US20080149010A1 - Tertiary air addition to solid waste-fired furnaces for nox control - Google Patents
Tertiary air addition to solid waste-fired furnaces for nox control Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20080149010A1 US20080149010A1 US11/905,809 US90580907A US2008149010A1 US 20080149010 A1 US20080149010 A1 US 20080149010A1 US 90580907 A US90580907 A US 90580907A US 2008149010 A1 US2008149010 A1 US 2008149010A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- air
- tertiary
- furnace
- nox
- primary
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
- F23L1/00—Passages or apertures for delivering primary air for combustion
- F23L1/02—Passages or apertures for delivering primary air for combustion by discharging the air below the fire
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
- F23G5/44—Details; Accessories
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES
- F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
- F23J15/02—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
- F23L9/00—Passages or apertures for delivering secondary air for completing combustion of fuel
- F23L9/02—Passages or apertures for delivering secondary air for completing combustion of fuel by discharging the air above the fire
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
- F23L9/00—Passages or apertures for delivering secondary air for completing combustion of fuel
- F23L9/04—Passages or apertures for delivering secondary air for completing combustion of fuel by discharging the air beyond the fire, i.e. nearer the smoke outlet
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES
- F23J2219/00—Treatment devices
- F23J2219/20—Non-catalytic reduction devices
Definitions
- This invention is a process for reducing NOx emissions from a waste-to-energy boiler by the addition of tertiary air and a reduction of secondary air.
- Embodiments of this process can also be coupled with a secondary NOx reduction system, such as a simple selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) system using ammonia or urea, to achieve desirable high levels of NOx reductions.
- SNCR simple selective non-catalytic reduction
- NOx is the generic name for a group of colorless and odorless but highly reactive gases that contain varying amounts of NO and NO 2 .
- the amount of NOx generated by the MWCs varies somewhat according to the grate and furnace design but typically ranges between 250 and 350 ppm (dry value at 7% O 2 in the flue gas).
- Combustion air systems in MWCs typically include both primary (also called undergrate) air and secondary (also called overgrate or overfire) air.
- Primary air is supplied through plenums located under the firing grate and is forced through the grate to sequentially dry (evolve water), devolatilize (evolve volatile hydrocarbons), and burn out (oxidize nonvolatile hydrocarbons) the waste bed.
- the quantity of primary air is typically adjusted to minimize excess air during initial combustion of the waste while maximizing burnout of carbonaceous materials in the waste bed.
- NOx is formed during combustion through two primary mechanisms: Fuel NOx from oxidation of organically bound elemental nitrogen (N) present in the municipal solid waste (MSW) stream and Thermal NOx from high temperature oxidation of atmospheric N 2 .
- fuel NOx is formed within the flame zone through reaction of organically bound N in MSW materials and O 2 .
- Key variables determining the rate of fuel NOx formation are the availability of O 2 within the flame zone, the amount of fuel-bound N, and the chemical structure of the N-containing material.
- Fuel NOx reactions can occur at relatively low temperatures ( ⁇ 1,100° C. ( ⁇ 2,000° F.)).
- the N-containing compounds will react to form either N 2 or NOx.
- N 2 is the predominant reaction product. If substantial O 2 is available, an increased fraction of the fuel-bound N is converted to NOx.
- thermal NOx is formed in high-temperature flame zones through reactions between N 2 and O 2 radicals.
- the key variables determining the rate of thermal NOx formation are temperature, the availability of O 2 and N 2 , and residence time. Because of the high activation energy required, thermal NOx formation does not become significant until flame temperatures reach 1,100° C. (2,000° F.).
- NOx emissions are generally undesirable and are of environmental significance because of their role as a criteria pollutant, acid gas, and ozone precursor.
- Direct health concerns of NOx center on the gases' effects on the respiratory system because NOx reacts with ammonia, moisture and other compounds to form nitric acid and related particles that may damage lung tissue. These and other particles produced from NOx penetrate deeply into sensitive parts of the lungs and can cause or worsen potentially fatal respiratory diseases such as emphysema and bronchitis.
- ground-level ozone is formed when NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react with heat and sunlight.
- VOCs volatile organic compounds
- Children, asthmatics, and people who work or exercise outside are susceptible to adverse effects from the ozone, and these effects include lung tissue damage and decreased lung function. Ozone also damages vegetation and reduces crop yields.
- NOx are indirect greenhouse gases that affect the atmospheric amounts of hydroxyl (OH) radicals. Specifically, the breakdown of NOx gases gives rise to increased OH abundance.
- NOx control technologies can be divided into two subgroups: combustion controls and post-combustion controls.
- Combustion controls limit the formation of NOx during the combustion process by reducing the availability of O 2 within the flame and lowering combustion zone temperatures.
- These technologies include staged combustion, low excess air, and flue gas recirculation (FGR).
- Staged combustion and low excess air reduce the flow of undergrate air in order to reduce O 2 availability in the combustion zone, which promotes chemical reduction of some of the NOx formed during primary combustion.
- FGR flue gas recirculation
- a portion of the combustor exhaust is returned to the combustion air supply to both lower combustion zone O 2 and suppress flame temperatures by reducing the ratio of O 2 to inerts (N 2 and carbon dioxide (CO 2 )) in the combustion air system.
- Post-combustion controls relate to removing NOx emissions produced during the combustion process at solid waste fired boilers, and the most commonly used post-combustion NOx controls include selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) systems, which typically reduce the NOx significantly, or selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems, which typically reduce the NOx even more effectively than SNCR systems.
- SNCR selective non-catalytic reduction
- SCR selective catalytic reduction
- WTE waste-to-energy
- SCR is an add-on control technology that catalytically promotes the reaction between NH 3 and NOx.
- SCR systems can use aqueous or anhydrous NH 3 reagent, with the primary differences being the size of the NH 3 vaporization system and the safety requirements.
- a precise amount of a reagent is metered into the exhaust stream.
- the reagent decomposes into ammonia and reacts with NOx across a catalyst located downstream of the injection point. This reaction reduces NOx to elemental nitrogen and water vapor.
- SCR systems typically operate at temperature of approximately 500-700° F. In terms of waste disposal fee impact and cost effectiveness, SCR generally has higher costs resulting from high capital costs, as well as the cost of catalyst replacement and disposal.
- SNCR reduces NOx to N 2 without the use of catalysts. Similar to the SCR system, the SNCR system injects one or more reducing agents into the upper furnace of the MWC to react with NOx and form N 2 . Without the assistance of a catalyst, these reactions occur at temperatures of approximately 1600-1800° F. Operation of SNCR processes near the upper end of their performance range may result in unwanted emissions of ammonia or other by-product gases. SNCR generally has significantly lower capital costs, as well as lower maintenance costs since there are no catalysts to replace and dispose.
- This invention is a process where at least a third combustion air stream is added to the solid waste combustion furnace at an elevation significantly above the elevation of the conventional secondary air nozzles.
- the elevation of this third, or tertiary air stream is generally at least 10 feet, but optimally 25 to 50 feet above the secondary air nozzles.
- the tertiary air stream is injected into the furnace through nozzles located on the front, rear, left, or right walls of the furnace, in any number and combination that provides adequate mixing of the tertiary air with the combustion gases.
- a portion of the normal secondary air ranging from about 50 to 100% is shifted to this new tertiary air stream. Thereby, the total air flow to the furnace does not have to be increased over that of the conventional design.
- the flow of primary air at or slightly below the stoichiometric amount needed for combustion, the amount of excess oxygen in the region below the tertiary air is minimized, resulting in long lazy flames and reduced NOx formation.
- the temperature in this region is very close to the adiabatic flame temperature, which is above about 2000° F. and typically near 2500° F.
- the tertiary air is then injected higher in the furnace at flow rates and velocities to create high turbulence and complete mixing with the flue gases. This tertiary air stream then completes the combustion process, achieving low levels of carbon monoxide in the flue gas.
- the flue gas temperature after the injection of the tertiary air is typically between about 1600° F. and 1900° F.
- This new combustion set-up may yield NOx levels in the range of about 100 to 190 ppm, thereby achieving the same or lower NOx levels as conventional solid waste fired furnaces with SNCR systems.
- conventional SNCR which employs the injection of ammonia or urea into the combustion gases in the temperature window of 1600° to 1800° F., can be added just above the tertiary air nozzles for optimal performance.
- the turbulence created by the tertiary air further aids in the mixing of the ammonia or urea with the combustion gases.
- This enhancement minimizes the number of SNCR nozzles required, reduces the amount of carrier gas needed with the ammonia or urea, and reduces the amount of unreacted ammonia that exits the boiler, which is commonly called ammonia slip.
- This combination of tertiary air with simple SNCR may yield NOx levels in the range of about 30 to 70 ppm, thereby achieving NOx levels comparable to plants having much more expensive SCR systems.
- a waste combustion furnace system for reducing NOx emission includes a grate supporting a combusting waste bed; at least one secondary nozzle introducing secondary air downstream from the combusting waste bed; and at least one tertiary nozzle introducing tertiary air.
- the tertiary nozzle(s) is located at a distance downstream from the secondary nozzles, wherein the flue temperature at the distance is normally less than about 1900° F.
- a method for reducing NOx emission in a waste combustion system involves use of a furnace with a primary air source and a secondary air source for introducing, respectively, primary and secondary airs to a furnace.
- the method includes the steps of allocating a portion of the primary and secondary airs as tertiary air; and supplying the tertiary air to the furnace air at a distance downstream from the secondary air, wherein the tertiary air reduces Oxygen levels in the furnace upstream of the tertiary air addition.
- FIGS. 1-2 are schematic diagrams of a municipal waste combustion furnace with additional tertiary air in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a flow chart depicting the steps in method for reducing NOx emissions from a municipal waste combustor through the use of a tertiary air source in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
- a solid waste combustion system 100 in one embodiment of the present invention employs a moving grate 110 with three major sources of combustion air.
- Primary air 10 is introduced below the grate 110 and flows up through a combusting waste bed 20 .
- Secondary air 30 is introduced through one or more rows of secondary nozzles 120 above the combusting waste bed 20 .
- the purpose of the secondary air 30 is to complete the combustion of volatile organics and carbon monoxide as soon as possible by adding additional oxygen and providing turbulence to intensely mix the combustion gases.
- the secondary air plays a different role. It is injected at low velocities to minimize mixing and combustion. Its role is to help center the flames in the furnace and create a cooler air blanket along the walls to minimize the impact of the higher furnace temperatures on the materials used to protect the waterwalls of the furnace.
- the number and location of the secondary air nozzles 120 may vary with different furnace designs but are typically located just above the combusting waste in the lower furnace to accomplish the above-described purpose for the secondary air 30 .
- the secondary air nozzles 120 may be adapted or otherwise modified according to known techniques to improve the performance of the furnace 100 , for example, by modifying the shape, angle, and position of the secondary air nozzles 120 .
- the secondary air nozzles may also be placed on the right and left walls at approximately the same elevation to further accomplish the above-described purpose.
- the furnace 100 may be further modified through the addition and positioning of various shaping elements as needed to direct the flue exhaust flow to optimize the performance of the furnace 100 .
- the furnace 100 further includes tertiary air nozzles 130 to add a third combustion air stream, or tertiary air 40 to the solid waste combustion furnace.
- the tertiary air stream may be injected into the furnace 100 through the tertiary nozzles 130 located on the front, rear, left, or right walls of the furnace 100 , in any number and combination that provides adequate mixing of the tertiary air with the combustion gases for the purpose of completing the combustion process and achieving low levels of carbon monoxide in the flue gas.
- the number and location of the tertiary air nozzles 130 may vary with different furnace designs but are typically located at an elevation significantly above the elevation of the secondary air nozzles 120 .
- the tertiary air nozzles 130 may be adapted or otherwise modified according to known techniques to improve the performance of the furnace 100 .
- the tertiary air nozzles 130 supplying the third, or tertiary, air stream 40 are located a distance D away from the secondary air nozzles 120 .
- the distance D is generally at least 10 feet, but optimally 25 to 50 feet above the secondary air nozzles 120 , and the rationale for the spacing is described in greater detail below.
- the tertiary nozzles 130 should be positioned sufficiently high to yield minimum NOx formation, but not higher than necessary such that the conditions would cause accelerated wastage to excessively large areas of the furnace wall materials.
- the precise location of the tertiary nozzles 130 at the distance D above the secondary air nozzles 120 will depend on numerous factors such as the specific configuration, size, and design of the furnace 100 , along with the specific chemical nature of the combusting waste bed 20 .
- the secondary air 30 is typically introduced at a portion of the furnace 100 proximate to the combusting waste bed, and the temperature T 1 in this location is relatively high, and is at or near the adiabatic temperature for the combustion of the waste fuel. Because the tertiary air 40 is introduced at a higher elevation, this portion of the furnace 100 is at a relatively lower temperature T 2 .
- the temperature T 1 would be above 2000° F. and typically at approximately 2500° F., and the temperature T 2 may be between approximately 1600° and 1900° F. at the tertiary injection level (after the addition of the tertiary air) because of heat transfer to the furnace walls and mixing of the cooler tertiary air with the hot flue gas.
- Reduction of the secondary air introduced at a higher temperature T 1 , and the addition of the tertiary air 40 at a lower temperature T 2 results in lower NOx for two reasons.
- some portion of the NOx formed during primary combustion at the grate level will be chemically reduced within the region between the secondary and tertiary nozzles by NH2 and HCN radicals formed due to the lack of excess air.
- a MWC configured to introduce secondary air 30 at a high temperature T 1 and tertiary air 40 at lower temperature T 2 yields lower NOx levels in the range of about 130 to 180 ppm, thereby achieving the same NOx levels as conventional solid waste fired furnaces with SNCR systems.
- one embodiment of the furnace 100 may further contain additional tertiary air nozzles 130 ′ supplying an additional tertiary air stream 40 ′ are located a second distance D′ above from the secondary air nozzles 120 . Because the additional tertiary air nozzles 130 ′ is located at a different elevation D′, the additional tertiary air stream 40 ′ is introduced in a portion of the furnace 100 having a different temperature T 2 ′.
- the furnace 100 may achieve additional NOx reduction through the incorporation of an additional NOx reduction technology.
- FIG. 1 depicts the incorporation of a known SNCR system 140 into the furnace 100 .
- the SNCR system 140 typically injects a SNCR additive 50 such as ammonia or urea into the combustion gases in a temperature range of 1600° to 1800° F. Since, as described above, this temperature range is achieved in the middle to upper portion of the furnace 100 near the addition of the tertiary air stream 40 , SNCR nozzles 150 may be positioned above the tertiary air nozzles 130 for optimal performance.
- turbulence in the furnace created by the tertiary air 40 further aids in the mixing of the SNCR additive 50 with the combustion gases.
- This enhancement minimizes the number of SNCR nozzles 150 required, reduces the amount of carrier fluid needed with the SNCR additive 50 , and reduces the amount of unreacted ammonia that exits the boiler, which is commonly called ammonia slip.
- this combination of tertiary air 40 with a SNCR system 140 yields NOx levels generally in the range of 30 to 70 ppm, thereby achieving NOx levels comparable to plants having much more expensive SCR systems.
- the tertiary air nozzles 130 can be adapted as needed to optimally apply the specific NOx reduction system.
- the SCR systems use a catalyst that allows the NOx reducing reactions to occur at relatively lower temperatures in comparison to SNCR systems, approximately in the range of 500-700° F. Accordingly, the tertiary air nozzles 130 may be moved to a greater distance D away from the secondary air nozzles so that the flue temperature T 2 is less than the 1600-1800° F. range described above.
- the furnace 100 in accordance of an embodiment of the present invention further comprises an air source 160 such as a motorized fan or other known air circulation system.
- a single air source 160 supplies both the secondary air 30 and the tertiary air 40 .
- each of these inputs to the furnace 100 may be separately supplied and that this depicted configuration is merely for ease of illustration.
- the primary air 10 is typically supplied to a MWC separately due to different pressure requirements, however, it would also be possible to provide all three air streams, primary 10 , secondary 30 and tertiary 40 from a single source.
- the total amount of air provided to a MWC is engineered to accomplish various combustion goals. Accordingly, the total amount of air provided to the furnace 100 through the primary air 10 , secondary air 30 , and tertiary air 40 does not necessarily change significantly from the total amount of primary air and secondary air supplied in known MWC systems. For similar reasons, the amount of primary air 10 provided in the furnace 100 does not generally change from the total amount of primary air supplied in known MWC systems. Thus, one preferred implementation of the present invention diverts a portion of the secondary air away from the secondary nozzle 120 and directs this portion as tertiary air 40 to the tertiary nozzle 130 .
- the amount of tertiary air 40 supplied to the furnace 100 has a corresponding reduction in the amount of secondary air 30 .
- 50 to 100% of the normal secondary air 30 is shifted to the tertiary nozzle 130 as tertiary air 40 , and thereby the total air flow to the furnace 100 is similar to conventional designs.
- tertiary air 40 With the addition of tertiary air 40 , the role changes for the reduced secondary air 30 .
- the secondary air 30 in known MWCs creates high turbulence with the flue gas, providing the mixing necessary to complete the combustion.
- any remaining secondary air 30 does not generally provide good mixing. Instead, the secondary air 30 enters the furnace 100 at a much lower velocity and stays close to the walls 101 of the furnace 100 , helping to protect the walls 101 from any increased temperatures and higher flames.
- a controller 170 may adjust the allocation of air supplied as secondary air 30 and tertiary air 40 .
- the controller 170 may operate a damper that dynamically adjusts to open and close, according to the measured temperatures T 1 and T 2 in the furnace 100 .
- the air source 160 and/or a primary air source can be adjusted as needed to achieve desired temperatures.
- the controller 170 may receive input measurements and adjust the allocation of the secondary air 30 and the tertiary air 40 as needed for desired system performance.
- the controller 170 may be connected to a known Continuous Emissions Monitoring (CEM) system (not illustrated) that monitors the emissions within and from the furnace system.
- CEM Continuous Emissions Monitoring
- the controller 170 may adjust the allocation of the secondary air 30 and the tertiary air 40 as needed to minimize NOx emissions, for example to achieve desired temperature ranges for a SNCR or similar system, to achieve desired turbulence levels, to achieve desired Oxygen levels, etc.
- the primary, secondary, and tertiary airflows 10 , 30 , and 40 may be adjusted to achieve other performance measures.
- the above discussion mentions adjusting the amount and allocation of the primary air 10 , secondary air 30 , and the tertiary air 40 to achieve desired thermal levels in specific regions of the furnace 100 similar techniques may be used to achieve other desired criteria.
- the amount and allocation of the primary air 10 , secondary air 30 , and the tertiary air 40 may be adjusted so that the exhaust resides in the furnace 100 for a desired amount of time or is otherwise controlled to achieved desired performance such as boiler fouling or boiler efficiency.
- the amount of tertiary air 40 may be controlled to achieve a desired level of turbulence and performance of the SNCR additive 150 (from FIG. 1 ) as previously described.
- the NOx reduction method 200 includes diverting a portion of the primary and/or secondary air as tertiary air, step 210 .
- a damper may be used to redirect a portion of the secondary air.
- the mechanism supplying the secondary air may operate at a reduced level, and a second mechanism may be used to supply the tertiary air. While it is generally assumed that the overall amount of air supplied to the furnace will not increase, it should be appreciated that the air supply may be adapted as needed to achieve desired further performance.
- the tertiary air is introduced into the furnace at a distance away from the secondary air, step 220 .
- the tertiary air is generally introduced at one or more higher elevations in a furnace region of relatively lower temperature.
- the temperature in this chosen furnace region should be sufficiently high to allow the combustion process to continue but sufficiently low to minimize NOx production.
- the furnace is measured in step 230 to determine if desired performance measures are achieved. For example, the temperature in different regions of the furnace may be measured. As described above, different furnace performance measures, such as exhaust dwell time, NOx production levels, or the production levels of other pollutants, may also be used in evaluating the performance of the tertiary air. The evaluation in the furnace measurement step 230 may occur continuously or periodically, depending on desired performance and available resources.
- Step 230 while there is no direct measurement of stoichiometric conditions, by using ongoing measurements of air flows and excess O 2 levels in the flue gas, the approximate stoichiometric air flow can be determined. Another way to look at it is that the furnace is very large and there are regions with excess air, and other regions with no excess air. When operating with the tertiary air, a much higher fraction of the furnace will have no excess air, so the furnace will have corresponding low O 2 levels.
- the results from the furnace measurement step 230 may be used to adjust the furnace in step 240 , such as modifying the step of diverting the portion of the primary and/or secondary air as tertiary air in step 210 .
- the MWC may be adjusted by modifying the amounts of primary air, secondary air, and tertiary air.
- the furnace adjustment in step 240 may similarly occur to react to changes in the municipal waste supplied to the MWC.
- supplement NOx reduction methods such as SCR or SNCR, may also optionally be added to a MWC in step 250 to further reduce NOx emissions in coordination with the addition of the tertiary air.
- SCR SCR
- SNCR SNCR
- Table 1 provides sample data from a MWC using a NOx reduction method according to an embodiment of the present invention for various timed periods.
- supplemental NOx reduction methods such as SCR or SNCR, were not used.
- NOx values were measured to vary from 100 ppm to 190 ppm as the ratio of secondary air to tertiary air is varied from about 0.4 to 1.5. These values are measurably lower than typical amounts of NOx generated by MWCs (typically between 250 and 350 ppm).
- Table 2 provides sample data from a MWC using a NOx reduction method with supplemental SNCR according to another embodiment of the present invention for various timed periods.
- NOx As shown in the “NOx” column of Table 2, NOx values were measured between 50 and 62 ppm, NOx values were measurably lower than NOx amounts generated by MWCs using NOx reduction techniques according to an embodiment of the present invention without supplement NOx reduction methods (shown in FIG. 1 ). In fact, the measured values compare favorably with more expensive SCR techniques.
Abstract
Through the addition of tertiary air and a reduction of secondary air, NOx emissions from a waste-to-energy (WTE) boiler may be reduced. The tertiary air is added to the WTE at a distance from the secondary air, in a boiler region of relatively lower temperatures. A secondary NOx reduction system, such as a selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) system using ammonia or urea, may also be added to the boiler with tertiary air to achieve desirable high levels of NOx reductions. The SNCR additives are introduced to the WTE boiler proximate to the tertiary air.
Description
- This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 60/876,573 filed on Dec. 22, 2006, the subject matter of which is herein incorporated by reference.
- This invention is a process for reducing NOx emissions from a waste-to-energy boiler by the addition of tertiary air and a reduction of secondary air. Embodiments of this process can also be coupled with a secondary NOx reduction system, such as a simple selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) system using ammonia or urea, to achieve desirable high levels of NOx reductions.
- The combustion of solid waste in a Municipal Waste Combustor (MWC) generates some amount of NOx. NOx is the generic name for a group of colorless and odorless but highly reactive gases that contain varying amounts of NO and NO2. The amount of NOx generated by the MWCs varies somewhat according to the grate and furnace design but typically ranges between 250 and 350 ppm (dry value at 7% O2 in the flue gas).
- The chemistry of NOx formation is directly tied to reactions between nitrogen and oxygen. To understand NOx formation in a MWC, a basic understanding of combustor design and operation is useful. Combustion air systems in MWCs typically include both primary (also called undergrate) air and secondary (also called overgrate or overfire) air. Primary air is supplied through plenums located under the firing grate and is forced through the grate to sequentially dry (evolve water), devolatilize (evolve volatile hydrocarbons), and burn out (oxidize nonvolatile hydrocarbons) the waste bed. The quantity of primary air is typically adjusted to minimize excess air during initial combustion of the waste while maximizing burnout of carbonaceous materials in the waste bed. Secondary air is injected through airports located above the grate and is used to provide turbulent mixing and destruction of hydrocarbons evolved from the waste bed. Overall excess air levels for a typical MWC are approximately 60 to 100% (160-200% of stoichiometric (i.e., theoretical) air requirements), with primary air typically accounting for 50-70% of the total air.
- In addition to destruction of organics, one of the objectives of this combustion approach is to minimize NOx formation. NOx is formed during combustion through two primary mechanisms: Fuel NOx from oxidation of organically bound elemental nitrogen (N) present in the municipal solid waste (MSW) stream and Thermal NOx from high temperature oxidation of atmospheric N2.
- More specifically, fuel NOx is formed within the flame zone through reaction of organically bound N in MSW materials and O2. Key variables determining the rate of fuel NOx formation are the availability of O2 within the flame zone, the amount of fuel-bound N, and the chemical structure of the N-containing material. Fuel NOx reactions can occur at relatively low temperatures (<1,100° C. (<2,000° F.)). Depending on the availability of O2 in the flame, the N-containing compounds will react to form either N2 or NOx. When the availability of O2 is low, N2 is the predominant reaction product. If substantial O2 is available, an increased fraction of the fuel-bound N is converted to NOx.
- In contrast, thermal NOx is formed in high-temperature flame zones through reactions between N2 and O2 radicals. The key variables determining the rate of thermal NOx formation are temperature, the availability of O2 and N2, and residence time. Because of the high activation energy required, thermal NOx formation does not become significant until flame temperatures reach 1,100° C. (2,000° F.).
- However, NOx emissions are generally undesirable and are of environmental significance because of their role as a criteria pollutant, acid gas, and ozone precursor. Direct health concerns of NOx center on the gases' effects on the respiratory system because NOx reacts with ammonia, moisture and other compounds to form nitric acid and related particles that may damage lung tissue. These and other particles produced from NOx penetrate deeply into sensitive parts of the lungs and can cause or worsen potentially fatal respiratory diseases such as emphysema and bronchitis.
- In addition, the emissions of NOx pose other environmental concerns. For example, ground-level ozone is formed when NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react with heat and sunlight. Children, asthmatics, and people who work or exercise outside are susceptible to adverse effects from the ozone, and these effects include lung tissue damage and decreased lung function. Ozone also damages vegetation and reduces crop yields.
- Furthermore, the reaction of NOx and sulfur dioxide with other substances in the air to form acids, which fall to earth with rain, fog, snow or dry particles as acid rain. Acid rain damages or deteriorates cars, buildings and monuments, as well as causes lakes and streams to become unsuitable for fish.
- In addition, NOx are indirect greenhouse gases that affect the atmospheric amounts of hydroxyl (OH) radicals. Specifically, the breakdown of NOx gases gives rise to increased OH abundance.
- Consequently, various laws and regulations have been passed to limit the emissions of NOx from MWCs and other sources. For example, the Unites States Environmental Agency is authorized in 40 C.F.R. Part 60 to monitor and limit NOx from MWCS. Similar rules and regulations to limit NOx emissions likewise exist internationally, such as in Europe, Canada, and Japan. It should be appreciated that a complete understanding and knowledge of various rules and laws on NOx emissions are outside the scope of the current discussion.
- NOx control technologies can be divided into two subgroups: combustion controls and post-combustion controls. Combustion controls limit the formation of NOx during the combustion process by reducing the availability of O2 within the flame and lowering combustion zone temperatures. These technologies include staged combustion, low excess air, and flue gas recirculation (FGR). Staged combustion and low excess air reduce the flow of undergrate air in order to reduce O2 availability in the combustion zone, which promotes chemical reduction of some of the NOx formed during primary combustion. In FGR, a portion of the combustor exhaust is returned to the combustion air supply to both lower combustion zone O2 and suppress flame temperatures by reducing the ratio of O2 to inerts (N2 and carbon dioxide (CO2)) in the combustion air system.
- Post-combustion controls relate to removing NOx emissions produced during the combustion process at solid waste fired boilers, and the most commonly used post-combustion NOx controls include selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) systems, which typically reduce the NOx significantly, or selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems, which typically reduce the NOx even more effectively than SNCR systems. As described in greater detail below, SCR systems are many times more expensive to build, operate, and maintain than SNCR systems and are consequently not economically feasible for use on waste-to-energy (WTE) plants in many parts of the world.
- SCR is an add-on control technology that catalytically promotes the reaction between NH3 and NOx. SCR systems can use aqueous or anhydrous NH3 reagent, with the primary differences being the size of the NH3 vaporization system and the safety requirements. In the SCR system, a precise amount of a reagent is metered into the exhaust stream. The reagent decomposes into ammonia and reacts with NOx across a catalyst located downstream of the injection point. This reaction reduces NOx to elemental nitrogen and water vapor. SCR systems typically operate at temperature of approximately 500-700° F. In terms of waste disposal fee impact and cost effectiveness, SCR generally has higher costs resulting from high capital costs, as well as the cost of catalyst replacement and disposal.
- In contrast, SNCR reduces NOx to N2 without the use of catalysts. Similar to the SCR system, the SNCR system injects one or more reducing agents into the upper furnace of the MWC to react with NOx and form N2. Without the assistance of a catalyst, these reactions occur at temperatures of approximately 1600-1800° F. Operation of SNCR processes near the upper end of their performance range may result in unwanted emissions of ammonia or other by-product gases. SNCR generally has significantly lower capital costs, as well as lower maintenance costs since there are no catalysts to replace and dispose.
- This invention is a process where at least a third combustion air stream is added to the solid waste combustion furnace at an elevation significantly above the elevation of the conventional secondary air nozzles. The elevation of this third, or tertiary air stream, is generally at least 10 feet, but optimally 25 to 50 feet above the secondary air nozzles. The tertiary air stream is injected into the furnace through nozzles located on the front, rear, left, or right walls of the furnace, in any number and combination that provides adequate mixing of the tertiary air with the combustion gases.
- A portion of the normal secondary air ranging from about 50 to 100% is shifted to this new tertiary air stream. Thereby, the total air flow to the furnace does not have to be increased over that of the conventional design. By then controlling the flow of primary air at or slightly below the stoichiometric amount needed for combustion, the amount of excess oxygen in the region below the tertiary air is minimized, resulting in long lazy flames and reduced NOx formation. The temperature in this region is very close to the adiabatic flame temperature, which is above about 2000° F. and typically near 2500° F.
- The reduced excess oxygen in the combustion region below the tertiary air injection also results in higher temperatures which can damage typical furnace construction materials. To minimize this damage, a small amount of secondary air is injected at low velocities to help center the flames away from the furnace walls and also create a cooler air blanket along the walls. Thus, the role of secondary air is generally contrary to its purpose in typical furnace designs, where it is used to create turbulence and good mixing to complete the combustion process.
- The tertiary air is then injected higher in the furnace at flow rates and velocities to create high turbulence and complete mixing with the flue gases. This tertiary air stream then completes the combustion process, achieving low levels of carbon monoxide in the flue gas. The flue gas temperature after the injection of the tertiary air is typically between about 1600° F. and 1900° F.
- This new combustion set-up may yield NOx levels in the range of about 100 to 190 ppm, thereby achieving the same or lower NOx levels as conventional solid waste fired furnaces with SNCR systems.
- Furthermore, with the addition of this new tertiary air stream in the middle to upper furnace regions, conventional SNCR, which employs the injection of ammonia or urea into the combustion gases in the temperature window of 1600° to 1800° F., can be added just above the tertiary air nozzles for optimal performance. The turbulence created by the tertiary air further aids in the mixing of the ammonia or urea with the combustion gases. This enhancement minimizes the number of SNCR nozzles required, reduces the amount of carrier gas needed with the ammonia or urea, and reduces the amount of unreacted ammonia that exits the boiler, which is commonly called ammonia slip. This combination of tertiary air with simple SNCR may yield NOx levels in the range of about 30 to 70 ppm, thereby achieving NOx levels comparable to plants having much more expensive SCR systems.
- Thus, in one embodiment of the invention a waste combustion furnace system for reducing NOx emission is provided. The system includes a grate supporting a combusting waste bed; at least one secondary nozzle introducing secondary air downstream from the combusting waste bed; and at least one tertiary nozzle introducing tertiary air. The tertiary nozzle(s) is located at a distance downstream from the secondary nozzles, wherein the flue temperature at the distance is normally less than about 1900° F.
- In another embodiment of the invention a method for reducing NOx emission in a waste combustion system is provided. The method involves use of a furnace with a primary air source and a secondary air source for introducing, respectively, primary and secondary airs to a furnace. The method includes the steps of allocating a portion of the primary and secondary airs as tertiary air; and supplying the tertiary air to the furnace air at a distance downstream from the secondary air, wherein the tertiary air reduces Oxygen levels in the furnace upstream of the tertiary air addition.
- A more complete understanding of the present invention and advantages thereof may be acquired by referring to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like reference numbers indicate like features, and wherein:
-
FIGS. 1-2 are schematic diagrams of a municipal waste combustion furnace with additional tertiary air in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; and -
FIG. 3 is a flow chart depicting the steps in method for reducing NOx emissions from a municipal waste combustor through the use of a tertiary air source in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. - Referring now to
FIG. 1 , a solidwaste combustion system 100 in one embodiment of the present invention employs a movinggrate 110 with three major sources of combustion air.Primary air 10 is introduced below thegrate 110 and flows up through a combustingwaste bed 20.Secondary air 30 is introduced through one or more rows ofsecondary nozzles 120 above the combustingwaste bed 20. In a typical MWC, the purpose of thesecondary air 30 is to complete the combustion of volatile organics and carbon monoxide as soon as possible by adding additional oxygen and providing turbulence to intensely mix the combustion gases. In the present invention the secondary air plays a different role. It is injected at low velocities to minimize mixing and combustion. Its role is to help center the flames in the furnace and create a cooler air blanket along the walls to minimize the impact of the higher furnace temperatures on the materials used to protect the waterwalls of the furnace. - While the present discussion focuses on inclined and horizontal grate-based furnaces, it should be appreciated that the tertiary air NOx reduction principals of the present invention may likewise apply to any solid fuel fired boiler design.
- It should be appreciated that the number and location of the
secondary air nozzles 120 may vary with different furnace designs but are typically located just above the combusting waste in the lower furnace to accomplish the above-described purpose for thesecondary air 30. Furthermore, it should be appreciated that thesecondary air nozzles 120 may be adapted or otherwise modified according to known techniques to improve the performance of thefurnace 100, for example, by modifying the shape, angle, and position of thesecondary air nozzles 120. Although typically placed on the front and rear walls of the furnace, the secondary air nozzles may also be placed on the right and left walls at approximately the same elevation to further accomplish the above-described purpose. Likewise, although not depicted, thefurnace 100 may be further modified through the addition and positioning of various shaping elements as needed to direct the flue exhaust flow to optimize the performance of thefurnace 100. - Continuing with
FIG. 1 , thefurnace 100 further includestertiary air nozzles 130 to add a third combustion air stream, ortertiary air 40 to the solid waste combustion furnace. The tertiary air stream may be injected into thefurnace 100 through thetertiary nozzles 130 located on the front, rear, left, or right walls of thefurnace 100, in any number and combination that provides adequate mixing of the tertiary air with the combustion gases for the purpose of completing the combustion process and achieving low levels of carbon monoxide in the flue gas. It should be appreciated that the number and location of thetertiary air nozzles 130 may vary with different furnace designs but are typically located at an elevation significantly above the elevation of thesecondary air nozzles 120. Furthermore, it should be appreciated that thetertiary air nozzles 130 may be adapted or otherwise modified according to known techniques to improve the performance of thefurnace 100. - Referring back to
FIG. 1 , thetertiary air nozzles 130 supplying the third, or tertiary,air stream 40 are located a distance D away from thesecondary air nozzles 120. The distance D is generally at least 10 feet, but optimally 25 to 50 feet above thesecondary air nozzles 120, and the rationale for the spacing is described in greater detail below. In particular, thetertiary nozzles 130 should be positioned sufficiently high to yield minimum NOx formation, but not higher than necessary such that the conditions would cause accelerated wastage to excessively large areas of the furnace wall materials. The precise location of thetertiary nozzles 130 at the distance D above thesecondary air nozzles 120 will depend on numerous factors such as the specific configuration, size, and design of thefurnace 100, along with the specific chemical nature of the combustingwaste bed 20. - In particular, the
secondary air 30 is typically introduced at a portion of thefurnace 100 proximate to the combusting waste bed, and the temperature T1 in this location is relatively high, and is at or near the adiabatic temperature for the combustion of the waste fuel. Because thetertiary air 40 is introduced at a higher elevation, this portion of thefurnace 100 is at a relatively lower temperature T2. For example, the temperature T1 would be above 2000° F. and typically at approximately 2500° F., and the temperature T2 may be between approximately 1600° and 1900° F. at the tertiary injection level (after the addition of the tertiary air) because of heat transfer to the furnace walls and mixing of the cooler tertiary air with the hot flue gas. - Reduction of the secondary air introduced at a higher temperature T1, and the addition of the
tertiary air 40 at a lower temperature T2 results in lower NOx for two reasons. First, substoichiometric or nearly stoichiometric conditions exist between the secondary and tertiary nozzles, reducing the amount of excess oxygen available for reaction with nitrogen to form NOx. In addition, some portion of the NOx formed during primary combustion at the grate level will be chemically reduced within the region between the secondary and tertiary nozzles by NH2 and HCN radicals formed due to the lack of excess air. Second, exhaust combustion continues in thefurnace 100 at the lower temperature T2, after the addition of the tertiary air, while the NOx production at this temperature is minimized. In test applications, a MWC configured to introducesecondary air 30 at a high temperature T1 andtertiary air 40 at lower temperature T2 yields lower NOx levels in the range of about 130 to 180 ppm, thereby achieving the same NOx levels as conventional solid waste fired furnaces with SNCR systems. - While the
tertiary air 40 is typically injected at one elevation in theboiler 100 due to the cost of installing thenozzles 130 and duct work (not depicted), it would be possible to inject thetertiary air 40 in more than one elevation D, either to improve mixing with the flue gas, or to enable the elevation to be changed as the boiler fouls and the flue gas temperature profile through the boiler changes. Therefore, continuing withFIG. 1 , one embodiment of thefurnace 100 may further contain additionaltertiary air nozzles 130′ supplying an additionaltertiary air stream 40′ are located a second distance D′ above from thesecondary air nozzles 120. Because the additionaltertiary air nozzles 130′ is located at a different elevation D′, the additionaltertiary air stream 40′ is introduced in a portion of thefurnace 100 having a different temperature T2′. - Continuing with
FIG. 1 , thefurnace 100 may achieve additional NOx reduction through the incorporation of an additional NOx reduction technology. For example,FIG. 1 depicts the incorporation of a knownSNCR system 140 into thefurnace 100. In particular, theSNCR system 140 typically injects aSNCR additive 50 such as ammonia or urea into the combustion gases in a temperature range of 1600° to 1800° F. Since, as described above, this temperature range is achieved in the middle to upper portion of thefurnace 100 near the addition of thetertiary air stream 40,SNCR nozzles 150 may be positioned above thetertiary air nozzles 130 for optimal performance. - Furthermore, turbulence in the furnace created by the
tertiary air 40 further aids in the mixing of theSNCR additive 50 with the combustion gases. This enhancement minimizes the number ofSNCR nozzles 150 required, reduces the amount of carrier fluid needed with theSNCR additive 50, and reduces the amount of unreacted ammonia that exits the boiler, which is commonly called ammonia slip. - In experiments, this combination of
tertiary air 40 with aSNCR system 140 yields NOx levels generally in the range of 30 to 70 ppm, thereby achieving NOx levels comparable to plants having much more expensive SCR systems. - While the embodiment of the
furnace 100 depicted inFIG. 1 includes a SNCR system, it should be appreciated that still further NOx reductions may be achieved by incorporating a SCR system with afurnace 100 supplyingtertiary air 40. In this situation where a non-SNCR NOx reduction system is employed, thetertiary air nozzles 130 can be adapted as needed to optimally apply the specific NOx reduction system. For example, as described above, the SCR systems use a catalyst that allows the NOx reducing reactions to occur at relatively lower temperatures in comparison to SNCR systems, approximately in the range of 500-700° F. Accordingly, thetertiary air nozzles 130 may be moved to a greater distance D away from the secondary air nozzles so that the flue temperature T2 is less than the 1600-1800° F. range described above. - Referring now to
FIG. 2 , thefurnace 100 in accordance of an embodiment of the present invention further comprises anair source 160 such as a motorized fan or other known air circulation system. In the depicted embodiment, asingle air source 160 supplies both thesecondary air 30 and thetertiary air 40. It should be appreciated however, that each of these inputs to thefurnace 100 may be separately supplied and that this depicted configuration is merely for ease of illustration. It should also be appreciated that theprimary air 10 is typically supplied to a MWC separately due to different pressure requirements, however, it would also be possible to provide all three air streams, primary 10, secondary 30 and tertiary 40 from a single source. - As described above, the total amount of air provided to a MWC, such as the
furnace 100, is engineered to accomplish various combustion goals. Accordingly, the total amount of air provided to thefurnace 100 through theprimary air 10,secondary air 30, andtertiary air 40 does not necessarily change significantly from the total amount of primary air and secondary air supplied in known MWC systems. For similar reasons, the amount ofprimary air 10 provided in thefurnace 100 does not generally change from the total amount of primary air supplied in known MWC systems. Thus, one preferred implementation of the present invention diverts a portion of the secondary air away from thesecondary nozzle 120 and directs this portion astertiary air 40 to thetertiary nozzle 130. Consequently, the amount oftertiary air 40 supplied to thefurnace 100 has a corresponding reduction in the amount ofsecondary air 30. In one embodiment, 50 to 100% of the normalsecondary air 30 is shifted to thetertiary nozzle 130 astertiary air 40, and thereby the total air flow to thefurnace 100 is similar to conventional designs. - It should be appreciated that different boiler designs utilize different primary and secondary air flows 10 and 30 and ratios of primary to
secondary air secondary air 30 to thetertiary air nozzles 130. In addition, a fraction of theprimary air 10 could also potentially be shifted to thetertiary air nozzles 130. - With the addition of
tertiary air 40, the role changes for the reducedsecondary air 30. As explained above, thesecondary air 30 in known MWCs creates high turbulence with the flue gas, providing the mixing necessary to complete the combustion. With the addition oftertiary air 40, any remainingsecondary air 30 does not generally provide good mixing. Instead, thesecondary air 30 enters thefurnace 100 at a much lower velocity and stays close to thewalls 101 of thefurnace 100, helping to protect thewalls 101 from any increased temperatures and higher flames. - By then controlling the combined flow of the
primary air 10,secondary air 30, and thetertiary air 40, the temperature of the combustion gases between the secondary air injection and the new tertiary air injection can be controlled to an optimal level. Continuing withFIG. 2 , acontroller 170 may adjust the allocation of air supplied assecondary air 30 andtertiary air 40. For example, thecontroller 170 may operate a damper that dynamically adjusts to open and close, according to the measured temperatures T1 and T2 in thefurnace 100. Likewise, theair source 160 and/or a primary air source (not illustrated) can be adjusted as needed to achieve desired temperatures. Thecontroller 170 may receive input measurements and adjust the allocation of thesecondary air 30 and thetertiary air 40 as needed for desired system performance. For example, thecontroller 170 may be connected to a known Continuous Emissions Monitoring (CEM) system (not illustrated) that monitors the emissions within and from the furnace system. Thecontroller 170, for example may adjust the allocation of thesecondary air 30 and thetertiary air 40 as needed to minimize NOx emissions, for example to achieve desired temperature ranges for a SNCR or similar system, to achieve desired turbulence levels, to achieve desired Oxygen levels, etc. - Continuing with
FIG. 2 , it should likewise be appreciated that the primary, secondary, andtertiary airflows primary air 10,secondary air 30, and thetertiary air 40 to achieve desired thermal levels in specific regions of thefurnace 100, similar techniques may be used to achieve other desired criteria. For example, the amount and allocation of theprimary air 10,secondary air 30, and thetertiary air 40 may be adjusted so that the exhaust resides in thefurnace 100 for a desired amount of time or is otherwise controlled to achieved desired performance such as boiler fouling or boiler efficiency. Additionally, the amount oftertiary air 40 may be controlled to achieve a desired level of turbulence and performance of the SNCR additive 150 (fromFIG. 1 ) as previously described. - Referring now to
FIG. 3 , aNOx reduction method 200 for adapting a known MWC facility having a primary and secondary air source in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention is now discussed. In particular, theNOx reduction method 200 includes diverting a portion of the primary and/or secondary air as tertiary air, step 210. As described above, a damper may be used to redirect a portion of the secondary air. Alternatively, the mechanism supplying the secondary air may operate at a reduced level, and a second mechanism may be used to supply the tertiary air. While it is generally assumed that the overall amount of air supplied to the furnace will not increase, it should be appreciated that the air supply may be adapted as needed to achieve desired further performance. As described above, different boiler designs utilize different primary and secondary air flows and ratios of primary to secondary air. The idea could be applied to any of these boiler designs by shifting all, or a significant fraction of the secondary air to the new tertiary air nozzles. In addition, a fraction of the primary air could also potentially be shifted to the new tertiary air nozzles. - Continuing with the
NOx reduction method 200 inFIG. 3 , the tertiary air is introduced into the furnace at a distance away from the secondary air,step 220. As described above, the tertiary air is generally introduced at one or more higher elevations in a furnace region of relatively lower temperature. The temperature in this chosen furnace region should be sufficiently high to allow the combustion process to continue but sufficiently low to minimize NOx production. - Continuing with the
NOx reduction method 200 inFIG. 3 , the furnace is measured instep 230 to determine if desired performance measures are achieved. For example, the temperature in different regions of the furnace may be measured. As described above, different furnace performance measures, such as exhaust dwell time, NOx production levels, or the production levels of other pollutants, may also be used in evaluating the performance of the tertiary air. The evaluation in thefurnace measurement step 230 may occur continuously or periodically, depending on desired performance and available resources. - Continuing with
Step 230, while there is no direct measurement of stoichiometric conditions, by using ongoing measurements of air flows and excess O2 levels in the flue gas, the approximate stoichiometric air flow can be determined. Another way to look at it is that the furnace is very large and there are regions with excess air, and other regions with no excess air. When operating with the tertiary air, a much higher fraction of the furnace will have no excess air, so the furnace will have corresponding low O2 levels. - Referring back to the
NOx reduction method 200 inFIG. 3 , the results from thefurnace measurement step 230 may be used to adjust the furnace instep 240, such as modifying the step of diverting the portion of the primary and/or secondary air as tertiary air in step 210. Otherwise, the MWC may be adjusted by modifying the amounts of primary air, secondary air, and tertiary air. The furnace adjustment instep 240 may similarly occur to react to changes in the municipal waste supplied to the MWC. - Returning to the
NOx reduction method 200 inFIG. 3 , supplement NOx reduction methods, such as SCR or SNCR, may also optionally be added to a MWC instep 250 to further reduce NOx emissions in coordination with the addition of the tertiary air. For example, data from MWCs using NOx reduction methods according to embodiments of the present invention is shown below. - Table 1 provides sample data from a MWC using a NOx reduction method according to an embodiment of the present invention for various timed periods. For the results shown in Table 1, supplemental NOx reduction methods, such as SCR or SNCR, were not used. As shown in Table 1, NOx values were measured to vary from 100 ppm to 190 ppm as the ratio of secondary air to tertiary air is varied from about 0.4 to 1.5. These values are measurably lower than typical amounts of NOx generated by MWCs (typically between 250 and 350 ppm).
- Table 2 provides sample data from a MWC using a NOx reduction method with supplemental SNCR according to another embodiment of the present invention for various timed periods. As shown in the “NOx” column of Table 2, NOx values were measured between 50 and 62 ppm, NOx values were measurably lower than NOx amounts generated by MWCs using NOx reduction techniques according to an embodiment of the present invention without supplement NOx reduction methods (shown in
FIG. 1 ). In fact, the measured values compare favorably with more expensive SCR techniques. -
TABLE 2 Steam Aq. NH3 NOx NH3 Slip Case Days Klh/hr gph ppm ppm 1 4 78 9.3 62 1.2 2 10 78 12.6 62 2.4 3 14 76 13.0 59 4.8 4 3 75 12.5 50 2.5 - While the invention has been described with reference to an exemplary embodiments various additions, deletions, substitutions, or other modifications may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be considered as limited by the foregoing description, but is only limited by the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (21)
1. A waste combustion furnace system for reducing NOx emission, the system comprising:
a grate supporting a combusting waste bed;
at least one secondary nozzle introducing secondary air downstream from the combusting waste bed; and
at least one tertiary nozzle introducing tertiary air, the tertiary nozzles located at a distance downstream from said secondary nozzles, wherein the flue temperature at the distance is less than 1900° F.
2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a post-combustion NOx control system positioned downstream from said tertiary nozzles.
3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the post-combustion NOx control system is a selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) system.
4. The system of claim 3 , wherein the flue temperature at the distance is between 1600 to 1900° F.
5. The system of claim 2 , wherein the tertiary air creates turbulence to improve effectiveness of a reagent introduced by the NOx reduction system.
6. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a primary air source introducing primary air upstream from the grate.
7. The system of claim 1 , further comprising means for allocating an amount of the secondary air to the secondary nozzles and an amount of the tertiary air to the tertiary nozzles.
8. The system of claim 7 , further comprising a primary air source introducing primary air upstream from the grate, wherein the allocation means further allocates an amount of the primary air to the primary air source.
9. The system of claim 7 , wherein the allocation means dynamically adjusts the amounts of the secondary air and the tertiary air to minimize NOx emissions.
10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the allocation means adjusts the amounts of the secondary air and the tertiary air to minimize Oxygen levels in the system upstream of the tertiary air addition.
11. The system of claim 7 , wherein the secondary air enters the system at a much lower velocity and stays close to a system wall to protect the wall from high system temperatures.
12. A method for reducing NOx emission in a waste combustion system comprising furnace with a primary air source and a secondary air source for introducing, respectively, primary and secondary airs to a furnace, the method comprising the steps of:
allocating a portion of the primary and secondary airs as tertiary air; and
supplying the tertiary air to the furnace air at a distance downstream from said secondary air, wherein the tertiary air reduces Oxygen levels in the furnace upstream of the tertiary air addition.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the tertiary air is supplied to a first region of the furnace of relatively low temperature in comparison to a second region supplied with the secondary air.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein temperature at the first region is less than 1900° F.
15. The method of claim 12 , further comprising the step of positioning a post-combustion NOx control system downstream from said tertiary air.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the post-combustion NOx control system is a selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) system.
17. The system of claim 15 , wherein the tertiary air creates turbulence to improve effectiveness of a reagent introduced by the NOx reduction system.
18. The method of claim 12 further comprising the steps of:
measuring performance of the furnace; and
adjusting allocations of the primary, secondary, and tertiary airs to achieve desired furnace operation.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the step of adjusting the allocation of the primary, secondary, and tertiary airs allows the furnace to achieve stoichiometric conditions upstream of the tertiary air addition.
20. The method of claim 18 further comprising the step of adjusting the distance of said tertiary air from said secondary air.
21. A system for reducing NOx emission in a municipal waste combustion furnace, the system comprising:
means for supplying primary, secondary, and tertiary airs to the furnace, the tertiary air supplied downstream from said secondary air;
means for measuring the furnace environment;
means for the re-allocating the primary, secondary, and tertiary airs in response to said furnace environment measuring means.
Priority Applications (9)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/905,809 US20080149010A1 (en) | 2006-12-22 | 2007-10-04 | Tertiary air addition to solid waste-fired furnaces for nox control |
CA 2615344 CA2615344A1 (en) | 2006-12-22 | 2007-12-18 | Tertiary air addition to solid waste-fired furnaces for nox control |
PCT/US2007/025835 WO2008082522A1 (en) | 2006-12-22 | 2007-12-19 | Tertiary air addition to solid waste-fired furnaces for nox control |
ES07853421.1T ES2630401T3 (en) | 2006-12-22 | 2007-12-19 | Addition of tertiary air to solid waste incineration furnaces for NOx control |
DK07853421.1T DK2121167T3 (en) | 2006-12-22 | 2007-12-19 | TERTIARY AIR SUPPLY TO NOX CONTROLLER |
CN200780050232.6A CN101674874B (en) | 2006-12-22 | 2007-12-19 | Tertiary air addition to solid waste-fired furnaces for nox control |
MX2009006867A MX2009006867A (en) | 2006-12-22 | 2007-12-19 | Tertiary air addition to solid waste-fired furnaces for nox control. |
EP07853421.1A EP2121167B1 (en) | 2006-12-22 | 2007-12-19 | Tertiary air addition to solid waste-fired furnaces for nox control |
US13/014,265 US8443739B2 (en) | 2006-12-22 | 2011-01-26 | Tertiary air addition to solid waste-fired furnaces for NOx control |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US87657306P | 2006-12-22 | 2006-12-22 | |
US11/905,809 US20080149010A1 (en) | 2006-12-22 | 2007-10-04 | Tertiary air addition to solid waste-fired furnaces for nox control |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US13/014,265 Continuation US8443739B2 (en) | 2006-12-22 | 2011-01-26 | Tertiary air addition to solid waste-fired furnaces for NOx control |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20080149010A1 true US20080149010A1 (en) | 2008-06-26 |
Family
ID=39541072
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/905,809 Abandoned US20080149010A1 (en) | 2006-12-22 | 2007-10-04 | Tertiary air addition to solid waste-fired furnaces for nox control |
US13/014,265 Active US8443739B2 (en) | 2006-12-22 | 2011-01-26 | Tertiary air addition to solid waste-fired furnaces for NOx control |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US13/014,265 Active US8443739B2 (en) | 2006-12-22 | 2011-01-26 | Tertiary air addition to solid waste-fired furnaces for NOx control |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US20080149010A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20090152501A1 (en) * | 2007-12-11 | 2009-06-18 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Process and device for removal of exhaust gases |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10928066B2 (en) * | 2019-02-13 | 2021-02-23 | Eco Burn Inc. | System and method for the advanced control of nitrogen oxides in waste to energy systems |
Citations (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3785304A (en) * | 1972-03-13 | 1974-01-15 | K Stookey | Method and apparatus for the thermal reduction of rubber or plastic material |
US4254715A (en) * | 1978-11-15 | 1981-03-10 | Hague International | Solid fuel combustor and method of burning |
US4315468A (en) * | 1980-05-09 | 1982-02-16 | The Boeing Company | Control system for a single auger starved-air combustor |
US4425855A (en) * | 1983-03-04 | 1984-01-17 | Combustion Engineering, Inc. | Secondary air control damper arrangement |
US5009173A (en) * | 1987-04-09 | 1991-04-23 | Mullverbrennungsanlage Wuppertal Gmbh | Apparatus for incineration of refuse |
US5054405A (en) * | 1990-11-02 | 1991-10-08 | Serawaste Systems Corporation | High temperature turbulent gasification unit and method |
US5207176A (en) * | 1990-11-20 | 1993-05-04 | Ici Explosives Usa Inc | Hazardous waste incinerator and control system |
US5510092A (en) * | 1994-11-01 | 1996-04-23 | Applied Utility Systems, Inc. | Integrated catalytic/non-catalytic process for selective reduction of nitrogen oxides |
US5720165A (en) * | 1995-09-21 | 1998-02-24 | Bioten Gp | System for burning biomass to produce hot gas |
US5809913A (en) * | 1996-10-15 | 1998-09-22 | Cinergy Technology, Inc. | Corrosion protection for utility boiler side walls |
US5937772A (en) * | 1997-07-30 | 1999-08-17 | Institute Of Gas Technology | Reburn process |
US6003475A (en) * | 1997-12-16 | 1999-12-21 | Alstom Energy Systems Gmbh | Plant for the combustion of fossil fuel and biomaterial or waste |
US6336415B1 (en) * | 1998-05-11 | 2002-01-08 | Alstom (Switzerland) Ltd | Method for the heat treatment of solids |
US20030079665A1 (en) * | 2001-11-01 | 2003-05-01 | Arvind Atreya | Furnace having increased energy efficiency and reduced pollutant formation |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3652983B2 (en) | 2000-12-06 | 2005-05-25 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | Fluidized bed combustor |
FI120186B (en) | 2004-06-03 | 2009-07-31 | Andritz Oy | A method for reducing nitrogen oxide emissions |
FI20055063A (en) | 2005-02-11 | 2006-08-12 | Kvaerner Power Oy | Method for reducing nitrogen oxide emissions from a fluidized bed boiler and air distribution system for a fluidized bed boiler |
-
2007
- 2007-10-04 US US11/905,809 patent/US20080149010A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2011
- 2011-01-26 US US13/014,265 patent/US8443739B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3785304A (en) * | 1972-03-13 | 1974-01-15 | K Stookey | Method and apparatus for the thermal reduction of rubber or plastic material |
US4254715A (en) * | 1978-11-15 | 1981-03-10 | Hague International | Solid fuel combustor and method of burning |
US4315468A (en) * | 1980-05-09 | 1982-02-16 | The Boeing Company | Control system for a single auger starved-air combustor |
US4425855A (en) * | 1983-03-04 | 1984-01-17 | Combustion Engineering, Inc. | Secondary air control damper arrangement |
US5009173A (en) * | 1987-04-09 | 1991-04-23 | Mullverbrennungsanlage Wuppertal Gmbh | Apparatus for incineration of refuse |
US5054405A (en) * | 1990-11-02 | 1991-10-08 | Serawaste Systems Corporation | High temperature turbulent gasification unit and method |
US5207176A (en) * | 1990-11-20 | 1993-05-04 | Ici Explosives Usa Inc | Hazardous waste incinerator and control system |
US5510092A (en) * | 1994-11-01 | 1996-04-23 | Applied Utility Systems, Inc. | Integrated catalytic/non-catalytic process for selective reduction of nitrogen oxides |
US5720165A (en) * | 1995-09-21 | 1998-02-24 | Bioten Gp | System for burning biomass to produce hot gas |
US5809913A (en) * | 1996-10-15 | 1998-09-22 | Cinergy Technology, Inc. | Corrosion protection for utility boiler side walls |
US5937772A (en) * | 1997-07-30 | 1999-08-17 | Institute Of Gas Technology | Reburn process |
US6003475A (en) * | 1997-12-16 | 1999-12-21 | Alstom Energy Systems Gmbh | Plant for the combustion of fossil fuel and biomaterial or waste |
US6336415B1 (en) * | 1998-05-11 | 2002-01-08 | Alstom (Switzerland) Ltd | Method for the heat treatment of solids |
US20030079665A1 (en) * | 2001-11-01 | 2003-05-01 | Arvind Atreya | Furnace having increased energy efficiency and reduced pollutant formation |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20090152501A1 (en) * | 2007-12-11 | 2009-06-18 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Process and device for removal of exhaust gases |
US8029750B2 (en) * | 2007-12-11 | 2011-10-04 | Linde Ag | Process and device for removal of exhaust gases |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US8443739B2 (en) | 2013-05-21 |
US20110117505A1 (en) | 2011-05-19 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP2121167B1 (en) | Tertiary air addition to solid waste-fired furnaces for nox control | |
DK2102458T3 (en) | Dynamic control of selective non-catalytic reduction system for semibatch-fed stoker-based urban waste incineration | |
US7892499B2 (en) | Multi-compartment overfire air and N-agent injection method and system for nitrogen oxide reduction in flue gas | |
US7776279B2 (en) | Combustion apparatus to reduce flue gas NOx by injection of n-agent droplets and gas in overfire air | |
US6357367B1 (en) | Method for NOx reduction by upper furnace injection of biofuel water slurry | |
CA2590921C (en) | Method for supplying combustion gas in incineration systems | |
US6030204A (en) | Method for NOx reduction by upper furnace injection of solutions of fixed nitrogen in water | |
CN101379347B (en) | Method of reducing nitrogen oxide on the primary side in a two-stage combustion process | |
EP2876370B1 (en) | Waste processing method | |
US10760789B2 (en) | Boiler and a method for NOx emission control from a boiler | |
US20060008393A1 (en) | Pollutant reduction system with adjustable angle injector for injecting pollutant reduction substance | |
US8443739B2 (en) | Tertiary air addition to solid waste-fired furnaces for NOx control | |
US20040185399A1 (en) | Urea-based mixing process for increasing combustion efficiency and reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) | |
KR102115576B1 (en) | Low NOx Burner | |
KR102043956B1 (en) | Combustor capable of reducing nitrogen oxide contained in boiler combustion gas and increasing energy efficiency | |
US10458650B2 (en) | Methods and systems for flue gas denitrification | |
Michaliková et al. | Experimental verification of the efficiency of selective non-catalytic reduction in a bubbling fluidized bed combustor | |
Hilber et al. | Boiler and a method for NO x emission control from a boiler | |
Siringi | Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction for Nitrogen Dioxides Reduction in Preheater Lime Kilns | |
Fraysse et al. | An innovative injection device to enhance NOx abatement by SNCR in waste combustion flue-gases | |
Trifan et al. | Technologies used on maritime boilers for the reduction of NOx emissions | |
de Oliveira et al. | Reduction of NO X Emissions in a Down-Fired Boiler |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |