102005042166A1 (en) * 2005-09-06 2007-03-15 Polyic Gmbh & Co.Kg Organic device and such a comprehensive electrical circuit
DE102005044306A1 (en) * 2005-09-16 2007-03-22 Polyic Gmbh & Co. Kg Electronic circuit and method for producing such
US8247824B2 (en) * 2005-12-19 2012-08-21 Matthew Stainer Electronic devices comprising electrodes that connect to conductive members within a substrate and processes for forming the electronic devices
CN101346451B (en) * 2005-12-28 2013-09-18 西巴控股有限公司 Electroluminescent metal complexes with triazoles
US7807992B2 (en) * 2005-12-28 2010-10-05 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Organic electronic device having dual emitter dopants
US7960717B2 (en) * 2005-12-29 2011-06-14 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Electronic device and process for forming same
JP5209504B2 (en) * 2006-02-08 2013-06-12 スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー Process for the production of film substrates at temperatures above the glass transition point
KR100828891B1 (en) * 2006-02-23 2008-05-09 엘지이노텍 주식회사 LED Package
US7737277B2 (en) * 2006-05-08 2010-06-15 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Electroluminescent bis-cyclometalled iridium compounds and devices made with such compounds
US20070278936A1 (en) * 2006-06-02 2007-12-06 Norman Herron Red emitter complexes of IR(III) and devices made with such compounds
US7675228B2 (en) * 2006-06-14 2010-03-09 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Electroluminescent iridium compounds with silylated, germanylated, and stannylated ligands, and devices made with such compounds
DE102006035750A1 (en) * 2006-07-28 2008-01-31 Polylc Gmbh & Co. Kg Material for functional layer of organic electronic component, has conductive semiconductor photo or thermo active self emitting electro chrome and insulating functional material which is included or detached in polymer
US7582757B2 (en) * 2006-09-06 2009-09-01 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Electroluminescent complexes of Ir(III) and devices
WO2008033256A1 (en) * 2006-09-11 2008-03-20 Vanderbilt University Polymer light-emitting diode and fabrication of same by resonant infrared laser vapor deposition
US8697254B2 (en) * 2006-11-14 2014-04-15 Sri International Cavity electroluminescent devices and methods for producing the same
US8153029B2 (en) * 2006-12-28 2012-04-10 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Laser (230NM) ablatable compositions of electrically conducting polymers made with a perfluoropolymeric acid applications thereof
US8115378B2 (en) * 2006-12-28 2012-02-14 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Tetra-substituted chrysenes for luminescent applications
US20080191172A1 (en) * 2006-12-29 2008-08-14 Che-Hsiung Hsu High work-function and high conductivity compositions of electrically conducting polymers
US8257836B2 (en) * 2006-12-29 2012-09-04 E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company Di-substituted pyrenes for luminescent applications
US8465848B2 (en) * 2006-12-29 2013-06-18 E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company Benzofluorenes for luminescent applications
WO2008101842A1 (en) * 2007-02-23 2008-08-28 Basf Se Electroluminescent metal complexes with benzotriazoles
KR101554750B1 (en) 2007-06-01 2015-09-22 이 아이 듀폰 디 네모아 앤드 캄파니 Chrysenes for deep blue luminescent applications
CN101918512B (en) 2007-06-01 2014-09-24 E.I.内穆尔杜邦公司 Green luminescent materials
EP2150599B1 (en) 2007-06-01 2012-11-28 E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company Chrysenes for green luminescent applications
WO2008147721A1 (en) * 2007-06-01 2008-12-04 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Chrysenes for blue luminescent applications
CN101679208B (en) * 2007-06-01 2014-05-14 E.I.内穆尔杜邦公司 Blue luminescent materials
US20090246896A1 (en) * 2007-07-19 2009-10-01 Melissa Kreger Method and apparatus for improved printed cathodes for organic electronic devices
US20090023235A1 (en) 2007-07-19 2009-01-22 Mackenzie John D Method and Apparatus for Improved Printed Cathodes for Light-Emitting Devices
US8101290B2 (en) * 2007-10-17 2012-01-24 Technical Institute Of Physics And Chemistry Of Chinese Academy Of Sciences Organic compound having electron-transporting and/or hole-blocking performance and its use and OLEDs comprising the compound
JP4936069B2 (en) * 2007-10-31 2012-05-23 株式会社デンソー Motor control device
WO2009079249A1 (en) * 2007-12-14 2009-06-25 3M Innovative Properties Company Methods for making electronic devices
KR20100105673A (en) * 2007-12-14 2010-09-29 이 아이 듀폰 디 네모아 앤드 캄파니 Backplane structures for electronic devices
US8192848B2 (en) * 2008-01-11 2012-06-05 E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company Substituted pyrenes and associated production methods for luminescent applications
CN101971386B (en) * 2008-01-24 2012-07-04 思研(Sri)国际顾问与咨询公司 High efficiency electroluminescent devices and methods for producing the same
EP2254727A2 (en) * 2008-02-18 2010-12-01 The Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Method of thermocleaving a polymer layer
KR20110011695A (en) * 2008-05-19 2011-02-08 이 아이 듀폰 디 네모아 앤드 캄파니 Apparatus and method for solution coating thin layers
JP5687628B2 (en) * 2008-11-19 2015-03-18 イー・アイ・デュポン・ドウ・ヌムール・アンド・カンパニーE.I.Du Pont De Nemours And Company Chrysene compounds for blue or green luminescence applications
JP5448030B2 (en) * 2008-11-19 2014-03-19 新日鐵住金株式会社 Ultrasonic flaw detection method and apparatus
CN102239230B (en) * 2008-12-12 2014-06-25 E.I.内穆尔杜邦公司 Photoactive composition and electronic device made with the composition
US8461758B2 (en) 2008-12-19 2013-06-11 E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company Buffer bilayers for electronic devices
US8263973B2 (en) * 2008-12-19 2012-09-11 E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company Anthracene compounds for luminescent applications
US8932733B2 (en) * 2008-12-19 2015-01-13 E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company Chrysene derivative host materials
US8531100B2 (en) * 2008-12-22 2013-09-10 E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company Deuterated compounds for luminescent applications
US8702202B2 (en) * 2008-12-27 2014-04-22 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Apparatus and method for preventing splatter for continuous printing
CN102369256B (en) * 2009-02-27 2015-02-25 E.I.内穆尔杜邦公司 Deuterated compounds for electronic applications
US8759818B2 (en) 2009-02-27 2014-06-24 E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company Deuterated compounds for electronic applications
KR101582707B1 (en) * 2009-04-03 2016-01-05 이 아이 듀폰 디 네모아 앤드 캄파니 Electroactive materials
KR20120036312A (en) 2009-05-19 2012-04-17 이 아이 듀폰 디 네모아 앤드 캄파니 Chrysene compounds for luminescent applications
US20110121269A1 (en) * 2009-05-19 2011-05-26 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Deuterated compounds for electronic applications
CN102471677A (en) 2009-07-01 2012-05-23 E.I.内穆尔杜邦公司 Chrysene compounds for luminescent applications
TW201105615A (en) * 2009-08-13 2011-02-16 Du Pont Chrysene derivative materials
US20110193066A1 (en) * 2009-08-13 2011-08-11 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Current limiting element for pixels in electronic devices
US20110057151A1 (en) * 2009-09-10 2011-03-10 Add-Vision, Inc. Ionic salt combinations in polymer electroluminescent inks
US20110058770A1 (en) * 2009-09-10 2011-03-10 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Sub-surface engraving of oled substrates for improved optical outcoupling
US8652354B2 (en) 2009-09-10 2014-02-18 Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd. Organic additives for improved lifetimes in organic and solution processible electronic devices
KR20120091144A (en) * 2009-09-29 2012-08-17 이 아이 듀폰 디 네모아 앤드 캄파니 Deuterated compounds for luminescent applications
KR101761435B1 (en) * 2009-10-29 2017-07-25 이 아이 듀폰 디 네모아 앤드 캄파니 Deuterated compounds for electronic applications
BRPI0910904A2 (en) * 2009-11-30 2012-12-11 Universidade Federal De Ouro Preto smart seal preparation process, conjugate polymer solutions and compositions, seal thus obtained, use thereof and electronic device for radiation dose monitoring
KR20140143809A (en) * 2009-12-09 2014-12-17 이 아이 듀폰 디 네모아 앤드 캄파니 Deuterated compound as part of a combination of compounds for electronic applications
US8465849B2 (en) 2009-12-21 2013-06-18 E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company Deuterated zirconium compound for electronic applications
US20110147717A1 (en) 2009-12-21 2011-06-23 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Deuterated compounds for luminescent applications
US8617720B2 (en) 2009-12-21 2013-12-31 E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company Electroactive composition and electronic device made with the composition
US8525019B2 (en) 2010-07-01 2013-09-03 Primestar Solar, Inc. Thin film article and method for forming a reduced conductive area in transparent conductive films for photovoltaic modules
WO2012083301A1 (en) 2010-12-17 2012-06-21 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Anthracene derivative compounds for electronic applications
TW201229003A (en) 2010-12-17 2012-07-16 Du Pont Anthracene derivative compounds for electronic applications
TW201229204A (en) 2010-12-17 2012-07-16 Du Pont Anthracene derivative compounds for electronic applications
WO2012087955A1 (en) 2010-12-20 2012-06-28 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Compositions for electronic applications
WO2012087961A2 (en) 2010-12-20 2012-06-28 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Electroactive compositions for electronic applications
US9525152B2 (en) 2011-08-26 2016-12-20 Sumitomo Chemical Company Limited Permeable electrodes for high performance organic electronic devices
WO2013088904A1 (en) * 2011-12-13 2013-06-20 パナソニック株式会社 Organic electroluminescent element
FR2989091B1 (en) * 2012-04-06 2015-07-03 Arkema France BLOCK COPOLYMERS DISPERSING NANOCHARGES IN WATER
SE537207C2 (en) 2012-10-26 2015-03-03 Lunalec Ab Process for producing light-emitting electrochemical cell
CN108110140B (en) * 2013-08-12 2022-01-28 科迪华公司 Ester-based solvent systems for printable organic light emitting diode ink formulations
JP6411801B2 (en) * 2014-05-09 2018-10-24 国立大学法人京都大学 Photocell evaluation method, photovoltaic cell evaluation apparatus, program, and photovoltaic cell manufacturing method
US9944846B2 (en) 2014-08-28 2018-04-17 E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company Compositions for electronic applications

Citations (40)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US543921A (en) * 1895-08-06 brown
US3172862A (en) * 1960-09-29 1965-03-09 Dow Chemical Co Organic electroluminescent phosphors
US3263110A (en) * 1963-01-28 1966-07-26 Westinghouse Electric Corp Flexible electroluminescent cell
US3341915A (en) * 1963-02-19 1967-09-19 Westinghouse Electric Corp Method of manufacturing electroluminescent lamps
US3401152A (en) * 1966-11-03 1968-09-10 Dow Chemical Co Polyelectrolytes from bis sulfonium salts
US3706677A (en) * 1970-10-05 1972-12-19 Dow Chemical Co Polyxylylidene articles
US3992203A (en) * 1975-04-18 1976-11-16 Veb Pentacon Dresden Polyphenylenevinylene photoconductor composition sensitized with a 1,4-bis (styryl) benzene derivative
US4344908A (en) * 1979-02-08 1982-08-17 Stamicarbon, B.V. Process for making polymer filaments which have a high tensile strength and a high modulus
US4507672A (en) * 1980-03-14 1985-03-26 The Johns Hopkins University Method of fabricating a current controlled bistable electrical organic thin film switching device
US4611385A (en) * 1982-06-18 1986-09-16 At&T Bell Laboratories Devices formed utilizing organic materials
US4684353A (en) * 1985-08-19 1987-08-04 Dunmore Corporation Flexible electroluminescent film laminate
US4720432A (en) * 1987-02-11 1988-01-19 Eastman Kodak Company Electroluminescent device with organic luminescent medium
US4762292A (en) * 1987-01-30 1988-08-09 Anci Alexander M D Vacuum column web loop position sensing system
US4808681A (en) * 1984-11-17 1989-02-28 The British Petroleum Company Plc Conductive poly(2,5-furanylene vinylene) and poly(2,5-thienylene vinylene)
US4885211A (en) * 1987-02-11 1989-12-05 Eastman Kodak Company Electroluminescent device with improved cathode
US5009958A (en) * 1987-03-06 1991-04-23 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Functional devices comprising a charge transfer complex layer
US5047687A (en) * 1990-07-26 1991-09-10 Eastman Kodak Company Organic electroluminescent device with stabilized cathode
US5059862A (en) * 1990-07-26 1991-10-22 Eastman Kodak Company Electroluminescent device with improved cathode
US5059861A (en) * 1990-07-26 1991-10-22 Eastman Kodak Company Organic electroluminescent device with stabilizing cathode capping layer
US5061569A (en) * 1990-07-26 1991-10-29 Eastman Kodak Company Electroluminescent device with organic electroluminescent medium
US5073446A (en) * 1990-07-26 1991-12-17 Eastman Kodak Company Organic electroluminescent device with stabilizing fused metal particle cathode
US5085946A (en) * 1989-01-13 1992-02-04 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Electroluminescence device
US5093691A (en) * 1989-05-19 1992-03-03 Nec Corporation Organic thin-film el device
US5116708A (en) * 1988-12-09 1992-05-26 Nippon Oil Company, Limited Hole transporting material
US5142343A (en) * 1989-08-18 1992-08-25 Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. Organic electroluminescence device with oligomers
US5171373A (en) * 1991-07-30 1992-12-15 At&T Bell Laboratories Devices involving the photo behavior of fullerenes
US5171632A (en) * 1990-01-24 1992-12-15 Regents Of The University Of California Conductive polymer blends and methods for making the same
US5185208A (en) * 1987-03-06 1993-02-09 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Functional devices comprising a charge transfer complex layer
US5189136A (en) * 1990-12-12 1993-02-23 The Regents Of The University Of California Conducting polymer formed of poly(2-methoxy,5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene)
US5204038A (en) * 1990-12-27 1993-04-20 The Regents Of The University Of California Process for forming polymers
US5213983A (en) * 1990-01-04 1993-05-25 Neste Oy Method for the preparation of electronic and electro-optical components and circuits using conductive polymers
US5232631A (en) * 1991-06-12 1993-08-03 Uniax Corporation Processible forms of electrically conductive polyaniline
US5247190A (en) * 1989-04-20 1993-09-21 Cambridge Research And Innovation Limited Electroluminescent devices
US5317169A (en) * 1990-02-23 1994-05-31 Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited Organic electroluminescence device
US5331183A (en) * 1992-08-17 1994-07-19 The Regents Of The University Of California Conjugated polymer - acceptor heterojunctions; diodes, photodiodes, and photovoltaic cells
US5331182A (en) * 1990-08-08 1994-07-19 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Organic light emitting device and preparation and use thereof
US5334539A (en) * 1993-01-29 1994-08-02 Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. Fabrication of poly(p-phenyleneacetylene) light-emitting diodes
US5408109A (en) * 1991-02-27 1995-04-18 The Regents Of The University Of California Visible light emitting diodes fabricated from soluble semiconducting polymers
US5679757A (en) * 1990-12-12 1997-10-21 The Regents Of The University Of California Highly organic solvent soluble, water insoluble electroluminescent polyphenylene vinylenes having pendant steroid groups and products and uses thereof
US5705284A (en) * 1990-03-26 1998-01-06 Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. Thin film electroluminescence device

Family Cites Families (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS59181681A (en) * 1983-03-31 1984-10-16 Toshiba Corp Light emitting element
JPH069251B2 (en) 1983-10-31 1994-02-02 株式会社半導体エネルギ−研究所 Photoelectric conversion semiconductor device manufacturing method
JPS60149177A (en) * 1984-01-13 1985-08-06 Mitsubishi Electric Corp Manufacture of photoelectric conversion element
JP2568998B2 (en) * 1985-03-30 1997-01-08 株式会社 モリリカ Selenium photodiode and method of manufacturing the same
JPS63133682A (en) * 1986-11-26 1988-06-06 Fujitsu Ltd Tunnel junction light emitting element
US4769292A (en) 1987-03-02 1988-09-06 Eastman Kodak Company Electroluminescent device with modified thin film luminescent zone
JP2814435B2 (en) 1987-03-02 1998-10-22 イーストマン・コダック・カンパニー Electroluminescent device with improved thin film emission band
EP0319881A3 (en) 1987-12-11 1990-08-01 Idemitsu Kosan Company Limited Electroluminescence element
JPH02223188A (en) 1989-02-22 1990-09-05 Ricoh Co Ltd Manufacture of electroluminescent device
JPH02251428A (en) 1989-03-27 1990-10-09 Mitsui Toatsu Chem Inc Transparent conductive film
JPH0320992A (en) 1989-06-16 1991-01-29 Seiko Epson Corp Light emitting element
JPH0329293A (en) 1989-06-26 1991-02-07 Seiko Epson Corp Light emitting element and manufacture thereof
JP2987865B2 (en) 1990-02-23 1999-12-06 住友化学工業株式会社 Organic electroluminescence device
JP2708274B2 (en) 1990-11-29 1998-02-04 松下電器産業株式会社 Organic light emitting device and method of manufacturing the same
GB9018698D0 (en) 1990-08-24 1990-10-10 Lynxvale Ltd Semiconductive copolymers for use in electroluminescent devices
CA2111150C (en) * 1991-06-12 2001-10-30 Yong Cao Processible forms of electrically conductive polyaniline and conductive products formed therefrom
JP3786969B2 (en) 1996-09-04 2006-06-21 ケンブリッジ ディスプレイ テクノロジー リミテッド Organic light-emitting device with improved cathode

Patent Citations (47)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US543921A (en) * 1895-08-06 brown
US3172862A (en) * 1960-09-29 1965-03-09 Dow Chemical Co Organic electroluminescent phosphors
US3263110A (en) * 1963-01-28 1966-07-26 Westinghouse Electric Corp Flexible electroluminescent cell
US3341915A (en) * 1963-02-19 1967-09-19 Westinghouse Electric Corp Method of manufacturing electroluminescent lamps
US3401152A (en) * 1966-11-03 1968-09-10 Dow Chemical Co Polyelectrolytes from bis sulfonium salts
US3706677A (en) * 1970-10-05 1972-12-19 Dow Chemical Co Polyxylylidene articles
US3992203A (en) * 1975-04-18 1976-11-16 Veb Pentacon Dresden Polyphenylenevinylene photoconductor composition sensitized with a 1,4-bis (styryl) benzene derivative
US4344908A (en) * 1979-02-08 1982-08-17 Stamicarbon, B.V. Process for making polymer filaments which have a high tensile strength and a high modulus
US4507672A (en) * 1980-03-14 1985-03-26 The Johns Hopkins University Method of fabricating a current controlled bistable electrical organic thin film switching device
US4611385A (en) * 1982-06-18 1986-09-16 At&T Bell Laboratories Devices formed utilizing organic materials
US4808681A (en) * 1984-11-17 1989-02-28 The British Petroleum Company Plc Conductive poly(2,5-furanylene vinylene) and poly(2,5-thienylene vinylene)
US4684353A (en) * 1985-08-19 1987-08-04 Dunmore Corporation Flexible electroluminescent film laminate
US4762292A (en) * 1987-01-30 1988-08-09 Anci Alexander M D Vacuum column web loop position sensing system
US4720432A (en) * 1987-02-11 1988-01-19 Eastman Kodak Company Electroluminescent device with organic luminescent medium
US4885211A (en) * 1987-02-11 1989-12-05 Eastman Kodak Company Electroluminescent device with improved cathode
US5009958A (en) * 1987-03-06 1991-04-23 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Functional devices comprising a charge transfer complex layer
US5185208A (en) * 1987-03-06 1993-02-09 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Functional devices comprising a charge transfer complex layer
US5116708A (en) * 1988-12-09 1992-05-26 Nippon Oil Company, Limited Hole transporting material
US5085946A (en) * 1989-01-13 1992-02-04 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Electroluminescence device
US5247190A (en) * 1989-04-20 1993-09-21 Cambridge Research And Innovation Limited Electroluminescent devices
US5093691A (en) * 1989-05-19 1992-03-03 Nec Corporation Organic thin-film el device
US5142343A (en) * 1989-08-18 1992-08-25 Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. Organic electroluminescence device with oligomers
US5213983A (en) * 1990-01-04 1993-05-25 Neste Oy Method for the preparation of electronic and electro-optical components and circuits using conductive polymers
US5171632A (en) * 1990-01-24 1992-12-15 Regents Of The University Of California Conductive polymer blends and methods for making the same
US5726457A (en) * 1990-02-23 1998-03-10 Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited Organic electroluminescence device
US5317169A (en) * 1990-02-23 1994-05-31 Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited Organic electroluminescence device
US5705284A (en) * 1990-03-26 1998-01-06 Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. Thin film electroluminescence device
US5059862A (en) * 1990-07-26 1991-10-22 Eastman Kodak Company Electroluminescent device with improved cathode
US5059861A (en) * 1990-07-26 1991-10-22 Eastman Kodak Company Organic electroluminescent device with stabilizing cathode capping layer
US5061569A (en) * 1990-07-26 1991-10-29 Eastman Kodak Company Electroluminescent device with organic electroluminescent medium
US5073446A (en) * 1990-07-26 1991-12-17 Eastman Kodak Company Organic electroluminescent device with stabilizing fused metal particle cathode
US5047687A (en) * 1990-07-26 1991-09-10 Eastman Kodak Company Organic electroluminescent device with stabilized cathode
US5331182A (en) * 1990-08-08 1994-07-19 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Organic light emitting device and preparation and use thereof
US5189136A (en) * 1990-12-12 1993-02-23 The Regents Of The University Of California Conducting polymer formed of poly(2-methoxy,5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene)
US5679757A (en) * 1990-12-12 1997-10-21 The Regents Of The University Of California Highly organic solvent soluble, water insoluble electroluminescent polyphenylene vinylenes having pendant steroid groups and products and uses thereof
US5204038A (en) * 1990-12-27 1993-04-20 The Regents Of The University Of California Process for forming polymers
US5408109A (en) * 1991-02-27 1995-04-18 The Regents Of The University Of California Visible light emitting diodes fabricated from soluble semiconducting polymers
US5869350A (en) * 1991-02-27 1999-02-09 The Regents Of The University Of California Fabrication of visible light emitting diodes soluble semiconducting polymers
US20020022284A1 (en) * 1991-02-27 2002-02-21 Alan J. Heeger Visible light emitting diodes fabricated from soluble semiconducting polymers
US20020197755A1 (en) * 1991-02-27 2002-12-26 The Regents Of The University Of California Visible light emitting diodes fabricated from soluble semiconducting polymers
US6534329B2 (en) * 1991-02-27 2003-03-18 The Regents Of The University Of California Visible light emitting diodes fabricated from soluble semiconducting polymers
US6878974B2 (en) * 1991-02-27 2005-04-12 The Regents Of The University Of California Visible light emitting diodes fabricated from soluble semiconducting polymers
US5232631A (en) * 1991-06-12 1993-08-03 Uniax Corporation Processible forms of electrically conductive polyaniline
US5171373A (en) * 1991-07-30 1992-12-15 At&T Bell Laboratories Devices involving the photo behavior of fullerenes
US5454880A (en) * 1992-08-17 1995-10-03 Regents Of The University Of California Conjugated polymer-acceptor heterojunctions; diodes, photodiodes, and photovoltaic cells
US5331183A (en) * 1992-08-17 1994-07-19 The Regents Of The University Of California Conjugated polymer - acceptor heterojunctions; diodes, photodiodes, and photovoltaic cells
US5334539A (en) * 1993-01-29 1994-08-02 Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. Fabrication of poly(p-phenyleneacetylene) light-emitting diodes

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20070172978A1 (en) * 2003-05-12 2007-07-26 Cambridge University Technical Service Limited Manufacture of a polymer device
US8530269B2 (en) * 2003-05-12 2013-09-10 Cambridge Enterprise Ltd Manufacture of a polymer device
WO2018012875A1 (en) * 2016-07-13 2018-01-18 광주과학기술원 Composite polymer semiconductor using conjugated polymer and insulator polymer, and method for producing same
US10580990B2 (en) 2016-07-13 2020-03-03 Gwangju Institute Of Science And Technology Composite polymer semiconductor using conjugated polymer and insulator polymer, and method for producing same

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US5408109A (en) 1995-04-18
EP0573549B2 (en) 2002-10-09
EP0573549A4 (en) 1994-03-09
US20020022284A1 (en) 2002-02-21
US20020197755A1 (en) 2002-12-26
US5869350A (en) 1999-02-09
CA2105069A1 (en) 1992-08-28
JP2004047490A (en) 2004-02-12
JP3299262B2 (en) 2002-07-08
US6534329B2 (en) 2003-03-18
DE69225697T3 (en) 2003-03-13
DE69225697D1 (en) 1998-07-02
JP2002319489A (en) 2002-10-31
JP2006237016A (en) 2006-09-07
AU1445292A (en) 1992-10-06
JP2005166688A (en) 2005-06-23
DE69225697T2 (en) 1998-11-26
JPH06508477A (en) 1994-09-22
ATE166748T1 (en) 1998-06-15
EP0573549A1 (en) 1993-12-15
WO1992016023A1 (en) 1992-09-17
US6878974B2 (en) 2005-04-12
CA2105069C (en) 1999-02-02
EP0573549B1 (en) 1998-05-27

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US6878974B2 (en) Visible light emitting diodes fabricated from soluble semiconducting polymers
US6605373B2 (en) Fluorene-containing polymers and electroluminescent devices therefrom
Gustafsson et al. The “plastic” led: A flexible light-emitting device using a polyaniline transparent electrode
JP4112007B2 (en) Polyfluorene as a material for photoluminescence and electroluminescence
US5504323A (en) Dual function conducting polymer diodes
JP3384566B2 (en) Processable conductive polyaniline and conductive product formed therefrom
US6004681A (en) Light-emitting devices containing network electrode polymers in electron blocking layer
CN1227040A (en) Electroluminescent devices with electrode protection
WO2000006665A1 (en) Organic electroluminescent devices
WO1995001871A1 (en) Electroluminescent diodes utilizing blends of polymers
EP1633801A1 (en) Polymer
JP4049948B2 (en) Poly [2-methoxy-5- (2′-ethylhexyloxy) -1,4-phenylene-1,2-ethenylene-2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene-1,2-ethenylene as an electroluminescent material Organic light-emitting diode (OLED)
CA2262925C (en) Light-emitting devices utilizing high workfunction electrodes
Jin et al. Synthesis and characterization of color tunable electro-luminescent polymer by blending oxadiazole containing polymer
JPH10158641A (en) Organic electroluminescent element
Drolet et al. Red–green–blue light-emitting diodes containing fluorene-based copolymers
US005869350A United United States States Patent Patent [19][19]
Damlin et al. Light-emitting diodes of poly (p-phenylene vinylene) films electrochemically polymerized by cyclic voltammetry on ITO
Trad et al. Effect of the side chain length on the optical and electrical properties of soluble PPV derivatives
Jiang et al. Sequestration of electroactive materials in a high Tg, insulating polymer matrix for optoelectronic applications. Part 1. Light emitting diode devices
Wang et al. Application of Polymers to Electroluminescence

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, THE, CALI

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HEEGER, ALAN J.;BRAUN, DAVID;REEL/FRAME:016673/0648;SIGNING DATES FROM 20050811 TO 20050818

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION