US20060035590A1 - High-reliability computer interface for wireless input devices - Google Patents
High-reliability computer interface for wireless input devices Download PDFInfo
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- US20060035590A1 US20060035590A1 US11/081,376 US8137605A US2006035590A1 US 20060035590 A1 US20060035590 A1 US 20060035590A1 US 8137605 A US8137605 A US 8137605A US 2006035590 A1 US2006035590 A1 US 2006035590A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
- H04W52/04—TPC
- H04W52/18—TPC being performed according to specific parameters
- H04W52/28—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using user profile, e.g. mobile speed, priority or network state, e.g. standby, idle or non transmission
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F1/00—Details not covered by groups G06F3/00 - G06F13/00 and G06F21/00
- G06F1/26—Power supply means, e.g. regulation thereof
- G06F1/32—Means for saving power
- G06F1/3203—Power management, i.e. event-based initiation of a power-saving mode
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F1/00—Details not covered by groups G06F3/00 - G06F13/00 and G06F21/00
- G06F1/26—Power supply means, e.g. regulation thereof
- G06F1/32—Means for saving power
- G06F1/3203—Power management, i.e. event-based initiation of a power-saving mode
- G06F1/3206—Monitoring of events, devices or parameters that trigger a change in power modality
- G06F1/3215—Monitoring of peripheral devices
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F1/00—Details not covered by groups G06F3/00 - G06F13/00 and G06F21/00
- G06F1/26—Power supply means, e.g. regulation thereof
- G06F1/32—Means for saving power
- G06F1/3203—Power management, i.e. event-based initiation of a power-saving mode
- G06F1/3234—Power saving characterised by the action undertaken
- G06F1/3237—Power saving characterised by the action undertaken by disabling clock generation or distribution
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F1/00—Details not covered by groups G06F3/00 - G06F13/00 and G06F21/00
- G06F1/26—Power supply means, e.g. regulation thereof
- G06F1/32—Means for saving power
- G06F1/3203—Power management, i.e. event-based initiation of a power-saving mode
- G06F1/3234—Power saving characterised by the action undertaken
- G06F1/325—Power saving in peripheral device
- G06F1/3259—Power saving in cursor control device, e.g. mouse, joystick, trackball
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F1/00—Details not covered by groups G06F3/00 - G06F13/00 and G06F21/00
- G06F1/26—Power supply means, e.g. regulation thereof
- G06F1/32—Means for saving power
- G06F1/3203—Power management, i.e. event-based initiation of a power-saving mode
- G06F1/3234—Power saving characterised by the action undertaken
- G06F1/325—Power saving in peripheral device
- G06F1/3271—Power saving in keyboard
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F13/00—Interconnection of, or transfer of information or other signals between, memories, input/output devices or central processing units
- G06F13/38—Information transfer, e.g. on bus
- G06F13/382—Information transfer, e.g. on bus using universal interface adapter
- G06F13/385—Information transfer, e.g. on bus using universal interface adapter for adaptation of a particular data processing system to different peripheral devices
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/02—Input arrangements using manually operated switches, e.g. using keyboards or dials
- G06F3/023—Arrangements for converting discrete items of information into a coded form, e.g. arrangements for interpreting keyboard generated codes as alphanumeric codes, operand codes or instruction codes
- G06F3/0231—Cordless keyboards
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- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
- G06F3/033—Pointing devices displaced or positioned by the user, e.g. mice, trackballs, pens or joysticks; Accessories therefor
- G06F3/0354—Pointing devices displaced or positioned by the user, e.g. mice, trackballs, pens or joysticks; Accessories therefor with detection of 2D relative movements between the device, or an operating part thereof, and a plane or surface, e.g. 2D mice, trackballs, pens or pucks
- G06F3/03543—Mice or pucks
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- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
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- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
- G06F3/033—Pointing devices displaced or positioned by the user, e.g. mice, trackballs, pens or joysticks; Accessories therefor
- G06F3/038—Control and interface arrangements therefor, e.g. drivers or device-embedded control circuitry
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
- G06F3/033—Pointing devices displaced or positioned by the user, e.g. mice, trackballs, pens or joysticks; Accessories therefor
- G06F3/038—Control and interface arrangements therefor, e.g. drivers or device-embedded control circuitry
- G06F3/0383—Signal control means within the pointing device
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
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- H04W52/04—TPC
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- G06F2213/38—Universal adapter
- G06F2213/3814—Wireless link with a computer system port
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
- H04W52/04—TPC
- H04W52/18—TPC being performed according to specific parameters
- H04W52/28—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using user profile, e.g. mobile speed, priority or network state, e.g. standby, idle or non transmission
- H04W52/287—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using user profile, e.g. mobile speed, priority or network state, e.g. standby, idle or non transmission when the channel is in stand-by
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
- H04W52/04—TPC
- H04W52/38—TPC being performed in particular situations
- H04W52/48—TPC being performed in particular situations during retransmission after error or non-acknowledgment
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
- Y02D10/00—Energy efficient computing, e.g. low power processors, power management or thermal management
Abstract
A computing system wherein communication between a host computer and peripheral units, e.g. computer mouse and keyboard, is performed using RF signals. The host computer and the peripheral units each contain a transceiver for managing and transmitting the RF communication messages. An acknowledgement is sent by the receiving transceiver to the sending transceiver to signify that the message was successfully received. If no acknowledgement is received by the sending transceiver, a subsequent RF communication message is sent until an acknowledgement is received. A sleep mode is invoked between messages to conserve battery power in the peripheral units, and the peripheral units send a report message to the host when awaking periodically, or by a user demand, from the sleep mode signifying that the peripheral unit is active and ready to send or receive messages.
Description
- This application is related to U.S. patent application docket number JA05-002, Ser. No. ______, filed on ______, assigned to a common assignee.
- This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application JAAL-001, “High-Reliability Computer Interface for Wireless Input Device”, Ser. No. 60/553,820, filed on Mar. 16, 2004, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application JAAL-002, “Wireless Transceiver System for Computer Input Devices”, Ser. No. 60/553,821, filed on Mar. 16, 2004, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application JAAL-003, “Wireless Transceiver System for Computer Input Devices”, Ser. No. 60/554,058, filed on Mar. 16, 2004, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- The present invention relates generally to computer systems and, more particularly, to an interface between a computer and input devices in communication with the computer over wireless links.
- Various computers and microprocessor-based devices and systems provide one or more user input devices to allow a user to control certain operations. Such an input device may be separated from the host computer or device and thus a communication link and an interface may be implemented to support proper communications between the input device and the host computer or device. Generally, each of the input device and the host computer/device includes appropriate software and hardware, for the communication link and interface.
- For example, a typical desktop or laptop computer may have a keyboard and a pointing device for a user to input data or commands for controlling or operating the computer. Examples of the pointing device for computers include a mouse, a touch pad, a trackball, and a pointing stick (IBM laptops). In addition to keyboards and pointing devices, examples of some other user input devices include joysticks and game pads for computers and microprocessor-based game machines, control units for other microprocessor-based devices. In general, a user uses an input button, a control stick, one key or a key combination, or a combination thereof to input data or a command. Circuitry in the input device converts the input data or command into a proper form for transmitting to the computer or device.
- Such an input device generally uses a particular communication link to transmit the input data or command to the computer or device; An input device may be a wireless input device using a wireless communication link or a wired link using an electrical cable. Input devices with wired links may be implemented based on the PS/2 keyboard interface, the USB 1.0 and USB 2.0 interfaces, and other interfaces. The wireless communication link may be implemented by a radiation transmitter to send the input to a corresponding radiation receiver at the computer or device. Many wireless input devices use RF radiation links based on different radio interfaces such as IEEE 802.5.14 for low speed links and wireless USB 2.0 and IEEE 1394 for relatively high speed links. Some of these wired or wireless input devices may use the Human Interface Device (HID) protocol over wired or wireless USB links or other non-USB communication links.
- Wireless input devices beneficially increase the flexibility of the interaction between a user and a host computer in that no wired connection is required with the host computer. However, given that a wired connection generally provides a source of power for an input device, wireless input devices are required to be self-powered (e.g., battery-powered). Unfortunately, batteries used to power existing wireless input devices typically last for a period of time significantly less than the useful life of such devices. As a consequence, the convenience and value of such devices are diminished as a consequence of the need for regular battery replacement.
- Existing wireless input devices are also frequently of limited range and the wireless link established for communication with the host computer is often rather unreliable and/or exhibits a high latency. In addition, such wireless links are often relatively insecure and thus susceptible to eavesdropping or unauthorized monitoring.
- This invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
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FIG. 1 is a diagram of a computer system of the present invention incorporating a wireless input interface; -
FIG. 2 is a diagram of the layered architecture of the present invention for the wireless unit contained in the host computer; -
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the wireless unit of the present invention; -
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the present invention depicting an exemplary embodiment of the wireless unit; -
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the present invention depicting an exemplary embodiment of the wireless unit; -
FIG. 6 is an event trace diagram of the present invention for mouse sleep sequence; -
FIG. 7 is an event trace diagram of the present invention for mouse sleep sequence with lost messages; -
FIG. 8 is an event trace diagram of the present invention for enabling of the transmitter/receiver within the RF units; -
FIG. 9 is a state transition diagram of the present invention demonstrating the manner in which the data rate and channel of the wireless unit are changed; -
FIG. 10 is an event trace diagram of the present invention for normal keyboard sequence; -
FIG. 11 is shown a computer system of the present invention; -
FIG. 12 is an event trace diagram of the present invention demonstrating the messages exchanged during a pairing operation; -
FIG. 13 is a state transition diagram of the present invention; -
FIG. 14 is a flowchart of the present invention of a carrier sense/clear channel assessment procedure; -
FIG. 15 is a flowchart of the procedure for dynamically adjusting the CCA threshold level used by the RF unit; -
FIG. 16 is a high-level flow diagram representative of a general approach to interference handling consistent with the present invention; -
FIG. 17 is a flow diagram of the present invention for the method in which a host transceiver converts between HDR and MDR modes; -
FIG. 18 is a flow diagram of the present invention for the method in which a device transceiver converts between operations within the HDR and MDR modes; -
FIG. 19 is a timing diagram of the present invention for the transition of the host transceiver into and out of “awake” and “sleep state” operation; -
FIG. 20 is a state transition diagram of the present invention for operation of the host transceiver when in Suspend mode; -
FIG. 21 is a state transition diagram of the present invention depicting the modifications to the messaging protocol of the mouse transceiver upon entry of the host transceiver into Suspend mode; -
FIG. 22 is a high-level diagram of the present invention showing the incorporation of EEPROM in the wireless transceivers; -
FIG. 23 is a flow diagram of the present invention for the inclusion of a patch EEPROM in the wireless transceivers; and -
FIG. 24 is a flow diagram of the present invention for substituting a new function for a default function. - Turning now to
FIG. 1 , acomputer system 100 incorporating a wireless input interface in accordance with the invention includes ahost computer 102, awireless keyboard 104 and a wireless pointing device or “mouse” 106. As illustrated inFIG. 1 , thewireless keyboard 104 and thewireless mouse 106 are in communication with thehost computer 102 overwireless communication links host computer 102 includes or is attached to awireless unit 112 through which thecommunication links wireless unit 114 within thewireless keyboard 114 and awireless unit 116 of thewireless mouse 106. Thewireless unit 112 may be built into the chassis of thehost computer 102 or added as an external peripheral device in the form of, for example, a “dongle”. As an external peripheral device, thewireless unit 112 may either be interfaced to thecomputer 102 through a wired USB connection or by other available means such as the PS/2 keyboard connector. - During operation of the
system 100, the wireless keyboard .104 and thewireless mouse 106 interact with thehost computer 102 viawireless communication links wireless unit 112 receives keystroke and other data originating from thewireless keyboard 104 and thewireless mouse 106 overwireless communication links host computer 102 in such a way that thehost computer 102 is unaware of the existence of thewireless links - As is described hereinafter, the
wireless units communication links wireless keyboard 104 andwireless mouse 106 will generally be battery powered devices, minimization of power consumption will typically be a primary design consideration. As a consequence, thewireless units wireless keyboard 104 and thewireless mouse 106 are disposed to cycle among various power-saving modes so as to conserve battery power and thereby substantially reduce the frequency of required battery replacement operations. -
FIG. 2 illustratively represents a view of the layeredarchitecture 200 of thewireless unit 112, it being understood that in the exemplary embodiment thewireless units FIG. 2 may be realized in hardware, firmware, or as software instructions stored on a computer-readable medium. Referring toFIG. 2 , theunit 112 is seen to include aphysical layer 204, a media access control (MAC)layer 208, and adevice interface layer 212. As shown, thephysical layer 204 interfaces with anantenna element 220. - The
device interface layer 212 may be implemented as any known interface permitting thewireless unit 112 to interface with thehost computer 102. Such a known interface may be designed to support communications between thehost computer 102 and thewireless unit 112 in accordance with a standard communications protocol. For example, thedevice interface 212 may by designed to serve as a USB; PS2 or GPIO interface. - As is described below, the
MAC layer 208 serves to control access to thewireless communication links MAC layer 208 is responsible for enabling data to be transferred between thedevice interface 212 and thephysical layer 204, and vice-versa. As shown, a portion of the functions associated with theMAC layer 208 in the exemplary embodiment are carried out by baseband hardware 260, but this is certainly not required. Thephysical layer 204 may comprise any structure or collection of elements functioning to transmit and receive bits of data over thewireless communication links physical layer 204 includes aradio interface portion 250, which represents the registers and signals that are used to transfer messages between thephysical layer 204 and theMAC layer 208. One potential implementation of thephysical layer 204 is described in, for example, the above-referenced provisional application filed on even date herewith. -
FIG. 3 illustratively represents a block diagram of thewireless unit 112 ofFIG. 1 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. As shown, the wireless unit 112 (also referred to herein as the host transceiver 112) includes aCPU 302 that is coupled via a CPU bus (not. shown) toROM 304,RAM 306, amodem 308,baseband hardware 309, wake-uplogic 310,USB 312, and an input/output (I/O)module 316. The wakeup logic in the host device, although it is not generally required in this application, is an integral part of the logic implementation, which is the same in both the computer and peripheral input device. Also shown coupled to themodem 308 is anRF unit 314, which is coupled to anantenna 220. Apower interface portion 330 provides power regulation to both analog and digital components of thehost transceiver 112. In one embodiment, thehost transceiver 112 is realized as a single system-on-chip IC with protocol stack and application software being integrated in built-in mask ROM, but this is certainly not required. - In the exemplary embodiment, when the
host transceiver 112 is transmitting information to one of thewireless devices baseband hardware 309. Themodem 308 then receives and encodes (e.g., with differential binary phase shift key (BPSK) encoding) the formatted, encrypted and CRC protected information before it is up-converted for transmission by theRF portion 314. - When receiving a signal from one of the
devices RF unit 314 down converts the received signal to an intermediate frequency (IF), and converts the IF frequency signal to a digital IF signal. Themodem 308 then decodes the digital IF signal and checks the CRC to regenerate the original encrypted information, which is then decrypted by thebaseband hardware 309. - With respect to transmitting and receiving data, the
modem 308 in the exemplary embodiment has four different modes: a high data rate (HDR) mode; a medium data rate (MDR) mode; a low data rate (LDR) mode and a spread mode. The HDR mode is the default mode, which can provide 150 kbps data transmission. The data rates for the MDR, LDR and spread mode are 30 kbps, 10 kbps and 13.64 kbps respectively. As described further herein, spread mode is used when there is interference from similar wireless device(s) (e.g., other host and device transceivers), and MDR is used when there is strong interference (e.g., narrow-band interference) such as from citizen band (CB) radio. - In the exemplary embodiment, the
host transceiver 112 is able to detect interference and switch to appropriate modes automatically. As a consequence, thehost transceiver 112 provides highly reliable wireless data transfers even in an environment with multiple other wireless users. In the exemplary embodiment, the LDR mode is for European compliance purposes and may be omitted in transceivers intended for non-European markets. The data transmission rates of the exemplary embodiment (i.e., 150 kbps, 30 kbps, 10 kbps and 13.64), are more than sufficient for typical manual input devices (e.g., thekeyboard 104 and mouse 106), with very little or no perceptible latency. - The
RF portion 314 in the exemplary embodiment operates to transmit and receive signals in accordance with the operating mode (i.e., the HDR, MDR, LDR and spread mode) of themodem 308. In MDR mode for example, theRF portion 314 supports multiple selectable transmit frequencies so data may be selectively transmitted over a frequency channel that is substantially free from a strong narrowband interferer such as a citizens band (CB) radio. - In the exemplary embodiment, the I/
O unit 316 of thehost transceiver 112 is programmable to allow general-purpose I/O pins (not shown) of thehost transceiver 112 to be selectively dedicated to a variety of interface communication protocols for communication with thehost computer 102. As shown inFIG. 3 for example, theUO unit 312 is programmable so as to allow the following five I/O communication protocols to be selectively used with the general-purpose I/O pins: a general purpose input/output (GPIO) 318, an intelligent interface controller (I2C)path 320, a universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter interface (UART) 322, aUSB interface 324 and a bidirectional synchronous serial interface (PS/2) 326. - The I2C interface 320 is a two-wire, bi-directional serial bus which” provides a simple method of data exchange between devices. In the exemplary embodiment, the I2C interface is used for downloading executable programs from external EEPROM to RAM 306 (e.g., to change functionality of certain aspects of the host transceiver), and/or reading configuration parameters that are stored in external EEPROM. In one embodiment, (e.g., when CPU clock is 12 MHz) the clock speed for the I2C interface is software programmable from 200 Hz to 400 KHz (When CPU clock is 12 MHz). The
host transceiver 112 may either be selected (e.g., via software) to be a master or a slave device. - The
UART interconnect 322 provides serial communications between the host transceiver and terminal equipment (e.g., the host computer 102). In one embodiment, the baud rate is software programmable from 250 bps to 330 Kbps. The universal Serial Bus (USB)interface 324 is a personal computer (PC) interconnect that can support simultaneous attachment of multiple devices. TheUSB module 312 in the present embodiment is realized by dedicated hardware and includes a USB function controller (not shown) and a full speed (12 Mb/s) USB transceiver (not shown). The PS/2interface 326 is a two-wire (DATA, CLOCK), bi-directional synchronous serial interface. The PS/2interface 326 in one embodiment includes two PS/2 interfaces: one for communications with thekeyboard 104 and the other for communications with themouse 106. - In one embodiment, dedicated hardware in the
host transceiver 112 is associated with one or more of the above described communication protocols. Although it is not necessary to dedicate hardware for I/O communications, latency may be substantially reduced over alternative CPU-driven software implementations. - Referring next to
FIG. 4 , shown is a block diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of thewireless unit 114 ofFIG. 1 . As shown, the wireless unit 114 (also referred to herein as the keyboard transceiver 114) includes aCPU 402 that is coupled toROM 404,RAM 406, amodem 408,baseband hardware 409,RF unit 414 and an I/O module 416, which in the exemplary embodiment, are substantially the same as the corresponding functional components within thehost transceiver 112. Also shown are wake-uplogic portion 410 and akeyboard scan module 412. - As shown, four exemplary communication protocols are available for the
keyboard transceiver 114 to communicate with other devices: a general-purpose input/output (GPIO) 418, an intelligent interface controller (I2C)path 420, a universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter interface (UART) 422, and akeyboard interface 424. These protocols and interfaces are made available to support various design options for the keyboard. - The
keyboard interface 424 in one embodiment is realized with 20 GPIO ports that are dedicated to 20 corresponding columns of a keyboard's bare key switch contacts and 8 GPIO ports that are dedicated to 8 corresponding rows of the keyboard's bare key switch contacts. In addition, three optional high-drive open-drain outputs support up to three LED devices on the keyboard. In this embodiment, the I/O module 416 is programmed to switch the 28 GPIO ports dedicated to the keyboard to thekeyboard scan module 412. - The
keyboard scan module 412 detects key presses and releases by receiving inputs from thekeyboard interface 424 and performing debouncing and rollover handling. Debouncing is performed by keeping an image of the keyboard state in memory for the last N1 (e.g., three) scan cycles. In the exemplary embodiment, thekeyboard scan module 412 does not report a state change until it persists for N1 scan cycles (the scan rate is approximately N2 (e.g., four) milliseconds per scan). As a consequence, the debounce time is approximately N1*N2 milliseconds. In one embodiment, the values of N1 and N2 may be changed via thehost transceiver 112 by updating EEPROM of thehost transceiver 112 with new values. Thehost transceiver 112 then sends the updated information to thekeyboard transceiver 114 in a configuration message when communication is established with thehost transceiver 112. - In operation, each time a key press or release is detected, the
keyboard scan module 412 provides key code (i.e., column and row) information to theCPU 402, and theCPU 402 generates a message indicating the row and column. The message with row and column information is than transmitted from thekeyboard transceiver 114 to thehost transceiver 112. Thehost transceiver 112 receives the message and then maps the row and column data into key codes, macros, or special functions. - After a period of inactivity, the
CPU 402 instructs the wake-uplogic portion 410, as described further herein, to place thekeyboard transceiver 114 in a sleep mode. The wake-uplogic portion 410, in combination with thepower interface 430, then effectively shuts down theCPU 402 by depriving it of a ‘clock signal. In addition, a scan oscillator (not shown) in thekeyboard scan module 412 is also deactivated so that thekeyboard scan module 412 no longer carries out the keyboard scanning described above. Instead, the row inputs to thekeyboard scan module 412 are logically ORed together so that any key-press will trigger thekeyboard scan module 412 to restart the scanning process. - When the keyboard scan module 412 (operating in sleep mode) detects a key press, it sends a key press notification signal to the wake-up
logic portion 410, which in combination with thepower interface 430, brings thekeyboard transceiver 114 out of sleep mode by reactivating the clock signal to theCPU 402. Additional details of communications between thekeyboard transceiver 114. and thehost transceiver 112 when thekeyboard transceiver 114 enters and exits sleep mode are described in the above-referenced provisional application filed on even date herewith. - Referring next to
FIG. 5 , shown is a block diagram depicting an exemplary embodiment of thewireless unit 116 ofFIG. 1 . As shown, the wireless unit 116 (also referred to herein as the mouse transceiver 116) includes aCPU 502 that is coupled toROM 504,RAM 506, amodem 508,baseband hardware 509,RF unit 514, and the I/O module 516, which in the exemplary embodiment, are substantially the same as the corresponding functional components within thekeyboard transceiver 114. Also coupled to theCPU 502 is a wake-uplogic portion 510, which is in communication with amouse scan module 512. - As shown, four exemplary communication protocols are available for the
mouse transceiver 114 to communicate with other devices: a general-purpose input/output (GPIO) 518, an intelligent interface controller (I2C)path 520, a universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter interface (UART) 522, and amouse interface 524. These protocols and interfaces are made available to support various design options for the mouse. - In the exemplary embodiment, the
mouse transceiver 116 receives, via amouse interface 524, motion signals frommouse motion transducer 510, which is configured and positioned within thewireless mouse 106 to convert motion of thewireless mouse 106 into the motion signals. - Advantageously, the configuration of the
mouse interface 524 in this embodiment is selectable to conform to the communication protocol of themouse motion transducer 524, which may vary depending . upon the manufacturer and the type of technology (e.g., mechanical or optical position tracking) utilized by thewireless mouse 106. Specifically, the I/O module 516 is programmable so that GPIO pins of the mouse transceiver 116 (not shown) are, dedicated for communications in accordance with the protocols utilized by thewireless mouse 106. - In one embodiment for example, the
mouse interface 524 is configured to communicate as an optical mouse interface according to a secure digital I/O communication protocol (SDIO), which uses an I2C-like read/write sequencing scheme in which themouse transceiver 116 operates as the master and thewireless mouse 106 as the slave. This configuration may be used, for example, to communicate with Agilent™ wireless mouse devices with SDIO interface capability including Agilent™ device No. ADNS-2030. - In another embodiment, the
mouse interface 524 is configured to communicate as an optical mouse interface according to serial peripheral interface (SPI) protocols. In this embodiment, themouse interface 524 includes four signals: a clock (CLK), a slave output (SO), a slave input (SI) and a slave select (CS), and themouse transceiver 116 operates as the master while an optical sensor in themouse 106 operates as the slave. - When the
wireless mouse 106 utilizes mechanical position tracking technology, themouse interface 524 includes one pair of quadrature signals for each of the X, Y, and Z axes, wherein the X and Y axes are associated with the translational movement of thewireless mouse 106 and the Z-axis is associated with movement of a roller ball of thewireless mouse 106. - In the exemplary embodiment, the
mouse scan module 512 operates in either a mechanical mode or an optical mode depending upon whether thewireless mouse 106 utilizes mechanical or optical position tracking. When operative in the mechanical mode, a single-axis state machine of a type described in the above-referenced. copending patent application is executed by themouse scan module 512 with respect to each of three perpendicular directional axes (i.e., the X, Y and Z axes). Operation in the mechanical mode also relies upon a button press detector (not shown), which preferably implements “debouncing” in the same manner as was described above with reference to thekeyboard scan module 512. Although the button press detector operates substantially identically in the mechanical and optical modes, in the exemplary embodiment themouse scan module 512 does not execute state machines during operation in the optical mode. Instead, themouse scan module 512 sends serial messages to thewireless mouse 106 and receives back position difference information or “deltas”. These position deltas replace the counter values utilized during mechanical mode operation within the mouse position reports generated by themouse scan module 512. - As mentioned above with reference to
FIG. 2 , theMAC layer 208 is responsible for formatting messages conveyed by theMAC layer 208 to and from thedevice interface 212 and thephysical layer 204. This aspect of theMAC layer 208 may be appreciated with reference toFIGS. 6, 7 and 10, which are event trace diagrams representative of various messages exchanged between thehost wireless unit 112 and the keyboard/mouse wireless units - Referring initially to
FIG. 10 , an event trace diagram 1000 is provided which depicts the message sequences associated with normal operation of the keyboard/mouse wireless units FIG. 10 also illustrates a message sequence between themouse wireless unit 116 and thehost wireless unit 112 in the case in which a message sent by themouse wireless unit 116 is lost or corrupted and re-transmitted. - Turning now to
FIG. 6 , there is shown an event trace diagram 600 representative of an event sequence pursuant to which thewireless unit 116 for thewireless mouse 106 transitions into and out of sleep state under the control of itsMAC layer 208. In the case in which thewireless unit 116 is awakened due to expiration of this time-out interval, the counters associated with each of the three directional axes are compared against a predefined value (e.g., 2). If none of the counters exceed this threshold, the time-out is restarted and sleep resumed; otherwise, a mouse report message is sent to thehost transceiver 112 and these counters are reset to zero. As is shown inFIG. 6 , once receipt of this mouse report message is acknowledged by thehost transceiver 112, thewireless unit 116 returns to sleep state. If an acknowledgment is not received, the mouse report message is discarded and thewireless unit 116 returns to sleep state. -
FIG. 7 illustrates, in a manner similar toFIG. 6 , an event trace diagram 700 which represents an event sequence pursuant to which thewireless unit 116 for thewireless mouse 106 transitions into and out of sleep state under the control of itsMAC layer 208 in the case in which messages are lost between thehost wireless unit 112 and thewireless unit 116. - Consistent with the invention, the
MAC layer 208 is also responsible for the overall transfer of data between thedevice interface 212 and thephysical layer 204 and controls the transition of theapplicable wireless unit MAC layer 208 of a given wireless unit is disposed to govern its transition among sleep, listen, backoff and pending states in the manner described hereinafter. - Turning now to
FIG. 13 , there is shown a state transition diagram 1300 representative of the manner in which transitions are made between the various states of a state machine executed. by the MAC layer *208. In general, whenever one of thewireless units such unit MAC layer 208 checks the CRC to decide if the message is valid. A message received from the host wireless unit 112 (other than an ACK only) is acknowledged immediately. This acknowledgement may, but need not be, accompanied by data intended for thehost wireless unit 112. If awireless unit host wireless unit 112 is disposed to acknowledge the new data. - As is indicated by
FIG. 13 , if data is sent by awireless unit wireless unit wireless keyboard 104 or wireless mouse 106) and thehost computer 102, and (ii) an allowance for processing time. In this regard an ACK time-out period of approximately 1.2 ms has been found to be appropriate for a number of anticipated implementations. It is observed that the time-out values described herein as being associated with theMAC layer 208, including the above-described ACK time-out period, are dependent upon the data rate used for the relevant transmission. In particular, the values provided herein assume operation in a the HDR mode (i.e., 150 kb/s) discussed above. For transmissions occurring during operation in the MDR mode (i.e., 30 kb/s), the provided timeout values should be quintupled. Finally, the provided timeout values should be multiplied by a factor of 15 in connection with operation in the LDR mode (i.e., 10 kb/s). - In the exemplary embodiment the BACKOFF timeout is randomized between wireless units. Such randomization may be effected by, for example, utilizing the device ID of the applicable wireless unit in generating the period of the BACKOFF timeout. If a wireless unit is required’ to delay for the period of an additional BACKOFF timeout in connection with a given transmission, the duration of the BACKOFF timeout may be increased linearly in accordance with the device ID. Specifically, in an embodiment where N corresponds to the number of consecutive ACK timeouts for a given data packet, and IDMx is the device ID of the transmitting wireless unit, the duration of the BACKOFF timeout is given as BACKOFFmin+(N*f(IDx)). In this embodiment BACKOFFmin is approximately 0.5 ms, and f(IDx) is chosen such that the average extension per consecutive BACKOFF timeout increases by approximately 1 ms.
- In order to avoid or minimize any confusion resulting from retransmission of the same data, each message preferably contains a one-bit “transmit sequence number” which is incremented (toggled) for each new transmission and maintained the same for a retransmission. To avoid similar difficulties from arising in connection with lost acknowledgements, a one-bit “receive sequence number” is incremented whenever a new packet is acknowledged by a wireless unit. This bit indicates the sequence number expected in the next packet from the transmitting wireless unit, and thus effectively serves as an acknowledgment of receipt of the prior packet. In other words, if a wireless unit successfully receives a packet numbered “zero”, the receive sequence number is set to “1” in the next packet sent by such wireless unit. This receive sequence number of “1” is repeated in subsequent transmissions from the wireless interface device until it successfully receives another packet, which should have a transmit sequence number of “1”.
- In the case in which a first host/device wireless unit sends a packet of sequence “1” which is not received by a second device/host wireless unit, the receipt by the first wireless unit of a packet of receive sequence “1” (or an ACK timeout) transmitted by the second wireless unit indicates to the first wireless unit that its transmission of the sequence “1” packet was not received and it retransmits this packet. If, on the other hand, the packet of sequence “1” transmitted by the first wireless unit is received by the second wireless unit but the acknowledgment which it transmits is lost en route to the first wireless unit, the first wireless unit will either time out the acknowledgement (and retransmit) or receive another packet, which includes an acknowledgment in the form of the correct sequence number. However, any retransmission by the first wireless unit will generally be unnecessary, since the duplicate sequence number will be detected by the second wireless unit upon receipt of the retransmitted packet and the message re-acknowledged (and the duplicate, retransmitted packet discarded).
- In the event that more than three retransmissions of a packet occur, in one embodiment the communication link between the applicable host/device wireless units is reset (i.e., the send sequence number and the receive sequence number are both set to “0”). Upon receipt of a valid reset message, the receiving wireless unit acknowledges it with a packet of receive sequence number “1” and send sequence number “0”. It is observed that the term “three retransmissions” is intended to indicate that a set of three retransmissions of an original message have occurred, which results in the occurrence of four ACK timeouts and three BACKOFF timeouts. In one embodiment this consumes an average of approximately (4*1.2)+(3*(0.5+1)) ms or 9.3 ms, depending on the device ID. This interval provides a basis for the 10 ms duration of the LISTEN timeout, which is described below.
- The receipt of an ACK by a host/device wireless unit concludes a present transaction between such unit and the device/host wireless unit with which it is in communication. In the absence of any new messages to transmit, the
wireless unit 112 listens for unsolicited (random access) messages from thewireless units wireless units mouse wireless unit host wireless unit 112 retransmits the previously received message following expiration of the ACK timeout period. If the keyboard/mouse wireless unit host wireless unit 112 and thehost wireless unit 112 will be unaware that its message has been successfully received. In view of this possibility, the keyboard/mouse wireless unit host wireless unit 112. As noted above, in one embodiment any message/acknowledgement transaction should complete in less than approximately 10 ms. Therefore, when a keyboard/mouse wireless unit host wireless unit 112 will be received by the keyboard/mouse wireless unit - In the exemplary embodiment, packets transmitted by the keyboard/
mouse wireless unit -
- 1. Short and long preamble sequences (16 bits)
- 2. Transmit sequence number (1 bit)
- 3. Receive sequence number (1 bit)
- 4. Data present (=0)/acknowledgement only (=1) (1 bit)
- 5. Reserved bits set to zero (1 bit)
- 6. Device indication (3 bits, 0=keyboard, 1=mouse, other values reserved for future use)
- 7. Mouse or keyboard data (24 bits) All zeros reserved as reset indication
- 8. 8 bitCRC over the entire message excluding preamble.
TABLE I Format for packet sent from keyboard/mouse transceiver Header Payload PL- Device Header- MAC Payload Preamble T R ACE RSV Length Indicator CRC MAC Payload CRC CRC 16 1 1 1 1 7 3 8 0-(27 − 1) * 8 16 -
TABLE II Format for packet sent from keyboard/mouse transceiver (no payload case) Header PL- Device Preamble T R ACE RSV Length Indicator Header-CRC 16 1 1 1 1 7 3 8 -
TABLE III Format for packet sent from host transceiver (payload case) Header PL- Device Payload Preamble T R ACK RSV Length Indicator Header-CRC MAC Payload CRC 16 1 1 1 1 7 3 8 0-(27 − 1) * 8 16 - As was mentioned above, the radio interface 250 (
FIG. 2 ) is representative of the set of registers and signals used in transferring messages between baseband hardware 260 within theMAC layer 208 and the remainder of each wireless unit. In the exemplary embodiment the baseband hardware 260 within the keyboard/mouse wireless units RF units - In the exemplary embodiment the
radio interface 250 within the keyboard/mouse wireless units RF unit RF unit RF unit RF unit RF unit 414, 415, (vii) selection of the channel used within theRF unit 414, 415, (viii) control of output power of the transmitter within theRF unit 414, 415, (ix) setting the long sequence of the receiver within theRF unit 414, 415, and (x) setting the long sequence of the destination wireless’ unit within the transmitter of theRF unit 414, 415. - Referring to
FIG. 8 , an event trace diagram 800 depicts the enabling of the transmitter/receiver within theRF units MAC layer 208. As is indicated byFIG. 8 , when thewireless unit RF unit - Message Transmission
- In the exemplary embodiment the
MAC layer 208 initiates the sending of a message by loading the body of the message into a set of registers within theradio interface 250 and signaling “send” to the baseband hardware 260. In particular; prior to asserting “send” theMAC layer 208 loads the following information into registers within the radio interface 250: - 1. Long sequence of destination (16 bits)
- 2. Header (8 bits)
- 3. Pointer to message (16 bits)
- 4. Power Level (2 bits)
- 5. Data Rate (1 bit)
- 6. Channel (3 bits)
- 7. Length of message (which asserts “send”).
The “long sequence” is a 16 bit, bit sequence that is generated from the unit's 11-bit device ID. By expanding the number of bits used to represent the ID, it is possible to distinguish between valid ID's received without bit errors and ID that are invalid because a bit error occurred during transmission. The “header” (8 bits) comprise, transmit and receive sequence number bits, the “ACK only” bit, two zero bits, and the 3-bit device type The “power level” is the RF transmitter's power level. It can be adjusted with four possible settings. Higher power for better range and reduced bit errors, lower power to conserved battery life. - Prior to initiating the process of sending a message, the
MAC layer 208 calculates the proper long sequence of the destination device by writing the device ID of such device into a register within the radio interface and reading back the long sequence. In the case of thehost wireless unit 112, theMAC layer 208 is configured to track both of the keyboard/mouse wireless units MAC layer 208 of thehost wireless unit 112 also calculates a long sequence for the pairing device ID when theunit 112 is operative in a dynamic pairing (DP) mode (discussed below). - When “send” is asserted, the baseband hardware 260 continues the transmission process by sending the short sequence, which is a predetermined fixed training sequence used to bit synchronize the receiving modem to the transmitting modem, the specified long sequence, followed by the header and the body of the message itself If the header specifies a device type of keyboard, the message portion is encrypted prior to transmission. Finally, the CRC is appended to the transmission.
- Message Reception
- Upon enabling of the receiver of the
RF unit mouse wireless unit MAC layer 208 calculates its “own” long sequence by writing the device ID of the applicable keyboard/mouse wireless unit radio interface 250. Except during pairing (discussed below), this need only be done once; during pairing, the reserved pairing device ID is instead written to theradio interface 250. TheMAC layer 208 also sets a message pointer register (16 bits) in order to inform the baseband hardware 260 of the location in which the received message should be placed. - Once a matching long sequence is detected, the baseband hardware 260 receives the ensuing header and message into a header register and a message buffer (not shown), respectively. In the host wireless transceiver unit 1.12, the message is first decrypted if the header specifies a device type of keyboard. The baseband hardware 260 then checks the received CRC. If the CRC is valid, it asserts “data ready” to the
MAC layer 208. Conversely, the baseband hardware 260 must not present data (i.e., assert “data ready”) to theMAC layer 208 if the CRC is invalid, although the data may already be present within the message buffer. TheMAC layer 208 is configured to respond as quickly as possible to the receipt of a data message with a message in the reverse direction indicating acknowledgement. - Data Rate Selection
- As was mentioned above, except where prohibited by regulation communication occurs between wireless units in the HDR mode (i.e., at 150 kb/s) by default. In order to provide more robustness in the presence of severe interference, the applicable RF units are capable of falling back to operation in the MDR mode (i.e., 30 kb/s). In the exemplary embodiment, 5 channels are available for hopping during operation in the MDR mode. In European jurisdictions, the LDR mode is employed in order to comply with the pertinent regulations. Fallback from operation in the HDR mode to the MDR mode and channel selection are controlled by the
MAC layer 208. This control is facilitated by a received signal strength indication (“RSSI”) provided by the RF unit, which is asserted in the presence of strong interference within the frequency bands of interest. - Turning now to
FIG. 9 , there is shown a state transition diagram 900 representative of the manner in which theMAC layer 208 changes the data rate and channel of the wireless unit in which it is disposed. In the exemplary embodiment the data rate and channel of the RF unit of a wireless interface device are changed, if necessary, immediately prior to transmission of a data packet. These changes are based upon the current RSSI status and the success or failure of the previous transmission by the RF unit. When a change in channel is required, the channel sequence followed is 0-3-1-4-2-0. It has been found that adhering to a fixed sequence of this type minimizes the searching required to re-locate a partner wireless unit following a channel change. Since an interfering signal may straddle adjacent channels, it is desirable to avoid hopping to an adjacent channel; and the sequence above (and its mirror in time) is the only such sequence which prevents this from occurring. - As is indicated by
FIG. 9 , during operation at the medium rate the selected channel is only changed in response to link failure (which presumably. occurs due to interference). Since thehost wireless unit 112 rarely initiates a transaction with a keyboard/mouse wireless unit 114, 116 (i.e., most data traffic is inbound to the unit 112), while operative in medium rate mode it is possible for it to “sit” on a bad channel as it is unlikely to receive information indicating that the channel is bad. In order to avoid this situation, thehost wireless unit 112 is configured to change channels every 1 to 2 seconds during operation in medium rate mode. Since each keyboard/mouse wireless unit wireless unit 114 of thekeyboard 104, the ACK timeout will cause it to reset encryption; accordingly, thehost wireless unit 112 must likewise do so. - Referring again to
FIG. 9 , during operation of a wireless unit at the low data rate it is seen that the selected channel changes after each successful transmission. During operation at both the low and medium data rates, the channel number is reset to zero whenever the communication link is established; otherwise, whenever a transition to the medium data rate occurs, the channel last used is selected. This approach is intended to maintain channel synchronization between the wireless units at either end of the communication link. Except during operation in low data rate mode, in exemplary embodiments hardware encryption is reset whenever the channel or rate is changed; this will generally be preceded by a link reset message exchange in order to ensure timing synchronization. - Device Message Format
- Referring now to Table IV below, descriptions are provided of the messages transmitted from the keyboard/
mouse wireless units host wireless unit 112, and vice-versa As may be appreciated by reference to Table IV, each device message contains a payload of 24 bits. The bits in each message payload are utilized as follows: - Mouse report: 5 bits indicating the state of the buttons, and 6 bits for each of 3 axes containing the delta position in that axis since the last report. MS (most significant) bit is always 1.
- Keyboard report: 1 bit indicating key pressed or released, 5 bits specifying the column of the keypress, and 3 bits specifying the row. The MS bit of the report is always 0. If a scroller is present, motion is reported as if the scroller were a mouse axis in a separate field. This message is always encrypted.
- Reset request: This message is comprised of all zeros. The wireless keyboard does not encrypt this message, since it is sent when the keyboard and transceiver may be out of synchronization.
- Pairing accept: MS bits=010, LS (least significant) bits contain device ID.
- GPIO data: MS bits=011, middle byte specifies group, low byte specifies value. The section below concerning “GPIO Pins” includes additional pertinent information.
TABLE IV DIRECTION Format (MSb <---> LSb, 24 bits) Host < >Dev NAME DESCRIPTION 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 <---> Link Reset MAC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Reset layer resync ---> Device Reset device 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Reset state (keys down, etc.) ---> Shutdown Go to sleep 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 ---> KeepAlive Poll 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 ---> Test Enter test 0 0 0 1 0 Test Number Test Parameter mode <--- Keyboard Report 0 0 1 0 0 Scroller Motion Up/Dn Row Column Report Keypress/ (if present) release N/A N/ A Future use 0 0 1 1 Undefined <---> Pairing request/ 0 1 0 0 0 Sender Device ID accept ---> Optical Write mouse 0 1 0 1 0 Register # Data Mouse register <---> GPIO Read/ write 0 1 1 0 0 R/W Group Value GPIO pins (to device, value to TxRx) ---> ConfigSet Write config. 0 1 1 1 0 Register # Data parameter <--- Mouse Report 1 Btn State <->4 0 X Motion Y Motion Z Motion Report buttons/ motion - The
wireless units mouse wireless unit host wireless unit 112 at pairing time. Also at pairing time, the keyboard/mouse wireless unit host wireless unit 112, which is used on all transmissions from the keyboard/mouse wireless unit - The OOB mode is intended for consumer usage environments in which multiple devices are unlikely to be located closely together. This mode does not require performance of a pairing process, and thus a keyboard/
mouse wireless unit wireless keyboard 104 orwireless mouse 106 in which it is disposed. In this mode, allmouse wireless units 114 use the same fixed ID code, and allkeyboard wireless units 116 share a single (different) fixed ID code. - As may be appreciated from the above, each
wireless unit wireless unit - Whenever a message is transmitted a
wireless unit wireless transceiver unit 112 does not possess a priori knowledge of the device ID of the keyboard/mouse wireless unit mouse wireless unit host wireless unit 112. This operation is performed following each loss of power within the keyboard/mouse wireless unit 114, 116 (e.g., whenever the batteries of aunit - In one embodiment of the OOB mode, each transceiver is identified by a predefined address. Specifically, a host transceiver is assigned TR-DEFAULT as an address, a keyboard transceiver is assigned KB-DEFAULT as an address, and a mouse is assigned M-DEFAULT as an address. Following completion of a successful pairing operation between a host and device transceiver, the paired transceivers will have unique addresses. In addition, in this embodiment a host transceiver assumes its unique address when communicating with a paired device transceiver. However, the host transceiver will continue to use TR-DEFAULT during communication with unpaired device transceivers.
- In the case in which patch EEPROM is included within the host/device transceivers, in one embodiment all will have unique addresses. In the case in which the host/device transceivers lack an EEPROM, in one embodiment the host transceiver uses the preamble corresponding to the TR-DEFAULT address. In the case in which the host/device transceivers include an EEPROM, the host transceiver uses the preamble corresponding to its unique address.
-
FIG. 12 is an event trace diagram 1200 representative of the messages exchanged during a pairing operation involving a keyboard/mouse wireless unit 114, 116 (a “device”) and. thehost wireless unit 112. As shown, the pairing operation is initiated by the manual push of a predefined button of thehost wireless unit 112 followed by the pressing of a predefined button of thekeyboard 104 ormouse 106 associated with the device within a few seconds. When thehost wireless unit 112 is incorporated within a dongle (not shown) attached to thehost PC 102, a dedicated button may be provided on the dongle for use during pairing. Success of the pairing operation is evidenced by proper operation of the device (e.g., by keystrokes or mouse clicks being processed by the host PC following receipt’ by the host wireless unit 112). If the pairing operation fails, both sides continue to attempt to pair until success or expiration of a predefned number of attempts (e.g. 1000). If the timeout period expires, the device goes to sleep until the pairing button of thekeyboard 104 ormouse 106 associated with the device is pushed again. - As is indicated by
FIG. 12 , when the predefined button activating pairing operation of thehost wireless unit 112 is pressed, thehost wireless unit 112 begins transmitting “pairing request” messages which contain the transceiver ID code of thehost wireless unit 112 and which are addressed to a reserved ID code (e.g., all “1s”). When the predefined button of thekeyboard 104 ormouse 106 attached to the device is pressed, the device temporarily assumes the reserved ID and listens for pairing requests from thehost wireless unit 112. If the device successfully receives a request, it responds with an ACK containing a “pairing accept” message to the transceiver ID code. This message contains the actual device ID code of the transmitting device. - The
host wireless unit 112, between issuing pairing request messages, listens for incoming messages. If it receives a pairing accept message from the device, it remembers the ID code of its new partner and acknowledges it. Once, the acknowledgement is received at the device, the device assumes its “rear’ identity; that is, it begins sending and receiving messages on the basis of its actual device ID. Once the device has assumed its actual identity, it transmits a reset message to thehost wireless unit 112. If the reset message is acknowledged by thehost wireless unit 112, theapplicable communication link - When the pairing button associated with the host transceiver is pressed, in the exemplary embodiment the host transceiver transmits pairing request messages periodically (every 50 ms in the case of HDR), using a fixed PAIRING-PREAMBLE. The pairing request message will generally contain the unique address of the host transceiver (32 bits), and host transceiver preamble (16 bits). When the pairing button triggering the keyboard/mouse transceiver is pressed, it will listen to pairing request messages for a pairing interval (55 ms in the case of HDR) using the fixed PAIRING-PREAMBLE. When this period expires, the keyboard/mouse transceiver checks whether there are any user input events. If there are user events, the keyboard/mouse transceiver transmits them for (2×period—pairing interval) (2×50−55=45 ms for HDR). If there are not any user inputs, the keyboard/mouse transceiver immediately returns to the pairing process. If the keyboard/mouse transceiver successfully receives a pairing request, it responds with an ACK containing a pairing accept message using the preamble of the host transceiver. This message contains the unique address (32 bits) of the keyboard/mouse transceiver. If the host transceiver hears the pairing accept message from the keyboard/mouse transceiver, it remembers the address of the keyboard/mouse transceiver and acknowledges the pairing accept message. When this acknowledgement is received at the keyboard/mouse transceiver, the keyboard/mouse transceiver assumes the its new address.
- Referring now to
FIG. 11 , there is shown acomputer system 1100 in accordance with the present invention to which reference will be made in describing one manner in which various parameters of wireless units operative within thesystem 1100 may be configured upon establishment of radio communication links between such units. As shown, thesystem 1100 includes ahost wireless unit 1112 of a host PC 1102, awireless unit 1114 of awireless keyboard 1104, and awireless unit 1116 of awireless mouse 1106. - In the embodiment of
FIG. 11 , costs of implementing thesystem 1100 are minimized by designing thehost wireless unit 1112 to incorporate anEEPROM 1134 as well as ahost transceiver module 1130. In this regard thehost transceiver module 1130 is disposed to implement all of the above-described functionality of thehost wireless unit 112. In addition, theEEPROM 1134 stores configuration options for each of the wireless units of thesystem 1100; that is, configuration information is stored for thehost transceiver module 1130 and keyboard/mouse wireless units host transceiver module 1130 and keyboard/mouse wireless units EEPROM 1134 may be distributed to the keyboard/mouse wireless units system 1100. - In certain embodiments the keyboard/
mouse wireless units mouse wireless units mouse wireless unit mouse wireless unit - Once a radio link has been established between the
host transceiver module 1130 and a 30 keyboard/mouse wireless unit host transceiver module 1130 reads theEEPROM 1134 and identifies those operational parameters of the keyboard/mouse wireless units host transceiver module 1130 sends a configuration message to the keyboard/mouse wireless unit mouse wireless unit mouse wireless unit mouse wireless unit - In summary, for each parameter to be changed in a keyboard/
mouse wireless unit host wireless unit 1112 issues a configuration message containing the parameter ID and the desired value. These values simply replace the defaults until the keyboard/mouse wireless unit mouse wireless unit host wireless unit 1112, and the parameter overrides are retransmitted. - If no parameter overrides are required and the
system 1100 is operating in OOB mode, then noEEPROM 1134 is required within the host thehost wireless unit 1112. However, the absence of theEEPROM 1134 is generally not a sufficient basis upon which to assume that operation in the OOB mode is intended, as the apparent absence ofEEPROM 1134 may in fact be the result of a failure. In order to detect this situation, one configuration input is used at the hardware pin level. Specifically, pulling up this pin with aresistor 1140 indicates thatEEPROM 1134 is not present. - As the
host wireless unit 1112 and the keyboard/mouse wireless unit system 1100 in which no changes are required to be made to these built-in defaults, noEEPROM 1134 is required. That being said, if the system 30 1100 is intended to be used in DP mode, it will necessary for some provision to be made for thehost wireless unit 1112 to remember its pairings when the host PC 1102 is turned off and thehost wireless unit 1112 loses power. - In the embodiment of
FIG. 11 , it is necessary for each keyboard/mouse wireless unit mode selection resistor mouse wireless units resistor mouse wireless unit host wireless unit 1112. If theresistor mouse wireless unit - In order to provide positive confirmation of the validity of the contents of the
EEPROM 1134, the records for eachwireless unit 1112, 111 are protected by checksums which are verified each time thehost wireless unit 1112 powers up. As discussed above, in order to resolve the ambiguity, which may exist if theEEPROM 1134 is not accessible upon thehost wireless unit 1112 powering on (i.e., either theEEPROM 1134 is present but defective or is simply not present), theresistor 1140 is used to indicate whether or not theEEPROM 1134 should be present. If theresistor 1140 is present, no attempt is made to access anEEPROM 1140 and thesystem 1100 operates utilizing its default values. If theresistor 1140 is absent, then theEEPROM 1134 must be present and checksum tests are performed upon the records of theEEPROM 1134. - Referring now to Table V, a list of exemplary default values and ranges is provided for various operational parameters (or, equivalently, “options”) of the
keyboard wireless unit 1114. For each operational parameter that is to bet set at something other than its default value, a corresponding option value is transferred from thehost wireless unit 1112 to thekeyboard wireless unit 1114 once a communication link has been established between theunits keyboard wireless unit 1114.TABLE V Keyboard Configuration Options Option Default Min Max # Description Value Value Value K1 Paired/Out of Box (OOB) Mode OOB Paired OOB K3 Scan Rate (# of scans for 5 1 7 debounce) K4 Scan Time (ms between scans) 4 1 7 K6 “Same Keys Down” Timeout 2 0 (never) 63 (seconds) K7 Phantom Timeout (seconds) 20 0 (never) 63 K8 Keep-Alive (Out of Range 0 (Do not 0 (Do not 255 Detection) Interval (seconds) wake up) wake up) - Table VI provides a list of exemplary default values and ranges for various options of the
mouse wireless unit 1116. For each operational parameter that is to bet set at something other than its default value, a corresponding option value is transferred from thehost wireless unit 1112 to themouse wireless unit 1116 once a communication link has been established between theunits - It is observed that a set of mouse-related options are also implemented by the host wireless unit 1112 (see Table VII below), and thus need be transferred to the
mouse wireless unit 1114.TABLE VI Mouse Configuration Options Option Default Min Max # Description [unit] Value Value Value M1 Paired/Out of Box (OOB) OOB Paired OOB Mode M3 Button Scan Rate [# of scans 5 1 7 for debounce] M4 Button Scan Time [ ms 4 1 7 between scans] M5 Mouse Type Mech. Mech. Optical M6 S0 → S1 Timeout [ms] 200 0 (never) 255 M7 S1 Sample Rate [ms] 10 1 255 M8 S1 → S2 Timeout [sec] 60 0 (never) 255 M9 S2 Sample Rate [ms] 65 1 255 M10 S2 → S3 Timeout [10 sec] 120 0 (never) 255 M11 S3 Sample Rate [ms] 0 0 255 (0 implies button press required to wakeup) M12 Keep-Alive (Out of Range 0 (Do not 0 (Do not 255 Detection) Interval (seconds) wake up) wake up) - Table VII provides a list of exemplary default values and ranges for various options of the
host transceiver module 1130. In the exemplary embodiment there exist three logical groups of options processed by thehost transceiver module 1130. The first and second option groups (i.e.,.Group 1 and Group 2) relate to the operation of the keyboard/mouse wireless units host transceiver module 1130. The third logical group (i.e., Group 3) of Table VII consists of options pertinent to operation of thehost transceiver module 1130 itself.TABLE VII Host Transceiver Configuration Options Default Max Option # Description [unit] Value Min Value Value Group 1 TK1 Keyboard Present? Yes No Yes TK2 Keyboard Device ID (high byte) OOB value (H) TK3 Keyboard Device ID (low byte) OOB value (L) TK4 Battery Levels to Report 2 0 (no report) 7 TK5 Use Alternate Scan Code Table? No No Yes TK6 Scroller Type Volume Volume Scroll Control Control Keys TK100-TK260 Alternate Scan Code Table — Group 2TM1 Mouse Present? Yes No Yes TM2 Mouse Device ID (high byte) OOB value (H) TM3 Mouse Device ID (low byte) OOB value (L) TM4 Optical Mouse Frame Rate (high limit) 1500 (H) 0 255 (high byte) (=5) TM5 Optical Mouse Frame Rate (high limit) 1500 (L) 0 255 (low byte) (=220) TM6 Optical Mouse Frame Rate (low limit) 1500 (H) 0 255 (high byte) (=5) TM7 Optical Mouse Frame Rate (low limit) 1500 (L) 0 255 (low byte) (=220) TM8 # of Mouse Buttons 3 0 5 TM9 Counts per (0.1) Inch (multiple of 10 cpi; 20 = 200 cpi) 20? 0 255 TM10 Battery Levels to Report 2 0 (no report) 7 TM11 PS/2 Commands Standard Standard BTC TM100 Optical Mouse Init Command Count 0 0 15 TM101 Init Command 1 Register — 0 255 TM102 Init Command 1 Value — 0 255 TM103 up Rest of Init Commands (2 options per — 0 255 command, up to a maximum of TM130) Group 3 TT1 Transceiver Device ID (high byte) OOB value (H) TT2 Transceiver Device ID (low byte) OOB value (L) TT3 European Operation (low rate hopping) No No Yes TT4 Encryption Key —
GPIO Pins - In order to enhance the potential for configurability of the
wireless units device wireless unit - Under certain circumstances the
host wireless unit 112 may request to set or read a group of GPIO pins of awireless unit host wireless unit 1112 conveys such a request to thedevice wireless unit device wireless unit host wireless unit 1112 to write a “1” to any input bit before it is read. - In addition to enabling the
wireless units wireless units wireless units FIG. 11 . - Referring to
FIG. 22 , a high-level representation is provided of asystem 2200 comprised of wireless units incorporating EEPROM patches in accordance with one aspect of the present invention. In particular, thesystem 2200 includes ahost wireless unit 2212 incorporating transceiver software within aROM 2222 and transceiver patch software within anEEPROM 2232. Thesystem 2200 further includes akeyboard wireless transceiver 2214 containing aROM 2224 in which is stored keyboard software and anEEPROM 2234 in which is stored keyboard patch software. Finally, thesystem 2200 also includes amouse wireless transceiver 2216 configured with aROM 2224 incorporating mouse software and anEEPROM 2236 incorporating mouse patch software. - In general, the
host transceiver 2212 anddevice transceivers transceivers -
FIG. 23 is a flowchart representative of certain aspects of the operation of thesystem 2200. As shown inFIG. 23 , upon powering-up the processor (not shown) within eachtransceiver ROM transceiver - Within a “config” data block in the external RAM of a processor included within each host/
device transceiver ROM ROM ROM patch EEPROM patch EEPROM - The software stored within
ROM ROM patch EEPROM ROM patch EEPROM - Consistent with the invention, the EEPROM patching procedure discussed above may be used for a variety of purposes including, for example, for default parameter substitutions, procedure substitutions, and the execution of precompiled functions. The first two of these potential uses is summarized below.
- Parameter Substitutions Those parameters assigned default ROM. values which may be replaced (i.e., “substitutable parameters”) are defined in a predefined file within the
patch EEPROM - Procedure Substitutions
- A predefined file (i.e., “MRCONT.H”) contains the type definition for the Mask ROM Control “T” type referenced above. By default this structure is instantiated as a series of null function pointers. Each null pointer is a placeholder for a potential substitute procedure of the general form illustratively represented by
FIG. 24 . In order to substitute a new function for a default function, the null function pointer corresponding to the default procedure is replaced with a function pointer pointing to the new replacement procedure. Replacement procedures are located in the RAM program area (loaded from theapplicable patch EEPROM ROM - Operation Of Host Wireless Unit
- As may be appreciated by reference to
FIG. 3-5 , in the exemplary embodiment the architecture of the host wireless unit 112 (or, equivalently, “host transceiver 112”) is substantially similar to that of thedevice wireless units - Host Transceiver Message Format
- As mentioned above, Table I provides information regarding each of the messages transmitted from the keyboard/
mouse wireless units host wireless unit 112, and vice-versa. As may be appreciated by reference to Table I, thehost transceiver 112 sends messages containing the following 24-bit payloads: -
- Pairing request: Most significant (MS) byte identifies message, least significant (LS) bits specify device ID. Only sent to reserved pairing ID.
- Configuration: MS byte identifies message, middle byte specifies a configuration register or memory location, and low byte contains data to be written to the specified register or memory location.
- Optical mouse command: MS byte identifies message, middle byte specifies optical mouse chip register, low byte specifies value to be written to the optical mouse chip.
- GPIO read: MS byte identifies command, middle byte specifies a GPIO group. LS byte unused.
- CPIO write: MS byte identifies command, middle byte specifies a GPIO group, LS byte contains data to be written to the GPIO pins of the specified group.
- Shutdown message: Sent only on behalf of the
host PC 102. Thedestination wireless unit wireless unit - Keep-Alive: Optionally used in order to detect when a wireless unit .114, 116 moves out of range of the host wireless unit. In response to receipt of a Keep-Alive message, the
wireless unit
- In the exemplary embodiment the
system 100 implements a power management scheme consistent with the “OnNow” initiative for system-wide power management defined by Microsoft Corporation. As part of this initiative, Microsoft has published “Device Class Power Management Reference Specifications” for various device classes, including the input device class applicable to keyboards, mice, joysticks, and the like (see, e.g., www.microsoft.com). The Reference Specifications for the input device class defines four power states, DO through D3. A device operative in the DO state is completely active and normally functioning, and consumes power at the highest level possible. In contrast, state D3 corresponds to the case in which power may have been fully removed from the device, and it considered to be completely “off’. As state D2 has been characterized as being inapplicable to input devices, the only remaining state is D1. The D1 state requires that device power consumption be equal to or greater than the D2 state, but less than the DO state. Accordingly, in the D1 state hardware such as displays and indicators (e.g., LED devices) are turned off, but state information such as num, caps, and scroll lock state are preserved. In the exemplary embodiment transitions between power states within a device are explicitly commanded by drivers within the PC host, and are not performed autonomously. - Consistent with one aspect of the present invention,
host wireless unit 112 and keyboard/mouse wireless units -
- Upon receipt of a “go to D1” command via a PS/2 port, the
host wireless unit 112 transmits a power down message to all connected keyboard/mouse wireless units - The
host wireless unit 112, after receiving all necessary ACK's, shuts offits RF unit 314 (both transmitter and receiver) and all LED devices. - After performing the above shut down operations,, the processor of the
host wireless unit 112 halts in a mode where a PS/2 interrupt or power cycling is the only way to wake it up. Thewireless unit 112 should be in the lowest power consumption state possible, consistent with receiving a PS/2 message. - A keyboard/
mouse wireless unit wireless unit RF unit mouse wireless unit 116, instructions are also provided to any optical mouse chip within itswireless mouse 106 to enter a power down state. - The keyboard/
mouse wireless unit wireless keyboard 104 orwireless mouse 106 is pressed, as applicable. - Once the keyboard/
mouse wireless unit mouse RF unit - Upon waking up, the keyboard/
mouse wireless unit host wireless unit 112. Failure is handled as before; that is, the key press initiating the wakeup operation is discarded.
- Upon receipt of a “go to D1” command via a PS/2 port, the
-
FIG. 14 depicts aflowchart 1400 representative of a carrier sense/clear channel assessment procedure (CS/CCA) procedure executed by theMAC layer 208 of the keyboard/mouse wireless unit mouse wireless unit RF unit RF unit RF unit FIG. 14 - The duration of the random backoff (B) occurring within the CS/CCA procedure
FIG. 14 may be expressed as B=Bmin+N*W, where:
Bmin=Packet duration+T tx +Trx+TMAC+T PLL +ACK-duration+Ttx
T MAC =MAC processing time (assuming 150 μs)
T PLL=PLL switching time=150 μs
Ttx=transmitter latency
Trx=receiver latency
and where W=0.5*Bmin and N is a random integer (e.g., 0<=N<=S3). In addition, the “window T” referenced inFIG. 14 corresponds to the on-air turnaround time between the transmitter and receiver of different wireless units in the case of an ACK, and is given by
T=T PLL +T MAC +Ttx - The transmitter latency (Ttx) and receiver latency (Ttx) for various data rates are provided in Table V, and the durations of various types of message packets are set forth in Table VI.
TABLE V Data rate Ttx (μs) Trx (μs) 112.5 kb/s 29 21 28.125 kb/s 82 67 9.375 kb/s 224 138 -
TABLE VI Packet Packet Duration for Duration for duration for duration for normal ACK “piggyback” Data rate keyboard (μs) mouse (μs) (μs) ACK (μs) 112.5 kb/s 596 738 312 738 28.125 kb/s 2,383 2,952 1,245 2,952 9.375 kb/s 7,147 8,854 3,734 8,854 Spreading 6,556 8,118 3,432 8,118 - Table VII provides a tabular listing of the value of Bmin as a function of data rate.
TABLE VII Bmin (ms) Data rate Keyboard Mouse 112.5 kb/s 1.287 1.429 28.125 kb/s. 4.159 4.728 9.375 kb/s 11.767 13.474 Spreading 10.367 11.929 - In the exemplary embodiment the CCA threshold level utilized by the
RF unit FIG. 14 does not remain the same for all applications. Rather, even for a given application, the CCA 20 threshold level will generally depend upon the distance between the transmitting/receiving devices as well as the distance between an interferer and such devices. - Turning now to
FIG. 15 , aflowchart 1500 is provided of procedure for dynamically adjusting the CCA threshold level used by theRF unit FIG. 15 , the default values are: M=−60 dBm, N=2000 packets, x=60%, y=10 %, a=2%, and b=7%, where M, N, x, y, a, and b are configurable parameters. - Table VIII shows an exemplary mapping between CCA threshold level (TH) and RF control signals:
TABLE VIII CCA threshold CCA_Vth_b2 CCA_Vth_b1 CCA_Vth_b0 level (TH) 0 0 0 −48 dBm 0 0 1 −54 dBm 0 1 0 −60 dBm 0 1 1 −66 dBm 1 1 0 −72 dBm 1 1 1 −78 dBm
In table VIII, it is noted that (CCA_Vth_b2=1, CCA_Vth_b1=0 CCA_Vth_b0=0) and (CCA_Vth_b2=1, CCA_Vth_b1=0 CCA_Vth_b0=1) are not used. CCA_Vth_b2, CCA_Vth_b1 and CCA_Vth_b0 are three control line bits used to set the CCA threshold level. -
FIG. 16 is a high-level flow diagram representative of a general approach to interference handling consistent with the present invention. As was discussed above, data is transmitted and received by wireless units in four different modes: a high data rate (HDR) mode; a medium data rate (MDR) mode; a low data rate (LDR) mode and a spreading mode. The HDR mode is the default mode, which can provide 150 kbps data transmission. The data rates for the MDR, LDR and spread mode are 30 kbps, 10 kbps and 13.64 kbps respectively. Spreading mode is used when there is interference from similar wireless device(s) (e.g., other host and device transceivers), and MDR is used when there is strong interference (e.g., narrow-band interference) such as from citizen band (CB) radio. In certain embodiments eachwireless unit - Normal/Spreading Mode and Spreading/Normal Mode Switching
- Consistent with one aspect of the invention, spreading mode may be invoked to mitigate interference engendered by the presence of other host/device transceivers within the vicinity of a host/device transceiver pair desiring to communicate. In an exemplary embodiment the device transceiver of a host/device transceiver pair controls the switching between normal and spreading mode.
- A
device transceiver host transceiver 112, a packet, which has been spread in the manner described in the above-referenced copending patent application. Upon receiving a packet in spreading mode, themodem 308 at thehost transceiver 308 will notify theMAC layer 208 that spreading mode has been enabled, which results in thehost transceiver 112 also sending the ACK in spreading mode. - If the
host transceiver 112 anddevice transceiver device transceiver device transceiver modem 308 at thehost transceiver 112 notifies theMAC layer 208 that thedevice transceiver host transceiver 112 sending the ACK in normal mode. - Of course, a given
host transceiver 112 will generally be in communication with more than onedevice transceiver host transceiver 112 is disposed to 20 communicate with eachdevice transceiver such transceiver - In the exemplary embodiment the
device transceivers device transceivers - Switching Between HDR and MDR
- Turning now to
FIG. 17 , aflow chart 1700 is provided of an exemplary manner in which thehost transceiver 112 transitions between operation within the HDR and MDR modes, and vice-versa. In the exemplary embodiment a transition is made from HDR to MDR mode when a received signal strength indication (RSSI) generated by theRF unit 314 indicates the presence of strong interference (e.g., narrow-band interference) such as from citizen band (CB) radio. - Within the
host transceiver 112, the RSSI generated by theRF unit 314 is checked periodically (e.g., every 2 ms). If it is determined to be necessary to switch to MDR mode, switching occurs to a particular MDR channel in accordance with the sequence 0-3-1-4-2-0 . . . In the case of the initial switch from HDR to MDR mode, thehost transceiver 112 first attempts to operate in a predefined MDR channel (e.g., channel 4). If in fact “L” is the channel through which the host/device transceivers are communicating immediately prior to transitioning back to operation in HDR mode (i.e., in the event the RSSI again becomes sufficiently low to warrant HDR mode operation), then thehost transceiver 112 will switch to channel “L” the next time a transition to MDR mode is required. - When in the HDR mode and the host transceiver has determined RSSI to be high for K seconds, the mode is switched to the MDR mode. While RSSI is high in the MDR mode, the host transceiver listens for N seconds. If a message is received, the host transceiver stays in the channel in which the message was received. The transceiver remains on the channel provided no interval of greater than M seconds elapses without receiving a message. If after M seconds no message is received and RSSI remains high the communication channel is switched to the next channel and the encryption is reset. Then the host transceiver listens again for N seconds. After N seconds the next channel is selected. After each channel has been selected and no message has been received the transceiver is switched back to the HDR mode and the encryption is reset. In an exemplary embodiment the following values are utilized for the parameters identified in
FIG. 17 : N=100 ms, M=5second and K=100 ms. - Referring to
FIG. 18 , aflow chart 1800 is provided of an exemplary manner in which adevice transceiver host transceiver 112, adevice transceiver applicable RF unit - As shown in
FIG. 18 , when thedevice transceiver RF unit device transceiver device transceiver - In an exemplary embodiment the following values are utilized for the parameters identified in
FIG. 18 : Timer1=50 ms, Timer2=1seconds and T=100 ms. - As was indicated above, in certain embodiments the
host transceiver 112 may be incorporated within a dongle or the like and connected to thehost PC 102 through a Universal Serial Bus (USB). Those skilled in the art are aware that the USB is a personal computer (PC) interconnect capable of supporting simultaneous attachment of multiple devices. In the exemplary embodiment thehost transceiver 112 includes an integratedUSB function controller 10 and a full speed (12 Mb/s) transceiver. - USB devices may be self-powered or receive energy via the USB cable through which they communicate with a hosting entity. USB supports a variety of power modes: On, Suspend, and Off. When placed in Suspend mode, USB devices retain the ability to wakeup the hosting system.
- A number of requirements are imposed upon devices, which are placed on a USB. See, e.g., “An Overview of the Universal Serial Bus (USB),
Part 1”, SSS Online (December 2000). For example, a device placed on the bus is permitted to draw up to 500 mA; however, many hosting entities will not permit a device to draw more than 100 mA from the bus. Consistent with the USB protocol, thehost transceiver 112 informs thehost PC 102 as to the amount of current required for its operation. However, when thehost transceiver 112 enters the Suspend mode in accordance with the USB protocol, it cannot draw any more than 500 uA from the bus (assuming the host transceiver is bus-powered rather than battery-powered). In this regard the USB protocol requires thehost transceiver 112 to enter the Suspend state if its bus has been inactive for 3 ms. Thehost PC 102 can initiate a resume command to thehost transceiver 112 when it is in Suspend mode. Similarly, thehost transceiver 112 can also issue a remote wakeup to the host PC when it is inactive in order to render it active. - In view of the limitations on the amount of current which can be drawn by the
host transceiver 112 from its USB during operation in Suspend mode, it will generally not be possible for thehost transceiver 112 to remain “awake” (i.e., fully operational) at all times when operative in this mode. Accordingly, in accordance with one aspect of the invention thehost transceiver 112 only periodically becomes fully operational and capable of receiving messages fromdevice transceivers device transceivers host transceiver 112 are also modified upon entry of thehost transceiver 112 into Suspend mode. - Turning now to
FIG. 19 , a timing diagram 1900 is provided which is representative of the transition of thehost transceiver 112 into and out of “awake” and “sleep state” operation during its operation in Suspend mode consistent with the USB protocol. As shown, the host transceiver operates in an awake state for a period of W ms once every B ms, and is otherwise in a sleep state. Each awake period will generally be of the same duration and of sufficient length to permit capturing of. the header of a message packet transmitted by a device transceiver. 114, 116. In order to facilitate understanding of this aspect of the invention, exemplary computations of appropriate values of the parameters W and B are given below for the case of transmissions by themouse transceiver 116 during both normal and spreading mode operation. - During normal mode operation, the worst-case time required to capture the header of a packet transmitted by the mouse transceiver 116 (i.e., the awake period W) may be expressed as:
where, -
- Tosc=time for oscillator warm up=500 ps
- TPPL=time for PLL settling=200 μs
- Ttx=transmission latency=11 μs
- In an exemplary implementation of the
host transceiver 112, its power consumption during an awake time of 2.190 ms is estimated to be =44 ms×mA. It follows that the interval (B) between awake periods should be <=(44 mA ms)/(2.5 mA), or 17.6 ms. That is, when operative in Suspend mode the host transceiver enters an awake state every 17.6 ms (for HDR mode), and is otherwise in sleep state. - During spreading mode operation, the worst-case time required to capture the header of a packet transmitted by the mouse transceiver 11.6 (i.e., the awake period W) may be expressed as:
where, -
- Tosc=time for oscillator warm up 500 μs.
- TPLL=time for PLL settling=200 μs.
- Ttx=transmitter latency=11 μs.
- In an exemplary implementation of the
host transceiver 112, its power consumption during an awake time of 13.0 ms during spreading mode is estimated to be 314.25 ms×mA. It follows that the interval (B) between awake periods should be <=(314.25 mA ms)/(2.5 mA), 125.7 ms. That is, when operative in Suspend mode the host transceiver enters an awake state every 125.7 ms (for HDR mode), and is otherwise in sleep state. - Referring now to
FIG. 20 , there is shown a state transition diagram 2000 representative of the operation of thetransceiver 112 when in Suspend mode. As is indicated byFIG. 20 , thetransceiver 112 transitions from sleep state to awake state every awake period of B ms, and remains in awake state for W ms. If validation of the header of a message from themouse transceiver 116 occurs during the W ms duration of an awake state, the host transceiver remains in the awake state. If such a header validation occurs and no packets are received for N ms, thehost transceiver 112 returns to sleep state. - Turning now to
FIG. 21 , a state transition diagram 2100 depicts the corresponding modifications to the messaging protocol of themouse transceiver 116 upon entry of itspartner host transceiver 112 into Suspend mode. As shown, in this context themouse transceiver 116 is disposed to re-transmit a packet if an ACK is not received in response to the initial transmission of the packet. If a predefined number of such re-transmissions also fail, themouse transceiver 116 sends link-reset packets. If these link-reset packets also fail to result in a resetting of the applicable communication link, then themoue transceiver 116 transmits link-reset packets for E ms if no packets are queued for transmission; otherwise, the next queued packet is transmitted and operation continues as described above. - In the embodiment of
FIGS. 19-21 , the parameters E, B, W, and N are configurable. An 25 exemplary set of default values of these parameters are B=140 ms, W=14 ms, E=140 ms, N=140 ms. - The foregoing description, for purposes of explanation, used specific nomenclature to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the specific details are not required in order to practice the invention. In other instances, well-known circuits and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessary distraction from the underlying invention. Thus, the foregoing descriptions of specific embodiments of the present invention are presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed, obviously many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical applications, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and various embodiments with various modifications as are. suited to the particular use contemplated.
- While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (29)
1. A system for wireless communication to peripheral units, comprising:
a) a host computer containing a host transceiver unit;
b) a first peripheral unit containing a first wireless interface unit;
c) a second peripheral unit containing a second wireless interface unit;
d) said host computer communicates by a radio frequency (RF) communication with said first peripheral unit between said host transceiver unit and said first wireless interface unit and by said RF communication with said second peripheral unit between said host transceiver unit and said second wireless interface, whereby said host transceiver unit establishes a communication link with said first and second wireless interface units; and
e) said communication link uses a plurality of channels and a plurality of modes coupled with an acknowledgement message to successfully complete communication between said host computer and said first peripheral unit and between said host computer and said second peripheral unit.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein said host transceiver unit contains an EEPROM to store configuration options for each said wireless interface unit, and said communication options are communicated to said wireless interface units when said RF communication is established between said host transceiver and said first and second wireless interface units.
3. The system of claim 2 , wherein said EEPROM is replaced by a resistor attached to a pin of a connector for said EEPROM to indicate that the EEPROM is not coupled to said host transceiver unit.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein said first and second peripheral units each contain a writeable non-volatile memory to store operational parameters.
5. The system of claim 4 , wherein said writable non-volatile memory is replaced by a resistor connected to a mode pin of said first and second peripheral unit to indicate an out-of-box (OOB) mode.
6. The system of claim I, said plurality of modes further comprises:
a) a sleep mode for conserving power of the peripheral units;
b) a wake-up mode for bringing the peripheral units out of a sleep mode;
c) a high data rate mode for communication between said host transceiver unit and said peripheral units;
d) a medium data rate mode for communicating between said host transceiver and said peripheral units;
e) a low data rate mode for communicating between said host transceiver unit and said peripheral units;
f) a spread mode for communicating between said host transceiver and said peripheral units.
g) an out-of-box mode for establishing communication between said host transceiver and said peripheral units in a system where a plurality of peripheral units are positioned close together; and
h) a dynamically paired mode for establishing communications between said host transceiver and a plurality of pairs of peripheral units.
7. The system of claim 6 , wherein said sleep mode is used to power down said peripheral units, which are powered by batteries, to conserve power drain on the batteries when said peripheral units are inactive and not performing a function.
8. The system of claim 6 , wherein said wake-up mode comprises procedures to re-establish communication between said host transceiver unit and said peripheral unit, which had previously been placed into said sleep mode.
9. The system of claim 6 , wherein said high data rate mode is a default mode providing a high rate of communications between the host transceiver unit and said peripheral units.
10. The system of claim 6 , wherein said medium data rate mode is used when there is strong interference with the communication between the host transceiver and the peripheral units caused by narrow band interference such as might result from a citizen band radio.
11. The system of claim 6 , wherein said low data rate mode is used for European compliance purposes.
12. The system of claim 6 , wherein said spread mode is used when there is interference from similar wireless device such as other transceivers and peripheral units.
13. The system of claim 6 , wherein said out-of-box mode is determined at a time of manufacture and is intended for consumer use.
14. The system of claim 6 , wherein said dynamically paired mode associates pairs of peripheral units such as a keyboard and a mouse in an environment where a plurality of said associated pairs of the peripheral units communicate with said host transceiver.
15. The system of claim 1 , further comprising layered wireless communication architecture:
a) a device interface layer coupled to said host computer;
b) a media access control layer coupled to said device interface layer; and
c) a physical layer, which interfaces with an antenna, coupled to said media access layer.
16. The system of claim 15 , wherein the media access control layer controls access to and from said wireless interface units, and to enable data to be transferred between said device interface layer and said physical layer.
17. The system of claim 15 , wherein said physical layer comprises registers and signals used to transfer between the physical layer and the media access control layer.
18. A computer system, comprising:
a) a host processing unit;
b) a plurality of peripheral units;
c) a radio frequency (RF) transceiver;
d) said RF transceiver contained within said host processing unit provides RF communication with said plurality of peripheral units, wherein each of said plurality of peripheral units contain said RF transceiver customized to operations of said each peripheral unit; and
e) said RF communication between said processing unit and said plurality of peripheral units performed bi-directionally to provide capability to send and receive data and receive acknowledgements.
19. The system of claim 18 , wherein said plurality of peripheral units comprise a keyboard and a mouse.
20. The system of claim 18 , wherein said RF transceiver of said host processing unit contains a plurality of computing functions coupled to a CPU bus in which said computing functions further comprise:
a) a read only memory (ROM);
b) a random access memory (RAM);
c) a modem;
d) a baseband hardware for formatting, encrypting and cyclical redundant checking data to be transmitted to said peripheral units;
e) a wake-up logic;
f) an input/output (I/O) unit programmable to couple said RF transceiver to a plurality of I/O communication protocols that are selectively used; and
g) an RF unit coupled to an antenna for communication to said peripheral units.
21. The system of claim 20 , wherein said plurality of I/O communication protocols further comprise:
a) a general purpose input/output (GPIO);
b) an intelligent interface controller (I2C);
c) a universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter interface (UART);
d) a universal system bus (USB) interface; and
e) a bidirectional synchronous serial interface (PS/2).
22. A wireless keyboard, comprising:
a) a computer keyboard;
b) a radio frequency (RF) transceiver;
c) said RF transceiver contained within said computer keyboard providing RF communication with a host computer, wherein said RF transceiver customized to operations of said keyboard; and
d) said RF communication between said keyboard and said host computer performed bi-directionally to provide capability to send and receive data and receive acknowledgements.
23. The wireless keyboard of claim 22 , wherein said RF transceiver contains a plurality of computing functions coupled to a bus in which said computing functions further comprise:
a) a CPU for controlling said RF transceiver;
b) a read only memory (ROM);
c) a random access memory (RAM);
d) a modem for connecting data to and from an RF unit;
e) a baseband hardware for formatting, encrypting and cyclical redundant checking data to be transmitted to said host computer;
f) a wake-up logic to bring said RF transceiver out of a low power sleep mode;
g) an input/output (I/O) unit programmable to couple said RF transceiver to a plurality of I/O communication protocols that are selectively used; and
h) said RF unit coupled to an antenna for communication to said host computer.
24. The wireless keyboard of claim 23 , wherein said plurality of I/O communication protocols further comprise:
a) a general purpose input/output (GPIO);
b) an intelligent interface controller (I2C);
c) a universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter interface (UART); and
d) a keyboard interface for detecting key strokes from said computer keyboard and providing drive for LED's used on said keyboard.
25. A wireless mouse, comprising:
a) a computer mouse;
b) a radio frequency (RF) transceiver;
c) said RF transceiver contained within said computer mouse providing RF communication with a host computer, wherein said RF transceiver customized to operations of said mouse; and
d) said RF communication between said mouse and said host computer performed bi-directionally to provide capability to send and receive data and receive acknowledgements.
26. The wireless mouse of claim 25 , wherein said RF transceiver contains a plurality of computing functions coupled to a bus in which said computing functions further comprise:
a) a CPU for controlling said RF transceiver;
b) a read only memory (ROM);
c) a random access memory (RAM);
d) a modem for connecting data to and from an RF unit;
e) a baseband hardware for formatting, encrypting and cyclical redundant checking data to be transmitted to said host computer;
f) a wake-up logic to bring said RF transceiver out of a low power sleep mode;
g) a mouse scan to detect a button press, movement, or use of a scroll wheel;
h) an input/output (I/O) unit programmable to couple said RF transceiver to a plurality of I/O communication protocols that are selectively used; and
i) said RF unit coupled to an antenna for communication to said host computer.
27. The wireless mouse of claim 26 , wherein said plurality of I/O communication protocols further comprise:
a) a general purpose input/output (GPIO);
b) an intelligent interface controller (I2C);
c) a universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter interface (UART); and
d) a mouse interface for position tracking and detecting key presses from said computer mouse.
28. The wireless mouse of claim 25 , wherein said mouse is a mechanical mouse.
29. The wireless mouse of claim 25 , wherein said mouse is an optical mouse and the optical sensor is turned off between movements of the mouse.
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US7626576B2 (en) | 2009-12-01 |
WO2005089388A3 (en) | 2005-12-01 |
US20050235159A1 (en) | 2005-10-20 |
WO2005089387A2 (en) | 2005-09-29 |
US20050243058A1 (en) | 2005-11-03 |
US20050237304A1 (en) | 2005-10-27 |
US20050243059A1 (en) | 2005-11-03 |
US20050254647A1 (en) | 2005-11-17 |
WO2005089387A3 (en) | 2005-12-22 |
WO2005089388A2 (en) | 2005-09-29 |
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