US20090145776A1 - Penicillin g biosensor, systems comprising the same, and measurement using the systems - Google Patents
Penicillin g biosensor, systems comprising the same, and measurement using the systems Download PDFInfo
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- US20090145776A1 US20090145776A1 US12/372,303 US37230309A US2009145776A1 US 20090145776 A1 US20090145776 A1 US 20090145776A1 US 37230309 A US37230309 A US 37230309A US 2009145776 A1 US2009145776 A1 US 2009145776A1
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- JGSARLDLIJGVTE-MBNYWOFBSA-N Penicillin G Chemical compound N([C@H]1[C@H]2SC([C@@H](N2C1=O)C(O)=O)(C)C)C(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 JGSARLDLIJGVTE-MBNYWOFBSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 95
- 229940056360 penicillin g Drugs 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 title abstract description 11
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910021607 Silver chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003929 acidic solution Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003637 basic solution Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver monochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Ag+] HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001139 pH measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008363 phosphate buffer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 30
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 30
- 108010073038 Penicillin Amidase Proteins 0.000 abstract description 17
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- 229910000402 monopotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- WNPVZANXRCPJPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-[isocyano-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonylmethyl]-1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene Chemical compound COC1=C(OC)C(OC)=CC(C([N+]#[C-])S(=O)(=O)C=2C=CC(C)=CC=2)=C1 WNPVZANXRCPJPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108010087702 Penicillinase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
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- 239000000017 hydrogel Substances 0.000 description 2
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- YCOFRPYSZKIPBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N penicillic acid Natural products COC1=CC(=O)OC1(O)C(C)=C YCOFRPYSZKIPBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VOUGEZYPVGAPBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N penicillin acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C(OC)C(=O)C(C)=C VOUGEZYPVGAPBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229950009506 penicillinase Drugs 0.000 description 2
- PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid;potassium Chemical compound [K].OP(O)(O)=O PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000053 physical method Methods 0.000 description 2
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- LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K tripotassium phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FHVDTGUDJYJELY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-{[2-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(phosphanyloxy)oxan-3-yl]oxy}-4,5-dihydroxy-3-phosphanyloxane-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound O1C(C(O)=O)C(P)C(O)C(O)C1OC1C(C(O)=O)OC(OP)C(O)C1O FHVDTGUDJYJELY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001661 Chitosan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 102000004674 D-amino-acid oxidase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010003989 D-amino-acid oxidase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- ZNZYKNKBJPZETN-WELNAUFTSA-N Dialdehyde 11678 Chemical compound N1C2=CC=CC=C2C2=C1[C@H](C[C@H](/C(=C/O)C(=O)OC)[C@@H](C=C)C=O)NCC2 ZNZYKNKBJPZETN-WELNAUFTSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108090000604 Hydrolases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004157 Hydrolases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 206010020751 Hypersensitivity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000007836 KH2PO4 Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101710123388 Penicillin G acylase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920002873 Polyethylenimine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229940072056 alginate Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- 230000007815 allergy Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- FCPVYOBCFFNJFS-LQDWTQKMSA-M benzylpenicillin sodium Chemical compound [Na+].N([C@H]1[C@H]2SC([C@@H](N2C1=O)C([O-])=O)(C)C)C(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 FCPVYOBCFFNJFS-LQDWTQKMSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000003115 biocidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002537 cosmetic Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].OP([O-])([O-])=O ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000396 dipotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006911 enzymatic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003349 gelling agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108010034416 glutarylamidocephalosporanic acid acylase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydron Chemical compound [H+] GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011031 large-scale manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005375 organosiloxane group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 238000000206 photolithography Methods 0.000 description 1
- GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].OP(O)([O-])=O GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
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- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/94—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving narcotics or drugs or pharmaceuticals, neurotransmitters or associated receptors
- G01N33/9446—Antibacterials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
- C12Q1/005—Enzyme electrodes involving specific analytes or enzymes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
- G01N33/54366—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing
- G01N33/54373—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing involving physiochemical end-point determination, e.g. wave-guides, FETS, gratings
Definitions
- the invention relates to a biosensor, and more specifically to a biosensor measuring penicillin G concentration and systems comprising the same.
- Penicillin is an antibiotic produced from penicillinum.
- Penicillin binding protein (PBP) is an essential enzyme used in synthesizing bacteria cell walls. When penicillin combines with PBP, synthesis of bacteria cell walls is inhibited. This is because PBP cannot supply enough proteins to synthesize bacteria cell walls after penicillin and PBP are combined, finally resulting in breakdown and death of cells.
- Penicillin may cause serious allergies in 10 ⁇ 20% of the population, thus, it is advantageous to develop a method of detecting penicillin residue in food or cosmetics.
- penicillin residue can be detected using enzymes capable of decomposing penicillin, with the enzyme usually immobilized on a substrate. Enzyme immobilization can be accomplished using chemical and physical methods. A chemical method is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,060,268.
- a penicillin G acylase is immobilized on a cross-linked mixture by covalent bonds, wherein the cross-linked mixture comprises gelled gelling agents, such as gelatin, and a polymer containing free amino groups, such as alginate, amine, chitosan, or polyethylene imine.
- Penicillin G amidase, glutaryl-7-ACA acylase, or D-amino acid oxidase is immobilized on an amino-functional organosiloxane polymer carrier by covalent bonds.
- the covalent bonds are formed by activating amino groups on the carrier with a dialdehyde and reacting the activated groups with reactive groups on the enzyme.
- a strong chemical bond may be formed between an enzyme and a monomer using the chemical methods.
- the chemical methods have several drawbacks, for example, are expensive and complicated, and enzyme activity may easily be lost since an enzyme activity center usually participates in bonding.
- Physical methods are simple and conventionally used, but also have problems of enzyme loss due to no formation of covalent bonds.
- a method of detecting penicillin concentration is disclosed in U.S. patent Ser. No. 10/028,079.
- a penicillinase is immobilized on a pH-sensitive hydrogel.
- penicillic acid is produced by decomposing penicillin using the penicillinase, osmotic pressure of the hydrogel may alter as concentration of the penicillic acid alters.
- Penicillin concentration may thus be obtained by detecting variation of osmotic pressure using a pressure transducer.
- the method may consume energy due to use of the pressure transducer, resulting in non-accurate measurement.
- the invention provides a penicillin G biosensor comprising an extended gate field effect transistor and a tin oxide sensitive film having a penicillin G acylase film immobilized thereon to detect penicillin G concentration in a solution.
- the invention provides low cost, high sensitivity of ion sensitive films, accurate measurement, and rapid response time.
- the invention provides a system comprising an extended gate field effect transistor and measurement using the system to measure response curves of reaction time and recovery time of the extended gate field effect transistor.
- the invention provides an extended gate field effect transistor structure comprising a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), a sensing unit comprising a substrate and a tin oxide film thereon, and a conductive wire connecting the MOSFET and the sensing unit.
- MOSFET metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
- the invention provides a system of measuring pH value of a solution, comprising the above-mentioned extended gate field effect transistor, a reference electrode supplying stable voltage, a semiconductor characteristic instrument connecting the extended gate field effect transistor and the reference electrode, respectively, a temperature controller comprising a temperature control center, a thermocouple, a heater, and a light-isolation container isolating the sensing unit from photosensitive effect, wherein the temperature control center connects the thermocouple and the heater, respectively.
- Measurement of pH of a solution comprises pouring a solution into the light-isolation container, immersing the extended gate field effect transistor, the reference electrode, and the thermocouple in the solution, adjusting temperature of the solution by the heater controlled by the temperature control center after detecting temperature variation in the solution by the thermocouple, transmitting measurement data from the extended gate field effect transistor and the reference electrode to the semiconductor characteristic instrument, and reading out current-voltage (I-V) values of the solution by the semiconductor characteristic instrument to obtain pH value of the solution.
- I-V current-voltage
- the invention provides a method of measuring sensitivity of a tin oxide extended gate field effect transistor, using the above-mentioned system, comprising immersing the tin oxide film of the tin oxide extended gate field effect transistor in an acidic or basic solution, recording a curve of source/drain current versus gate voltage of the tin oxide extended gate field effect transistor by the semiconductor characteristic instrument after altering pH values of the acidic or basic solution at a fixed temperature, and examining the curve to obtain a sensitivity of the tin oxide extended gate field effect transistor at the fixed temperature and a fixed current.
- the invention also provides a system of measuring penicillin G concentration in a solution, comprising the above-mentioned penicillin G biosensor, a reference electrode supplying a stable voltage, an instrumentation amplifier having two inputs and one output, a high-resistance multimeter connecting the output of the instrumentation amplifier, and a microcomputer pH meter, wherein the two inputs connect the penicillin G biosensor and the reference electrode, respectively.
- Measurement of penicillin G concentration in a solution comprises determining pH value of a solution by the microcomputer pH meter, immersing the penicillin G biosensor and the reference electrode in the solution, and reading out a response voltage of the sensing unit by the high-resistance multimeter to obtain penicillin G concentration in the solution.
- the invention further provides a method of measuring a response of a penicillin G biosensor, using the above-mentioned system, comprising measuring pH value of a penicillin G solution by the microcomputer pH meter, immersing the penicillin G acylase film of the penicillin G biosensor in the penicillin G solution, recording an output voltage of the penicillin G biosensor by the high-resistance multimeter, and altering concentration of the penicillin G solution and repeating the first four steps to obtain a response of the penicillin G biosensor.
- the response is an output voltage variation between initial and terminal measuring points at a fixed pH value.
- the sensing unit provided by the invention detects penicillin G with penicillin G acylase.
- Penicillin G acylase is hydrolase which transfers hydrogen atom, oxygen atom, or electrons of a substrate to another.
- the invention provides a biosensor comprising the enzyme and an extended gate field effect transistor.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-section of a conventional ion sensitive field effect transistor.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-section of an extended gate field effect transistor of the invention.
- FIG. 3 shows a current-voltage system of measuring a sensitivity of a tin oxide film of the invention.
- FIG. 4 shows a sensing unit and a readout circuit.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-section of a biosensor having an immobilized penicillin G acylase of the invention.
- FIG. 6 shows the sensitivity of a tin oxide sensitive film in test solutions with various pH of the invention.
- FIG. 7 shows voltage curves of test solutions with different concentrations in 20 mM phosphate buffer solution (PBS) (pH 7.5) of the invention.
- FIG. 8 shows an optimal linear sensitivity of the invention.
- a conventional ion sensitive field effect transistor comprises a p-type silicon substrate 13 , a gate comprising a silicon dioxide film 11 on the substrate, and a sensitive film 10 immobilized on the film 11 , wherein only the sensitive film 10 directly contacts a test solution 7 .
- Other elements of the ISFET are covered by an insulation region 8 comprising epoxy resin.
- Both sides of the silicon dioxide film 11 in the substrate are n-type heavy doped regions (source/drain) 12 .
- a conductive wire 9 such as aluminum wire, connects the transistor such that source/drain electronic signals can be transmitted to additional circuits thereby after the test solution 7 is detected by the sensitive film 10 .
- a reference electrode 14 supplying stable voltage avoids noise disturbance.
- an extended gate field effect transistor is developed from an ISFET.
- a sensitive film is isolated from a gate of an ISFET, that is, a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) is completely isolated from a test solution to prevent unstable characteristics on semiconductor elements and decrease interference from the test solution.
- MOSFET metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
- an extended gate field effect transistor comprises a sensing unit 1 and a MOSFET 6 , wherein the sensing unit 1 comprises a conductive glass 4 , such as indium tin oxide (ITO) glass, and a tin oxide film 2 on the conductive glass 4 .
- a conductive wire 5 connects the sensing unit 1 and the gate of the MOSFET 6 .
- the sensing unit 1 is covered by an insulation region 3 , exposing partial tin oxide film 2 to contact a test solution 7 .
- Detection by an EGFET is described as follows. First, adsorbent hydrogen ions of a tin oxide sensitive film are converted to electronic signals. Threshold voltage of a MOSFET is then controlled by the electronic signals. Finally, hydrogen ion concentration is obtained by examining current values.
- the invention provides a penicillin G biosensor which combines an enzyme reaction of penicillin G acylase and an EGFET having a tin oxide sensitive film thereon to detect penicillin G concentration in a solution.
- a penicillin G acylase layer is immobilized on a tin oxide sensitive film of an extended gate field effect transistor by gel entrapment.
- penicillin G acylase contacts penicillin G residue penicillin G residue may be hydrolyzed to hydrogen ions, resulting in pH value variation. The pH value variation is then converted to an electronic signal by the tin oxide film.
- the current-voltage system showed in FIG. 3 measures sensitivity of a penicillin G biosensor.
- a sensing unit 29 of a tin oxide extended gate field effect transistor is immersed in a test solution 24 in a container 38 .
- a semiconductor characteristic instrument 27 such as Keithley 236, connects a source and a drain of the sensing unit 29 by conductive wires 30 , such as aluminum wire, to process electronic signals.
- a reference electrode 22 is immersed in the test solution 24 to supply stable voltage.
- the reference electrode 22 is an Ag/AgCl reference electrode.
- the reference electrode 22 connects the semiconductor characteristic instrument 27 by a conductive wire 31 .
- a set of heaters 25 is installed outside the container, connecting a temperature controller 26 (temperature control center).
- the temperature controller 26 may drive the heaters 25 to adjust the test solution temperature, wherein a thermocouple 28 of the temperature controller 26 detects the temperature of the test solution 24 .
- the test solution 24 , the heaters 25 , and other elements contacting the test solution 24 are placed in a light-isolation container 23 , such as a dark box, to prevent photosensitive effect.
- the method of measuring sensitivity of a tin oxide extended gate field effect transistor using the above-mentioned system is described in the following.
- the tin oxide film of the tin oxide extended gate field effect transistor is immersed in a test solution.
- pH values of the test solution are altered from 2 to 8 at a fixed temperature, generally 25° C.
- the semiconductor characteristic instrument supplies a voltage from 1 to 6V to the gate of the tin oxide extended gate field effect transistor, and a fixed voltage of 0.2V to the source/drain thereof.
- a curve of source/drain current versus gate voltage of the tin oxide extended gate field effect transistor is recorded by the semiconductor characteristic instrument.
- the curve is examined to obtain a sensitivity of the tin oxide extended gate field effect transistor at the fixed temperature and a fixed current.
- electronic signals of the penicillin G biosensor 33 (comprising a penicillin G acylase film 32 and a tin oxide film 34 ) may be amplified, as shown in FIG. 4 , and measured data of various test solutions can be read by an instrumentation amplifier 36 .
- a reference electrode 35 calibrates the measured data.
- the system comprises the above-mentioned penicillin G biosensor, a reference electrode, such as an Ag/AgCl reference electrode, supplying a stable voltage, an instrumentation amplifier, such as LT1167, having two inputs and one output, a high-resistance multimeter, such as HP34401A, and a microcomputer pH meter having pH range from 1 to 14 and a resolution of 0.01, wherein the penicillin G biosensor and the reference electrode connect the two inputs, respectively, and the high-resistance multimeter connects the output of the instrumentation amplifier.
- Measurement of penicillin G concentration in a solution using the above-mentioned system is described in the following. First, pH value of a solution is determined by the microcomputer pH meter. Next, the penicillin G biosensor and the reference electrode are immersed in the solution. Finally, an output voltage of the sensing unit is readout by the high-resistance multimeter to obtain penicillin G concentration in the solution.
- a cross-section of a penicillin G biosensor is illustrated.
- a 0.8 cm ⁇ 0.5 cm tin oxide film 15 was prepared on an ITO glass 18 to form a sensing unit.
- the sensing unit was covered by epoxy resin 16 , exposing partial tin oxide film 19 to form a sensing window of about 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm.
- the sensing unit was connected with a gate of a MOSFET by an aluminum wire 17 .
- a penicillin G acylase 14 was immobilized on the tin oxide film 15 by gel entrapment to form an enzyme sensor.
- the preparation of a penicillin G acylase mixing solution is described in the following. First, 80 mg PVA-SbQ (photopolymer, Toyo Gose, Kogyo Company, Japan) was added to 80 ⁇ l phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.5) to form IM photopolymer solution. Next, the photopolymer solution (20 mM, pH 7.5) was mixed with penicillin G acylase solution (20 mM, pH 7.5, Sigma Chemical Company, USA) in ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1, preferably, 1:1 to form a penicillin G acylase mixing solution.
- a 20 mM phosphate buffer solution was first prepared by deionized water. The pH value of the buffer solution was adjusted to 7.5 by adding 20 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH 2 PO 4 , Sigma Chemical Company, USA) and 20 mM potassium dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K 2 HPO 4 , Sigma Chemical Company, USA). Next, penicillin G test solutions with various concentrations were prepared. Proper amounts of penicillin G powders (Sigma Chemical Company, USA) were added to phosphate buffer solutions to form 1, 2, 5, and 10 mM penicillin G test solutions, respectively. As described above, pH values of the test solutions were adjusted to 7.5 by adding 20 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 20 mM potassium dipotassium hydrogen phosphate.
- test solutions were placed in a dark box at 4° C. before measuring.
- the current-voltage measuring system of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 3 .
- a sensing unit 29 and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode 22 were immersed in a test solution 24 .
- a current-voltage curve of an EGFET in the test solution was measured by a semiconductor characteristic instrument 27 (Keithley 236). The temperature of the test solution was controlled at 25° C.
- the readout circuit of the penicillin G biosensor of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 4 .
- a penicillin G biosensor 33 and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode 35 were immersed in a test solution. Biosensor response was obtained using a readout circuit 36 .
- a concentration of a penicillin G test solution is described in the following. First, a test solution was cooled to room temperature. Next, a penicillin G biosensor was immersed in a phosphate buffer solution for 20 sec, then in the test solution to measure voltage values. A voltage-time curve was then plotted by Microsoft Origin 6.0 according to the measuring data. Finally, the sensitivity of the tin oxide extended gate field effect transistor of the invention was obtained by analyzing the curve. The sensitivity was about 53.42 mV/pH, as shown in FIG. 6 .
- FIG. 7 shows voltage curves of test solutions with various concentrations. The voltage variation may stabilize after a response time of about 100 sec, and the highest sensitivity of the penicillin G biosensor of the invention was about 9.54 mV/mM.
- FIG. 8 is a linear calibration of FIG. 7 .
- the sensitivity of the tin oxide extended gate field effect transistor of the invention was about 53.42 ⁇ 3.87 mV/pH.
- Optimal voltage curves of various test solutions are obtained using 20 mM phosphate buffer solution with pH 7.5.
- the linear sensitivity of the 1, 2, 5, and 10 mM test solutions was about 9.54 ⁇ 1.21 mV/mM.
- the invention has advantages of high sensitivity, accurate measurement, rapid response time, and low cost.
Abstract
A penicillin G biosensor, systems comprising the same, and measurement using the systems. The penicillin G biosensor has an extended gate field effect transistor (EGFET) structure and comprises a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) on a semiconductor substrate, a sensing unit comprising a substrate, a tin oxide film on the substrate, and a penicillin G acylase film immobilized on the tin oxide film, and a conductive wire connecting the MOSFET and the sensing unit.
Description
- This application is a Divisional of co-pending application Ser. No. 11/024,669, filed on Dec. 30, 2004, and for which priority is claimed under 35 U.S.C. § 120; and this application claims priority of Application No. 092137624 filed in Taiwan on Dec. 31, 2003 under 35 U.S.C. § 119; the entire contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The invention relates to a biosensor, and more specifically to a biosensor measuring penicillin G concentration and systems comprising the same.
- 2. Brief Discussion of the Related Art
- Penicillin is an antibiotic produced from penicillinum. Penicillin binding protein (PBP) is an essential enzyme used in synthesizing bacteria cell walls. When penicillin combines with PBP, synthesis of bacteria cell walls is inhibited. This is because PBP cannot supply enough proteins to synthesize bacteria cell walls after penicillin and PBP are combined, finally resulting in breakdown and death of cells.
- Penicillin may cause serious allergies in 10˜20% of the population, thus, it is advantageous to develop a method of detecting penicillin residue in food or cosmetics. Currently, penicillin residue can be detected using enzymes capable of decomposing penicillin, with the enzyme usually immobilized on a substrate. Enzyme immobilization can be accomplished using chemical and physical methods. A chemical method is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,060,268. A penicillin G acylase is immobilized on a cross-linked mixture by covalent bonds, wherein the cross-linked mixture comprises gelled gelling agents, such as gelatin, and a polymer containing free amino groups, such as alginate, amine, chitosan, or polyethylene imine.
- Another chemical method is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,780,260. Penicillin G amidase, glutaryl-7-ACA acylase, or D-amino acid oxidase is immobilized on an amino-functional organosiloxane polymer carrier by covalent bonds. The covalent bonds are formed by activating amino groups on the carrier with a dialdehyde and reacting the activated groups with reactive groups on the enzyme.
- A strong chemical bond may be formed between an enzyme and a monomer using the chemical methods. The chemical methods, however, have several drawbacks, for example, are expensive and complicated, and enzyme activity may easily be lost since an enzyme activity center usually participates in bonding. Physical methods are simple and conventionally used, but also have problems of enzyme loss due to no formation of covalent bonds.
- A method of detecting penicillin concentration is disclosed in U.S. patent Ser. No. 10/028,079. A penicillinase is immobilized on a pH-sensitive hydrogel. When penicillic acid is produced by decomposing penicillin using the penicillinase, osmotic pressure of the hydrogel may alter as concentration of the penicillic acid alters. Penicillin concentration may thus be obtained by detecting variation of osmotic pressure using a pressure transducer. The method, however, may consume energy due to use of the pressure transducer, resulting in non-accurate measurement.
- The invention provides a penicillin G biosensor comprising an extended gate field effect transistor and a tin oxide sensitive film having a penicillin G acylase film immobilized thereon to detect penicillin G concentration in a solution. The invention provides low cost, high sensitivity of ion sensitive films, accurate measurement, and rapid response time.
- The invention provides a system comprising an extended gate field effect transistor and measurement using the system to measure response curves of reaction time and recovery time of the extended gate field effect transistor.
- The invention provides an extended gate field effect transistor structure comprising a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), a sensing unit comprising a substrate and a tin oxide film thereon, and a conductive wire connecting the MOSFET and the sensing unit.
- The invention provides a system of measuring pH value of a solution, comprising the above-mentioned extended gate field effect transistor, a reference electrode supplying stable voltage, a semiconductor characteristic instrument connecting the extended gate field effect transistor and the reference electrode, respectively, a temperature controller comprising a temperature control center, a thermocouple, a heater, and a light-isolation container isolating the sensing unit from photosensitive effect, wherein the temperature control center connects the thermocouple and the heater, respectively. Measurement of pH of a solution comprises pouring a solution into the light-isolation container, immersing the extended gate field effect transistor, the reference electrode, and the thermocouple in the solution, adjusting temperature of the solution by the heater controlled by the temperature control center after detecting temperature variation in the solution by the thermocouple, transmitting measurement data from the extended gate field effect transistor and the reference electrode to the semiconductor characteristic instrument, and reading out current-voltage (I-V) values of the solution by the semiconductor characteristic instrument to obtain pH value of the solution.
- The invention provides a method of measuring sensitivity of a tin oxide extended gate field effect transistor, using the above-mentioned system, comprising immersing the tin oxide film of the tin oxide extended gate field effect transistor in an acidic or basic solution, recording a curve of source/drain current versus gate voltage of the tin oxide extended gate field effect transistor by the semiconductor characteristic instrument after altering pH values of the acidic or basic solution at a fixed temperature, and examining the curve to obtain a sensitivity of the tin oxide extended gate field effect transistor at the fixed temperature and a fixed current.
- The invention also provides a system of measuring penicillin G concentration in a solution, comprising the above-mentioned penicillin G biosensor, a reference electrode supplying a stable voltage, an instrumentation amplifier having two inputs and one output, a high-resistance multimeter connecting the output of the instrumentation amplifier, and a microcomputer pH meter, wherein the two inputs connect the penicillin G biosensor and the reference electrode, respectively. Measurement of penicillin G concentration in a solution comprises determining pH value of a solution by the microcomputer pH meter, immersing the penicillin G biosensor and the reference electrode in the solution, and reading out a response voltage of the sensing unit by the high-resistance multimeter to obtain penicillin G concentration in the solution.
- The invention further provides a method of measuring a response of a penicillin G biosensor, using the above-mentioned system, comprising measuring pH value of a penicillin G solution by the microcomputer pH meter, immersing the penicillin G acylase film of the penicillin G biosensor in the penicillin G solution, recording an output voltage of the penicillin G biosensor by the high-resistance multimeter, and altering concentration of the penicillin G solution and repeating the first four steps to obtain a response of the penicillin G biosensor. The response is an output voltage variation between initial and terminal measuring points at a fixed pH value.
- The sensing unit provided by the invention detects penicillin G with penicillin G acylase. Penicillin G acylase is hydrolase which transfers hydrogen atom, oxygen atom, or electrons of a substrate to another. The invention provides a biosensor comprising the enzyme and an extended gate field effect transistor.
- Additionally, physical gel entrapment immobilizes a penicillin G acylase layer, which combines the semiconductor photolithography processes. Although enzyme may loss during long detection duration, disposable biosensors may effectively solve the problem at a low cost, and suitable for large-scale production.
- Further scope of the applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.
- The present invention can be more fully understood by reading the subsequent detailed description and the accompanying drawings, which are given by way of illustration only, and thus are not limitative of the present invention, and wherein:
-
FIG. 1 is a cross-section of a conventional ion sensitive field effect transistor. -
FIG. 2 is a cross-section of an extended gate field effect transistor of the invention. -
FIG. 3 shows a current-voltage system of measuring a sensitivity of a tin oxide film of the invention. -
FIG. 4 shows a sensing unit and a readout circuit. -
FIG. 5 is a cross-section of a biosensor having an immobilized penicillin G acylase of the invention. -
FIG. 6 shows the sensitivity of a tin oxide sensitive film in test solutions with various pH of the invention. -
FIG. 7 shows voltage curves of test solutions with different concentrations in 20 mM phosphate buffer solution (PBS) (pH 7.5) of the invention. -
FIG. 8 shows an optimal linear sensitivity of the invention. - Referring to
FIG. 1 , a conventional ion sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) comprises a p-type silicon substrate 13, a gate comprising a silicon dioxide film 11 on the substrate, and asensitive film 10 immobilized on the film 11, wherein only thesensitive film 10 directly contacts atest solution 7. Other elements of the ISFET are covered by aninsulation region 8 comprising epoxy resin. Both sides of the silicon dioxide film 11 in the substrate are n-type heavy doped regions (source/drain) 12. Aconductive wire 9, such as aluminum wire, connects the transistor such that source/drain electronic signals can be transmitted to additional circuits thereby after thetest solution 7 is detected by thesensitive film 10. Additionally, areference electrode 14 supplying stable voltage avoids noise disturbance. - An extended gate field effect transistor (EGFET) is developed from an ISFET. A sensitive film is isolated from a gate of an ISFET, that is, a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) is completely isolated from a test solution to prevent unstable characteristics on semiconductor elements and decrease interference from the test solution. Referring to
FIG. 2 , an extended gate field effect transistor comprises a sensing unit 1 and aMOSFET 6, wherein the sensing unit 1 comprises aconductive glass 4, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) glass, and atin oxide film 2 on theconductive glass 4. Aconductive wire 5 connects the sensing unit 1 and the gate of theMOSFET 6. The sensing unit 1 is covered by aninsulation region 3, exposing partialtin oxide film 2 to contact atest solution 7. Detection by an EGFET is described as follows. First, adsorbent hydrogen ions of a tin oxide sensitive film are converted to electronic signals. Threshold voltage of a MOSFET is then controlled by the electronic signals. Finally, hydrogen ion concentration is obtained by examining current values. - The invention provides a penicillin G biosensor which combines an enzyme reaction of penicillin G acylase and an EGFET having a tin oxide sensitive film thereon to detect penicillin G concentration in a solution. A penicillin G acylase layer is immobilized on a tin oxide sensitive film of an extended gate field effect transistor by gel entrapment. When penicillin G acylase contacts penicillin G residue, penicillin G residue may be hydrolyzed to hydrogen ions, resulting in pH value variation. The pH value variation is then converted to an electronic signal by the tin oxide film.
- The current-voltage system showed in
FIG. 3 measures sensitivity of a penicillin G biosensor. Asensing unit 29 of a tin oxide extended gate field effect transistor is immersed in atest solution 24 in acontainer 38. A semiconductorcharacteristic instrument 27, such as Keithley 236, connects a source and a drain of thesensing unit 29 byconductive wires 30, such as aluminum wire, to process electronic signals. - Additionally, a
reference electrode 22 is immersed in thetest solution 24 to supply stable voltage. Thereference electrode 22 is an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Thereference electrode 22 connects the semiconductorcharacteristic instrument 27 by aconductive wire 31. - A set of
heaters 25 is installed outside the container, connecting a temperature controller 26 (temperature control center). When temperatures of thetest solution 24 are altered, thetemperature controller 26 may drive theheaters 25 to adjust the test solution temperature, wherein athermocouple 28 of thetemperature controller 26 detects the temperature of thetest solution 24. Thetest solution 24, theheaters 25, and other elements contacting thetest solution 24 are placed in a light-isolation container 23, such as a dark box, to prevent photosensitive effect. - The method of measuring sensitivity of a tin oxide extended gate field effect transistor using the above-mentioned system is described in the following. First, the tin oxide film of the tin oxide extended gate field effect transistor is immersed in a test solution. Subsequently, pH values of the test solution are altered from 2 to 8 at a fixed temperature, generally 25° C. Next, the semiconductor characteristic instrument supplies a voltage from 1 to 6V to the gate of the tin oxide extended gate field effect transistor, and a fixed voltage of 0.2V to the source/drain thereof. Next, a curve of source/drain current versus gate voltage of the tin oxide extended gate field effect transistor is recorded by the semiconductor characteristic instrument. Finally, the curve is examined to obtain a sensitivity of the tin oxide extended gate field effect transistor at the fixed temperature and a fixed current.
- Additionally, electronic signals of the penicillin G biosensor 33 (comprising a penicillin
G acylase film 32 and a tin oxide film 34) may be amplified, as shown inFIG. 4 , and measured data of various test solutions can be read by aninstrumentation amplifier 36. Areference electrode 35 calibrates the measured data. The system comprises the above-mentioned penicillin G biosensor, a reference electrode, such as an Ag/AgCl reference electrode, supplying a stable voltage, an instrumentation amplifier, such as LT1167, having two inputs and one output, a high-resistance multimeter, such as HP34401A, and a microcomputer pH meter having pH range from 1 to 14 and a resolution of 0.01, wherein the penicillin G biosensor and the reference electrode connect the two inputs, respectively, and the high-resistance multimeter connects the output of the instrumentation amplifier. Measurement of penicillin G concentration in a solution using the above-mentioned system is described in the following. First, pH value of a solution is determined by the microcomputer pH meter. Next, the penicillin G biosensor and the reference electrode are immersed in the solution. Finally, an output voltage of the sensing unit is readout by the high-resistance multimeter to obtain penicillin G concentration in the solution. - Referring to
FIG. 5 , a cross-section of a penicillin G biosensor is illustrated. First, a 0.8 cm×0.5 cm tin oxide film 15 was prepared on anITO glass 18 to form a sensing unit. The sensing unit was covered byepoxy resin 16, exposing partial tin oxide film 19 to form a sensing window of about 2 mm×2 mm. The sensing unit was connected with a gate of a MOSFET by analuminum wire 17. - After the sensing unit and the transistor were packaged, a
penicillin G acylase 14 was immobilized on the tin oxide film 15 by gel entrapment to form an enzyme sensor. The preparation of a penicillin G acylase mixing solution is described in the following. First, 80 mg PVA-SbQ (photopolymer, Toyo Gose, Kogyo Company, Japan) was added to 80 μl phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.5) to form IM photopolymer solution. Next, the photopolymer solution (20 mM, pH 7.5) was mixed with penicillin G acylase solution (20 mM, pH 7.5, Sigma Chemical Company, USA) in ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1, preferably, 1:1 to form a penicillin G acylase mixing solution. 1 μl penicillin G acylase mixing solution was then dropped on the sensing window. After a drying period, the mixing solution was exposed under UV light (365 nm) for photopolymerization for 20 minutes. Next, the device was placed in a dark box at 4° C. for about 12 hours. The sensing window was cleaned in deionized water before measuring. - Preparation of the Penicillin G Test Solutions
- A 20 mM phosphate buffer solution was first prepared by deionized water. The pH value of the buffer solution was adjusted to 7.5 by adding 20 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4, Sigma Chemical Company, USA) and 20 mM potassium dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4, Sigma Chemical Company, USA). Next, penicillin G test solutions with various concentrations were prepared. Proper amounts of penicillin G powders (Sigma Chemical Company, USA) were added to phosphate buffer solutions to form 1, 2, 5, and 10 mM penicillin G test solutions, respectively. As described above, pH values of the test solutions were adjusted to 7.5 by adding 20 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 20 mM potassium dipotassium hydrogen phosphate.
- The test solutions were placed in a dark box at 4° C. before measuring.
- Measurement of the Test Solution Using the Current-Voltage Measuring System
- The current-voltage measuring system of the invention is illustrated in
FIG. 3 . Asensing unit 29 and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode 22 were immersed in atest solution 24. A current-voltage curve of an EGFET in the test solution was measured by a semiconductor characteristic instrument 27 (Keithley 236). The temperature of the test solution was controlled at 25° C. - The readout circuit of the penicillin G biosensor of the invention is illustrated in
FIG. 4 . Apenicillin G biosensor 33 and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode 35 were immersed in a test solution. Biosensor response was obtained using areadout circuit 36. - Measurement of a concentration of a penicillin G test solution is described in the following. First, a test solution was cooled to room temperature. Next, a penicillin G biosensor was immersed in a phosphate buffer solution for 20 sec, then in the test solution to measure voltage values. A voltage-time curve was then plotted by Microsoft Origin 6.0 according to the measuring data. Finally, the sensitivity of the tin oxide extended gate field effect transistor of the invention was obtained by analyzing the curve. The sensitivity was about 53.42 mV/pH, as shown in
FIG. 6 . - Additionally, 20 mM phosphate buffer solution with pH 7.5 was the best mode condition of the invention.
FIG. 7 shows voltage curves of test solutions with various concentrations. The voltage variation may stabilize after a response time of about 100 sec, and the highest sensitivity of the penicillin G biosensor of the invention was about 9.54 mV/mM.FIG. 8 is a linear calibration ofFIG. 7 . - The above results indicate that, at
pH 2 to 8, the sensitivity of the tin oxide extended gate field effect transistor of the invention was about 53.42±3.87 mV/pH. Optimal voltage curves of various test solutions are obtained using 20 mM phosphate buffer solution with pH 7.5. The linear sensitivity of the 1, 2, 5, and 10 mM test solutions was about 9.54±1.21 mV/mM. Thus, the invention has advantages of high sensitivity, accurate measurement, rapid response time, and low cost. - While the invention has been described by way of example and in terms of preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. To the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements (as would be apparent to those skilled in the art). Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements.
Claims (12)
1. A system of measuring pH value of a solution, comprising:
an extended gate field effect transistor;
a reference electrode supplying a stable voltage;
a semiconductor characteristic instrument connecting the extended gate field effect transistor and the reference electrode, respectively;
a temperature controller comprising a temperature control center, a thermocouple, and a heater, wherein the temperature control center connects the thermocouple and the heater, respectively; and
a light-isolation container isolating the sensing unit from photosensitive effect, wherein Measurement of pH value of a solution comprises pouring a solution into the light-isolation container, immersing the extended gate field effect transistor, the reference electrode, and the thermocouple in the solution, adjusting temperatures of the solution by the heater controlled by the temperature control center after detecting temperature variations of the solution by the thermocouple, transmitting measured data of the extended gate field effect transistor and the reference electrode to the semiconductor characteristic instrument, and reading out current-voltage (I-V) values of the sensing unit by the semiconductor characteristic instrument to obtain a concentration of penicillin G in the solution.
2. The system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor characteristic instrument is Keithley 236.
3. The system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the solution has a temperature of 25° C. controlled by the temperature controller.
4. The system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the reference electrode is an Ag/AgCl reference electrode.
5. The system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the light-isolation container is a dark box.
6. A method of measuring a sensitivity of an extended gate field effect transistor, using a system of measuring pH value of a solution, the system comprising:
an extended gate field effect transistor;
a reference electrode supplying a stable voltage;
a semiconductor characteristic instrument connecting the extended gate field effect transistor and the reference electrode, respectively;
a temperature controller comprising a temperature control center, a thermocouple, and a heater, wherein the temperature control center connects the thermocouple and the heater, respectively; and
a light-isolation container isolating the sensing unit from photosensitive effect, wherein Measurement of pH value of a solution comprises pouring a solution into the light-isolation container, immersing the extended gate field effect transistor, the reference electrode, and the thermocouple in the solution, adjusting temperatures of the solution by the heater controlled by the temperature control center after detecting temperature variations of the solution by the thermocouple, transmitting measured data of the extended gate field effect transistor and the reference electrode to the semiconductor characteristic instrument, and reading out current-voltage (I-V) values of the sensing unit by the semiconductor characteristic instrument to obtain a concentration of penicillin G in the solution,
wherein the method comprises:
(a) immersing an extended gate field effect transistor in an acidic or basic solution;
(b) recording a curve of source/drain current versus gate voltage of the extended gate field effect transistor by the semiconductor characteristic instrument after altering pH values of the acidic or basic solution at a fixed temperature; and
(c) examining the curve to obtain a sensitivity of the extended gate field effect transistor at the fixed temperature and a fixed current.
7. The method as claimed in claim 6 , further comprising, measuring the sensitivity of the extended gate field effect transistor with different phosphate buffer solutions.
8. The method as claimed in claim 6 , wherein the acidic or basic solution has pH value from 2 to 8.
9. The method as claimed in claim 6 , wherein the semiconductor characteristic instrument supplies a voltage from 1 to 6(V) to a gate of the metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor of the extended gate field effect transistor.
10. The method as claimed in claim 6 , wherein the semiconductor characteristic instrument supplies a fixed voltage of 0.2(V) to a source/drain of the metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor of the extended gate field effect transistor.
11. The method as claimed in claim 6 , wherein the acidic or basic solution has a temperature of 25° C. controlled by the temperature controller.
12. The method as claimed in claim 6 , wherein the reference electrode is an Ag/AgCl reference electrode.
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US11/024,669 US7501258B2 (en) | 2003-12-31 | 2004-12-30 | Penicillin G biosensor, systems comprising the same, and measurement using the systems |
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CN104407031A (en) * | 2014-11-05 | 2015-03-11 | 宁波大学 | PBP-1A affinity beta-lactam antibiotic electrochemical biosensor, and making method and application thereof |
CN107850564A (en) * | 2015-04-30 | 2018-03-27 | 伊勒伯科技股份有限公司 | For the system and method detected in ion fluid |
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WO2013053953A1 (en) * | 2011-10-14 | 2013-04-18 | Université de Liège | Method for measuring beta-lactam antibiotics |
WO2015103584A1 (en) * | 2014-01-06 | 2015-07-09 | Siu-Tung Yau | Bio-reactive system and method for voltage controlled metabolism |
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