US20060062795A1 - Conjugate between a modified superantigen and a target-seeking compound and the use of the conjugate - Google Patents
Conjugate between a modified superantigen and a target-seeking compound and the use of the conjugate Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20060062795A1 US20060062795A1 US11/193,869 US19386905A US2006062795A1 US 20060062795 A1 US20060062795 A1 US 20060062795A1 US 19386905 A US19386905 A US 19386905A US 2006062795 A1 US2006062795 A1 US 2006062795A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- conjugate
- amino acid
- modification
- acid position
- sea
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 231100000617 superantigen Toxicity 0.000 title claims description 80
- 101000686985 Mouse mammary tumor virus (strain C3H) Protein PR73 Proteins 0.000 title claims description 51
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 title description 2
- 102000043131 MHC class II family Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 108091054438 MHC class II family Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 108091008874 T cell receptors Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 102000016266 T-Cell Antigen Receptors Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000000427 antigen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 108091007433 antigens Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 102000036639 antigens Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 231100000655 enterotoxin Toxicity 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 125000003275 alpha amino acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract 45
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 80
- 230000027455 binding Effects 0.000 claims description 62
- 235000001014 amino acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 48
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 claims description 44
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N L-alanine Chemical compound C[C@H](N)C(O)=O QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000004279 alanine Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Serine Natural products OCC(N)C(O)=O MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002246 antineoplastic agent Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229940124597 therapeutic agent Drugs 0.000 abstract 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 31
- 210000001744 T-lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 23
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 21
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 21
- 230000035772 mutation Effects 0.000 description 19
- 108020001507 fusion proteins Proteins 0.000 description 18
- 102000037865 fusion proteins Human genes 0.000 description 18
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 15
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 14
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 12
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 12
- 102220580968 Induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1_F47Y_mutation Human genes 0.000 description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000009089 cytolysis Effects 0.000 description 9
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 9
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 9
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 9
- 108010058597 HLA-DR Antigens Proteins 0.000 description 8
- 102000006354 HLA-DR Antigens Human genes 0.000 description 8
- 241000699670 Mus sp. Species 0.000 description 8
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 8
- LOKCTEFSRHRXRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-I dipotassium trisodium dihydrogen phosphate hydrogen phosphate dichloride Chemical compound P(=O)(O)(O)[O-].[K+].P(=O)(O)([O-])[O-].[Na+].[Na+].[Cl-].[K+].[Cl-].[Na+] LOKCTEFSRHRXRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 7
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000002953 phosphate buffered saline Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 7
- NWIBSHFKIJFRCO-WUDYKRTCSA-N Mytomycin Chemical compound C1N2C(C(C(C)=C(N)C3=O)=O)=C3[C@@H](COC(N)=O)[C@@]2(OC)[C@@H]2[C@H]1N2 NWIBSHFKIJFRCO-WUDYKRTCSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000003013 cytotoxicity Effects 0.000 description 6
- 231100000135 cytotoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 6
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000012636 effector Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000013598 vector Substances 0.000 description 6
- 102220556624 Acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 11_H50A_mutation Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 108091003079 Bovine Serum Albumin Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 241000588724 Escherichia coli Species 0.000 description 5
- 102100036242 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ alpha 2 chain Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 101000930801 Homo sapiens HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ alpha 2 chain Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 241000283973 Oryctolagus cuniculus Species 0.000 description 5
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 description 5
- DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycine Chemical compound NCC(O)=O DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(N)=O ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000006471 dimerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229940127121 immunoconjugate Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 102000013415 peroxidase activity proteins Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108040007629 peroxidase activity proteins Proteins 0.000 description 4
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 230000002062 proliferating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000000159 protein binding assay Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 4
- 102220554190 APC membrane recruitment protein 1_D45A_mutation Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 201000009030 Carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 102220470231 Charged multivesicular body protein 5_D11A_mutation Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 206010009944 Colon cancer Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 102220580971 Induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1_F47W_mutation Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 102000000588 Interleukin-2 Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108010002350 Interleukin-2 Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 206010027458 Metastases to lung Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 241000699666 Mus <mouse, genus> Species 0.000 description 3
- 108010088160 Staphylococcal Protein A Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 102220480887 Thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box protein TOX_K55A_mutation Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 102220465728 USP6 N-terminal-like protein_K14A_mutation Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229940098773 bovine serum albumin Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 238000001142 circular dichroism spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229960000789 guanidine hydrochloride Drugs 0.000 description 3
- PJJJBBJSCAKJQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N guanidinium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].NC(N)=[NH2+] PJJJBBJSCAKJQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 201000001441 melanoma Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 229960004857 mitomycin Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000013612 plasmid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000035755 proliferation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010188 recombinant method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 108091008146 restriction endonucleases Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 230000028327 secretion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 239000003053 toxin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 231100000765 toxin Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 108700012359 toxins Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 238000013518 transcription Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000035897 transcription Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000004881 tumor cell Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N (+)-Biotin Chemical compound N1C(=O)N[C@@H]2[C@H](CCCCC(=O)O)SC[C@@H]21 YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JKMHFZQWWAIEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid Chemical compound OCC[NH+]1CCN(CCS([O-])(=O)=O)CC1 JKMHFZQWWAIEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 208000023275 Autoimmune disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010057248 Cell death Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 231100000023 Cell-mediated cytotoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 206010057250 Cell-mediated cytotoxicity Diseases 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 101710146739 Enterotoxin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- CEAZRRDELHUEMR-URQXQFDESA-N Gentamicin Chemical compound O1[C@H](C(C)NC)CC[C@@H](N)[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](NC)[C@@](C)(O)CO2)O)[C@H](N)C[C@@H]1N CEAZRRDELHUEMR-URQXQFDESA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930182566 Gentamicin Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 102000001706 Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010054477 Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 206010061217 Infestation Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 229930182816 L-glutamine Natural products 0.000 description 2
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001529936 Murinae Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000204031 Mycoplasma Species 0.000 description 2
- 108700033844 Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxA Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 239000012980 RPMI-1640 medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006146 Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- PXIPVTKHYLBLMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium azide Chemical compound [Na+].[N-]=[N+]=[N-] PXIPVTKHYLBLMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 101710101607 Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 208000036142 Viral infection Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000001042 affinity chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000539 amino acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000001093 anti-cancer Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004071 biological effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 2
- 230000005890 cell-mediated cytotoxicity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005889 cellular cytotoxicity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002983 circular dichroism Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000001151 cytotoxic T lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000004925 denaturation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000036425 denaturation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000147 enterotoxin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 108010022946 erythrogenic toxin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 2
- GNBHRKFJIUUOQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorescein Chemical compound O1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2C21C1=CC=C(O)C=C1OC1=CC(O)=CC=C21 GNBHRKFJIUUOQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002825 functional assay Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000003630 glycyl group Chemical group [H]N([H])C([H])([H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 2
- 239000001963 growth medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000000987 immune system Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000003018 immunoassay Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001802 infusion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003834 intracellular effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002934 lysing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000004962 mammalian cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000004896 polypeptide structure Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000000700 radioactive tracer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000010076 replication Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000037432 silent mutation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000014616 translation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009385 viral infection Effects 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001262 western blot Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004572 zinc-binding Effects 0.000 description 2
- DGVVWUTYPXICAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N β‐Mercaptoethanol Chemical compound OCCS DGVVWUTYPXICAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-REOHCLBHSA-N (2S)-2-Amino-3-hydroxypropansäure Chemical compound OC[C@H](N)C(O)=O MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QKNYBSVHEMOAJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol;hydron;chloride Chemical compound Cl.OCC(N)(CO)CO QKNYBSVHEMOAJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AXAVXPMQTGXXJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-aminoacetic acid;2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol Chemical compound NCC(O)=O.OCC(N)(CO)CO AXAVXPMQTGXXJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HSTOKWSFWGCZMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3'-diaminobenzidine Chemical compound C1=C(N)C(N)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(N)C(N)=C1 HSTOKWSFWGCZMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QFVHZQCOUORWEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[(4-anilino-5-sulfonaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl]-5-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid Chemical compound C=12C(O)=CC(S(O)(=O)=O)=CC2=CC(S(O)(=O)=O)=CC=1N=NC(C1=CC=CC(=C11)S(O)(=O)=O)=CC=C1NC1=CC=CC=C1 QFVHZQCOUORWEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102100031585 ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaminophen Chemical compound CC(=O)NC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000003950 B-cell lymphoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000011547 Bouin solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001112695 Clostridiales Species 0.000 description 1
- 108091026890 Coding region Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108020004705 Codon Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004127 Cytokines Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000695 Cytokines Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108020004414 DNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- BWGNESOTFCXPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen disulfide Chemical compound SS BWGNESOTFCXPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000867232 Escherichia coli Heat-stable enterotoxin II Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100040837 Galactoside alpha-(1,2)-fucosyltransferase 2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 239000001828 Gelatine Substances 0.000 description 1
- BUEFQXUHTUZXHR-LURJTMIESA-N Gly-Gly-Pro zwitterion Chemical compound NCC(=O)NCC(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(O)=O BUEFQXUHTUZXHR-LURJTMIESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004471 Glycine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007995 HEPES buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000015789 HLA-DP Antigens Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010010378 HLA-DP Antigens Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010064885 HLA-DR3 Antigen Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010027412 Histocompatibility Antigens Class II Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000018713 Histocompatibility Antigens Class II Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 1
- 101000777636 Homo sapiens ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000893710 Homo sapiens Galactoside alpha-(1,2)-fucosyltransferase 2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108060003951 Immunoglobulin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000015696 Interleukins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010063738 Interleukins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101710120978 Kanamycin resistance protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-arginine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCCN=C(N)N ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010054278 Lac Repressors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010023244 Lactoperoxidase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000045576 Lactoperoxidases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090001090 Lectins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004856 Lectins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000713333 Mouse mammary tumor virus Species 0.000 description 1
- BKAYIFDRRZZKNF-VIFPVBQESA-N N-acetylcarnosine Chemical compound CC(=O)NCCC(=O)N[C@H](C(O)=O)CC1=CN=CN1 BKAYIFDRRZZKNF-VIFPVBQESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108091034117 Oligonucleotide Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000015636 Oligopeptides Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108010076504 Protein Sorting Signals Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010037660 Pyrexia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102000007056 Recombinant Fusion Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010008281 Recombinant Fusion Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102220528595 Ribonuclease P/MRP protein subunit POP5_L48A_mutation Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 208000021326 Ritter disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002684 Sepharose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 206010041929 Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000191967 Staphylococcus aureus Species 0.000 description 1
- 101000882406 Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin type C-1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000882403 Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin type C-2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001057112 Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin type D Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010090804 Streptavidin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108700037929 Streptococcus pyogenes SpeA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 108010006785 Taq Polymerase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101710120037 Toxin CcdB Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- GLNADSQYFUSGOU-GPTZEZBUSA-J Trypan blue Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].C1=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C2C=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C(/N=N/C3=CC=C(C=C3C)C=3C=C(C(=CC=3)\N=N\C=3C(=CC4=CC(=CC(N)=C4C=3O)S([O-])(=O)=O)S([O-])(=O)=O)C)=C(O)C2=C1N GLNADSQYFUSGOU-GPTZEZBUSA-J 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-XXSWNUTMSA-N [125I][125I] Chemical compound [125I][125I] PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-XXSWNUTMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLCPHMBAVCMARE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-3-[[5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-3-hydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl [5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl] hydrogen phosphate Polymers Cc1cn(C2CC(OP(O)(=O)OCC3OC(CC3OP(O)(=O)OCC3OC(CC3O)n3cnc4c3nc(N)[nH]c4=O)n3cnc4c3nc(N)[nH]c4=O)C(COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3CO)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cc(C)c(=O)[nH]c3=O)n3cc(C)c(=O)[nH]c3=O)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3cc(C)c(=O)[nH]c3=O)n3cnc4c3nc(N)[nH]c4=O)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)O2)c(=O)[nH]c1=O JLCPHMBAVCMARE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009098 adjuvant therapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012867 alanine scanning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003708 ampul Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003302 anti-idiotype Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010056 antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000030741 antigen processing and presentation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008135 aqueous vehicle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 210000003719 b-lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001588 bifunctional effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960002685 biotin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000020958 biotin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011616 biotin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002619 cancer immunotherapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940041514 candida albicans extract Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000004113 cell culture Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000022534 cell killing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006037 cell lysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010367 cloning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000029742 colonic neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002299 complementary DNA Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012790 confirmation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000021615 conjugation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000433 cytotoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001472 cytotoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005595 deprotonation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010537 deprotonation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000012149 elution buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002255 enzymatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940088598 enzyme Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 108010094102 enzymobeads Proteins 0.000 description 1
- DNJIEGIFACGWOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl mercaptane Natural products CCS DNJIEGIFACGWOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000003527 eukaryotic cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000013604 expression vector Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012091 fetal bovine serum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012894 fetal calf serum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N glutamine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCC(N)=O ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010051307 glycyl-glycyl-proline Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000003102 growth factor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005556 hormone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940088597 hormone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000005847 immunogenicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000018358 immunoglobulin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229940072221 immunoglobulins Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000003364 immunohistochemistry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009169 immunotherapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940047122 interleukins Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000001361 intraarterial administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001990 intravenous administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940044173 iodine-125 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BPHPUYQFMNQIOC-NXRLNHOXSA-N isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside Chemical compound CC(C)S[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O BPHPUYQFMNQIOC-NXRLNHOXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930027917 kanamycin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- SBUJHOSQTJFQJX-NOAMYHISSA-N kanamycin Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CN)O[C@@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](N)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)O)[C@H](N)C[C@@H]1N SBUJHOSQTJFQJX-NOAMYHISSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000318 kanamycin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229930182823 kanamycin A Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 101150109249 lacI gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229940057428 lactoperoxidase Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002523 lectin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000225 lethality Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011344 liquid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000004698 lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000005087 mononuclear cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000002703 mutagenesis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000350 mutagenesis Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000869 mutational effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002687 nonaqueous vehicle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009871 nonspecific binding Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002773 nucleotide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003729 nucleotide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229960005489 paracetamol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000007911 parenteral administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000005259 peripheral blood Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000011886 peripheral blood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000008363 phosphate buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003752 polymerase chain reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001184 polypeptide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000136 polysorbate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 102220237717 rs779249550 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 101150033897 sea gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000013606 secretion vector Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012163 sequencing technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000019491 signal transduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001542 size-exclusion chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002415 sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004936 stimulating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001356 surgical procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010257 thawing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009258 tissue cross reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013519 translation Methods 0.000 description 1
- LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris Chemical compound OCC(N)(CO)CO LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108020005087 unfolded proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229960005486 vaccine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000003462 vein Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000035899 viability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003612 virological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012800 visualization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003442 weekly effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000005253 yeast cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000012138 yeast extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc sulfate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000368 zinc sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011686 zinc sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
- C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
- C07K16/30—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants from tumour cells
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
- A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
- A61K47/68—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment
- A61K47/6835—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site
- A61K47/6851—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site the antibody targeting a determinant of a tumour cell
- A61K47/6863—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site the antibody targeting a determinant of a tumour cell the tumour determinant being from stomach or intestines cancer cell
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/12—Antivirals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
- A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/195—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria
- C07K14/305—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria from Micrococcaceae (F)
- C07K14/31—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria from Micrococcaceae (F) from Staphylococcus (G)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
- C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
- C07K16/30—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants from tumour cells
- C07K16/3046—Stomach, Intestines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K19/00—Hybrid peptides, i.e. peptides covalently bound to nucleic acids, or non-covalently bound protein-protein complexes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
- C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
- C07K2317/55—Fab or Fab'
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
- C07K2319/30—Non-immunoglobulin-derived peptide or protein having an immunoglobulin constant or Fc region, or a fragment thereof, attached thereto
Definitions
- Superantigens are primarily proteins of viral or bacterial origin and are capable of simultaneous binding to MHC class II antigens on mammalian cells and the T cell receptor V ⁇ chain. The binding leads to activation of T-lymphocytes and lysis of the MHC class II bearing cells. The moderate degree of polymorphism of the binding part of the V ⁇ chain causes a relatively large portion of the T-lymphocytes to be activated when contacted with a superantigen (in comparison with activation through normal antigen-processing).
- SEH staphylococcal enterotoxin
- Examples are Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1 (TSST-1), Exfoliating Toxins (Exft) that are associated with scalded skin syndrome, Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin A, B and C (SPE A, B, and C), Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Proteins (MMTV), Streptococcal, M Proteins, Clostridial perfingens enterotoxin (CPET) among others.
- TSST-1 Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1
- Exft Exfoliating Toxins
- SPE A, B, and C Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin A, B and C
- MMTV Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Proteins
- CPET Clostridial perfingens enterotoxin
- Pseudomonas exotoxin A has been looked upon as a functional superantigen because there are results indicating that this toxin may be processed intracellularly by accessory cells to fragments that are expressed on the cell surface with the ability to bind to the V ⁇ chain and a subsequent activation of T cells. (Pseudomonas exotoxin A. Legaard et al., Cell. Immunol. 135 (1991) 372-382).
- a first objective of the invention is to improve previously known superantigen-antibody conjugates with respect to general immune stimulation versus directed cytotoxicity. Stimulation results in activated T-lymphocytes and is dependent on the ability of the superantigen to bind to both the T cell receptor and an MHC class II antigen.
- a second objective of the invention is to provide conjugates between biospecific affinity counterparts (e.g. antibodies) and superantigens with a modified affinity for NHC class II antigens. This has now been shown to improve the selectivity for superantigen antibody dependent cell cytolysis (SADCC) of cells exposing the antigen (against which the antibody/biospecific affinity counterpart of the conjugate is directed) over other cells exposing MHC class II antigens.
- SADCC superantigen antibody dependent cell cytolysis
- a third objective of the invention is to provide conjugates that can be used as the active principle in the treatment of mammals suffering from cancers, autoimmune diseases, parasitic infestations, viral infections or other diseases associated with cells that on their surface express structures that are specific for respective disease.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic outline of the plasmids used to express SEA and C215Fab-SEA. The coding regions and the two transcription terminators following the product genes are indicated by boxes.
- the gene encoding the kanamycin resistance protein is labeled Km.
- lacI is the lac repressor gene.
- V H and C H 1 indicates the gene encoding the F d fragment of the heavy chain of the murine antibody C215.
- V K and C K indicates the gene encoding the kappa chain.
- Rop is the gene encoding the replication control protein from pBR322.
- the promoters directing transcription of product genes are shown as arrows, in pKP889 the trc promoter and in the other two vectors the promoter from staphylococcal protein A (spa).
- the region containing the origin of replication is indicated by ori.
- the only difference between SEA encoded by pKP943 and pKP1055 is a glycine residue added at the N-terminus of the latter.
- the SEA gene contained in the latter vector also contains more unique restriction enzyme sites, introduced by silent mutations.
- FIG. 2 is a circular dichroism spectra for wild-type SEA and for the mutants F47A and D227A, representing the most severely reduced mutations in each MHC class II binding region.
- the solid line is the curve for wild-type SEA.
- the curves for the mutants are dotted or center, F47A respectively D227A.
- FIG. 3 shows the concentration dependency of superantigen dependent mediated cellular cytotoxicity (SDCC) for SEA(wt) and SEA(D227A).
- FIG. 4 shows the concentration dependency of superantigen dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (SDCC) for C215Fab-SEA(wt) and C215Fab-SEA(D227A).
- FIG. 5 shows the concentration dependency of superantigen mAb dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (SADCC) for C215Fab-SEA(wt) and C215Fab-SEA(D227A) compared to free SEA(wt).
- SADCC superantigen mAb dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
- FIG. 6A compares the therapeutic effects obtained in C57B1/6 mice carrying lung metastases of B16-C215 melanoma cells by treatment with C215Fab-SEA(wt) and C215Fab-SEA(D227A).
- FIG. 6B shows toxicity of C215-SEA(wt) and C215-SEA(D227A) for the treatments represented in FIG. 6 a.
- the main aspect of the invention is a conjugate comprising
- the peptide and the affinity counterpart are covalently linked to each other via a bridge (B).
- the preferred conjugates have the ability to activate and direct T-lymphocytes to selective lysis of cells that on their surface expose the structure against which the affinity counterpart is directed. This means that the conjugates shall cause cytolysis in an SADCC mediated method (Superantigen Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity). See the experimental part below and our previous publications concerning conjugates between superantigens and antibodies (e.g. Dohlsten et al., WO 9201470).
- the inventive conjugates have a structure that is analogous to the superantigen-antibody conjugates described in the prior art (Dohlsten et al., WO 9201470 which hereby is incorporated by reference), i.e. the conjugates complies with the formula: T-B-SA(M)
- T represents the biospecific affinity counterpart
- SA(m) is the modified superantigen (the above-mentioned peptide)
- B is a covalent bridge linking T and SA(m) together.
- T can in principle be any structure that binds via biospecific affinity. In most important cases, T is capable of binding to a cell surface structure, preferably a disease specific structure as given above.
- the structure against which T is directed is usually different from (a) the V ⁇ chain epitope to which the superantigen derived peptide (SA(m)) binds and (b) the MHC class II antigen epitope to which the unmodified superantigen binds.
- SA(m) superantigen derived peptide
- the biospecific affinity counterpart T may primarily be selected among interleukins (e.g. interleukin-2), hormones, antibodies and antigen binding fragments of antibodies, growth factors etc.
- T was an antibody or an antigen binding fragment of an antibody (including Fab, F(ab) 2 , Fv, single chain antibody etc), with particular emphasis of an antibody active fragment (such as Fab) of antibodies directed against the so called C242 epitope (Lindholm et al., WO 9301303) or against other cancer specific epitopes.
- an antibody active fragment such as Fab
- T is an antibody it is primarily monoclonal or a mixture of a defined number of monoclonals (e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5 or more). T may be a polyclonal antibody, in case the use is nontherapeutical.
- T it is not imperative for T to have a polypeptide structure.
- the modified superantigen SA(m) is primarily a mutated superantigen but may potentially also be a chemically modified superantigen, including fragments of superantigens retaining the ability to bind to the V ⁇ chain of the T cell receptor.
- mutated superantigen means that the native ability of the superantigen to bind to MHC class II antigens has been modified on the genomic level by replacing, inserting or removing one or more amino acids in the native superantigen.
- Superantigen fragments obtained by mutations removing parts of the full amino acid sequence and fragments obtained by enzymatic or chemical cleavage of superantigens may be used equivalently in chemical conjugates of the invention.
- the modified superantigen SA(m) may comprise one or more amino acid sequences that are derived from different superantigens and that may have been mutated, for instance combinations of the preferred superantigens mentioned below.
- the modified superantigen SA(m) as such may exhibit a decreased immunogenicity and toxicity compared to the native superantigen.
- SA(m) mutated superantigen
- the most interesting product candidates of the invention comprised mutated forms of superantigens having multiple MHC class II binding sites and/or the ability to coordinate Zn 2+ , for instance SEA, SED, SEE and SEH.
- T as well as SA(m) may be prepared by recombinant techniques.
- the bridge B may be selected as previously described (Dohlsten et al., WO 9201470), i.e. it shall preferably be hydrophilic and exhibit one or more structure(s) selected among amide, thioether, ether, disulfide etc.
- the bridge preferably lack aromatic rings, such as phenyl.
- the most important bridges are those obtained by recombinant techniques, i.e. when the conjugation takes places on the genomic level. In such cases oligopeptide bridges containing hydrophilic amino acid residues, such as Gln, Ser, Gly, Glu and Arg, are preferred. Pro and His may also be included.
- the preferred bridge is a peptide comprising three amino acid residues (GlyGlyPro).
- the inventive conjugate may comprise one or more modified superantigen(s) per biospecific affinity counterpart and vice versa.
- T in the formula above may contain one or more modified super antigens in addition to the biospecific counterpart.
- SA(m) may contain one or more biospecific affinity counterpart(s) T.
- the affinity counterpart T and SA(m) may also comprise other structures.
- the number of modified superantigens per affinity counterpart is preferably one or two.
- novel inventive conjugates may be carried out in principle according to two main routes: 1. by recombinant techniques and 2. chemical linking of T to SA(m).
- the methods are well recognized for the ordinary skilled worker in the field and comprise a large number of variants. It follows that the invention primarily concerns artificial conjugates, i.e. conjugates that are not found in nature.
- Chemical linking of a modified superantigen to the biospecific affinity counterpart T often utilizes functional groups (e.g. primary amino groups or carboxy groups) that are present at many positions in each compound. It follows that the final product will contain a mixture of conjugate molecules differing with respect to the position at which linking has taken place.
- functional groups e.g. primary amino groups or carboxy groups
- the obtained conjugate substance will be uniform with respect to the linking position. Either the amino terminal of the modified superantigen is linked to the carboxy terminal of the biospecific affinity counterpart or vice versa.
- antibodies such as intact antibodies and antigen binding fragments (Fab, Fv etc)
- Fab, Fv etc either the light or the heavy chain may be utilized for such fusions.
- Fab fragments and linking of the amino terminal of the modified superantigen to the first constant domain of the heavy antibody chain(CH1) without exclusion of the analogous linking to the light chain or to the VH and VL domain that also may give quite good results.
- intracellular production or secretion There are two different methods for obtaining large amounts of superantigens (including modified and fused forms) in E. coli: intracellular production or secretion.
- the latter method is preferred for the inventive conjugates because it offers purification of correctly folded protein from the periplasma and from the culture medium.
- Intracellular production results in a complicated purification procedure and often needs refolding in vitro of the protein (in order for the protein to obtain the correct tertiary structure).
- the above does not exclude that it is possible to produce active conjugates also in other host cells, e.g. eukaryotic cells, such as yeast or mammalian cells.
- the ability of the conjugate to bind to the T cell receptor V ⁇ chain, to the target structure and to cause lysis of the target cell depends on i.a. the peptide (SA(m)) that is derived from a superantigen, the biospecific affinity counterpart (T) and the structure and length of the bridge (B).
- SA(m) the peptide
- T biospecific affinity counterpart
- B the structure and length of the bridge
- a person ordinary skilled in the art is able to optimize the inventive conjugates with respect to the binding ability and the ability to cause lysis by studying the relationship between effect and structure with the aid of those models that have been disclosed in connection with previously known superantigen antibody conjugates (see the above-referred publications). See also the experimental part below.
- the ability of the conjugate to bind to the T cell receptor V ⁇ chain, to the target structure and to cause lysis of the target cell depends on i.a.
- SA(m) the peptide that is derived from a superantigen
- T the biospecific affinity counterpart
- B the structure and length of the bridge
- modified ability to bind MHC class II antigens is primarily intended that the ratio IC 50 (SA(wt)):IC 50 (SA(m)) is ⁇ 0.9 (90%), such as ⁇ 0.5 ( ⁇ 50%) and possibly also ⁇ 0.01 ( ⁇ 1%).
- the modified binding ability of the inventive conjugates can be measured as the ratio of the dissociation constants K d (SA(wt)) :K d (SA(m)) with K d measured in nM and with the same limits as for the ratio IC 50 (SA(wt)):IC 50 (SA(m)).
- K d SA(m)
- K d K d
- K d see the experimental part below.
- superantigens may have two or more sites that bind to MHC class II antigen (Fraser et al., In: Superantigens: A pathogens view on the immune system. Eds. Huber & Palmer, Current Communications in Cell Molecular Biology 7 (1993) 7-29).
- the binding ability shall be modified at least one of the binding sites, e.g. as a reduction of the above-mentioned size. Possibly it may suffice with a superantigen modification that create a changed difference in affinity for two MHC class II binding sites, tentatively >10% and preferably by reducing the affinity of at least one site.
- Superantigens bind to TCR V ⁇ chains of different subgroups with varying affinities.
- the superantigen employed may have been modified so as to show an altered subgroup specificity or an altered affinity to one or more members of the subgroup.
- an appropriate affinity of a modified superantigen for TCR V ⁇ may be at hand as soon as the fusion protein/conjugate comprising the modified superantigen is able to significantly stimulate a resting T cell population representing essentially the distribution of all human V ⁇ subgroups to proliferate.
- the T cell population may be pooled T cells from randomly selected human individuals. By significantly is meant that the stimulation is possible to measure.
- Table II (right column) in the experimental part indicate that the ability to cause SADCC of the inventive conjugates/fusion proteins often is essentially the same as for the fusion comprising the wild-type superantigen.
- the conjugates according to the invention are primarily intended for the treatment of the same diseases as the conjugates between normal superantigens and antibodies. See the abovementioned publications.
- inventive conjugates may be administered either as the main therapy or as adjuvant therapy in connection with surgery or other drugs.
- compositions that as such are known within the field but now containing our novel conjugate.
- the compositions may be in the form of a lyophilized particulate material, a sterile or aseptically produced solution, a tablet, an ampoule etc.
- Vehicles such as water (preferably buffered to a physiologically pH value by for instance PBS) or other inert solid or liquid material may be present.
- the compositions are prepared by the conjugate being mixed with, dissolved in, bound to, or otherwise combined with one or more water-soluble or water-insoluble aqueous or non-aqueous vehicles, if necessary together with suitable additives and adjuvants. It is imperative that the vehicles and conditions shall not adversely affect the activity of the conjugate. Water as such is comprised within the expression vehicles.
- conjugates will be sold and administered in predispensed dosages, each one containing an effective amount of the conjugate that, based on the result now presented, is believed to be within the range of 10 ⁇ g-50 mg.
- the exact dosage varies from case to case and depends on the patient's weight and age, administration route, type of disease, antibody, superantigen, linkage (—B—) et.
- the administration routes are those commonly known within the field, i.e. a target cell lysing effective amount or a therapeutically effective amount of a conjugate according to the invention is contacted with the target cells.
- this mostly means parenteral administration, such as injection or infusion (subcutaneously, intravenously, intra-arterial, intramuscularly) to a mammal, such as a human being.
- the conjugate may be administered locally or systemically.
- target cell lysing effective amount is contemplated that the amount is effective in activating and directing T-lymphocytes to destroy the target cell.
- conjugates/fusion proteins comprising unmodified superantigens
- a fever-reducing agent paracetamol
- the administration is to be repeated during 4 days and stopped before secondary antibodies are raised against the fusion protein/conjugate in the patient.
- This dosage schedule is likely to be applicable also to the present inventive conjugates/fusion proteins.
- the inventive conjugates can also be employed to quantitatively or qualitatively detect the structure against which the target-seeking group (T) is directed.
- the modified superantigen may function as a marker group within immunoassays including immunohistochemistry meaning that the marker group in turn is detected by for instance an antibody that is directed towards the peptide (SA(m)) and labeled with an enzyme, isotope, fluorophor or some other marker group known per se.
- Another immunoassay method is to detect in a cell population cells that on their surface express a structure capable of binding to the target-seeking group (T).
- This use means that a sample from the cell population is incubated with T-lymphocytes together with the present inventive conjugate as in an SADCC assay. In case the incubation leads to cell lysis this is an indication that the population contains cells that on their surface express the structure.
- the experimental work in connection with the invention has primarily been done with monoclonal antibody C215 as a model substance.
- This antibody is directed against an antigen in the GA-733 family (see for instance EP 376,746) and references cited therein and Larsson et al., Int. J. Canc. 32 (1988) 877-82).
- the C215 epitope has been judged not to be sufficiently specific for cancer treatment in humans.
- mab C242 (Lindholm et al., WO 9301303) was believed to be a better candidate, as judged from experiments with its fusion product with wild-type SEA.
- the E. coli strains UL635 (xyl-7, ara-14, T4 R, ⁇ ompT) and HB101 (Boyer and Roulland-Dessoix, J. Mol. Biol. 41 (1969) 459-472) were used for the expression and cloning, respectively.
- the vector pKP889 was used for expression of Fab-SEA fusion proteins (derived from the murine antibody C215) and the vectors pKP943 and pKP1055 for secretion of SEA ( FIG. 1 ).
- the Fab-SEA expression vector pKP889 is identical to pKP865 (Dohlsten et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
- Thermocycler was used to make a mutation. Mutations were made by polymerase chain reactions run on a Perkin Elmer Thermocycler.
- the reaction mixture (100 ⁇ l) contained: 1 ⁇ PCR buffer from Perkin Elmer Cetus (10 mM Tris/HCl pH 8.3, 1.5 mMMgCl 2 , 0.001% (w/v) gelatine, an additional 2 mM MgCl 2 , 0.4 mM dNTPs (Perkin Elmer Cetus), 2.5 units of Ampli Taq DNA polymerase (Perkin Elmer Cetus, USA) and 100 ng DNA template. Primers were added to a final concentration of 0.8 ⁇ M.
- the original template was a plasmid containing Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A gene identical to the one published by Betley et al. (J. Bacteriol. 170 (1988) 34-41), except that the first codon (encoding Ser) was changed to TCC to furnish a Bam HI site at the 5′ end of the gene. Later a derivative containing more unique restriction enzyme sites introduced by silent mutations was used. Mutations introduced next to a restriction site were made with one set of primers, one of these spanning the mutation and the restriction site. For most mutations two set of primers had to be used and the PCR was performed in two consecutive steps. A new restriction enzyme site was introduced together with each mutation to enable facile identification.
- Oligonucleotides used as primers were synthesized on a Gene Assembler (Pharmacia Biotech AB, Sweden). To confirm each mutation the relevant portion of the nucleotide sequence was determined on an Applied Biosystems DNA-Sequenser using their Taq DyeDeoxy Termination Cycle Sequencing Kit.
- E. coli cells harboring the different gene constructs were grown overnight at room temperature (Fab-SEA vectors) and at 24-34° C. (secretion vectors, the optimum depends on the mutation).
- the broth was 2 ⁇ YT (16 g/l Bacto trypton, 10 g/l Bacto yeast extract, 5 g/l NaCl) supplemented with kanamycin (50 mg/l). Fusion proteins were induced by addition of isopropyl- ⁇ -D-thiogalactoside to a final concentration of 100 ⁇ M. (The protein A promotor used in the expression of non-fused SEA is constitutive).
- the cells were pelleted at 5000 ⁇ g and the periplasmic contents were released by gently thawing the previously frozen cell pellet in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) on ice during agitation for 1 hour.
- the periplasmic extracts were clarified by centrifugation at 9500 ⁇ g for 15 minutes.
- the Fab-SEA proteins were used without further purification.
- SEA and Gly-SEA were further purified by affinity chromatography on an anti-SEA antibody column. Polyclonal rabbit anti-SEA antibodies were previously collected from rabbits preimmunized with SEA and purified by affinity chromatography on protein G Sepharoses® (Pharmacia Biotech).
- the proteins were separated in precast polyacrylamide SDS Tris-Glycine Novex gels (gradient 4-20% or homogenous 12%, Novex novel experimental technology) and either stained with Coomassie Blue or used in Western blot.
- Polyclonal rabbit anti-SEA antibodies (above) were used to detect SEA in Western blot analysis, followed by porcine anti-rabbit Ig antibodies, and rabbit anti-horseradish peroxidase antibodies and peroxidase.
- Fab-SEA fusion proteins peroxidase conjugated rat antibodies recognizing the kappa chain were also used (AAC 08P, Serotech LTD, England). 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (Sigma) was used for visualization of peroxidase.
- Circular dichroism (CD) spectra were collected in a J-720 spectropolarimeter (JASCO, Japan) at room temperature (22-25° C.) in 10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 8.2, with 0.02 mM ZnSO 4 and 0.005% (v/v) Tween® 20.
- the scanning speed was 10 nm/min and each spectrum was averaged from five subsequent scans.
- the cell path length was 1 mm and the protein concentration 0.2 to 0.5 mg/ml.
- Guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn-HCl) denaturations at equilibrium were measured at 23° C. by CD at 222 nm with a protein concentration of 0.3 mg/ml and a cell path length of 1 mm. These data were used to calculate the apparent fraction of unfolded protein (F app ). Equilibrium unfolding parameters were derived by fitting the data to a two-site folding process (Hurle et al., Biochemistry 29 (1990) 4410-4419).
- RPMI 1640 medium obtained from Gibco, Middlesex, England was used. The medium had a pH of 7.4 and contained 2 mM L-glutamine (Gibco, Middlesex, England), 0.01M HEPES (Biological Industries, Israel), 1 mM N a HCO 3 (Biochrom AG, Germany), 0.1 mg/ml Gentamycin sulphate (Biological Industries, Israel), 1 mM Na-pyruvate (JRH Biosciences Industries, USA), 0.05 mM mercaptoethanol (Sigma Co., USA), 100 times concentrated nonessential amino acids (Flow Laboratories, Scotland) and was supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, Middesex, England).
- SEA(wt), SEA(m) and the fusion products C215Fab-SEA(wt) and C215Fab-SEA(m) were obtained as described above.
- Human recombinant IL-2 was from Cetus Corp., USA.
- Mitomycin C was from Sigma Co., USA.
- Na 2 51 CrO 4 was obtained from Merck, Germany.
- Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) without magnesium and calcium was received from Imperial, England.
- the human colon carcinoma cell line Colo205 and the B cell lymphoma cell line Raji were obtained from American Type Cell Culture Collection (Rockville, Md., USA) (expressing HLA-DR3/w10, -DP7, -DQw1/w2).
- the EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid B cell line BSM was a generous gift from Dr van De Griend, Dept of Immunology, Dr Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. The cells were repeatedly tested for mycoplasma contamination with Gen-Probe Mycoplasma T.C. test, Gen-Probe Inc., San Diego, USA.
- SEA activated T cell lines were produced by activation of mononuclear cells from peripheral blood.
- the blood was received as buffy coats from blood donors at the University Hospital of Lund.
- the PBMs were stimulated at a concentration of 2 ⁇ 10 6 cells/ml with mitomycin C treated SEA coated BSM cells (preincubated with 100 ng/ml SEA) in medium with 10% FCS.
- the T cell lines were restimulated biweekly with 20 U/ml human recombinant IL-2 and weekly with mitomycin C treated SEA coated BSM cells.
- the cell lines were cultivated for 4-12 weeks before being used in the assay.
- the viability of the effector cells exceeded 50%.
- SEA wild-type or mutant SEA were radiolabeled with 10 to 25 mCi Na 125 I using enzymobeads with the lactoperoxidase technique (NEN, Boston, Mass.). The reaction was stopped by quenching with sodium azide and protein-bound radioactivity was separated from free iodine by filtration through a PD-10 column (Pharmacia Biotech AB, Sweden) with R10 medium as elution buffer. Conditions were chosen to obtain a stoichiometric ratio between iodine-125 and protein of ⁇ 2:1. The radiochemical purity was verified by size-exclusion chromatography on a TSK SW 3000 HPLC column. The effect of the radioiodination on the binding activity was only tested for wild-type SEA and found not to be affected (data not shown).
- Raji cells 6 ⁇ 10 4 /100 ⁇ l, previously cultivated in R10 medium, were added to conical polypropylene tubes and incubated (22° C./45 min) in triplicate with 100 ⁇ l/tube of serially diluted 125 I-labeled wild-type or mutant SEA.
- the cells were washed with 2 ml 1% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA) in 10 mM phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4, centrifugated at 300 ⁇ g for 5 minutes and aspirated. This procedure was repeated twice. Finally, the cells were analyzed for cell-bound radioactivity in a gamma counter (Packard Instruments Co, Downers Grove, Ill., USA).
- BSA bovine serum albumin
- K d The apparent dissociation constant, K d , and the number of binding sites, N, at saturation were calculated according to Scatchard (Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 51 (1949) 660-72) after subtraction of non-specific binding (i.e. binding after incubation with R10 medium alone.
- Inhibition assay (inhibition of 125 I-labeled wild-type SEA binding by mutant SEAs). These inhibition experiments were carried out as is described for the direct binding assay with slight modifications. Briefly, 50 ⁇ l of 125 I-labeled wild-type SEA was allowed to compete with an excess of unlabeled wild-type or mutant SEA (50 ⁇ l/tube) for binding to 6 ⁇ 10 4 /100 ⁇ l Raji cells. A tracer concentration yielding ⁇ 40% bound radioactivity in the direct assay was used to obtain maximal sensitivity in the inhibition assay. The displacement capacity of the competitor was expressed as the concentration yielding 50% inhibition (IC 50 ) of bound radioactivity. The binding affinity of the mutants relative to wild-type SEA was calculated using the equation: IC 50 (SEA(wt)):IC 50 (SEA(m))
- the binding data obtained with SEA mutants were plotted as a log-logit function and tested for parallelism with the corresponding data for wild-type SEA.
- Inhibition assay inhibition of the binding of fluorescent-labeled wild-type SEA by unlabeled wild-type SEA and SEA mutants.
- Raji cells 2.5 ⁇ 10 5
- inhibitor wild-type or mutant SEA; 0-6000 nM
- Fluorescein conjugated wild-type SEA was added to a final concentration of 30 nM and the samples were incubated for an additional half hour at 37° C.
- the cytotoxicity of SEA(wt), SEA(m) and their fusions with C215Fab against MHC class II + Raji cells was analyzed in a standard 4 hour 51 Cr 3+ -release assay, using in vitro stimulated SEA specific T cell lines as effector cells. Briefly, 51 Cr labeled Raji cells were incubated at 2.5 ⁇ 10 3 cells per 0.2 ml medium (RPMI, 10% FCS) in microtitre wells at defined effector to target cell ratio in the presence or absence (control) of the additives. Percent specific cytotoxicity was calculated as 100 ⁇ ([cpm experimental release—cpm background release]/[cpm total release— 5 cpm background release]). The effector to target cell ratio was 30:1 for unfused SEAs and 40:1 for fusion proteins.
- the cytotoxicity of C215Fab-SEA(wt), C215Fab-SEA(m), SEA(wt) and SEA mutants against C 215+ MHC class II colon carcinoma cells SW 620 was analyzed in a standard 4 hour 51 Cr 3+ -release assay, using in vitro stimulated SEA specific T cell lines as effector cells. Briefly, 51 Cr 3+ -labeled SW 620 cells were incubated at 2.5 ⁇ 10 3 cells per 0.2 ml medium (RPMI, 10% FCS) in microtitre wells at effector to target cell ratio 30:1 in the presence or absence (control) of the additives. Percent specific cytotoxicity was calculated as for SDCC assays.
- B16-F10 melanoma cells transfected with a cDNA encoding the human tumor associated antigen C215 (B16-C215) (Dohlsten et al., Monoclonal antibody-superantigen fusion proteins: Tumor specific agents for T cell based tumor therapy; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, In press, 1994), were grown as adherent cells to subconfluency.
- the culture medium consisted of RPMI 1640 (GIBCO, Middlesex, UK) supplemented with 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 ⁇ -mercaptoethanol (Sigma, St Louis, Mo., USA), 2 mM L-glutamine (GIBCO), 0.01 M Hepes (Biological Industries, Israel) and 10% fetal calf serum (GIBCO).
- the cells were detached by a brief incubation in 0.02% EDTA and suspended in ice cold phosphate buffered saline with 1% syngeneic mouse serum (vehicle) to 4 ⁇ 10 5 cells/ml.
- mice were 12-19 weeks old C57B1/6 mice transgeneic for a T cell receptor V ⁇ 3 chain (Dohlsten et al., Immunology 79 (1993) 520-527).
- One hundred thousand B16-C215 tumor cells were injected IV in the tail vein in 0.2 ml vehicle.
- the mice were given IV injections of C215Fab-SEA(wt) or C215Fab-SEA(D227A) in 0.2 ml vehicle at doses indicated in the FIGS. 5 a and 5 b.
- Control mice were given only vehicle according to the same schedule.
- the mice were killed by cervical dislocation, the lungs removed, fixed in Bouin's solution and the number of lung metastases counted.
- mutants Most of the mutants were expressed and secreted by E. coli in a functional form as judged by analysis of the binding of monoclonal antibodies (Table I). Very low amounts were obtained of the mutants E154A/D156A and R160A. Consequently these were excluded from the study. The mutants having an Ala substitution in residues 128, 187, 225 or 227 were not recognized by the monoclonal antibody 1E. The latter two mutants showed a reduced level of expression (more pronounced at 34° C. than at 24° C.) and migrated faster during SDS-PAGE, under denaturing but not reducing conditions (all other mutants migrated as wild-type SEA, data not shown).
- D227A could differ slightly from native SEA ( FIG. 2 ), but the stability was very close to wild-type SEA (measured as resistance towards guanidine hydrochloride denaturation).
- the calculated ⁇ G between the mutant and native SEA (SEA(wt)) was 0.16 kcal/mol and is only about 4% of the ⁇ G values (data not shown).
- Overall the signals in the CD analysis were low, as expected from a mostly ⁇ -sheet structure. It was recently reported that His 225 coordinates Zn 2+ (unpublished data in Fraser et al (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 (1991) 5507-5511).
- the MHC class II affinity was calculated from the amounts needed to compete with fluorescein-labeled wild-type SEA for Raji cell exposing large amounts of MHC class II.
- the displacement capacity of a mutant was calculated from the concentration yielding 50% inhibition (IC 50 ) of bound fluorescence compared with the concentration needed with wild-type SEA as the competitor.
- IC 50 50% inhibition
- the result from this analysis was compared with the result from an analysis where 125 I labeled wild-type SEA was used as the tracer. As may be seen in Table II, the values obtained from these two inhibition analyses correlate well.
- mutants For six selected mutants the binding to MHC class II was measured directly using 125 I labeled mutant SEA (Table II). With the mutant H50A the values obtained from the direct binding assay and the inhibition assays correlated well but with the mutant F47A a large discrepancy was found: the direct binding indicated only 7 times weaker binding than wild-type SEA but both competition analyses demonstrated around 70 times reduced binding. The data from two of the other mutants indicated two separate binding interactions. For the mutants H225A and D227A the affinity was below the detection limit also in this analysis.
- the proliferative effect was measured as the ability to stimulate peripheral lymphocytes to divide. All three mutants that competes very poorly for MHC class II induced little or no proliferation and the intermediate mutant H187A displayed some proliferative capacity, whereas the other investigated mutants were indistinguishable from the wild-type (table III). Harris et al (Infect. Immun. 61 (1993) 3175-3183) recently reported a similar severe reduction in T cell stimulatory activity for the SEA mutants F47G and L48G. Clearly a strong reduction in any of the two suggested binding regions results in a severe effect on the ability to induce proliferation. This suggests that SEA cross-links two molecules of MHC class II leading to dimerization of the TCR and that this is needed to yield a signal transduction.
- FIGS. 6 a and 6 b The results are represented in FIGS. 6 a and 6 b.
- Treatment with C215Fab-SEA(wt) resulted in 70% lethality at doses of 5 ⁇ g/injection. In contrast, no mice died when the same dose of C215Fab-SEA(D227A) were used.
- SEA(D227A) is an example of a mutant with reduced toxicity and retained therapeutic efficiency when incorporated in a Fab-SEA fusion protein.
- a fusion protein of SEA(D227A) and an IgG-binding domain of staphylococcal protein A has been produced by recombinant technology and expressed in E. coli.
- This reagent has successfully been used to target T-lymphocytes to Mot 4 and CCRF-CEM cells (obtained from ATCC) that are CD7 and CD38 positive but HLA-DP, -DQ and -DR negative.
- the Mot 4 and CCRF-CEM cells were preincubated with anti-CD7 or anti-CD38 mouse monoclonals (Dianova, Hamburg, Germany). In order to enhance binding between the mouse monoclonals and the IgG-binding part of the fusion protein rabbit anti-mouse Ig antibody was also added.
- protein A-SEA(D227A) had a decreased ability to bind to Daudi cells expressing MHC class II antigen. TABLE I Confirmation of mutant structural integrity. The binding of six monoclonal antibodies was monitored.
- Mutation Proliferation % SDCC EC 50 (relative) wild-type 100 1 Gly-SEA ND 1 D11A/K14A ND 0.8 D45A 50 1.3 F47A ⁇ 0.2 2.5 H50A 20 1.4 K55A 100 1.3 H114A ND 1 K123A/D132G 40 2.1 N128A 40 1.2 K147A/K148A ND 0.7 E154A/D156A ND ND R160A ND ND H187A 15 4 E191A/N195A 100 1.1 D197A ND 1.3 H225A ⁇ 0.2 3 ⁇ 10 2 D227A ⁇ 0.01 3 ⁇ 10 2 Footnotes: ND means not determined.
Abstract
Conjugates comprising a biospecific affinity counterpart and a peptide that is derived from Staphylococcal enterotoxin A, that has the ability to bind to a Vβ of a T cell receptor and has been modified at amino acid position 47, 128, 187, 225 or 227, in order to have reduced ability to bind to MHC class II antigens. Such conjugates are useful, for example, as therapeutic agents, for example, as anti-cancer agents.
Description
- This is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/765,695, filed Jul. 25, 1997, which is a U.S. national phase Section 371 application of PCT Patent Application Number PCT/SE95/00681, filed Jun. 7, 1995, which claims priority to Swedish patent application number 9402430-4 filed Jul. 11, 1994, each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, and all priorities are claimed.
- Superantigens are primarily proteins of viral or bacterial origin and are capable of simultaneous binding to MHC class II antigens on mammalian cells and the T cell receptor Vβ chain. The binding leads to activation of T-lymphocytes and lysis of the MHC class II bearing cells. The moderate degree of polymorphism of the binding part of the Vβ chain causes a relatively large portion of the T-lymphocytes to be activated when contacted with a superantigen (in comparison with activation through normal antigen-processing).
- Initially the superantigen concept was associated with various staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEA, SEB, SEC1, SEC2, SED, and SEE). Recently a new staphylococcal enterotoxin named SEH has been discovered (Keyong et al., J. Exp. Med. 180 (1994) 1675-1683). After the interest had been raised, further superantigens were discovered. Examples are Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1 (TSST-1), Exfoliating Toxins (Exft) that are associated with scalded skin syndrome, Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin A, B and C (SPE A, B, and C), Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Proteins (MMTV), Streptococcal, M Proteins, Clostridial perfingens enterotoxin (CPET) among others. For a review of superantigens and their properties see Kotzin et al. (Adv. Immunol. 54 (1993) 99-166).
- Pseudomonas exotoxin A has been looked upon as a functional superantigen because there are results indicating that this toxin may be processed intracellularly by accessory cells to fragments that are expressed on the cell surface with the ability to bind to the Vβ chain and a subsequent activation of T cells. (Pseudomonas exotoxin A. Legaard et al., Cell. Immunol. 135 (1991) 372-382).
- Superantigens as such have been suggested for therapy of various diseases with curative effects being accomplished through a general activation of the immune system (Kalland et al., WO 9104053; Terman et al., WO 9110680; Terman et al., WO 9324136; Newell et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 (1991) 1074-1078).
- In connection with vaccines it has been suggested to use superantigens that have been mutated so as to lose their TCR binding ability (Kappler & Marrack, WO 9314634).
- The mutation of superantigens has previously been described (Kappler & Marrack, WO 9314634; Kappler et al., J. Exp. Med. 175 (1992) 387-396; Grossman et al., J. Immunol. 147 (1991) 32743281; Hufnagle et al., Infect. Immun. 59 (1991) 2126-2134).
- We ourselves have previously suggested to employ conjugates between a superantigen and an antibody for therapy in order to lyse cells that express the structure towards which the antibody is directed (Dohlsten et al., WO 9201470; Lando et al., Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 36 (1993) 223-228; Kalland et al., Med. Oncol. Tumor Pharmacother. 10 (1993) 37-47; Lando et al., J. Immunol. 150 (8 part 2) (1993) 114A (Joint Meeting of the American Association of Immunologists and the Clinical Immunology Society, Denver, Colorado, USA, May 21-25 (1993)); Lando et al., Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. Annu. Meet. 33(0) (1992) 339 (Annual meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, San Diego, Calif., USA, May 20-23 (1992)); Dohlsten et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 (1991) 9287-9291). Diseases suggested to be treated have been cancers, viral infections, parasitic infestations, autoimmune diseases and other diseases associated with cells expressing disease-specific surface structures. The experimental work carried out so far has focused on conjugates containing recombinant SEA and various anti-cancer antibodies. The conjugates as such have had a somewhat reduced ability to bind MHC class II antigens compared to the non-conjugated form of the superantigen. It has not been determined if a decreased MHC class II antigen binding ability is beneficial or not for achieving an optimal lyse and an optimal therapeutic effect.
- Immune therapy experiments with SEB chemically conjugated to a tumor specific anti-idiotype antibody have previously been described by Ochi et al., (J. Immunol. 151 (1993) 3180-3186).
- During the prosecution of the priority application the Swedish Patent Office has additionally cited Buelow et al. (J. Immunol. 148 (1992) 1-6) that describes fusions between Protein A and fragments of SEB without emphasis of the MHC classs II binding or use of the fusion for cell killing; and Hartwig et al. (Int. Immunol. 5 (1993) 869-875) that describes mutations affecting MHC class II binding of the non-fused form of the superantigen streptococcal erythrogenic toxin A.
- A first objective of the invention is to improve previously known superantigen-antibody conjugates with respect to general immune stimulation versus directed cytotoxicity. Stimulation results in activated T-lymphocytes and is dependent on the ability of the superantigen to bind to both the T cell receptor and an MHC class II antigen.
- A second objective of the invention is to provide conjugates between biospecific affinity counterparts (e.g. antibodies) and superantigens with a modified affinity for NHC class II antigens. This has now been shown to improve the selectivity for superantigen antibody dependent cell cytolysis (SADCC) of cells exposing the antigen (against which the antibody/biospecific affinity counterpart of the conjugate is directed) over other cells exposing MHC class II antigens.
- A third objective of the invention is to provide conjugates that can be used as the active principle in the treatment of mammals suffering from cancers, autoimmune diseases, parasitic infestations, viral infections or other diseases associated with cells that on their surface express structures that are specific for respective disease.
- General
- The mutant SEA(D227A) (=SEA(m9) or mutant m9) was at the priority date the most promising SEA variant. We have therefore selected to present in vitro and in vivo results with this variant (
FIGS. 3-6 ). -
FIG. 1 is a schematic outline of the plasmids used to express SEA and C215Fab-SEA. The coding regions and the two transcription terminators following the product genes are indicated by boxes. The gene encoding the kanamycin resistance protein is labeled Km. lacI is the lac repressor gene. VH andC H1 indicates the gene encoding the Fd fragment of the heavy chain of the murine antibody C215. Likewise VK and CK indicates the gene encoding the kappa chain. Rop is the gene encoding the replication control protein from pBR322. The promoters directing transcription of product genes are shown as arrows, in pKP889 the trc promoter and in the other two vectors the promoter from staphylococcal protein A (spa). The region containing the origin of replication is indicated by ori. The only difference between SEA encoded by pKP943 and pKP1055 is a glycine residue added at the N-terminus of the latter. The SEA gene contained in the latter vector also contains more unique restriction enzyme sites, introduced by silent mutations. -
FIG. 2 is a circular dichroism spectra for wild-type SEA and for the mutants F47A and D227A, representing the most severely reduced mutations in each MHC class II binding region. The solid line is the curve for wild-type SEA. The curves for the mutants are dotted or center, F47A respectively D227A. -
FIG. 3 shows the concentration dependency of superantigen dependent mediated cellular cytotoxicity (SDCC) for SEA(wt) and SEA(D227A). -
FIG. 4 shows the concentration dependency of superantigen dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (SDCC) for C215Fab-SEA(wt) and C215Fab-SEA(D227A). -
FIG. 5 shows the concentration dependency of superantigen mAb dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (SADCC) for C215Fab-SEA(wt) and C215Fab-SEA(D227A) compared to free SEA(wt). -
FIG. 6A compares the therapeutic effects obtained in C57B1/6 mice carrying lung metastases of B16-C215 melanoma cells by treatment with C215Fab-SEA(wt) and C215Fab-SEA(D227A). -
FIG. 6B shows toxicity of C215-SEA(wt) and C215-SEA(D227A) for the treatments represented inFIG. 6 a. - The main aspect of the invention is a conjugate comprising
-
- a. a biospecific affinity counterpart that is directed towards a structure to which one intends to bind to the conjugate,
- b. a peptide that
- i. is derived from a superantigen,
- ii. has the ability to bind to the Vβ chain of the T cell receptor, and
- iii. has a modified ability to bind to MHC class II antigens compared to the superantigen from which the peptide is derived (wild-type of superantigen=SA(wt)).
- The peptide and the affinity counterpart are covalently linked to each other via a bridge (B).
- The preferred conjugates have the ability to activate and direct T-lymphocytes to selective lysis of cells that on their surface expose the structure against which the affinity counterpart is directed. This means that the conjugates shall cause cytolysis in an SADCC mediated method (Superantigen Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity). See the experimental part below and our previous publications concerning conjugates between superantigens and antibodies (e.g. Dohlsten et al., WO 9201470).
- The inventive conjugates have a structure that is analogous to the superantigen-antibody conjugates described in the prior art (Dohlsten et al., WO 9201470 which hereby is incorporated by reference), i.e. the conjugates complies with the formula:
T-B-SA(M) - where T represents the biospecific affinity counterpart, SA(m) is the modified superantigen (the above-mentioned peptide), and B is a covalent bridge linking T and SA(m) together.
- T can in principle be any structure that binds via biospecific affinity. In most important cases, T is capable of binding to a cell surface structure, preferably a disease specific structure as given above. The structure against which T is directed is usually different from (a) the Vβ chain epitope to which the superantigen derived peptide (SA(m)) binds and (b) the MHC class II antigen epitope to which the unmodified superantigen binds. The biospecific affinity counterpart T may primarily be selected among interleukins (e.g. interleukin-2), hormones, antibodies and antigen binding fragments of antibodies, growth factors etc. See for instance Woodworth, Preclinical and Clinical Development of Cytokine Toxins presented at the conference “Molecular Approaches to cancer Immunotherapy”, Ashville, N.C., Nov. 7-11, 1993. Polypeptides binding to the constant domains of immunoglobulins (e.g. Proteins A and G and L), lectins, streptavidin, biotin etc were at the priority date considered to be of minor importance.
- At the priority date, it was preferred that T was an antibody or an antigen binding fragment of an antibody (including Fab, F(ab)2, Fv, single chain antibody etc), with particular emphasis of an antibody active fragment (such as Fab) of antibodies directed against the so called C242 epitope (Lindholm et al., WO 9301303) or against other cancer specific epitopes.
- In case T is an antibody it is primarily monoclonal or a mixture of a defined number of monoclonals (e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5 or more). T may be a polyclonal antibody, in case the use is nontherapeutical.
- It is not imperative for T to have a polypeptide structure.
- The modified superantigen SA(m) is primarily a mutated superantigen but may potentially also be a chemically modified superantigen, including fragments of superantigens retaining the ability to bind to the Vβ chain of the T cell receptor.
- The expression “mutated superantigen” means that the native ability of the superantigen to bind to MHC class II antigens has been modified on the genomic level by replacing, inserting or removing one or more amino acids in the native superantigen.
- Superantigen fragments obtained by mutations removing parts of the full amino acid sequence and fragments obtained by enzymatic or chemical cleavage of superantigens may be used equivalently in chemical conjugates of the invention.
- The modified superantigen SA(m) may comprise one or more amino acid sequences that are derived from different superantigens and that may have been mutated, for instance combinations of the preferred superantigens mentioned below.
- The modified superantigen SA(m) as such may exhibit a decreased immunogenicity and toxicity compared to the native superantigen.
- Other groups/substances that are capable of cross reacting with the Vβ chain of the T cell receptor may potentially also be employed equivalently with the mutated superantigen (SA(m)) as given above. Such groups/substances may be of non-polypeptide structure.
- At the end of the priority year the most interesting product candidates of the invention comprised mutated forms of superantigens having multiple MHC class II binding sites and/or the ability to coordinate Zn2+, for instance SEA, SED, SEE and SEH.
- T as well as SA(m) may be prepared by recombinant techniques.
- The bridge B may be selected as previously described (Dohlsten et al., WO 9201470), i.e. it shall preferably be hydrophilic and exhibit one or more structure(s) selected among amide, thioether, ether, disulfide etc. In case the bridge have unsubstituted unbroken hydrocarbon chains they preferably lack aromatic rings, such as phenyl. The most important bridges are those obtained by recombinant techniques, i.e. when the conjugation takes places on the genomic level. In such cases oligopeptide bridges containing hydrophilic amino acid residues, such as Gln, Ser, Gly, Glu and Arg, are preferred. Pro and His may also be included. During the priority year it has been decided that the preferred bridge is a peptide comprising three amino acid residues (GlyGlyPro).
- The inventive conjugate may comprise one or more modified superantigen(s) per biospecific affinity counterpart and vice versa. This means that T in the formula above may contain one or more modified super antigens in addition to the biospecific counterpart. In analogy SA(m) may contain one or more biospecific affinity counterpart(s) T. The affinity counterpart T and SA(m) may also comprise other structures. The number of modified superantigens per affinity counterpart is preferably one or two.
- The synthesis of the novel inventive conjugates may be carried out in principle according to two main routes: 1. by recombinant techniques and 2. chemical linking of T to SA(m). The methods are well recognized for the ordinary skilled worker in the field and comprise a large number of variants. It follows that the invention primarily concerns artificial conjugates, i.e. conjugates that are not found in nature.
- Chemical linking of a modified superantigen to the biospecific affinity counterpart T often utilizes functional groups (e.g. primary amino groups or carboxy groups) that are present at many positions in each compound. It follows that the final product will contain a mixture of conjugate molecules differing with respect to the position at which linking has taken place.
- For recombinant conjugates (fusion proteins) the obtained conjugate substance will be uniform with respect to the linking position. Either the amino terminal of the modified superantigen is linked to the carboxy terminal of the biospecific affinity counterpart or vice versa. For antibodies, such as intact antibodies and antigen binding fragments (Fab, Fv etc), either the light or the heavy chain may be utilized for such fusions. At present time recombinant conjugates are preferred, with preference for Fab fragments and linking of the amino terminal of the modified superantigen to the first constant domain of the heavy antibody chain(CH1), without exclusion of the analogous linking to the light chain or to the VH and VL domain that also may give quite good results.
- There are two different methods for obtaining large amounts of superantigens (including modified and fused forms) in E. coli: intracellular production or secretion. The latter method is preferred for the inventive conjugates because it offers purification of correctly folded protein from the periplasma and from the culture medium. Intracellular production results in a complicated purification procedure and often needs refolding in vitro of the protein (in order for the protein to obtain the correct tertiary structure). The above does not exclude that it is possible to produce active conjugates also in other host cells, e.g. eukaryotic cells, such as yeast or mammalian cells.
- The production of mutated superantigens and selection of mutants having a modified ability to bind (affinity) to MHC class II antigens maybe carried out according to known techniques (See e.g. Kappler et al., J. Exp. Med. 165 (1992) 387-396). See also our experimental part.
- The ability of the conjugate to bind to the T cell receptor Vβ chain, to the target structure and to cause lysis of the target cell depends on i.a. the peptide (SA(m)) that is derived from a superantigen, the biospecific affinity counterpart (T) and the structure and length of the bridge (B). A person ordinary skilled in the art is able to optimize the inventive conjugates with respect to the binding ability and the ability to cause lysis by studying the relationship between effect and structure with the aid of those models that have been disclosed in connection with previously known superantigen antibody conjugates (see the above-referred publications). See also the experimental part below. The ability of the conjugate to bind to the T cell receptor Vβ chain, to the target structure and to cause lysis of the target cell depends on i.a. the peptide (SA(m)) that is derived from a superantigen, the biospecific affinity counterpart (T) and the structure and length of the bridge (B). A person ordinary skilled in the art is able to optimize the inventive conjugates with respect to the binding ability and the ability to cause lysis by studying the relationship between effect and structure with the aid of those models that have been disclosed in connection with previously known superantigen antibody conjugates (see the above-referred publications). See also the experimental part below.
- By modified ability to bind MHC class II antigens is primarily intended that the ratio IC50(SA(wt)):IC50(SA(m)) is <0.9 (90%), such as <0.5 ( <50%) and possibly also <0.01 (<1%). In the alternative the modified binding ability of the inventive conjugates can be measured as the ratio of the dissociation constants Kd(SA(wt)) :Kd(SA(m)) with Kd measured in nM and with the same limits as for the ratio IC50(SA(wt)):IC50(SA(m)). For the determination of IC50(SA(wt), IC50(SA(m)), Kd(SA(m)) and Kd(SA(m)) see the experimental part below.
- It is previously known that certain superantigens may have two or more sites that bind to MHC class II antigen (Fraser et al., In: Superantigens: A pathogens view on the immune system. Eds. Huber & Palmer, Current Communications in Cell Molecular Biology 7 (1993) 7-29). For this type of superantigens the binding ability shall be modified at least one of the binding sites, e.g. as a reduction of the above-mentioned size. Possibly it may suffice with a superantigen modification that create a changed difference in affinity for two MHC class II binding sites, tentatively >10% and preferably by reducing the affinity of at least one site.
- Superantigens bind to TCR Vβ chains of different subgroups with varying affinities. In the inventive fusion proteins/conjugates, the superantigen employed may have been modified so as to show an altered subgroup specificity or an altered affinity to one or more members of the subgroup. There are strong reasons to believe that a parabolic relationship exists between the affinity for TCR Vβ and stimulation via TCR, i.e. a moderate affinity will give the maximal stimulation. Accordingly an appropriate affinity of a modified superantigen for TCR Vβ may be at hand as soon as the fusion protein/conjugate comprising the modified superantigen is able to significantly stimulate a resting T cell population representing essentially the distribution of all human Vβ subgroups to proliferate. The T cell population may be pooled T cells from randomly selected human individuals. By significantly is meant that the stimulation is possible to measure. The results presented in Table II (right column) in the experimental part indicate that the ability to cause SADCC of the inventive conjugates/fusion proteins often is essentially the same as for the fusion comprising the wild-type superantigen.
- Main Use of the Conjugates/Fusion Proteins of the Invention
- The conjugates according to the invention are primarily intended for the treatment of the same diseases as the conjugates between normal superantigens and antibodies. See the abovementioned publications. Thus the inventive conjugates may be administered either as the main therapy or as adjuvant therapy in connection with surgery or other drugs.
- The pharmaceutical composition of the invention comprises formulations that as such are known within the field but now containing our novel conjugate. Thus the compositions may be in the form of a lyophilized particulate material, a sterile or aseptically produced solution, a tablet, an ampoule etc. Vehicles such as water (preferably buffered to a physiologically pH value by for instance PBS) or other inert solid or liquid material may be present. In general terms the compositions are prepared by the conjugate being mixed with, dissolved in, bound to, or otherwise combined with one or more water-soluble or water-insoluble aqueous or non-aqueous vehicles, if necessary together with suitable additives and adjuvants. It is imperative that the vehicles and conditions shall not adversely affect the activity of the conjugate. Water as such is comprised within the expression vehicles.
- Normally the conjugates will be sold and administered in predispensed dosages, each one containing an effective amount of the conjugate that, based on the result now presented, is believed to be within the range of 10 μg-50 mg. The exact dosage varies from case to case and depends on the patient's weight and age, administration route, type of disease, antibody, superantigen, linkage (—B—) et.
- The administration routes are those commonly known within the field, i.e. a target cell lysing effective amount or a therapeutically effective amount of a conjugate according to the invention is contacted with the target cells. For the indications specified above this mostly means parenteral administration, such as injection or infusion (subcutaneously, intravenously, intra-arterial, intramuscularly) to a mammal, such as a human being. The conjugate may be administered locally or systemically.
- By “target cell lysing effective amount” is contemplated that the amount is effective in activating and directing T-lymphocytes to destroy the target cell.
- At the end of the priority year it had been decided that the preferred administration route for conjugates/fusion proteins comprising unmodified superantigens is 3 hours' intravenous infusion per day combined with a fever-reducing agent (paracetamol). The administration is to be repeated during 4 days and stopped before secondary antibodies are raised against the fusion protein/conjugate in the patient. This dosage schedule is likely to be applicable also to the present inventive conjugates/fusion proteins.
- Alternative Fields of Use
- The inventive conjugates can also be employed to quantitatively or qualitatively detect the structure against which the target-seeking group (T) is directed. In general these methods are well-known to people in the field. Thus, the modified superantigen may function as a marker group within immunoassays including immunohistochemistry meaning that the marker group in turn is detected by for instance an antibody that is directed towards the peptide (SA(m)) and labeled with an enzyme, isotope, fluorophor or some other marker group known per se. Another immunoassay method is to detect in a cell population cells that on their surface express a structure capable of binding to the target-seeking group (T). This use means that a sample from the cell population is incubated with T-lymphocytes together with the present inventive conjugate as in an SADCC assay. In case the incubation leads to cell lysis this is an indication that the population contains cells that on their surface express the structure.
- Antibodies
- The experimental work in connection with the invention has primarily been done with monoclonal antibody C215 as a model substance. This antibody is directed against an antigen in the GA-733 family (see for instance EP 376,746) and references cited therein and Larsson et al., Int. J. Canc. 32 (1988) 877-82). The C215 epitope has been judged not to be sufficiently specific for cancer treatment in humans. At the priority date mab C242 (Lindholm et al., WO 9301303) was believed to be a better candidate, as judged from experiments with its fusion product with wild-type SEA.
- Bacterial Strains and Plasmids
- The E. coli strains UL635 (xyl-7, ara-14, T4R, ΔompT) and HB101 (Boyer and Roulland-Dessoix, J. Mol. Biol. 41 (1969) 459-472) were used for the expression and cloning, respectively. The vector pKP889 was used for expression of Fab-SEA fusion proteins (derived from the murine antibody C215) and the vectors pKP943 and pKP1055 for secretion of SEA (
FIG. 1 ). The Fab-SEA expression vector pKP889 is identical to pKP865 (Dohlsten et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1994) in press) except that the spacer betweenC H1 and SEA is GlyGlyAlaAlaHisTyrGly. Expression from pKP943 yields SEA with the native amino terminus. The use of pKP1055 results in SEA having a Gly residue added at the amino terminus. In both vectors the signals from staphylococcal protein A (Uhlén et al., J. Biol. Chem. 259 (1984) 1695-1702) are used for transcription and translation and a synthetic signal peptide for secretion (L. Abrahmsén, unpublished). - In vitro Mutagenesis
- Mutations were made by polymerase chain reactions run on a Perkin Elmer Thermocycler. The reaction mixture (100 μl) contained: 1× PCR buffer from Perkin Elmer Cetus (10 mM Tris/HCl pH 8.3, 1.5 mMMgCl2, 0.001% (w/v) gelatine, an additional 2 mM MgCl2, 0.4 mM dNTPs (Perkin Elmer Cetus), 2.5 units of Ampli Taq DNA polymerase (Perkin Elmer Cetus, USA) and 100 ng DNA template. Primers were added to a final concentration of 0.8 μM. The original template was a plasmid containing Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A gene identical to the one published by Betley et al. (J. Bacteriol. 170 (1988) 34-41), except that the first codon (encoding Ser) was changed to TCC to furnish a Bam HI site at the 5′ end of the gene. Later a derivative containing more unique restriction enzyme sites introduced by silent mutations was used. Mutations introduced next to a restriction site were made with one set of primers, one of these spanning the mutation and the restriction site. For most mutations two set of primers had to be used and the PCR was performed in two consecutive steps. A new restriction enzyme site was introduced together with each mutation to enable facile identification. Oligonucleotides used as primers were synthesized on a Gene Assembler (Pharmacia Biotech AB, Sweden). To confirm each mutation the relevant portion of the nucleotide sequence was determined on an Applied Biosystems DNA-Sequenser using their Taq DyeDeoxy Termination Cycle Sequencing Kit.
- Protein Production and Analysis
- E. coli cells harboring the different gene constructs were grown overnight at room temperature (Fab-SEA vectors) and at 24-34° C. (secretion vectors, the optimum depends on the mutation). The broth was 2×YT (16 g/l Bacto trypton, 10 g/l Bacto yeast extract, 5 g/l NaCl) supplemented with kanamycin (50 mg/l). Fusion proteins were induced by addition of isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside to a final concentration of 100 μM. (The protein A promotor used in the expression of non-fused SEA is constitutive). The cells were pelleted at 5000×g and the periplasmic contents were released by gently thawing the previously frozen cell pellet in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) on ice during agitation for 1 hour. The periplasmic extracts were clarified by centrifugation at 9500×g for 15 minutes. The Fab-SEA proteins were used without further purification. SEA and Gly-SEA were further purified by affinity chromatography on an anti-SEA antibody column. Polyclonal rabbit anti-SEA antibodies were previously collected from rabbits preimmunized with SEA and purified by affinity chromatography on protein G Sepharoses® (Pharmacia Biotech).
- Protein Analysis
- The proteins were separated in precast polyacrylamide SDS Tris-Glycine Novex gels (gradient 4-20% or homogenous 12%, Novex novel experimental technology) and either stained with Coomassie Blue or used in Western blot. Polyclonal rabbit anti-SEA antibodies (above) were used to detect SEA in Western blot analysis, followed by porcine anti-rabbit Ig antibodies, and rabbit anti-horseradish peroxidase antibodies and peroxidase. With Fab-SEA fusion proteins peroxidase conjugated rat antibodies recognizing the kappa chain were also used (AAC 08P, Serotech LTD, England). 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (Sigma) was used for visualization of peroxidase.
- Circular dichroism (CD) spectra were collected in a J-720 spectropolarimeter (JASCO, Japan) at room temperature (22-25° C.) in 10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 8.2, with 0.02 mM ZnSO4 and 0.005% (v/v)
Tween® 20. The scanning speed was 10 nm/min and each spectrum was averaged from five subsequent scans. The cell path length was 1 mm and the protein concentration 0.2 to 0.5 mg/ml. Guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn-HCl) denaturations at equilibrium were measured at 23° C. by CD at 222 nm with a protein concentration of 0.3 mg/ml and a cell path length of 1 mm. These data were used to calculate the apparent fraction of unfolded protein (Fapp). Equilibrium unfolding parameters were derived by fitting the data to a two-site folding process (Hurle et al., Biochemistry 29 (1990) 4410-4419). - Materials
- Reagents: RPMI 1640 medium obtained from Gibco, Middlesex, England was used. The medium had a pH of 7.4 and contained 2 mM L-glutamine (Gibco, Middlesex, England), 0.01M HEPES (Biological Industries, Israel), 1 mM NaHCO3 (Biochrom AG, Germany), 0.1 mg/ml Gentamycin sulphate (Biological Industries, Israel), 1 mM Na-pyruvate (JRH Biosciences Industries, USA), 0.05 mM mercaptoethanol (Sigma Co., USA), 100 times concentrated nonessential amino acids (Flow Laboratories, Scotland) and was supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, Middesex, England). Recombinant SEA(wt), SEA(m) and the fusion products C215Fab-SEA(wt) and C215Fab-SEA(m) were obtained as described above. Human recombinant IL-2 was from Cetus Corp., USA. Mitomycin C was from Sigma Co., USA. Na2 51CrO4 was obtained from Merck, Germany. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) without magnesium and calcium was received from Imperial, England.
- Cells: The human colon carcinoma cell line Colo205 and the B cell lymphoma cell line Raji were obtained from American Type Cell Culture Collection (Rockville, Md., USA) (expressing HLA-DR3/w10, -DP7, -DQw1/w2). The EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid B cell line BSM was a generous gift from Dr van De Griend, Dept of Immunology, Dr Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. The cells were repeatedly tested for mycoplasma contamination with Gen-Probe Mycoplasma T.C. test, Gen-Probe Inc., San Diego, USA.
- SEA activated T cell lines were produced by activation of mononuclear cells from peripheral blood. The blood was received as buffy coats from blood donors at the University Hospital of Lund. The PBMs were stimulated at a concentration of 2×106 cells/ml with mitomycin C treated SEA coated BSM cells (preincubated with 100 ng/ml SEA) in medium with 10% FCS. The T cell lines were restimulated biweekly with 20 U/ml human recombinant IL-2 and weekly with mitomycin C treated SEA coated BSM cells. The cell lines were cultivated for 4-12 weeks before being used in the assay.
- The viability of the effector cells, as determined by trypan blue exclusion, exceeded 50%.
- Radioiodination Procedure
- Appropriate amounts of wild-type or mutant SEA were radiolabeled with 10 to 25 mCi Na125I using enzymobeads with the lactoperoxidase technique (NEN, Boston, Mass.). The reaction was stopped by quenching with sodium azide and protein-bound radioactivity was separated from free iodine by filtration through a PD-10 column (Pharmacia Biotech AB, Sweden) with R10 medium as elution buffer. Conditions were chosen to obtain a stoichiometric ratio between iodine-125 and protein of ≦2:1. The radiochemical purity was verified by size-exclusion chromatography on a TSK SW 3000 HPLC column. The effect of the radioiodination on the binding activity was only tested for wild-type SEA and found not to be affected (data not shown).
- Direct Binding Assay
- Raji cells, 6×104/100 μl, previously cultivated in R10 medium, were added to conical polypropylene tubes and incubated (22° C./45 min) in triplicate with 100 μl/tube of serially diluted 125I-labeled wild-type or mutant SEA. The cells were washed with 2
ml 1% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA) in 10 mM phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4, centrifugated at 300×g for 5 minutes and aspirated. This procedure was repeated twice. Finally, the cells were analyzed for cell-bound radioactivity in a gamma counter (Packard Instruments Co, Downers Grove, Ill., USA). The apparent dissociation constant, Kd, and the number of binding sites, N, at saturation were calculated according to Scatchard (Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 51 (1949) 660-72) after subtraction of non-specific binding (i.e. binding after incubation with R10 medium alone. - Inhibition Assay
- Inhibition assay (inhibition of 125I-labeled wild-type SEA binding by mutant SEAs). These inhibition experiments were carried out as is described for the direct binding assay with slight modifications. Briefly, 50 μl of 125I-labeled wild-type SEA was allowed to compete with an excess of unlabeled wild-type or mutant SEA (50 μl/tube) for binding to 6×104/100 μl Raji cells. A tracer concentration yielding ≈40% bound radioactivity in the direct assay was used to obtain maximal sensitivity in the inhibition assay. The displacement capacity of the competitor was expressed as the concentration yielding 50% inhibition (IC50) of bound radioactivity. The binding affinity of the mutants relative to wild-type SEA was calculated using the equation:
IC50(SEA(wt)):IC50 (SEA(m)) - In order to analyze whether the mutants compete for binding to the same site on Raji cells as wild-type SEA, the binding data obtained with SEA mutants were plotted as a log-logit function and tested for parallelism with the corresponding data for wild-type SEA.
- Inhibition Assay
- Inhibition assay (inhibition of the binding of fluorescent-labeled wild-type SEA by unlabeled wild-type SEA and SEA mutants). Raji cells (2.5×105) were incubated with inhibitor (wild-type or mutant SEA; 0-6000 nM) diluted in 50 μl CO2— independent medium (Gibco) supplemented with 10% FCS, glutamine and gentamycin at 37° C. for 30 minutes. Fluorescein conjugated wild-type SEA was added to a final concentration of 30 nM and the samples were incubated for an additional half hour at 37° C. The samples were washed three times with ice cold PBS supplemented with 1% BSA (PBS-BSA) and finally kept in 0.4 ml PBS-BSA on ice until they were analyzed. From each sample 10,000 live cells were analyzed for green fluorescence on a FACStar® (Becton Dickinson) flow cytometer and the mean fluorescence value was calculated using the LYSIS II program.
- SDCC-Assays
- The cytotoxicity of SEA(wt), SEA(m) and their fusions with C215Fab against MHC class II+ Raji cells was analyzed in a standard 4 hour51Cr3+-release assay, using in vitro stimulated SEA specific T cell lines as effector cells. Briefly, 51Cr labeled Raji cells were incubated at 2.5×103 cells per 0.2 ml medium (RPMI, 10% FCS) in microtitre wells at defined effector to target cell ratio in the presence or absence (control) of the additives. Percent specific cytotoxicity was calculated as 100× ([cpm experimental release—cpm background release]/[cpm total release—5cpm background release]). The effector to target cell ratio was 30:1 for unfused SEAs and 40:1 for fusion proteins.
- SADCC Against of Human Colon Cancer Cells
- The cytotoxicity of C215Fab-SEA(wt), C215Fab-SEA(m), SEA(wt) and SEA mutants against C215+ MHC class II colon carcinoma cells SW 620 was analyzed in a standard 4 hour 51Cr3+-release assay, using in vitro stimulated SEA specific T cell lines as effector cells. Briefly, 51Cr3+-labeled SW 620 cells were incubated at 2.5×103 cells per 0.2 ml medium (RPMI, 10% FCS) in microtitre wells at effector to target cell ratio 30:1 in the presence or absence (control) of the additives. Percent specific cytotoxicity was calculated as for SDCC assays.
- Tumor Cells
- B16-F10 melanoma cells transfected with a cDNA encoding the human tumor associated antigen C215 (B16-C215) (Dohlsten et al., Monoclonal antibody-superantigen fusion proteins: Tumor specific agents for T cell based tumor therapy; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, In press, 1994), were grown as adherent cells to subconfluency. The culture medium consisted of RPMI 1640 (GIBCO, Middlesex, UK) supplemented with 5×10−5 β-mercaptoethanol (Sigma, St Louis, Mo., USA), 2 mM L-glutamine (GIBCO), 0.01 M Hepes (Biological Industries, Israel) and 10% fetal calf serum (GIBCO).The cells were detached by a brief incubation in 0.02% EDTA and suspended in ice cold phosphate buffered saline with 1% syngeneic mouse serum (vehicle) to 4×105 cells/ml.
- Animals and Animal Treatment
- The mice were 12-19 weeks old C57B1/6 mice transgeneic for a T cell receptor Vβ3 chain (Dohlsten et al., Immunology 79 (1993) 520-527). One hundred thousand B16-C215 tumor cells were injected IV in the tail vein in 0.2 ml vehicle. On
day FIGS. 5 a and 5 b. Control mice were given only vehicle according to the same schedule. On day 21 after tumor cell injection, the mice were killed by cervical dislocation, the lungs removed, fixed in Bouin's solution and the number of lung metastases counted. - “Alanine scanning” of staphylococcal enterotoxin A
- Initially the structure of SEA was unknown and only speculations could be done about what side chains were surface accessible. Therefore, the majority of the mutants were chosen from alignments of homologous superantigens (Marrack and Kappler, Science 248 (1990) 705-711). Conserved (mainly polar) residues were chosen on the rational that some of these superantigens are expected to bind to HLA-DR in a conserved fashion (Chitagumpala et al., J. Immunol. 147 (1991) 3876-3881). Alanine replacements were used according to published strategies (Cunnningham and Wells, Science 244 (1988) 1081-1085). During the course of this work the available information increased: i) it was shown that a Zn2+ ion is important for the interaction between SEA and MHC class II (HLA-DR) (Fraser et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 (1991) 5507-5511), ii) a mutational analysis of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) was presented (Kappler et al., J. Exp. Med. 175 (1992) 387-396), and iii) the structure of SEB was presented (Swaminathan et al., Nature 359 (1992) 801-806).
- Our first mutant showing a severely reduced affinity for HLA DR, D227A, was found to coordinate the Zn2+ ion very poorly (data not shown). Assuming a common fold for SEA and SEB, the new data suggested two MHC class II binding regions; one involving the Zn2+ ion and one corresponding to the site defined in SEB. A second set of mutations were made on these assumptions. This second set of mutants were expressed in the form of SEA carrying a glycine added at the amino terminus. First the extension was shown to have no effects on the binding properties of wild-type SEA (next section).
- Most of the mutants were expressed and secreted by E. coli in a functional form as judged by analysis of the binding of monoclonal antibodies (Table I). Very low amounts were obtained of the mutants E154A/D156A and R160A. Consequently these were excluded from the study. The mutants having an Ala substitution in residues 128, 187, 225 or 227 were not recognized by the monoclonal antibody 1E. The latter two mutants showed a reduced level of expression (more pronounced at 34° C. than at 24° C.) and migrated faster during SDS-PAGE, under denaturing but not reducing conditions (all other mutants migrated as wild-type SEA, data not shown). As judged by CD spectra analysis the structure of D227A could differ slightly from native SEA (
FIG. 2 ), but the stability was very close to wild-type SEA (measured as resistance towards guanidine hydrochloride denaturation).The calculated ΔΔG between the mutant and native SEA (SEA(wt)) was 0.16 kcal/mol and is only about 4% of the ΔG values (data not shown). Overall the signals in the CD analysis were low, as expected from a mostly β-sheet structure. It was recently reported that His 225 coordinates Zn2+ (unpublished data in Fraser et al (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 (1991) 5507-5511). Since Asp 227 is involved in Zn2+ coordination (above) and presumably located in the same β-sheet as His 225 this suggests that these two residues constitutes the zinc-binding nucleus found in zinc-coordinating proteins (Vallee and Auld, Biochemistry 29 (1990) 5647-5659). - Binding to MHC Class II and T Cell Receptor
- The MHC class II affinity was calculated from the amounts needed to compete with fluorescein-labeled wild-type SEA for Raji cell exposing large amounts of MHC class II. The displacement capacity of a mutant was calculated from the concentration yielding 50% inhibition (IC50) of bound fluorescence compared with the concentration needed with wild-type SEA as the competitor. For wild-type SEA and for some mutants, the result from this analysis was compared with the result from an analysis where 125I labeled wild-type SEA was used as the tracer. As may be seen in Table II, the values obtained from these two inhibition analyses correlate well.
- For six selected mutants the binding to MHC class II was measured directly using 125I labeled mutant SEA (Table II). With the mutant H50A the values obtained from the direct binding assay and the inhibition assays correlated well but with the mutant F47A a large discrepancy was found: the direct binding indicated only 7 times weaker binding than wild-type SEA but both competition analyses demonstrated around 70 times reduced binding. The data from two of the other mutants indicated two separate binding interactions. For the mutants H225A and D227A the affinity was below the detection limit also in this analysis.
- We previously showed that fusion proteins composed of the Fab fragment of a carcinoma reactive antibody and SEA could be used to direct cytotoxic T cells to specifically lyse cancer cells, while the interaction between SEA and the T cell receptor (TCR) was too weak to be detected by itself (Dohlsten et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, in press). Thus, in contrast to analyses involving the isolated superantigen the Fab fusion context enables a functional assay for the interaction between SEA and the TCR, independent of the MHC class II binding. Consequently, the efficiency of the different conjugates to direct T cells to lyse cells recognized by the Fab moiety was monitored in a chromium release assay. This analysis confirmed that the mutations shown to affect the MHC class II binding did not affect the TCR binding (Table II).
- Biological Effects of the Mutations
- The proliferative effect was measured as the ability to stimulate peripheral lymphocytes to divide. All three mutants that competes very poorly for MHC class II induced little or no proliferation and the intermediate mutant H187A displayed some proliferative capacity, whereas the other investigated mutants were indistinguishable from the wild-type (table III). Harris et al (Infect. Immun. 61 (1993) 3175-3183) recently reported a similar severe reduction in T cell stimulatory activity for the SEA mutants F47G and L48G. Clearly a strong reduction in any of the two suggested binding regions results in a severe effect on the ability to induce proliferation. This suggests that SEA cross-links two molecules of MHC class II leading to dimerization of the TCR and that this is needed to yield a signal transduction.
- In contrast the efficiency of the different mutants in directing in vitro stimulated SEA T cells to lyse MHC class II bearing target cells shows correlation with the binding affinity, rather than to the ability to compete (Table III). For example, the efficiency of F47A and D227A are only reduced 2.5 times and 300 times, respectively. Thus, here no inherent requirement for divalency too is obvious. The increase in multivalency resulting from the significantly larger number of TCRs on the surface of activated T cells might partially shield the effect of a lower avidity in the SEA/MHC class II interaction. That dimerization is not needed to direct T cell cytotoxicity has previously been demonstrated by the use of carcinoma specific bifunctional antibodies containing one anti-CD3 moiety and one anti-carcinoma moiety (Renner et al., Science 264 (1994) 833-35).
- In vivo Functional Experiments
- The results are represented in
FIGS. 6 a and 6 b. Treatment of mice with C215Fab-SEA(wt) and C215Fab-SEA(D227A) were both highly effective in reducing the number of lung metastases of B16-C215 melanoma cells. The therapeutic effect was essentially identical for the two variants of the targeted superantigens. Treatment with C215Fab-SEA(wt) resulted in 70% lethality at doses of 5 μg/injection. In contrast, no mice died when the same dose of C215Fab-SEA(D227A) were used. Taken together, SEA(D227A) is an example of a mutant with reduced toxicity and retained therapeutic efficiency when incorporated in a Fab-SEA fusion protein. - The structure of the complex between SEB and HLA-DR was recently reported (Jardetzky et al., Nature 368 (1994) 711-718). Most of the SEB residues identified to be involved in this interaction are conserved in SEA. Our data on mutant D227A indicates a weak affinity for the interaction between this site of SEA (the amino proximal site) and the MHC class II, having a Kd value higher than 8 μM. The Kd for the interaction between SEB and HLA-DR was recently reported to be 1.7 μM (Seth et al., Nature 369 (1994) 324-27). The different interactions between SEB, TCR and HLA-DR were investigated and it was shown that the complex between SEB and HLA-DR was not stably maintained in the absence of TCR. Plasmon resonance experiments indicated that this was because of a very fast off-rate. The avidity effects obtained if SEA cross-links two molecules of MHC class II followed by a subsequent dimerization of the TCR could explain how SEA may induce proliferative effects at concentrations well below the Kd. Assuming that the mutation F47A reduces the affinity of the amino proximal site below significance, the Kd of the Zn2+ site is around 95 nM. This hypothesis was recently strengthened by the observation that the mutants F47R, F47R/H50A and F47R/L48A/H50D show identical affinity for MHC class II as F47A (unpublished).
- Based on the-SEB structure (Kappler et al., J. Exp. Med. 175 (1992) 387-396) and on homology alignments (Marrack and Kappler, Science 248 (1990) 705-711), it is strongly suggested that His225 and Asp227 are located in the same β-sheet and thus the side chains could be proximal. Thus, most likely these two residues constitute the zinc-binding nucleus found in zinc-coordinating proteins (Vallee and Auld, Biochemistry 29 (1990) 5647-5659). Similarly to these mutants, the mutants with a replacement at residue 128 or 187 are also recognized by all monoclonals except 1E. Fraser et al (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 (1991) 5507-5511) showed that Zn2+ is bound to SEA and is needed for a high affinity interaction with MHC class II. The affinity for zinc was not affected by the addition of HLA-DR. Based on this observation and the high affinity for Zn2+ (Kd of around 1 μM) a coordination exclusively provided by SEA and involving 4 fold coordination was suggested. Our data indicates an involvement of the four residues N128, H187, H225 and D227. The function of the former two residues is not yet clear; instead of providing a ligand N128 could help in the deprotonation of D227. One argument for this is that the effect of replacing D227 is more severe that when replacing H225.
- It was previously reported that there is a lack of correlation between the affinity of different superantigens for the MHC class II and the capacity to stimulate T cells to proliferate (Chintagumpala et al., J. Immunol. 147 (1991) 3876-3881). These results might partly be explained by different affinities of the superantigens towards different TCR V β-chains. Here we have observed the same lack of correlation but in contrast to separate superantigens the mutants display identical TCR affinity as shown in the Fab-SEA context (measured as SADCC). The most likely explanation for the lack of correlation is that two binding regions identified in this analysis represent two separate binding sites that yields not only a co-operative binding, but which results in the cross-linking of two molecules of MHC class II, which in turn yields dimerization of two molecules of the T cell receptor. This would imply that the affinity of both sites are important to obtain the proliferative effect. A high avidity results from the interactions within a hexameric complex involving two molecules of SEA, TCR and MHC class II. Thus the strong affinity/avidity of SEA towards MHC class II enables SEA interaction with the TCR despite a low direct affinity.
- Other Biospecific Affinity Counterparts
- A fusion protein of SEA(D227A) and an IgG-binding domain of staphylococcal protein A has been produced by recombinant technology and expressed in E. coli. This reagent has successfully been used to target T-lymphocytes to Mot 4 and CCRF-CEM cells (obtained from ATCC) that are CD7 and CD38 positive but HLA-DP, -DQ and -DR negative. The Mot 4 and CCRF-CEM cells were preincubated with anti-CD7 or anti-CD38 mouse monoclonals (Dianova, Hamburg, Germany). In order to enhance binding between the mouse monoclonals and the IgG-binding part of the fusion protein rabbit anti-mouse Ig antibody was also added.
- In comparison with protein A-SEA(wt), protein A-SEA(D227A) had a decreased ability to bind to Daudi cells expressing MHC class II antigen.
TABLE I Confirmation of mutant structural integrity. The binding of six monoclonal antibodies was monitored. Monoclonal antibody Mutation 1A 2A 3A 1E 4E EC-A1 Wild-type + + + + + + D11A/K14A + + + + + + D45A + + + + + + F47A + + + + + + H50A (+) + (+) + + + K55A + + + + + + H114A + + + + + + K123A/D132G + + + + + + N128A + + + − + + K147A/K148A + + + + − + E154A/D156A ND ND ND + ND ND R160A ND ND ND + ND ND H187A + + + − + + E191A/N195A + + + + + + D197A + + + + + + H225A + + + − + + D227A + + + − + +
Footnotes: A plus sign indicates binding, parenthesis indicate 50 to 90% binding compared with wild-type SEA. ND means not determined.
-
TABLE II Binding of SEA mutants to the MHC class II and the T cell receptor. The latter was monitored as the ability to direct activated cytotoxic T-cells specifically to lyse carcinoma cells using Fab-SEA fusions of the different mutants (SADCC). IC50(nM) IC50(nM) Kd(nM) SADCC(% of Mutation SEA-FITC1 125I-SEA 1 125I labeled 1 wild-type1 wild- type 50 38 13 1002 Gly- SEA 50 ND ND 1002 D11A/ K14A 50 ND ND ND D45A 53 ND ND ND F47A 3150 2943 95 100 H50A 150 132 32 100 K55A 44 ND ND ND H114A 48 ND ND ND K123A/D132G 188 75 12/237 100 N128A 1150 ND 2.9/76 100 K147A/K148A 58 ND ND ND H187A 1030 602 97 100 E191A/N195A 51 ND ND ND D197A 78 ND ND ND H225A >9000 9600 ND ND D227A >9000 >10000 >8000 100
Footnotes:
1ND means not determined.
2In the Fab-SEA context the spacer between CHi and SEA ends with a Gly.
-
TABLE III Biological effects of the mutations. The ability to stimulate resting T cells to proliferate and the ability to direct cytotoxic cells to lyse MHC class II exposing target cells were monitored (SDCC = Superantigen Dependent mediated Cellular Cytotoxicity). Mutation Proliferation % SDCC EC50 (relative) wild- type 100 1 Gly- SEA ND 1 D11A/K14A ND 0.8 D45A 50 1.3 F47A <0.2 2.5 H50A 20 1.4 K55A 100 1.3 H114A ND 1 K123A/ D132G 40 2.1 N128A 40 1.2 K147A/K148A ND 0.7 E154A/D156A ND ND R160A ND ND H187A 15 4 E191A/ N195A 100 1.1 D197A ND 1.3 H225A <0.2 3 × 102 D227A <0.01 3 × 102
Footnotes: ND means not determined.
-
Claims (59)
1-13. (canceled)
14. A conjugate comprising a bacterial superantigen and a biospecific affinity counterpart, wherein
(1) the biospecific affinity counterpart is capable of binding to a specific cell surface structure, and
(2) the superantigen comprises a peptide that:
i. contains an amino acid sequence that is derived from Staphylococcal enterotoxin A, wherein said peptide has the ability to bind to a Vβ chain of a T cell receptor, and
ii. has been modified at an amino acid position 47, 128, 187, 225 or 227, in order to have reduced ability to bind to MHC class II antigens.
15. The conjugate of claim 14 , wherein said amino acid modification is a substitution to alanine.
16. The conjugate of claim 14 , wherein said amino acid modification is a substitution that is not a conserved substitution of the amino acid at that position in Staphylococcal enterotoxin A.
17. The conjugate of claim 14 , wherein the specific cell surface structure is a cancer specific epitope.
18. The conjugate of claim 17 , wherein the specific cell surface structure is the C242 epitope.
19. The conjugate of claim 14 , wherein the biospecific affinity counterpart is an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody.
20. The conjugate of claim 19 , wherein the biospecific affinity counterpart is an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody.
21. The conjugate of claim 20 , wherein the fragment of an antibody is selected from the group consisting of Fab, F(ab)2, Fv, and single chain antibody.
22. The conjugate of claim 19 , wherein the biospecific affinity counterpart is monoclonal antibody C242.
23. The conjugate of claim 19 , wherein the biospecific affinity counterpart is monoclonal antibody C215.
24. The conjugate of claim 14 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 47.
25. The conjugate of claim 14 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 128.
26. The conjugate of claim 14 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 187.
27. The conjugate of claim 14 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 225.
28. The conjugate of claim 14 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 227.
29. The conjugate of claim 14 , wherein the modification is a substitution to serine at amino acid position 227.
30. The conjugate of claim 14 , wherein the modification is at amino acid positions 47, 128, 187, 225 and 227.
31. The conjugate of claim 15 , wherein the modification is at amino acid positions 47.
32. The conjugate of claim 15 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 128.
33. The conjugate of claim 15 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 187.
34. The conjugate of claim 15 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 225.
35. The conjugate of claim 15 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 227.
36. The conjugate of claim 15 , wherein the modification is at amino acid positions 47, 128, 187, 225 and 227.
37. The conjugate of claim 16 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 47.
38. The conjugate of claim 16 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 128.
39. The conjugate of claim 16 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 187.
40. The conjugate of claim 16 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 225.
41. The conjugate of claim 16 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 227.
42. The conjugate of claim 16 , wherein the modification is at amino acid positions 47, 128, 187, 225 and 227.
43. A pharmaceutical composition comprising:
(A) a conjugate comprising a bacterial superantigen and a biospecific affinity counterpart, wherein
(1) the biospecific affinity counterpart is capable of binding to a specific cell surface structure, and
(2) the superantigen comprises a peptide that:
i. contains an amino acid sequence that is derived from Staphylococcal enterotoxin A, wherein said peptide has the ability to bind to a Vβ chain of a T cell receptor, and
ii. has been modified at an amino acid position 47, 128, 187, 225 or 227, in order to have reduced ability to bind to MHC class II antigens; and
(B) a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
44. The conjugate of claim 43 , wherein said amino acid modification is a substitution to alanine.
45. The conjugate of claim 43 , wherein said amino acid modification is a substitution that is not a conserved substitution of the amino acid at that position in Staphylococcal enterotoxin A.
46. The conjugate of claim 43 , wherein the specific cell surface structure is a cancer specific epitope.
47. The conjugate of claim 46 , wherein the specific cell surface structure is the C242 epitope.
48. The conjugate of claim 43 , wherein the biospecific affinity counterpart is an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody.
49. The conjugate of claim 48 , wherein the biospecific affinity counterpart is an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody.
50. The conjugate of claim 49 , wherein the fragment of an antibody is selected from the group consisting of Fab, F(ab)2, Fv, and single chain antibody.
51. The conjugate of claim 48 , wherein the biospecific affinity counterpart is monoclonal antibody C242.
52. The conjugate of claim 48 , wherein the biospecific affinity counterpart is monoclonal antibody C215.
53. The conjugate of claim 43 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 47.
54. The conjugate of claim 43 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 128.
55. The conjugate of claim 43 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 187.
56. The conjugate of claim 43 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 225.
57. The conjugate of claim 43 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 227.
58. The conjugate of claim 43 , wherein the modification is a substitution to serine at amino acid position 227.
59. The conjugate of claim 43 , wherein the modification is at amino acid positions 47, 128, 187, 225 and 227.
60. The conjugate of claim 44 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 47.
61. The conjugate of claim 44 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 128.
62. The conjugate of claim 44 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 187.
63. The conjugate of claim 44 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 225.
64. The conjugate of claim 44 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 227.
65. The conjugate of claim 44 , wherein the modification is at amino acid positions 47, 128, 187, 225 and 227.
66. The conjugate of claim 45 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 47.
67. The conjugate of claim 45 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 128.
68. The conjugate of claim 45 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 187.
69. The conjugate of claim 45 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 225.
70. The conjugate of claim 45 , wherein the modification is at amino acid position 227.
71. The conjugate of claim 45 , wherein the modification is at amino acid positions 47, 128, 187, 225 and 227.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/193,869 US20060062795A1 (en) | 1994-07-11 | 2005-07-29 | Conjugate between a modified superantigen and a target-seeking compound and the use of the conjugate |
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
SE9402430-4 | 1994-07-11 | ||
SE9402430A SE9402430L (en) | 1994-07-11 | 1994-07-11 | Conjugate between modified superantigen and a targeting compound and use of the conjugates |
PCT/SE1995/000681 WO1996001650A1 (en) | 1994-07-11 | 1995-06-07 | A conjugate between a modified superantigen and a target-seeking compound and the use of the conjugate |
US76569597A | 1997-07-25 | 1997-07-25 | |
US11/193,869 US20060062795A1 (en) | 1994-07-11 | 2005-07-29 | Conjugate between a modified superantigen and a target-seeking compound and the use of the conjugate |
Related Parent Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/SE1995/000681 Division WO1996001650A1 (en) | 1994-07-11 | 1995-06-07 | A conjugate between a modified superantigen and a target-seeking compound and the use of the conjugate |
US76569597A Division | 1994-07-11 | 1997-07-25 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20060062795A1 true US20060062795A1 (en) | 2006-03-23 |
Family
ID=20394684
Family Applications (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US08/765,695 Expired - Fee Related US7226601B1 (en) | 1994-07-11 | 1995-06-07 | Conjugate between a modified superantigen and a target-seeking compound and the use of the conjugate |
US11/193,748 Abandoned US20050260215A1 (en) | 1994-07-11 | 2005-07-29 | Conjugate between a modified superantigen and a target-seeking compound and the use of the conjugate |
US11/193,869 Abandoned US20060062795A1 (en) | 1994-07-11 | 2005-07-29 | Conjugate between a modified superantigen and a target-seeking compound and the use of the conjugate |
Family Applications Before (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US08/765,695 Expired - Fee Related US7226601B1 (en) | 1994-07-11 | 1995-06-07 | Conjugate between a modified superantigen and a target-seeking compound and the use of the conjugate |
US11/193,748 Abandoned US20050260215A1 (en) | 1994-07-11 | 2005-07-29 | Conjugate between a modified superantigen and a target-seeking compound and the use of the conjugate |
Country Status (27)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (3) | US7226601B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP0766566B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4175489B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR100377506B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1089606C (en) |
AT (1) | ATE200626T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU699147B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2194673C (en) |
DE (1) | DE69520739T2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK0766566T3 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2158950T3 (en) |
FI (1) | FI118150B (en) |
GR (1) | GR3036187T3 (en) |
HK (1) | HK1012226A1 (en) |
HU (1) | HU221254B1 (en) |
IL (1) | IL114445A (en) |
MY (1) | MY112916A (en) |
NO (1) | NO320151B1 (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ289951A (en) |
PL (1) | PL180747B1 (en) |
PT (1) | PT766566E (en) |
RU (1) | RU2183215C2 (en) |
SE (1) | SE9402430L (en) |
TW (1) | TW413636B (en) |
UA (1) | UA73067C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1996001650A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA955746B (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20050260215A1 (en) * | 1994-07-11 | 2005-11-24 | Lars Abrahmsen | Conjugate between a modified superantigen and a target-seeking compound and the use of the conjugate |
US20060057111A1 (en) * | 2004-08-13 | 2006-03-16 | Gunnar Hedlund | Treatment of hyperproliferative disease with superantigens in combination with another anticancer agent |
US7615225B2 (en) | 2001-06-28 | 2009-11-10 | Active Biotech Ab | Methods for treating a subject having cancer by the administration of a conjugate between a variant staphylococcal entertoxin E superantigen and an antibody that binds to the 5T4 antigen |
Families Citing this family (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
SE9601245D0 (en) * | 1996-03-29 | 1996-03-29 | Pharmacia Ab | Chimeric superantigens and their use |
TW517061B (en) | 1996-03-29 | 2003-01-11 | Pharmacia & Amp Upjohn Ab | Modified/chimeric superantigens and their use |
NZ502745A (en) * | 1997-07-21 | 2003-02-28 | Pharmacia & Upjohn Ab | Use of superantigen conjugates for the directed cytolysis of target cells |
DE19827837A1 (en) * | 1998-06-23 | 1999-12-30 | Ernst Gleichmann | Preparation of conjugates for predictive testing, diagnosis, prophylaxis or therapy of immunological sensitization to chemicals |
US7491402B2 (en) | 1998-12-24 | 2009-02-17 | Auckland Uniservices Limited | Superantigens SMEZ-2, SPE-G, SPE-H and SPE-J and uses thereof |
GB0118155D0 (en) * | 2001-07-25 | 2001-09-19 | Lorantis Ltd | Superantigen |
NZ519371A (en) | 2002-06-04 | 2004-11-26 | Auckland Uniservices Ltd | Immunomodulatory constructs and their uses |
US8029803B2 (en) | 2002-06-20 | 2011-10-04 | Paladin Labs, Inc. | Chimeric antigens for eliciting an immune response |
US8025873B2 (en) | 2002-06-20 | 2011-09-27 | Paladin Labs, Inc. | Chimeric antigens for eliciting an immune response |
US8007805B2 (en) | 2003-08-08 | 2011-08-30 | Paladin Labs, Inc. | Chimeric antigens for breaking host tolerance to foreign antigens |
WO2006054096A2 (en) * | 2004-11-18 | 2006-05-26 | Avidex Ltd | Soluble bifunctional proteins |
WO2007024715A2 (en) * | 2005-08-19 | 2007-03-01 | Abbott Laboratories | Dual variable domain immunoglobin and uses thereof |
CN102516392B (en) * | 2011-11-25 | 2014-05-28 | 孙嘉琳 | Cancer-targeted super antigen fusion protein, and preparation method and application thereof |
WO2014025199A2 (en) * | 2012-08-09 | 2014-02-13 | 주식회사 한독 | Staphylococcal enterotoxin-derived superantigen mutant, fusion protein in which target-specific polypeptides are connected to the mutant and use thereof |
CA3010678A1 (en) | 2016-01-10 | 2017-07-20 | Neotx Therapeutics Ltd. | Methods and compositions for enhancing the potency of superantigen mediated cancer immunotherapy |
US11583593B2 (en) | 2016-01-14 | 2023-02-21 | Synthis Therapeutics, Inc. | Antibody-ALK5 inhibitor conjugates and their uses |
CN112601522A (en) * | 2018-07-09 | 2021-04-02 | 辛瑟斯治疗股份有限公司 | antibody-ALK 5 inhibitor conjugates and uses thereof |
JP2022531978A (en) | 2019-05-15 | 2022-07-12 | ネオティーエックス セラピューティクス リミテッド | Cancer treatment |
JP2023517011A (en) | 2020-03-05 | 2023-04-21 | ネオティーエックス セラピューティクス リミテッド | Methods and compositions for treating cancer using immune cells |
WO2023215560A1 (en) | 2022-05-05 | 2023-11-09 | Atoosa Corporation | Tumor cell/immune cell multivalent receptor engager – bio-nanoparticle (timre-bnp) |
Citations (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3627644A (en) * | 1968-03-01 | 1971-12-14 | Hajime Okamoto | Process for the cultivation of hemolytic streptococci |
US4237224A (en) * | 1974-11-04 | 1980-12-02 | Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Jr. University | Process for producing biologically functional molecular chimeras |
US4268434A (en) * | 1979-01-09 | 1981-05-19 | Higerd Thomas B | Immunosuppressive extracellular product from oral bacteria |
US4681870A (en) * | 1985-01-11 | 1987-07-21 | Imre Corporation | Protein A-silica immunoadsorbent and process for its production |
US4699783A (en) * | 1983-03-11 | 1987-10-13 | Terman David S | Products and methods for treatment of cancer |
US4980160A (en) * | 1986-10-16 | 1990-12-25 | Biogen, Inc. | Combinations of tumor necrosis factors and anti-inflammatory agents and methods for treating malignant and non-malignant diseases |
US5091091A (en) * | 1981-11-06 | 1992-02-25 | Terman David S | Protein A perfusion and post perfusion drug infusion |
US5858363A (en) * | 1990-07-20 | 1999-01-12 | Pharmacia & Upjohn Ab | Target specific antibody-superantigen conjugates and their preparation |
US6197299B1 (en) * | 1990-07-20 | 2001-03-06 | Pharmacia & Upjohn Ab | Antibody conjugates |
US6338845B1 (en) * | 1989-10-03 | 2002-01-15 | David S. Terman | Tumor killing effects of enterotoxins, superantigens, and related compounds |
US6514498B1 (en) * | 1996-03-19 | 2003-02-04 | Pharmacia Ab | Modified/chimeric superantigens and their use |
US20050260215A1 (en) * | 1994-07-11 | 2005-11-24 | Lars Abrahmsen | Conjugate between a modified superantigen and a target-seeking compound and the use of the conjugate |
US7125554B2 (en) * | 2001-06-28 | 2006-10-24 | Active Biotech Ab | Engineered superantigen for human therapy |
US7226595B2 (en) * | 1996-03-29 | 2007-06-05 | Active Biotech A.B. | Modified Chimeric superantigens and their use |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
IT1192014B (en) | 1986-06-27 | 1988-03-31 | Rubinetterie Mariani Spa | SPOUT FOR WASHBASIN OR SIMILAR HYDRAULIC APPLIANCE WITH SWITCH CONTROL |
DE68907388T2 (en) | 1988-07-22 | 1994-01-05 | Imre Corp | Purified Protein A compositions and process for their preparation. |
SE8903100D0 (en) | 1989-09-20 | 1989-09-20 | Pharmacia Ab | NEW PHARMACEUTICAL AGENT |
ATE303157T1 (en) | 1990-01-17 | 2005-09-15 | David S Terman | USE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS ENTEROTOXINS OR RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR CANCER THERAPY |
CA2087164C (en) * | 1990-07-20 | 2002-11-26 | Terje Kalland | Target specific antibody-superantigen conjugates and their preparation |
WO1993024136A1 (en) | 1991-01-17 | 1993-12-09 | Terman David S | Tumor killing effects of enterotoxins, superantigens, and related compounds |
SE9102074D0 (en) | 1991-07-03 | 1991-07-03 | Kabi Pharmacia Ab | TOMOUR ANTIGEN SPECIFIC ANTIBODY |
EP0626805A4 (en) | 1992-01-28 | 1995-12-06 | Nat Jewish Ct Immun & Respirat | Protective effects of mutated superantigens. |
-
1994
- 1994-07-11 SE SE9402430A patent/SE9402430L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
1995
- 1995-06-07 PT PT95926057T patent/PT766566E/en unknown
- 1995-06-07 CN CN95194071A patent/CN1089606C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-06-07 KR KR1019970700156A patent/KR100377506B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-06-07 DE DE69520739T patent/DE69520739T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-06-07 NZ NZ289951A patent/NZ289951A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-06-07 CA CA002194673A patent/CA2194673C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-06-07 AU AU29940/95A patent/AU699147B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1995-06-07 HU HU9700063A patent/HU221254B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-06-07 EP EP95926057A patent/EP0766566B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-06-07 PL PL95318162A patent/PL180747B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-06-07 WO PCT/SE1995/000681 patent/WO1996001650A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1995-06-07 US US08/765,695 patent/US7226601B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-06-07 JP JP50425196A patent/JP4175489B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-06-07 DK DK95926057T patent/DK0766566T3/en active
- 1995-06-07 AT AT95926057T patent/ATE200626T1/en active
- 1995-06-07 ES ES95926057T patent/ES2158950T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-06-07 RU RU97102113/13A patent/RU2183215C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-07-01 TW TW084106800A patent/TW413636B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-07-04 IL IL11444595A patent/IL114445A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-07-06 UA UA97020534A patent/UA73067C2/en unknown
- 1995-07-10 MY MYPI95001925A patent/MY112916A/en unknown
- 1995-07-11 ZA ZA955746A patent/ZA955746B/en unknown
-
1997
- 1997-01-10 FI FI970100A patent/FI118150B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-01-10 NO NO19970108A patent/NO320151B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1998
- 1998-12-14 HK HK98113340A patent/HK1012226A1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2001
- 2001-07-06 GR GR20010401035T patent/GR3036187T3/en unknown
-
2005
- 2005-07-29 US US11/193,748 patent/US20050260215A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-07-29 US US11/193,869 patent/US20060062795A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3627644A (en) * | 1968-03-01 | 1971-12-14 | Hajime Okamoto | Process for the cultivation of hemolytic streptococci |
US4237224A (en) * | 1974-11-04 | 1980-12-02 | Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Jr. University | Process for producing biologically functional molecular chimeras |
US4268434A (en) * | 1979-01-09 | 1981-05-19 | Higerd Thomas B | Immunosuppressive extracellular product from oral bacteria |
US5091091A (en) * | 1981-11-06 | 1992-02-25 | Terman David S | Protein A perfusion and post perfusion drug infusion |
US4699783A (en) * | 1983-03-11 | 1987-10-13 | Terman David S | Products and methods for treatment of cancer |
US4681870A (en) * | 1985-01-11 | 1987-07-21 | Imre Corporation | Protein A-silica immunoadsorbent and process for its production |
US4980160A (en) * | 1986-10-16 | 1990-12-25 | Biogen, Inc. | Combinations of tumor necrosis factors and anti-inflammatory agents and methods for treating malignant and non-malignant diseases |
US6338845B1 (en) * | 1989-10-03 | 2002-01-15 | David S. Terman | Tumor killing effects of enterotoxins, superantigens, and related compounds |
US5858363A (en) * | 1990-07-20 | 1999-01-12 | Pharmacia & Upjohn Ab | Target specific antibody-superantigen conjugates and their preparation |
US6197299B1 (en) * | 1990-07-20 | 2001-03-06 | Pharmacia & Upjohn Ab | Antibody conjugates |
US20050260215A1 (en) * | 1994-07-11 | 2005-11-24 | Lars Abrahmsen | Conjugate between a modified superantigen and a target-seeking compound and the use of the conjugate |
US6514498B1 (en) * | 1996-03-19 | 2003-02-04 | Pharmacia Ab | Modified/chimeric superantigens and their use |
US7226595B2 (en) * | 1996-03-29 | 2007-06-05 | Active Biotech A.B. | Modified Chimeric superantigens and their use |
US7125554B2 (en) * | 2001-06-28 | 2006-10-24 | Active Biotech Ab | Engineered superantigen for human therapy |
US20070082001A1 (en) * | 2001-06-28 | 2007-04-12 | Active Biotech Ab | Novel engineered superantigen for human therapy |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20050260215A1 (en) * | 1994-07-11 | 2005-11-24 | Lars Abrahmsen | Conjugate between a modified superantigen and a target-seeking compound and the use of the conjugate |
US7615225B2 (en) | 2001-06-28 | 2009-11-10 | Active Biotech Ab | Methods for treating a subject having cancer by the administration of a conjugate between a variant staphylococcal entertoxin E superantigen and an antibody that binds to the 5T4 antigen |
US20100111978A1 (en) * | 2001-06-28 | 2010-05-06 | Active Biotech Ab | Conjugates between a variant staphylococcal enterotoxin e superantigen and a targeting antibody that binds to a cancer-associated cell surface structure |
US20060057111A1 (en) * | 2004-08-13 | 2006-03-16 | Gunnar Hedlund | Treatment of hyperproliferative disease with superantigens in combination with another anticancer agent |
US7763253B2 (en) | 2004-08-13 | 2010-07-27 | Active Biotech, Ab | Treatment of hyperproliferative disease with superantigens in combination with another anticancer agent |
US20100303836A1 (en) * | 2004-08-13 | 2010-12-02 | Gunnar Hedlund | Treatment of hyperproliferative disease with superantigens in combination with another anticancer agent |
US8293243B2 (en) | 2004-08-13 | 2012-10-23 | Active Biotech Ab | Treatment of hyperproliferative disease with superantigens in combination with another anticancer agent |
Also Published As
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US20060062795A1 (en) | Conjugate between a modified superantigen and a target-seeking compound and the use of the conjugate | |
US6514498B1 (en) | Modified/chimeric superantigens and their use | |
JP4114951B2 (en) | Modified / chimeric superantigen and use thereof | |
AU2005270336B2 (en) | Treatment of hyperproliferative disease with superantigens in combination with another anticancer agent | |
US5614191A (en) | IL-13 receptor specific chimeric proteins and uses thereof | |
JP4056543B2 (en) | Non-antigenic immediate complex and fusion protein of internalizing receptor system | |
JP2003524587A (en) | Use of a genetically engineered antibody against CD38 to treat multiple myeloma | |
WO1994004689A1 (en) | Recombinant toxin with increased half-life | |
WO1996038571A2 (en) | Recombinant polypeptide cytotoxins for cancer treatment |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: ACTIVE BIOTECH AB, SWEDEN Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ABRAHMSEN, LARS;DOHLSTEN, MIKAEL;BJORK, PER;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:020257/0627 Effective date: 20050921 |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |