US20080020086A1 - Methods of Incorporating Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Milk - Google Patents
Methods of Incorporating Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Milk Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20080020086A1 US20080020086A1 US11/560,809 US56080906A US2008020086A1 US 20080020086 A1 US20080020086 A1 US 20080020086A1 US 56080906 A US56080906 A US 56080906A US 2008020086 A1 US2008020086 A1 US 2008020086A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- pufa
- milk
- omega
- composition
- animal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 235000020777 polyunsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 108
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 102
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 102
- 210000004080 milk Anatomy 0.000 title claims abstract description 102
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 235000020660 omega-3 fatty acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 235000020665 omega-6 fatty acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 claims description 42
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 34
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 claims description 10
- 241000282849 Ruminantia Species 0.000 claims description 9
- 241000598397 Schizochytrium sp. Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000013365 dairy product Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 241000233671 Schizochytrium Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000004977 Brassica sinapistrum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000195493 Cryptophyta Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 241001467333 Thraustochytriaceae Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000283726 Bison Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000282817 Bovidae Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000014698 Brassica juncea var multisecta Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000006008 Brassica napus var napus Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000006618 Brassica rapa subsp oleifera Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000282836 Camelus dromedarius Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000283707 Capra Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 244000020518 Carthamus tinctorius Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000003255 Carthamus tinctorius Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000282994 Cervidae Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 244000020551 Helianthus annuus Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000003222 Helianthus annuus Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000004431 Linum usitatissimum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000006240 Linum usitatissimum Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241001494479 Pecora Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000233675 Thraustochytrium Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000000385 Brassica napus var. napus Species 0.000 claims 1
- 150000004671 saturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 235000003441 saturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- DCXXMTOCNZCJGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tristearoylglycerol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC DCXXMTOCNZCJGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 abstract description 23
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 abstract description 18
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 16
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 abstract description 15
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 15
- 239000003223 protective agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- MBMBGCFOFBJSGT-KUBAVDMBSA-N all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCC(O)=O MBMBGCFOFBJSGT-KUBAVDMBSA-N 0.000 description 44
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 32
- 235000020669 docosahexaenoic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 23
- 229940090949 docosahexaenoic acid Drugs 0.000 description 22
- 230000037396 body weight Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- YUFFSWGQGVEMMI-JLNKQSITSA-N (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCC(O)=O YUFFSWGQGVEMMI-JLNKQSITSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 235000021243 milk fat Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 240000005979 Hordeum vulgare Species 0.000 description 5
- 235000007340 Hordeum vulgare Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 235000014121 butter Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 235000020664 gamma-linolenic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- VZCCETWTMQHEPK-QNEBEIHSSA-N gamma-linolenic acid Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC(O)=O VZCCETWTMQHEPK-QNEBEIHSSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 210000004767 rumen Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 235000021122 unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 150000004670 unsaturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-PDBXOOCHSA-N alpha-linolenic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-PDBXOOCHSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YZXBAPSDXZZRGB-DOFZRALJSA-N arachidonic acid Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCC(O)=O YZXBAPSDXZZRGB-DOFZRALJSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000037213 diet Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 102000014171 Milk Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108010011756 Milk Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 239000003568 Sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241001491678 Ulkenia Species 0.000 description 3
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- JAZBEHYOTPTENJ-JLNKQSITSA-N all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCC(O)=O JAZBEHYOTPTENJ-JLNKQSITSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000013969 calcium salts of fatty acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 210000002421 cell wall Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 235000013351 cheese Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000020673 eicosapentaenoic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000021239 milk protein Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229940033080 omega-6 fatty acid Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 235000013618 yogurt Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (±)-α-Tocopherol Chemical compound OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2OC(CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1C GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 240000002791 Brassica napus Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000188595 Brassica sinapistrum Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000021294 Docosapentaenoic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000019764 Soybean Meal Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000378 dietary effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000020667 long-chain omega-3 fatty acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 244000005706 microflora Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004460 silage Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004455 soybean meal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000002784 stomach Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000009469 supplementation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 description 2
- DUXYWXYOBMKGIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimyristoyl-sn-glycerol Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCC)COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCC DUXYWXYOBMKGIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DVSZKTAMJJTWFG-SKCDLICFSA-N (2e,4e,6e,8e,10e,12e)-docosa-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaenoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C(O)=O DVSZKTAMJJTWFG-SKCDLICFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HOBAELRKJCKHQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (8Z,11Z,14Z)-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid Natural products CCCCCC=CCC=CCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O HOBAELRKJCKHQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GZJLLYHBALOKEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-Ketone, O18-Me-Ussuriedine Natural products CC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCCCC(O)=O GZJLLYHBALOKEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 1
- 101100503482 Arabidopsis thaliana FTSH5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 240000008886 Ceratonia siliqua Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000013912 Ceratonia siliqua Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019750 Crude protein Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- -1 DPAn-6 Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
- 235000021298 Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 1
- OPGOLNDOMSBSCW-CLNHMMGSSA-N Fursultiamine hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.C1CCOC1CSSC(\CCO)=C(/C)N(C=O)CC1=CN=C(C)N=C1N OPGOLNDOMSBSCW-CLNHMMGSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000004658 Medicago sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000017587 Medicago sativa ssp. sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 108010073771 Soybean Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000098338 Triticum aestivum Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150082136 VAR1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229930003427 Vitamin E Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000020661 alpha-linolenic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021342 arachidonic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940114079 arachidonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 208000011775 arteriosclerosis disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015015 brainstem development Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005018 casein Substances 0.000 description 1
- BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N casein, tech. Chemical compound NCCCCC(C(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CC(C)C)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(C(C)O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(COP(O)(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021240 caseins Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 208000029078 coronary artery disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000015142 cultured sour cream Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000013184 decreased milk production Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 150000001982 diacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000018823 dietary intake Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002249 digestive system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- HOBAELRKJCKHQD-QNEBEIHSSA-N dihomo-γ-linolenic acid Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCC(O)=O HOBAELRKJCKHQD-QNEBEIHSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KAUVQQXNCKESLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) Natural products COC(=O)C(C)NOCC1=CC=CC=C1 KAUVQQXNCKESLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002066 eicosanoids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960005135 eicosapentaenoic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- JAZBEHYOTPTENJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N eicosapentaenoic acid Natural products CCC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCCCC(O)=O JAZBEHYOTPTENJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012259 ether extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004494 ethyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000021050 feed intake Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021588 free fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- VZCCETWTMQHEPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-Linolensaeure Natural products CCCCCC=CCC=CCC=CCCCCC(O)=O VZCCETWTMQHEPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WIGCFUFOHFEKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-tocopherol Natural products CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC1CCC2C(C)C(O)C(C)C(C)C2O1 WIGCFUFOHFEKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002733 gamolenic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004968 inflammatory condition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006651 lactation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960004488 linolenic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KQQKGWQCNNTQJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N linolenic acid Natural products CC=CCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O KQQKGWQCNNTQJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000020978 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000005075 mammary gland Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000012054 meals Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013379 molasses Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000008271 nervous system development Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000474 nursing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000021049 nutrient content Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000016046 other dairy product Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003904 phospholipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000035935 pregnancy Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000979 retarding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000028327 secretion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940001941 soy protein Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- JIWBIWFOSCKQMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N stearidonic acid Natural products CCC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCCCCC(O)=O JIWBIWFOSCKQMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000010692 trans-unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000004881 tumor cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000004614 tumor growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000021081 unsaturated fats Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019165 vitamin E Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940046009 vitamin E Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011709 vitamin E Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
- A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
- A23C9/152—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations containing additives
- A23C9/1528—Fatty acids; Mono- or diglycerides; Petroleum jelly; Paraffine; Phospholipids; Derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
- A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
- A23C9/20—Dietetic milk products not covered by groups A23C9/12 - A23C9/18
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/16—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K40/30—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by encapsulating; by coating
- A23K40/35—Making capsules specially adapted for ruminants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
- A23L33/115—Fatty acids or derivatives thereof; Fats or oils
- A23L33/12—Fatty acids or derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
- A23C2230/00—Aspects relating to animal feed or genotype
- A23C2230/10—Animal milk with modified composition due to a specific feed
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S426/00—Food or edible material: processes, compositions, and products
- Y10S426/807—Poultry or ruminant feed
Definitions
- the present invention relates to methods of incorporating polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk with increased efficiency. More particularly, the methods include protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, with a protective agent prior to feeding the supplement to a milk-producing animal. The invention further provides methods of feeding the polyunsaturated fatty acids to milk-producing animals by top dressing the polyunsaturated fatty acid supplement onto regular feed to increase the incorporation efficiency of the polyunsaturated fatty acids into milk.
- omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids are recognized as important dietary compounds for preventing arteriosclerosis and coronary heart disease, for alleviating inflammatory conditions and for retarding the growth of tumor cells.
- omega-6 fatty acid content For children, it would also be desirable to increase both the omega-3 (especially DHA, C22:6n-3) and the omega-6 fatty acid content of milk as the eicosanoids from the omega-6 fatty acids are important for growth and DHA is important in brain and nervous system development.
- Milk is not only an important food source in its own right, but it can also be used to make a wide variety of other dairy products, such as butter, yogurt, cheese and the like.
- omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs in milk are produced by ruminants.
- ruminants fed high concentrations of long chain unsaturated fat in their feed rations can sometimes exhibit one or more of the following results: (1) reduced milk output; (2) decreased fat content in the milk; (3) decreased protein content in the milk; and (4) increased trans-fatty acid content in the milk.
- the present invention satisfies this desire and provides related advantages as well.
- the present invention generally relates to methods of increasing the efficiency of producing milk enriched with omega-3 and/or omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).
- PUFAs omega-3 and/or omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids
- the invention relates to the protection of PUFAs with a protective fat.
- the invention further provides compositions containing omega-3 and/or omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and a protective fat, and to methods of making and using such compositions.
- the source of the PUFAs can be from any animal, plant or microbial source.
- a preferred source of the polyunsaturated fatty acids is a microorganism, particularly algae.
- the microorganism can be used in a whole cell form or as a lipid extracted from the microorganism.
- the microorganism is from the order Thraustochytriales, more preferably from the genus Thraustochytrium or Schizochytrium , and in particular Schizochytrium sp. (ATCC 20888 and ATCC 20889). (There has been some discussion in the taxonomic community as to whether the genus Ulkenia in the order Thraustochytriales is really separate from the genus Schizochytrium .
- Oil seeds including genetically modified oil seeds can also be used as the source of the PUFAs, including soybeans, flax, sunflower, safflower, rapeseed and canola for example.
- the seeds or oils extracted from the seeds can be used.
- a particularly useful protective fat is tristearine
- other tri-saturated triacylglycerols e.g. tri-palmitine or tri-myristine
- di-saturated triacylglycerols which are preferably solid at room temperatures
- forms of other protective fats such as tallow, lard and calcium salts of fatty acids, for example, are also useful.
- Functional derivatives of these specific fats are also contemplated for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention.
- Other protective agents can also be used, including protected forms of casein and soy proteins, for example.
- the desired PUFA and the protective fat is combined in a ratio ranging from about 1:10 to about 10:1 (protective fat:PUFA), more preferably in a ratio ranging from about 1:5 to about 5:1, more preferably in a ratio ranging from about 1:1 to about 3:1 and more preferably in a ratio of about 2:1.
- compositions of the present invention are generally accomplished by obtaining an omega-3 and/or omega-6 PUFA and combining the protective fat with the PUFA to produce the composition. Additionally, methods of producing milk enriched with omega-3 PUFA, omega-6 PUFA or a combination thereof are also provided in which an animal capable of producing milk is fed the composition of the present invention.
- the milk-producing animal can be a cow, sheep, goat, bison, buffalo, antelope, deer or camel.
- the methods further include extracting milk from the animal to obtain the enriched milk as well as producing a dairy product from the enriched milk, such as cheese, butter, yogurt and the like.
- the invention also relates to a novel method of feeding milk-producing animals to increase the production of PUFA-enriched milk.
- the method involves adding a layer of a PUFA supplement on top of regular feed and feeding the animal the layered feed.
- the PUFA supplement can contain either protected or unprotected PUFAs.
- the methods can further include extracting the PUFA-enriched milk from the animal.
- FIG. 1 is a graph comparing the amount of DHA (mg/l) in milk produced by cows fed DHA-rich microalgae supplement in a total mixed ration versus top dressed on the feed.
- the present invention generally relates to the discovery of improved methods for producing milk enriched with omega-3 PUFA, omega-6 PUFA or a combination of these PUFAs.
- feeding milk-producing animals, particularly ruminants, the long chain omega-3 and/or omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids along with a protective fat allows for significant enrichment of the PUFA content of milk while limiting one or more of the following: reductions in milk production, decreases in fat content, decreases in protein content, and/or increases in trans-fatty acid content, when compared to animals fed a non-enriched diet.
- compositions of the present invention include an omega-3 PUFA, an omega-6 PUFA or a combination of the two and a protective fat.
- Preferred PUFAs include any omega-3 or omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids with three or more double bonds.
- Omega-3 PUFAs are polyethylenic fatty acids in which the ultimate ethylenic bond is three carbons from and including the terminal methyl group of the fatty acid and include, for example, docosahexaenoic acid C22:6(n-3) (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid C20:5(n-3) (EPA), omega-3 docosapentaenoic acid C22:5(n-3) (DPAn-3), stearidonic acid C18:4(n-3) (SDA), and linolenic acid C18:3(n-3) (LNA).
- DHA docosahexaenoic acid C22:6(n-3)
- EPA
- Omega-6 PUFAs are polyethylenic fatty acids in which the ultimate ethylenic bond is six carbons from and including the terminal methyl group of the fatty acid and include, for example, arachidonic acid C20:4(n-6) (ARA), C22:4(n-6), omega-6 docosapentaenoic acid C22:5(n-6) (DPAn-6), gammalinolenic acid C18:3(n-6) (GLA) and dihomogammalinolenic acid C20:3(n-6) (dihomo GLA).
- ARA arachidonic acid
- C22:4(n-6 omega-6 docosapentaenoic acid C22:5(n-6)
- DPAn-6 omega-6 docosapentaenoic acid C22:5(n-6)
- GLA gammalinolenic acid C18:3(n-6)
- dihomogammalinolenic acid C20:3(n-6)
- the PUFAs can be in any of the common forms found in natural lipids including but not limited to triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, phospholipids, free fatty acids, esterified fatty acids, or in natural or synthetic derivative forms of these fatty acids (e.g. calcium salts of fatty acids, ethyl esters, etc).
- Suitable PUFAs for the present compositions can also include any combination of omega-3 PUFAs and/or omega-6 PUFAs.
- Any source of PUFAs can be used in the compositions and methods of the present invention, including, for example, animal, plant and microbial sources.
- Sources of the PUFAs and methods for processing and isolating the PUFAs preferably include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,340,594, issued Aug. 23, 1994 and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,244, issued Dec. 16, 1997, both incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
- strains of fungi, algae or protists can be isolated that contain the PUFAs.
- the organism, such as algae for example is preferably fed to the animal in a whole cell form or alternatively as an extracted lipid.
- the organism is selected from the order Thraustochytriales, more preferably from the genus Thraustochytrium or Schizochytrium , and particularly Schizochytrium .
- Preferred strains are the deposited Schizochytrium sp. strains ATCC 20888 and 20889 and derivatives thereof.
- Oil seeds such as soybean, flax, sunflower, safflower, rapeseed and canola for example, are also useful as sources of the PUFAs.
- oil seeds that have been genetically modified to increase the PUFA content can be employed.
- the oil seeds or oil extracted from the seeds can be used. Methods of extracting oil from seeds are known to those skilled in the art.
- Animal sources, such as fish, can also be used as a source of PUFAs.
- a protective fat to the PUFAs provides a high quality stable source of the unsaturated fatty acids, which, because of the protective fat, is not, for example, degraded or hydrogenated in the rumen, but is easily digested or absorbed in the stomach of the ruminant. It is believed that the protective fats protect the PUFAs from degradation or hydrogenation by the rumen microflora prior to digestion and absorption of the PUFAs by the animal.
- the PUFAs can be “protected” by coating or encapsulating the lipids or whole cells allowing the fatty acids to pass relatively undamaged through the ruminant's first stomach.
- milk is produced at a substantially normal rate and the resulting milk is enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids, has substantially normal fat and protein content, no significant increases in trans-fatty acids, and/or has excellent organoleptic qualities.
- protective fat also commonly called “by-pass fat” includes any suitable fat that can encapsulate, coat or otherwise protect the PUFAs from significant degradation or saturation, while allowing the PUFAs to be easily absorbed by the animal.
- Suitable protective fats include, for example, tristearine, although other tri-saturated triacylglycerols such as tripalmitine or trimyristine, or di-saturated triacylglycerols which are solid at room temperatures can also be used, tallow and calcium salts of fatty acids, and/or functional derivatives of any of these fatty acids.
- the term “functional derivative” include any homologues or other derivatives of these protective fats that can encapsulate, coat or otherwise protect the PUFAs from degradation or hydrogenation by rumen microflora. Such functional derivatives can be readily identified, synthesized or obtained by those skilled in the art. Milk is considered enriched when it has at least 20 percent more, preferably at least 50 percent more, preferably at least 100 percent more, preferably at least 200 percent more and more preferably at least 400 percent more PUFAs then a control milk.
- the PUFAs are highly unsaturated fatty acids such as DHA, EPA, SDA, LNA, DPAn-3, DPAn-6, C22:4(n-6), ARA, GLA and dihomo GLA.
- compositions which include obtaining the omega-3 and/or omega-6 PUFA and combining it with a protective fat.
- the PUFA and protective fat are combined in a ratio ranging from about 1:10 to about 10:1 (protective fat:PUFA), more preferably from about 1:5 to about 5:1, more preferably from about 1:1 to about 3:1 and more preferably in a ratio of about 2:1.
- the desired ratio of protective fat and PUFA are mixed together and preferably dried in the form of a flake or prilled product to form the PUFA supplement.
- the protective fat serves at least one of two functions: (1) to protect the PUFAs from hydrogenation or degradation in the rumen and releasing them later in the cows digestive system to be absorbed by the cow; and (2) to provide a source of by-pass fat to maintain milk fat and protein content, and maintain normal milk production in the presence of a high PUFA content feed ration.
- the by-pass fat can be fed just mixed in the ration with the PUFA source rather than encapsulating it. In this way the by-pass fat serves to maintain milk fat content (and/or milk protein and/or total milk production) while the PUFA source serves primarily to enrich the milk with PUFAs.
- the present invention further provides methods of using the compositions.
- methods involve producing milk enriched with omega-3 PUFA, omega-6 PUFA or a combination thereof (referred to herein as “enriched milk”) in a milk-producing animal.
- milk refers to a mammary gland secretion of an animal that forms a natural food.
- Milk-producing animals include, for example, ruminants such as cows, sheep, goats, bison, buffalo, antelope, deer, and camel, as well as other non-ruminant animals and humans.
- the methods are generally accomplished by feeding the animals an effective amount of a composition of the present invention to produce enriched milk. These methods are also useful for nursing females to provide enriched milk to their offspring.
- the present invention also provides methods for obtaining enriched milk.
- the methods are generally accomplished by feeding a milk-producing animal an effective amount of a composition of the present invention to produce enriched milk and extracting the milk (e.g., milking) from the animal to obtain the enriched milk. Any method for extracting milk from the lactating animal can be used to collect the enriched milk.
- the enriched milk can also be further processed to produce a dairy product, such as cheese, butter, yogurt, sour cream, and the like.
- the effective amounts of the omega-3 and/or omega-6 PUFAs to feed to the animals can be readily determined by those skilled in the art using the guidance provided herein.
- a particularly useful range of omega-3 PUFA is from about 0.1 mg to about 100 mg PUFA/kg body weight/day, preferably from about 0.5 mg to about 50 mg PUFA/kg body weight/day, and more preferably from about 0.75 mg to about 20 mg PUFA/kg body weight/day.
- a particularly useful range of omega-3 PUFA is from about 0.1 mg to about 750 mg PUFA/kg body weight/day, preferably from about 1 mg to about 500 mg PUFA/kg body weight/day, preferably from about 2 mg to about 250 mg PUFA/kg body weight/day, and more preferably from about 5 mg to about 100 mg PUFA/kg body weight/day.
- the omega-3 and/or omega-6 PUFA is fed in an amount greater than about 2 mg/kg body weight/day.
- omega-3 PUFA can be fed to an animal, including greater than about 5 mg/kg body weight/day, greater than about 30 mg/kg body weight/day, greater than about 75 mg/kg body weight/day and greater than about 150 mg/kg body weight/day.
- An appropriate dose of PUFA can vary with the particular PUFA and amount desired in the enriched milk and can be readily determined by those skilled in the art, e.g., by measuring the PUFA content of the enriched milk.
- the present invention further relates to novel methods of feeding milk-producing animals to increase the amount of PUFAs in milk.
- the methods are generally accomplished by adding a layer of a desired PUFA (e.g., omega-3 PUFA, omega-6 PUFA or a combination of the two) on top (referred to herein as “top dressing”) of regular feed not supplemented with PUFAs or containing less PUFAs than the top layer, and feeding the layered feed to a milk-producing animal.
- the PUFA layer or supplement can contain either protected PUFAs as described above or unprotected PUFAs (i.e., PUFAs without protective fats or agents).
- the amount of PUFA in the PUFA supplement is preferably as described above.
- the methods can further include extracting or milking the animal to obtain the PUFA-enriched milk.
- the other two groups were fed the same diet except that some of the soybean meal and coconut butter in the dairy concentrate were substituted with either drum-dried Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 produced by fermentation (Group 2) or drum-dried Schizochytrium sp.
- ATCC 20888 produced by fermentation that had been encapsulated in tristearine (2 parts tristearine to 1 part dried Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888) (Group 3).
- Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 is a microalgae rich in both the long chain unsaturated fatty acids DHA (C22:6n-3) and DPAn-6 (C22:5n-6). All the rations contained approximately the same proximate nutrient content: dry matter (DM) content (92%), crude protein content (16% DM), fat content (6.7% DM as ether extract) and crude fiber content (26-27% DM).
- results are the mean fatty acid content of the milk from each group on the last day of an approximate 6 week period of supplementation.
- the results indicate that the by-pass (i.e., protective) fat protected microalgae supplement resulted in the highest increase in both omega-3 long chain (LCn-3) and omega-6 long chain unsaturated fatty acids.
- Milk production, milk fat and protein content are listed in Table 2. Results are averaged from 5 cows per treatment and from 12 milkings/cow over a 2 month period.
- DHA docosahexaenoic acid
- the two groups of cows were fed 30 g of DHA/day/head in the form of dried DHA-rich microalgae.
- One group of cows received microalgae as part of a total mixed ration (TMR) and the other group received the microalgae as a top dressing (TD) on their feed.
- TMR total mixed ration
- TD top dressing
- VAR1 TMR TD 1 1.000 0.000 0.000 2 2.000 33.000 63.000 3 3.000 38.000 90.000 4 4.000 48.000 72.000 5 5.000 48.000 121.000 6 6.000 58.000 106.000 7 7.000 83.000 128.000 8 8.000 71.000 114.000 9 9.000 66.000 131.000 10 10.000 57.000 90.000 11 11.000 74.000 145.000 12 12.000 67.000 119.000 13 13.000 64.000 111.000 14 14.000 101.000 108.000 15 15.000 59.000 148.000 16 16.000 54.000 71.000 17 17.000 44.000 46.000 18 18.000 46.000 69.000 19 19.000 39.000 64.000 20 20.000 38.000 59.000 21 21.000 35.000 55.000 22 22.000 36.000 49.000 23 23.000 35.000 45.000 24 24.000 47.000 36.000 25 25.000 38.000 41.000
Abstract
Methods for incorporating polyunsaturated fatty acids into milk with improved efficiency. The methods include protecting the polyunsaturated fatty acids, including omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, with a protective agent prior to feeding the fatty acids to a milk producing animal. Methods for feeding polyunsaturated fatty acids to milk producing animals by top dressing a polyunsaturated fatty acid supplement on top of animal feed compositions and methods of making and using such compositions are also provided.
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/312,106, filed Mar. 28, 2003, which is the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/US/01/20471, filed Jun. 26, 2001, which claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/214,291, filed Jun. 26, 2000.
- The present invention relates to methods of incorporating polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk with increased efficiency. More particularly, the methods include protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, with a protective agent prior to feeding the supplement to a milk-producing animal. The invention further provides methods of feeding the polyunsaturated fatty acids to milk-producing animals by top dressing the polyunsaturated fatty acid supplement onto regular feed to increase the incorporation efficiency of the polyunsaturated fatty acids into milk.
- It is desirable to increase polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of milk to help increase the dietary intake of these beneficial fatty acids. For example, omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids are recognized as important dietary compounds for preventing arteriosclerosis and coronary heart disease, for alleviating inflammatory conditions and for retarding the growth of tumor cells. For children, it would also be desirable to increase both the omega-3 (especially DHA, C22:6n-3) and the omega-6 fatty acid content of milk as the eicosanoids from the omega-6 fatty acids are important for growth and DHA is important in brain and nervous system development. Milk is not only an important food source in its own right, but it can also be used to make a wide variety of other dairy products, such as butter, yogurt, cheese and the like.
- One way to enrich omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs in milk is to increase the content of these fatty acids in the feed ration of ruminants. However, it has been found that ruminants fed high concentrations of long chain unsaturated fat in their feed rations can sometimes exhibit one or more of the following results: (1) reduced milk output; (2) decreased fat content in the milk; (3) decreased protein content in the milk; and (4) increased trans-fatty acid content in the milk.
- Accordingly, it would be desirable to have improved methods of producing PUFA-enriched milk. The present invention satisfies this desire and provides related advantages as well.
- The present invention generally relates to methods of increasing the efficiency of producing milk enriched with omega-3 and/or omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In one aspect, the invention relates to the protection of PUFAs with a protective fat. The invention further provides compositions containing omega-3 and/or omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and a protective fat, and to methods of making and using such compositions.
- The source of the PUFAs can be from any animal, plant or microbial source. A preferred source of the polyunsaturated fatty acids is a microorganism, particularly algae. The microorganism can be used in a whole cell form or as a lipid extracted from the microorganism. Preferably, the microorganism is from the order Thraustochytriales, more preferably from the genus Thraustochytrium or Schizochytrium, and in particular Schizochytrium sp. (ATCC 20888 and ATCC 20889). (There has been some discussion in the taxonomic community as to whether the genus Ulkenia in the order Thraustochytriales is really separate from the genus Schizochytrium. For the purpose of this application we follow the current scientific consensus that Ulkenia is not a valid genus and species formerly described as “Ulkenia” are really members of the genus Schizochytrium.) Oil seeds including genetically modified oil seeds, can also be used as the source of the PUFAs, including soybeans, flax, sunflower, safflower, rapeseed and canola for example. The seeds or oils extracted from the seeds can be used.
- Although a particularly useful protective fat is tristearine, other tri-saturated triacylglycerols (e.g. tri-palmitine or tri-myristine), or di-saturated triacylglycerols which are preferably solid at room temperatures can also be used. Forms of other protective fats such as tallow, lard and calcium salts of fatty acids, for example, are also useful. Functional derivatives of these specific fats are also contemplated for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention. Other protective agents can also be used, including protected forms of casein and soy proteins, for example.
- Preferably, the desired PUFA and the protective fat is combined in a ratio ranging from about 1:10 to about 10:1 (protective fat:PUFA), more preferably in a ratio ranging from about 1:5 to about 5:1, more preferably in a ratio ranging from about 1:1 to about 3:1 and more preferably in a ratio of about 2:1.
- Various methods of making and using the compositions are also provided. Methods of making the compositions of the present invention are generally accomplished by obtaining an omega-3 and/or omega-6 PUFA and combining the protective fat with the PUFA to produce the composition. Additionally, methods of producing milk enriched with omega-3 PUFA, omega-6 PUFA or a combination thereof are also provided in which an animal capable of producing milk is fed the composition of the present invention. The milk-producing animal can be a cow, sheep, goat, bison, buffalo, antelope, deer or camel. Optionally, the methods further include extracting milk from the animal to obtain the enriched milk as well as producing a dairy product from the enriched milk, such as cheese, butter, yogurt and the like.
- In another aspect, the invention also relates to a novel method of feeding milk-producing animals to increase the production of PUFA-enriched milk. The method involves adding a layer of a PUFA supplement on top of regular feed and feeding the animal the layered feed. The PUFA supplement can contain either protected or unprotected PUFAs. The methods can further include extracting the PUFA-enriched milk from the animal.
-
FIG. 1 is a graph comparing the amount of DHA (mg/l) in milk produced by cows fed DHA-rich microalgae supplement in a total mixed ration versus top dressed on the feed. - The present invention generally relates to the discovery of improved methods for producing milk enriched with omega-3 PUFA, omega-6 PUFA or a combination of these PUFAs.
- In one aspect of the invention, it has now been discovered that feeding milk-producing animals, particularly ruminants, the long chain omega-3 and/or omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids along with a protective fat allows for significant enrichment of the PUFA content of milk while limiting one or more of the following: reductions in milk production, decreases in fat content, decreases in protein content, and/or increases in trans-fatty acid content, when compared to animals fed a non-enriched diet.
- The compositions of the present invention include an omega-3 PUFA, an omega-6 PUFA or a combination of the two and a protective fat. Preferred PUFAs include any omega-3 or omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids with three or more double bonds. Omega-3 PUFAs are polyethylenic fatty acids in which the ultimate ethylenic bond is three carbons from and including the terminal methyl group of the fatty acid and include, for example, docosahexaenoic acid C22:6(n-3) (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid C20:5(n-3) (EPA), omega-3 docosapentaenoic acid C22:5(n-3) (DPAn-3), stearidonic acid C18:4(n-3) (SDA), and linolenic acid C18:3(n-3) (LNA). Omega-6 PUFAs are polyethylenic fatty acids in which the ultimate ethylenic bond is six carbons from and including the terminal methyl group of the fatty acid and include, for example, arachidonic acid C20:4(n-6) (ARA), C22:4(n-6), omega-6 docosapentaenoic acid C22:5(n-6) (DPAn-6), gammalinolenic acid C18:3(n-6) (GLA) and dihomogammalinolenic acid C20:3(n-6) (dihomo GLA). The PUFAs can be in any of the common forms found in natural lipids including but not limited to triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, phospholipids, free fatty acids, esterified fatty acids, or in natural or synthetic derivative forms of these fatty acids (e.g. calcium salts of fatty acids, ethyl esters, etc). Suitable PUFAs for the present compositions can also include any combination of omega-3 PUFAs and/or omega-6 PUFAs.
- Any source of PUFAs can be used in the compositions and methods of the present invention, including, for example, animal, plant and microbial sources. Sources of the PUFAs and methods for processing and isolating the PUFAs preferably include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,340,594, issued Aug. 23, 1994 and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,244, issued Dec. 16, 1997, both incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. For example, strains of fungi, algae or protists can be isolated that contain the PUFAs. The organism, such as algae for example, is preferably fed to the animal in a whole cell form or alternatively as an extracted lipid. Preferably, the organism is selected from the order Thraustochytriales, more preferably from the genus Thraustochytrium or Schizochytrium, and particularly Schizochytrium. Preferred strains are the deposited Schizochytrium sp. strains ATCC 20888 and 20889 and derivatives thereof.
- It is especially desirable to use a microbial source of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. These PUFAs are naturally encapsulated in the microbial cell wall, which can function as a natural protective barrier. Although feeding the whole-cell microbes themselves can readily lead to an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acid content of the milk, decreased milk production and the other side effects noted above can sometimes occur depending on the amount of natural protection provided by the microbial cell wall.
- Oil seeds, such as soybean, flax, sunflower, safflower, rapeseed and canola for example, are also useful as sources of the PUFAs. Preferably, oil seeds that have been genetically modified to increase the PUFA content can be employed. The oil seeds or oil extracted from the seeds can be used. Methods of extracting oil from seeds are known to those skilled in the art. Animal sources, such as fish, can also be used as a source of PUFAs.
- While not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the addition of a protective fat to the PUFAs provides a high quality stable source of the unsaturated fatty acids, which, because of the protective fat, is not, for example, degraded or hydrogenated in the rumen, but is easily digested or absorbed in the stomach of the ruminant. It is believed that the protective fats protect the PUFAs from degradation or hydrogenation by the rumen microflora prior to digestion and absorption of the PUFAs by the animal. While not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the PUFAs can be “protected” by coating or encapsulating the lipids or whole cells allowing the fatty acids to pass relatively undamaged through the ruminant's first stomach. As a result, milk is produced at a substantially normal rate and the resulting milk is enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids, has substantially normal fat and protein content, no significant increases in trans-fatty acids, and/or has excellent organoleptic qualities.
- As used herein, the terms “protective fat” also commonly called “by-pass fat” includes any suitable fat that can encapsulate, coat or otherwise protect the PUFAs from significant degradation or saturation, while allowing the PUFAs to be easily absorbed by the animal. Suitable protective fats include, for example, tristearine, although other tri-saturated triacylglycerols such as tripalmitine or trimyristine, or di-saturated triacylglycerols which are solid at room temperatures can also be used, tallow and calcium salts of fatty acids, and/or functional derivatives of any of these fatty acids. The term “functional derivative” include any homologues or other derivatives of these protective fats that can encapsulate, coat or otherwise protect the PUFAs from degradation or hydrogenation by rumen microflora. Such functional derivatives can be readily identified, synthesized or obtained by those skilled in the art. Milk is considered enriched when it has at least 20 percent more, preferably at least 50 percent more, preferably at least 100 percent more, preferably at least 200 percent more and more preferably at least 400 percent more PUFAs then a control milk. Preferably, the PUFAs are highly unsaturated fatty acids such as DHA, EPA, SDA, LNA, DPAn-3, DPAn-6, C22:4(n-6), ARA, GLA and dihomo GLA.
- Methods of making the compositions are also provided which include obtaining the omega-3 and/or omega-6 PUFA and combining it with a protective fat. Preferably, the PUFA and protective fat are combined in a ratio ranging from about 1:10 to about 10:1 (protective fat:PUFA), more preferably from about 1:5 to about 5:1, more preferably from about 1:1 to about 3:1 and more preferably in a ratio of about 2:1. The desired ratio of protective fat and PUFA are mixed together and preferably dried in the form of a flake or prilled product to form the PUFA supplement. In these forms the protective fat serves at least one of two functions: (1) to protect the PUFAs from hydrogenation or degradation in the rumen and releasing them later in the cows digestive system to be absorbed by the cow; and (2) to provide a source of by-pass fat to maintain milk fat and protein content, and maintain normal milk production in the presence of a high PUFA content feed ration.
- Alternatively, if the microbial or other natural source of the PUFAs has good natural protection in the rumen (e.g. is protected by natural encapsulation by the microbial cell wall), the by-pass fat can be fed just mixed in the ration with the PUFA source rather than encapsulating it. In this way the by-pass fat serves to maintain milk fat content (and/or milk protein and/or total milk production) while the PUFA source serves primarily to enrich the milk with PUFAs.
- The present invention further provides methods of using the compositions. In one embodiment, methods involve producing milk enriched with omega-3 PUFA, omega-6 PUFA or a combination thereof (referred to herein as “enriched milk”) in a milk-producing animal. The term “milk” as used herein refers to a mammary gland secretion of an animal that forms a natural food. Milk-producing animals include, for example, ruminants such as cows, sheep, goats, bison, buffalo, antelope, deer, and camel, as well as other non-ruminant animals and humans. The methods are generally accomplished by feeding the animals an effective amount of a composition of the present invention to produce enriched milk. These methods are also useful for nursing females to provide enriched milk to their offspring.
- In a further embodiment, the present invention also provides methods for obtaining enriched milk. The methods are generally accomplished by feeding a milk-producing animal an effective amount of a composition of the present invention to produce enriched milk and extracting the milk (e.g., milking) from the animal to obtain the enriched milk. Any method for extracting milk from the lactating animal can be used to collect the enriched milk. The enriched milk can also be further processed to produce a dairy product, such as cheese, butter, yogurt, sour cream, and the like.
- In the methods of the present invention, the effective amounts of the omega-3 and/or omega-6 PUFAs to feed to the animals can be readily determined by those skilled in the art using the guidance provided herein. In one embodiment, a particularly useful range of omega-3 PUFA is from about 0.1 mg to about 100 mg PUFA/kg body weight/day, preferably from about 0.5 mg to about 50 mg PUFA/kg body weight/day, and more preferably from about 0.75 mg to about 20 mg PUFA/kg body weight/day. In another embodiment, a particularly useful range of omega-3 PUFA is from about 0.1 mg to about 750 mg PUFA/kg body weight/day, preferably from about 1 mg to about 500 mg PUFA/kg body weight/day, preferably from about 2 mg to about 250 mg PUFA/kg body weight/day, and more preferably from about 5 mg to about 100 mg PUFA/kg body weight/day. Preferably, the omega-3 and/or omega-6 PUFA is fed in an amount greater than about 2 mg/kg body weight/day. Greater amounts of omega-3 PUFA can be fed to an animal, including greater than about 5 mg/kg body weight/day, greater than about 30 mg/kg body weight/day, greater than about 75 mg/kg body weight/day and greater than about 150 mg/kg body weight/day. An appropriate dose of PUFA can vary with the particular PUFA and amount desired in the enriched milk and can be readily determined by those skilled in the art, e.g., by measuring the PUFA content of the enriched milk.
- The present invention further relates to novel methods of feeding milk-producing animals to increase the amount of PUFAs in milk. The methods are generally accomplished by adding a layer of a desired PUFA (e.g., omega-3 PUFA, omega-6 PUFA or a combination of the two) on top (referred to herein as “top dressing”) of regular feed not supplemented with PUFAs or containing less PUFAs than the top layer, and feeding the layered feed to a milk-producing animal. The PUFA layer or supplement can contain either protected PUFAs as described above or unprotected PUFAs (i.e., PUFAs without protective fats or agents). The amount of PUFA in the PUFA supplement is preferably as described above. The methods can further include extracting or milking the animal to obtain the PUFA-enriched milk.
- The following examples are intended to illustrate, but not limit, the present invention.
- Fifteen Italian Friesan breed dairy cows (10-40 days from calving) were randomly divided into three groups of five cows each.
Group 1 cows were fed a diet of barley silage (54.33%), alfalfa hay (10.35%), barley meal (11.64%), a dairy concentrate (23.29%) (containing carob, flaked barley, flaked corn, soybean meal, coconut butter, zeolites and vitamin E) and a vitamin-mineral premix (0.3%). The other two groups were fed the same diet except that some of the soybean meal and coconut butter in the dairy concentrate were substituted with either drum-dried Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 produced by fermentation (Group 2) or drum-dried Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 produced by fermentation that had been encapsulated in tristearine (2 parts tristearine to 1 part dried Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888) (Group 3). Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 is a microalgae rich in both the long chain unsaturated fatty acids DHA (C22:6n-3) and DPAn-6 (C22:5n-6). All the rations contained approximately the same proximate nutrient content: dry matter (DM) content (92%), crude protein content (16% DM), fat content (6.7% DM as ether extract) and crude fiber content (26-27% DM). - The cows were fed these rations for 6 weeks. The polyunsaturated fatty acid content of the resulting milk from each group on the last day of supplementation is outlined in Table 1. Results are the mean fatty acid content of the milk from each group on the last day of an approximate 6 week period of supplementation. The results indicate that the by-pass (i.e., protective) fat protected microalgae supplement resulted in the highest increase in both omega-3 long chain (LCn-3) and omega-6 long chain unsaturated fatty acids. Milk production, milk fat and protein content (mean ±standard deviation) are listed in Table 2. Results are averaged from 5 cows per treatment and from 12 milkings/cow over a 2 month period. The results for the protected microalgae indicate that there was no significant difference in any of these parameters compared to the control milk, while the unprotected microalgae supplement form, while effective in increasing the long chain omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid content of the milk, led to small decreases in milk production and milk fat content. There also was no significant difference in trans-fatty acid content among the three treatment groups.
TABLE 1 Content of fatty acids (mg/L) in milk from cows fed a supplement containing by-pass fat protected whole-cell microalgae compared to milk from cows fed whole cell microalgae (unprotected)supplement or cows fed a control ration without any algal supplement. Unprotected Protected Fatty Acid Control microalgae microalgae C18:2(n-6) 796 598 818 C18:3(n-3) 94 94 130 C20:4(n-6) 63 58 69 C20:5(n-3) 14 20 20 C22:5(n-6) 3 32 35 C22:5(n-3) 18 14 19 C22:6(n-3) 2 98 114 Total (n-3) 128 226 283 Total (LCn-3) 34 132 153 n-6:n-3 ratio 7 3 3 -
TABLE 2 Milk production, milk fat (%) and milk protein content (%) from cows fed a supplement containing by-pass fat protected whole-cell microalgae compared to milk from cows fed whole cell microalgae (unprotected)supplement or cows fed a control ration without any algal supplement. Milk Production Milk Fat Milk Protein Dietary Treatment (kg milk/milking) (%) (%) Control feed 16.3 ± 1.8 3.4 ± 0.2 2.8 ± 0.2 ration Feed ration with 15.4 ± 2.6 2.8 ± 0.5 2.9 ± 0.2 added unprotected DHA/DPA microalgae Feed ration with 17.7 ± 2.7 3.2 ± 0.4 2.9 ± 0.2 added DHA/DPA microalgae protected by by-pass fat encapsulation - Two independent groups of dairy cows, 40 each, were selected to test milk enrichment with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), using DHA-rich microalgae feed. Both groups of cows had an average milk production of 22 kg (milking twice a day, morning and evening), were of similar age, lactation period and gestation stage. The average weight of the animals was 600 kg, and the animals were of the German Hemental breed.
- The two groups of cows were fed 30 g of DHA/day/head in the form of dried DHA-rich microalgae. One group of cows received microalgae as part of a total mixed ration (TMR) and the other group received the microalgae as a top dressing (TD) on their feed.
- Milk samples were collected at the milking parlor, in the morning and evening, the two samples pooled and analyzed for fatty acids. Samples were collected for 40 days, and at the end of 40 days, DHA supplement was discontinued and samples were collected for the following 10 days to observe DHA washout.
- The animals received a typical ration for the region where the trial was conducted consisting of: Wheat/barley/corn, barley hay, straw hay, short cut hay, corn silage, molasses and 44% soy.
- As shown in Table 3, an unexpected result was obtained where the top dressed milk samples exhibited a higher DHA enrichment, 120 mg/l, as compared to the total mixed ration milk samples, 68 mg/l. Data is the average of eleven samples taken during peak DHA enrichment (sample numbers 4-15 in Table 4). Milk production and feed intake were not affected by the introduction of the DHA-rich microalgae supplement in the diet.
TABLE 3 Average DHA concentration (mg/L)in milk from cows fed a DHA-rich microalgal supplement mixed completely within the ration (TMR) compared to cows fed the supplement top dressed (TD) on their normal feed ration. Standard Variable Valid N Mean Minimum Maximum Dev. TMR 11 68.0 48.0 101.0 14.4 TD 11 120.0 90.0 148.0 17.2 -
TABLE 4 DHA concentration (mg/L) in samples of milk from cows fed a DHA-rich microalgal supplement mixed completely within the ration (TMR) compared to milk from cows fed the supplement top dressed (TD) on their normal feed ration. SAMPLE NO. VAR1 TMR TD 1 1.000 0.000 0.000 2 2.000 33.000 63.000 3 3.000 38.000 90.000 4 4.000 48.000 72.000 5 5.000 48.000 121.000 6 6.000 58.000 106.000 7 7.000 83.000 128.000 8 8.000 71.000 114.000 9 9.000 66.000 131.000 10 10.000 57.000 90.000 11 11.000 74.000 145.000 12 12.000 67.000 119.000 13 13.000 64.000 111.000 14 14.000 101.000 108.000 15 15.000 59.000 148.000 16 16.000 54.000 71.000 17 17.000 44.000 46.000 18 18.000 46.000 69.000 19 19.000 39.000 64.000 20 20.000 38.000 59.000 21 21.000 35.000 55.000 22 22.000 36.000 49.000 23 23.000 35.000 45.000 24 24.000 47.000 36.000 25 25.000 38.000 41.000 - Those skilled in the art will appreciate that numerous changes and modifications may be made to the preferred embodiments of the invention and that such changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. It is therefore intended that the appended claims cover all such equivalent variations as fall within the true sprit and scope of the invention.
Claims (29)
1. A composition comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and a protective fat, wherein said PUFA comprises an omega-3 PUFA, omega-6 PUFA or a combination thereof.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein a source of PUFA is a microorganism.
3. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the microorganism is algae.
4. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the microorganism is in a whole cell form.
5. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the microorganism is from the order Thraustochytriales.
6. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the microorganism is from the genus Thraustochytrium or Schizochytrium.
7. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the microorganism is Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 or ATCC 20889 and derivatives thereof.
8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein a source of PUFA is a lipid extracted from an animal, plant or microbe.
9. The composition of claim 1 , wherein a source of PUFA is an oil seed.
10. The composition of claim 9 , wherein the source of PUFA is oil extracted from the oil seed.
11. The composition of claim 9 , wherein the oil seed is soybean, flax, sunflower, safflower, rapreseed or canola.
12. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the protective fat comprises a triacylglycerol containing at least two and preferably three saturated fatty acids, or a functional derivative thereof.
13. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the protective fat is tristearine.
14. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the PUFA comprises omega-3 PUFA.
15. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the PUFA comprises omega-6 PUFA.
16. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the PUFA comprises a combination of omega-3 PUFA and omega-6 PUFA.
17. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the protective fat is mixed with the PUFA in a ratio of about 1:10 to about 10:1 (protective fat:PUFA).
18. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the ratio is from about 1:5 to about 5:1 (protective fat:PUFA).
19. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the ratio is from about 1:1 to about 3:1 (protective fat:PUFA).
20. A method of making a composition comprising a PUFA and a protective fat, comprising the steps of:
(a) obtaining the PUFA, wherein said PUFA comprises omega-3 PUFA, omega-6 PUFA, or a combination thereof; and
(b) combining the protective fat with the PUFA to produce the composition.
21. A method of producing milk enriched with omega-3 PUFA, omega-6 PUFA or a combination thereof in an animal capable of producing milk, comprising feeding the animal the composition of claim 1 in an amount effective to produce the enriched milk.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the milk-producing animal is a ruminant.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the ruminant is a cow, sheep, goat, bison, buffalo, antelope, deer, or camel.
24. A method of obtaining milk enriched with omega-3 PUFA, omega-6 PUFA or a combination thereof in an animal capable of producing milk, comprising the steps of:
(a) feeding the animal the composition of claim 1 in an amount effective to produce the enriched milk; and
(b) extracting milk from the animal to obtain the enriched milk.
25. The method of claim 24 , wherein said method further comprises producing a dairy product from the enriched milk.
26. A method of obtaining milk enriched with omega-3 PUFA, omega-6 PUFA or a combination thereof in an animal capable of producing milk, comprising the steps of:
(a) obtaining a PUFA, wherein said PUFA comprises omega-3 PUFA, omega-6 PUFA, or the combination thereof;
(b) combining a protective fat with the PUFA to produce a mixture thereof;
(c) feeding the animal said mixture in an amount effective to produce enriched milk; and
(d) extracting milk from the animal to obtain said enriched milk.
27. A method of producing PUFA-enriched milk, comprising the steps of:
(a) adding a layer comprising omega-3 PUFA, omega-6 PUFA, or a combination thereof on top of feed to form a layered feed, wherein the PUFA layer contains an effective amount of PUFA to produce PUFA-enriched milk; and
(b) feeding said layered feed to a milk-producing animal.
28. The method of claim 27 further comprising the step of extracting PUFA-enriched milk from the milk-producing animal.
29. The method of claim 27 , wherein the omega-3 PUFA, omega-6 PUFA or the combination thereof is protected with a protective fat.
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/560,809 US20080020086A1 (en) | 2000-06-26 | 2006-11-16 | Methods of Incorporating Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Milk |
US12/973,145 US20110086128A1 (en) | 2000-06-26 | 2010-12-20 | Methods of Incorporating Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Milk |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US21429100P | 2000-06-26 | 2000-06-26 | |
US10/312,106 US7504121B2 (en) | 2000-06-26 | 2001-06-26 | Methods of incorporating polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk |
PCT/US2001/020471 WO2002000028A1 (en) | 2000-06-26 | 2001-06-26 | Improved methods of incorporating polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk |
US11/560,809 US20080020086A1 (en) | 2000-06-26 | 2006-11-16 | Methods of Incorporating Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Milk |
Related Parent Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/312,106 Continuation US7504121B2 (en) | 2000-06-26 | 2001-06-26 | Methods of incorporating polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk |
PCT/US2001/020471 Continuation WO2002000028A1 (en) | 2000-06-26 | 2001-06-26 | Improved methods of incorporating polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/973,145 Continuation US20110086128A1 (en) | 2000-06-26 | 2010-12-20 | Methods of Incorporating Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Milk |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20080020086A1 true US20080020086A1 (en) | 2008-01-24 |
Family
ID=22798521
Family Applications (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/312,106 Expired - Fee Related US7504121B2 (en) | 2000-06-26 | 2001-06-26 | Methods of incorporating polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk |
US11/560,809 Abandoned US20080020086A1 (en) | 2000-06-26 | 2006-11-16 | Methods of Incorporating Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Milk |
US12/973,145 Abandoned US20110086128A1 (en) | 2000-06-26 | 2010-12-20 | Methods of Incorporating Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Milk |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/312,106 Expired - Fee Related US7504121B2 (en) | 2000-06-26 | 2001-06-26 | Methods of incorporating polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/973,145 Abandoned US20110086128A1 (en) | 2000-06-26 | 2010-12-20 | Methods of Incorporating Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Milk |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (3) | US7504121B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1299003B2 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE347812T1 (en) |
AU (2) | AU2001273028B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2413109C (en) |
DE (1) | DE60125176T3 (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ523741A (en) |
TW (1) | TWI268761B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2002000028A1 (en) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20080026108A1 (en) * | 2006-06-22 | 2008-01-31 | Martek Biosciences Corporation | Encapsulated Labile Compound Compositions and Methods of Making the Same |
US20100010088A1 (en) * | 2007-11-01 | 2010-01-14 | Wake Forest University School Of Medicine | Compositions and Methods for Prevention and Treatment of Mammalian Diseases |
US8343753B2 (en) | 2007-11-01 | 2013-01-01 | Wake Forest University School Of Medicine | Compositions, methods, and kits for polyunsaturated fatty acids from microalgae |
CN104212846A (en) * | 2014-08-28 | 2014-12-17 | 青岛海智源生命科技有限公司 | Method for producing DHA (docosahexenoic acid) by using cheap bean pulp as nitrogen source for fermenting schizochytrium |
CN106659145A (en) * | 2014-05-08 | 2017-05-10 | D·M·史密斯 | Selecting, producing, and feeding whole algae as feed supplement for cattle and bison to produce meat high in omega-3 for human health |
Families Citing this family (34)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
TWI268761B (en) * | 2000-06-26 | 2006-12-21 | Martek Biosciences Corp | Improved methods of incorporating polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk |
US7704542B2 (en) * | 2001-09-12 | 2010-04-27 | Xanodyne Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Vitamin/mineral compositions with DHA |
DE102004062141A1 (en) * | 2004-12-23 | 2006-07-06 | Nutrinova Nutrition Specialties & Food Ingredients Gmbh | Process for the preparation of a crude oil from mixtures of microorganisms and plants, the oil thus produced and the specific uses of the thus prepared and optionally additionally refined oil |
US20060286199A1 (en) * | 2005-06-03 | 2006-12-21 | Marilou Laprise | Method and composition for increasing omega-3 lipid in milk |
US20070280998A1 (en) * | 2006-06-02 | 2007-12-06 | Larry Milligan | Dairy product |
US9185922B2 (en) | 2006-06-02 | 2015-11-17 | University Of Guelph | Dairy product |
CA2765887C (en) | 2009-06-24 | 2018-08-07 | Land O'lakes Purina Feed Llc | High fat feed particles |
US9717265B2 (en) | 2010-01-15 | 2017-08-01 | Kemin Industries, Inc. | Rumen-protected lutein product for producing high-lutein dairy products |
US8308951B1 (en) | 2010-04-06 | 2012-11-13 | Heliae Development, Llc | Extraction of proteins by a two solvent method |
US8475660B2 (en) | 2010-04-06 | 2013-07-02 | Heliae Development, Llc | Extraction of polar lipids by a two solvent method |
EP2556137B1 (en) | 2010-04-06 | 2015-06-03 | Heliae Development LLC | Methods of and systems for producing biofuels |
US8115022B2 (en) | 2010-04-06 | 2012-02-14 | Heliae Development, Llc | Methods of producing biofuels, chlorophylls and carotenoids |
US8211308B2 (en) | 2010-04-06 | 2012-07-03 | Heliae Development, Llc | Extraction of polar lipids by a two solvent method |
US8313648B2 (en) | 2010-04-06 | 2012-11-20 | Heliae Development, Llc | Methods of and systems for producing biofuels from algal oil |
US8202425B2 (en) | 2010-04-06 | 2012-06-19 | Heliae Development, Llc | Extraction of neutral lipids by a two solvent method |
US8273248B1 (en) | 2010-04-06 | 2012-09-25 | Heliae Development, Llc | Extraction of neutral lipids by a two solvent method |
US8211309B2 (en) | 2010-04-06 | 2012-07-03 | Heliae Development, Llc | Extraction of proteins by a two solvent method |
EP2384647A1 (en) * | 2010-05-07 | 2011-11-09 | Adexgo Ltd. | Feed additive compositions and method for the production thereof |
CN103037706B (en) * | 2011-01-17 | 2015-07-08 | 建明工业(珠海)有限公司 | Rumen-protected lutein product for producing high-lutein dairy products |
CA2829121A1 (en) * | 2011-03-09 | 2012-09-13 | Dsm Ip Assets B.V. | Milk and dairy products containing omega-3 and omega-6 hufas and pasteurization processes thereof |
WO2013075116A2 (en) | 2011-11-17 | 2013-05-23 | Heliae Development, Llc | Omega 7 rich compositions and methods of isolating omega 7 fatty acids |
US8747916B1 (en) | 2012-10-30 | 2014-06-10 | Donald M. Smith | Selecting, producing, and feeding whole algae as a feed supplement for cattle and bison to produce meat high in omega 3's for human health |
EP2826384A1 (en) | 2013-07-16 | 2015-01-21 | Evonik Industries AG | Method for drying biomass |
EP3200603A1 (en) | 2014-10-02 | 2017-08-09 | Evonik Degussa GmbH | Feedstuff of high abrasion resistance and good stability in water, containing pufas |
CN106793799B (en) | 2014-10-02 | 2021-05-14 | 赢创运营有限公司 | Method for breeding animals |
CN107075540A (en) | 2014-10-02 | 2017-08-18 | 赢创德固赛有限公司 | Method for preparing the biomass containing PUFA with high cell stability |
ES2873094T3 (en) | 2014-10-02 | 2021-11-03 | Evonik Operations Gmbh | Procedure for the production of a feed containing PUFAs by extrusion of a biomass containing PUFAs of the Labyrinthulomycetes type |
BR112017008361A2 (en) * | 2014-10-21 | 2018-02-20 | M Smith Donald | Method to Increase Omega-3 Fatty Acid Level in Cattle |
CN105010856B (en) * | 2015-07-10 | 2018-04-17 | 山东省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所 | The feed of content of polyunsaturated fatty acid in a kind of raising beef |
US11419350B2 (en) * | 2016-07-01 | 2022-08-23 | Corbion Biotech, Inc. | Feed ingredients comprising lysed microbial cells |
CN108419835A (en) * | 2018-02-11 | 2018-08-21 | 内蒙古圣牧高科牧业有限公司 | A kind of production method of pure natural DHA raw milks and its application |
BR112021006877A2 (en) * | 2018-10-12 | 2021-08-10 | Evonik Operations Gmbh | animal feed to improve growth performance |
CN110074256B (en) * | 2019-06-12 | 2023-03-31 | 瞿瀚鹏 | Feed for improving milk fat rate of ruminant and preparation method thereof |
CN112167165B (en) | 2020-09-29 | 2022-02-11 | 厦门汇盛生物有限公司 | Preparation and application of compound rumen-bypass polyunsaturated fatty acid powder |
Citations (24)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3655864A (en) * | 1970-09-21 | 1972-04-11 | Smith Kline French Lab | Glyceryl tristerate and higher fatty acid mixture for improving digestive absorption |
US3804776A (en) * | 1970-12-14 | 1974-04-16 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Method of producing oil and fat encapsulated amino acids |
US4332790A (en) * | 1978-12-05 | 1982-06-01 | Societe D'assistance Technique Pour Produits Nestle S.A. | Microcapsule containing a microorganism and a process for its production |
US4533557A (en) * | 1982-04-02 | 1985-08-06 | Nippon Soda Co. Ltd. | Feed additives for ruminants |
US4678710A (en) * | 1984-10-22 | 1987-07-07 | Showa Denko K. K. | Coated particulate materials and method for manufacture thereof |
US4895725A (en) * | 1987-08-24 | 1990-01-23 | Clinical Technologies Associates, Inc. | Microencapsulation of fish oil |
US5015483A (en) * | 1989-02-09 | 1991-05-14 | Nabisco Brands, Inc. | Liposome composition for the stabilization of oxidizable substances |
US5106639A (en) * | 1990-02-10 | 1992-04-21 | Korea Food Research Institute | Fatty fodder additives for use in producing meat with a high content of omega-3-fatty acids and low content of cholesterol, and process for preparing same |
US5190775A (en) * | 1991-05-29 | 1993-03-02 | Balchem Corporation | Encapsulated bioactive substances |
US5206041A (en) * | 1988-11-16 | 1993-04-27 | Cbp Resources, Inc. | Ruminant animal feed supplement |
US5213810A (en) * | 1990-03-30 | 1993-05-25 | American Cyanamid Company | Stable compositions for parenteral administration and method of making same |
US5496571A (en) * | 1992-12-30 | 1996-03-05 | Morgan Manufacturing Co., Inc. | Method for increasing the production of milk in ruminants |
US5698244A (en) * | 1988-09-07 | 1997-12-16 | Omegatech Inc. | Method for raising animals having high concentrations of omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids |
US5756143A (en) * | 1995-04-28 | 1998-05-26 | Loders-Croklaan B.V. | Triglycerides, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids |
US5874470A (en) * | 1987-10-09 | 1999-02-23 | B. Braun Melsungen Ag | Isotonic fat emulsion containing omega-3-fatty acids and use thereof |
US5908654A (en) * | 1995-04-28 | 1999-06-01 | Loders-Croklaan B.V. | Triglycerides rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids |
US5985348A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1999-11-16 | Omegatech, Inc. | Milk products having high concentrations of omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids |
US6083520A (en) * | 1994-05-19 | 2000-07-04 | Ewos Aktiebolag | Bioactive feed |
US6245366B1 (en) * | 1996-10-25 | 2001-06-12 | Mccormick & Company, Inc. | Fat-coated encapsulation compositions and method for preparing the same |
US6248909B1 (en) * | 1998-06-19 | 2001-06-19 | Suntory Limited | Triglyceride and composition comprising the same |
US6258964B1 (en) * | 1997-06-11 | 2001-07-10 | Idemitsu Petrochemical Co., Ltd. | Method for extracting fat-soluble components from microbial cells |
US6599556B2 (en) * | 2000-11-21 | 2003-07-29 | Cargill, Inc. | Protein supplemented confectionery compositions |
US6770104B2 (en) * | 2001-05-11 | 2004-08-03 | Cargill, Incorporated | Triacylglycerol based candle wax |
US7001610B2 (en) * | 2001-04-23 | 2006-02-21 | Omeganutrel Inc. | Food supplement and use thereof for elevating levels of essential fatty acids in livestock and products therefrom |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CA1301775C (en) | 1986-06-04 | 1992-05-26 | Karel Petrus Agnes Maria Van Putte | Fractionation of fat blends |
BR9205526A (en) | 1991-01-24 | 1994-04-19 | Martek Corp Sociedade Norte Am | Mixtures of microbial oils and their uses |
IES62578B2 (en) | 1993-08-31 | 1995-02-08 | Charleville Res | "An edible fat blend containing fish oil" |
JPH08336360A (en) * | 1995-03-17 | 1996-12-24 | Kanagawa Kagaku Kenkyusho:Kk | Feed composition for ruminant and feeding using the same |
EP0831805A1 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 1998-04-01 | Martek Biosciences Corporation | Methods for controlling highly unsaturated fatty acid content in various tissues |
JP2000501131A (en) | 1995-11-24 | 2000-02-02 | ロダース・クロックラーン・ビー・ブイ | Compositions based on fish oil |
EP1006806B1 (en) | 1996-04-11 | 2006-09-13 | Loders Croklaan B.V. | Free flowing fat compositions |
IL126741A0 (en) | 1998-10-25 | 1999-08-17 | Yam Daniel | Solidification of fluid oils and their use |
SE523211C2 (en) | 2000-04-26 | 2004-04-06 | Skaanemejerier Ekonomisk Foere | Lipid composition comprising a protective oil and a polyunsaturated fatty acid, emulsion containing such a composition and process for preparing the emulsion |
TWI268761B (en) * | 2000-06-26 | 2006-12-21 | Martek Biosciences Corp | Improved methods of incorporating polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk |
-
2001
- 2001-06-26 TW TW090115400A patent/TWI268761B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-06-26 NZ NZ523741A patent/NZ523741A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-06-26 AU AU2001273028A patent/AU2001273028B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2001-06-26 AU AU7302801A patent/AU7302801A/en active Pending
- 2001-06-26 EP EP01952255.6A patent/EP1299003B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-06-26 CA CA002413109A patent/CA2413109C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-06-26 US US10/312,106 patent/US7504121B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-06-26 DE DE60125176.8T patent/DE60125176T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-06-26 WO PCT/US2001/020471 patent/WO2002000028A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2001-06-26 AT AT01952255T patent/ATE347812T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2006
- 2006-11-16 US US11/560,809 patent/US20080020086A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2010
- 2010-12-20 US US12/973,145 patent/US20110086128A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (25)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3655864A (en) * | 1970-09-21 | 1972-04-11 | Smith Kline French Lab | Glyceryl tristerate and higher fatty acid mixture for improving digestive absorption |
US3804776A (en) * | 1970-12-14 | 1974-04-16 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Method of producing oil and fat encapsulated amino acids |
US4332790A (en) * | 1978-12-05 | 1982-06-01 | Societe D'assistance Technique Pour Produits Nestle S.A. | Microcapsule containing a microorganism and a process for its production |
US4533557A (en) * | 1982-04-02 | 1985-08-06 | Nippon Soda Co. Ltd. | Feed additives for ruminants |
US4678710A (en) * | 1984-10-22 | 1987-07-07 | Showa Denko K. K. | Coated particulate materials and method for manufacture thereof |
US4895725A (en) * | 1987-08-24 | 1990-01-23 | Clinical Technologies Associates, Inc. | Microencapsulation of fish oil |
US5874470A (en) * | 1987-10-09 | 1999-02-23 | B. Braun Melsungen Ag | Isotonic fat emulsion containing omega-3-fatty acids and use thereof |
US5698244A (en) * | 1988-09-07 | 1997-12-16 | Omegatech Inc. | Method for raising animals having high concentrations of omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids |
US5206041A (en) * | 1988-11-16 | 1993-04-27 | Cbp Resources, Inc. | Ruminant animal feed supplement |
US5015483A (en) * | 1989-02-09 | 1991-05-14 | Nabisco Brands, Inc. | Liposome composition for the stabilization of oxidizable substances |
US5106639A (en) * | 1990-02-10 | 1992-04-21 | Korea Food Research Institute | Fatty fodder additives for use in producing meat with a high content of omega-3-fatty acids and low content of cholesterol, and process for preparing same |
US5213810A (en) * | 1990-03-30 | 1993-05-25 | American Cyanamid Company | Stable compositions for parenteral administration and method of making same |
US5190775A (en) * | 1991-05-29 | 1993-03-02 | Balchem Corporation | Encapsulated bioactive substances |
US6013286A (en) * | 1991-05-29 | 2000-01-11 | Balchem Corporation | Encapsulated bioactive substances |
US5496571A (en) * | 1992-12-30 | 1996-03-05 | Morgan Manufacturing Co., Inc. | Method for increasing the production of milk in ruminants |
US6083520A (en) * | 1994-05-19 | 2000-07-04 | Ewos Aktiebolag | Bioactive feed |
US5756143A (en) * | 1995-04-28 | 1998-05-26 | Loders-Croklaan B.V. | Triglycerides, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids |
US5908654A (en) * | 1995-04-28 | 1999-06-01 | Loders-Croklaan B.V. | Triglycerides rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids |
US5985348A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1999-11-16 | Omegatech, Inc. | Milk products having high concentrations of omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids |
US6245366B1 (en) * | 1996-10-25 | 2001-06-12 | Mccormick & Company, Inc. | Fat-coated encapsulation compositions and method for preparing the same |
US6258964B1 (en) * | 1997-06-11 | 2001-07-10 | Idemitsu Petrochemical Co., Ltd. | Method for extracting fat-soluble components from microbial cells |
US6248909B1 (en) * | 1998-06-19 | 2001-06-19 | Suntory Limited | Triglyceride and composition comprising the same |
US6599556B2 (en) * | 2000-11-21 | 2003-07-29 | Cargill, Inc. | Protein supplemented confectionery compositions |
US7001610B2 (en) * | 2001-04-23 | 2006-02-21 | Omeganutrel Inc. | Food supplement and use thereof for elevating levels of essential fatty acids in livestock and products therefrom |
US6770104B2 (en) * | 2001-05-11 | 2004-08-03 | Cargill, Incorporated | Triacylglycerol based candle wax |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20080026108A1 (en) * | 2006-06-22 | 2008-01-31 | Martek Biosciences Corporation | Encapsulated Labile Compound Compositions and Methods of Making the Same |
US8221809B2 (en) | 2006-06-22 | 2012-07-17 | Martek Biosciences Corporation | Encapsulated labile compound compositions and methods of making the same |
US20100010088A1 (en) * | 2007-11-01 | 2010-01-14 | Wake Forest University School Of Medicine | Compositions and Methods for Prevention and Treatment of Mammalian Diseases |
US8343753B2 (en) | 2007-11-01 | 2013-01-01 | Wake Forest University School Of Medicine | Compositions, methods, and kits for polyunsaturated fatty acids from microalgae |
CN106659145A (en) * | 2014-05-08 | 2017-05-10 | D·M·史密斯 | Selecting, producing, and feeding whole algae as feed supplement for cattle and bison to produce meat high in omega-3 for human health |
CN104212846A (en) * | 2014-08-28 | 2014-12-17 | 青岛海智源生命科技有限公司 | Method for producing DHA (docosahexenoic acid) by using cheap bean pulp as nitrogen source for fermenting schizochytrium |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE347812T1 (en) | 2007-01-15 |
CA2413109C (en) | 2007-11-27 |
AU2001273028B2 (en) | 2006-11-16 |
CA2413109A1 (en) | 2002-01-03 |
US7504121B2 (en) | 2009-03-17 |
DE60125176T2 (en) | 2007-09-20 |
TWI268761B (en) | 2006-12-21 |
EP1299003B1 (en) | 2006-12-13 |
EP1299003B2 (en) | 2015-02-25 |
DE60125176D1 (en) | 2007-01-25 |
NZ523741A (en) | 2004-10-29 |
EP1299003A4 (en) | 2004-09-01 |
EP1299003A1 (en) | 2003-04-09 |
WO2002000028A1 (en) | 2002-01-03 |
US20030211221A1 (en) | 2003-11-13 |
DE60125176T3 (en) | 2015-07-23 |
US20110086128A1 (en) | 2011-04-14 |
AU7302801A (en) | 2002-01-08 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US7504121B2 (en) | Methods of incorporating polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk | |
AU2001273028A1 (en) | Improved methods of incorporating polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk | |
Baer et al. | Composition and properties of milk and butter from cows fed fish oil | |
Mansbridge et al. | Nutritional factors affecting the fatty acid composition of bovine milk | |
Zhang et al. | Effects of feeding oilseeds rich in linoleic and linolenic fatty acids to lactating ewes on cheese yield and on fatty acid composition of milk and cheese | |
US5770247A (en) | Method of increasing the CLA content of cow's milK | |
Jahreis et al. | Species-dependent, seasonal, and dietary variation of conjugated linoleic acid in milk | |
Palmquist et al. | Dietary fat composition influences fatty acid composition of milk fat globule membrane in lactating cows | |
Jenkins | Feeding oleamide to lactating Jersey cows 1. Effects on lactation performance and milk fatty acid composition | |
CA2307941C (en) | Method of altering nutritional components of milk produced by a lactating animal | |
AU728842B2 (en) | Dairy products with enhanced CLA content | |
PL190840B1 (en) | Method of increasing concentration of conjugated linolic acid in fat contained in milk and/or tissues of ruminants | |
Mordenti et al. | Effect of feeding whole soybean and linseed on milk and Parmigiano Reggiano cheese lipid fraction | |
US20040116513A1 (en) | Method to alter the isomeric profile of trans fatty acid in ruminant meat and milk and to increase the concentration of $I(cis)-11 conjugated linoleic acid | |
US20220175005A1 (en) | Bovine milk having a high n6-polyunsaturated fatty acid content | |
Murphy | Milk Fat Composition and Nutritional Value | |
Mansoori et al. | The changes of milk fatty acids profile and milk performances by using of whole sunflower oil seed (raw or treated) in lactating Holstein cow's diets | |
Lock et al. | Milk fat synthesis and its regulation in dairy sheep | |
Stanton et al. | Nutrition: Nutritional Attributes of Animal and Milk Fat (CLA). | |
Movaliya et al. | Nutritional strategy for designer milk with fat constituents beneficial for human health–A review |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |