US20090256447A1 - Ferroelectric energy generator, system, and method - Google Patents
Ferroelectric energy generator, system, and method Download PDFInfo
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- US20090256447A1 US20090256447A1 US12/490,882 US49088209A US2009256447A1 US 20090256447 A1 US20090256447 A1 US 20090256447A1 US 49088209 A US49088209 A US 49088209A US 2009256447 A1 US2009256447 A1 US 2009256447A1
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- ferroelectric element
- explosive charge
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- shock wave
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- HFGPZNIAWCZYJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead zirconate titanate Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4].[Zr+4].[Pb+2] HFGPZNIAWCZYJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H02N2/00—Electric machines in general using piezoelectric effect, electrostriction or magnetostriction
- H02N2/18—Electric machines in general using piezoelectric effect, electrostriction or magnetostriction producing electrical output from mechanical input, e.g. generators
- H02N2/183—Electric machines in general using piezoelectric effect, electrostriction or magnetostriction producing electrical output from mechanical input, e.g. generators using impacting bodies
Abstract
Embodiments of the present invention provide methods and energy generators that generate electrical energy through direct explosive shock wave depolarization of at least one ferroelectric element. In one embodiment, a generator (10) comprises a ferroelectric element (12), output terminals (14) coupled with the ferroelectric element (12), an explosive charge (16), and a detonator (18) coupled with the explosive charge (16). The detonator (18) is operable to detonate the explosive charge (16) to generate a shock wave that propagates at least partially through the ferroelectric element (12) to generate a voltage across at least two of the output terminals (14).
Description
- This application is a continuation application of and claims priority benefit to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/461,349, filed Jul. 31, 2006, and entitled “FERROELECTRIC ENERGY GENERATOR, SYSTEM, AND METHOD.” The disclosure of the aforementioned application is hereby incorporated. by reference in its entirety into the present application.
- The present invention was developed with support from the U.S. government under Contract Nos. W9113M-04-C-010 and W9113M-05-P-0014 with the U.S. Department of Defense. Accordingly, the U.S. government has certain rights in the present invention.
- 1. Field of the Invention
- Embodiments of the present invention relate to ferroelectric energy generators, systems, and methods. More particularly, various embodiments of the present invention relate to an energy generator that generates electrical energy through direct explosive shock wave depolarization of at least one ferroelectric element.
- 2. Description of the Related Art
- Many commercial and scientific applications use large amounts of electrical energy. One source of large amounts of electrical energy is explosive-driven pulsed power energy generators. Explosive-driven pulsed power energy generators generate high amplitude pulses of energy through detonation of an explosive charge. Specifically, detonation of an explosive charge positioned in proximity to ferroelectric elements may generate large amounts of electrical energy. Known methods of ferroelectric energy generation require the use of impactors, flyer plates, projectiles, or impedance matching materials to physically deform the ferroelectric elements and generate electrical energy. Unfortunately, use of these techniques increases the complexity of ferroelectric energy generators and inhibits efficient energy generation.
- Embodiments of the present invention solve the above-described problems and provide a distinct advance in the art of energy generation. More particularly, various embodiments of the invention provide an energy generator that generates electrical energy through direct explosive shock wave depolarization of at least one ferroelectric element. Such a configuration enables large amounts of electrical energy to be efficiently generated.
- In one embodiment, the generator generally comprises a ferroelectric element, output terminals coupled with the ferroelectric element, an explosive charge, and a detonator coupled with the explosive charge. The detonator is operable to detonate the explosive charge to generate a shock wave that propagates at least partially through the ferroelectric element to generate a voltage across at least two of the output terminals.
- In another embodiment, the generator generally comprises a ferroelectric element, output terminals coupled with the ferroelectric element, a generally conical explosive charge, a detonator coupled with the explosive charge, and a housing to house at least portions of the ferroelectric element, the output terminals, the explosive charge, and the detonator. The ferroelectric element has a first end, a second end, and a polarization represented by a polarization vector. The explosive charge is positioned in proximity to the second end of the ferroelectric element and has a base and an apex positioned such that the base is directed towards the ferroelectric element and the apex is directed away from the ferroelectric element. The detonator is operable to detonate the explosive charge to generate a shock wave that propagates at least partially through the ferroelectric element generally transverse to the polarization vector to at least partially depolarize the ferroelectric element and generate a voltage across at least two of the output terminals.
- In another embodiment, the generator generally comprises a plurality of ferroelectric elements, two output terminals coupled with each ferroelectric element, a generally conical explosive charge, a detonator coupled with the explosive charge, and a housing to house at least portions of the ferroelectric element, the output terminals, the explosive charge, and the detonator. Each ferroelectric element presents a rectangular configuration having a first end and a second end, has a polarization represented by a polarization vector, and is comprised at least partially of lead zirconate titanate. The explosive charge is positioned in proximity to the second ends of the ferroelectric elements and has a base and an apex positioned such that the base is directed towards the ferroelectric elements and the apex is directed away from the ferroelectric elements. The detonator is operable to detonate the explosive charge to generate a shock wave that propagates at least partially through the ferroelectric elements generally transverse to the polarization vectors to at least partially depolarize the ferroelectric elements and generate a voltage across at least two of the output terminals.
- In another embodiment, the generator includes a ferroelectric element, output terminals coupled with the ferroelectric element, and a housing to house at least portions of the ferroelectric element and the output terminals. The housing is operable to couple with an explosive charge such that detonation of the explosive charge generates a shock wave that propagates at least partially through the ferroelectric element to generate a voltage across at least two of the output terminals.
- In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of generating electrical energy. The method generally includes positioning a ferroelectric element in proximity to an explosive charge, coupling output terminals with the ferroelectric element, and detonating the explosive charge to generate a shock wave that propagates at least partially through the ferroelectric element to generate a voltage across at least two of the output terminals.
- Other aspects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments and the accompanying drawing figures.
- Preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the attached drawing figures, wherein:
-
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an energy generator configured in accordance with various preferred embodiments of the present invention, the energy generator shown including one ferroelectric element; -
FIG. 2 is a bottom view of the energy generator ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 3 is a top view of the energy generator ofFIGS. 1-2 ; -
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the energy generator ofFIGS. 1-3 coupled with an antenna element; -
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of another energy generator configured in accordance with various preferred embodiments of the present invention, the energy generator shown including two ferroelectric elements; -
FIG. 6 is a bottom view of the energy generator ofFIG. 5 ; -
FIG. 7 is a top view of the energy generator ofFIGS. 5-6 ; -
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of another energy generator configured in accordance with various preferred embodiments of the present invention, the energy generator shown including an offset ferroelectric element; -
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of another energy generator configured in accordance with various preferred embodiments of the present invention, the energy generator shown including three ferroelectric elements; -
FIG. 10 is a bottom view of the energy generator ofFIG. 9 ; -
FIG. 11 is a top view of the energy generator ofFIGS. 9-10 ; -
FIG. 12 is a chart showing the electromotive force provided by various embodiments of the energy generator; -
FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing the energy generator ofFIG. 9 coupled with various test equipment; and -
FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram showing the energy generator ofFIG. 9 coupled with various test equipment and an antenna element. - The drawing figures do not limit the present invention to the specific embodiments disclosed and described herein. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of various embodiments of the invention.
- The following detailed description of the invention references the accompanying drawings that illustrate specific embodiments in which the invention can be practiced. The embodiments are intended to describe aspects of the invention in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. Other embodiments can be utilized and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense. The scope of the present invention is defined only by the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.
- As shown in
FIGS. 1-14 , various embodiments of the present invention provide anenergy generator 10 operable to generate electrical energy through direct explosive shock wave depolarization of at least oneferroelectric element 12. Thegenerator 10 generally includes theferroelectric element 12,output terminals 14 coupled with theferroelectric element 12, anexplosive charge 16, adetonator 18 coupled with theexplosive charge 16, and ahousing 20 for at least partially housing various portions of thegenerator 10. - The
ferroelectric element 12 may be comprised of any ferroelectric or piezoelectric material. “Ferroelectric material” as utilized herein refers to any material that possesses a spontaneous dipole moment. The spontaneous dipole moment provided by ferroelectric materials is in contrast to the permanent magnetic moment provided by ferromagnetic materials. In various embodiments, theferroelectric element 12 is comprised of lead zirconate titanate, Pb(Zr52Ti48)O3. Utilization of lead zirconate titanate is desirable in various embodiments as it provides a marked piezoelectric effect. Specifically, when compressed and/or depolarized, lead zirconate titanate will develop a substantial voltage difference across two of its faces, as is discussed below in more detail. However, in some embodiments, theferroelectric element 12 may comprise barium titanate, BaTiO3, or other ferroelectric or piezoelectric materials. Theferroelectric element 12 may be comprised of hard or soft lead zirconate titanate. - The
ferroelectric element 12 preferably presents a generally rectangular configuration to enable theferroelectric element 12 to present opposed first and second ends 22, 24 and foursides ends ferroelectric element 12 may be formed in any shape or configuration, including cylindrical and non-uniform configurations. - The polarization of the
ferroelectric element 12 is represented by a polarization vector. As shown inFIG. 2 , the polarization vector is preferably generally transverse to the longitudinal axis of theferroelectric element 12. For instance, the polarization vector preferably extends from theside 26 toside 30 instead of fromend 22 to end 24. As discussed in more detail below, such a configuration facilitates the generation of energy by allowing a generated shock wave to propagate generally transverse to the polarization vector instead of generally parallel to the polarization vector. However, theferroelectric element 12 may be polarized in any direction or orientation. - The
ferroelectric element 12 may present any size. For example, the size, such as the volume, length, width, etc, of theferroelectric element 12 may be varied to provide certain or desired voltages. In preferred embodiments, theferroelectric element 12 presents a generally elongated rectangular configuration having dimensions of approximately 12.7 mm by 12.7 mm by 51 mm. In some embodiments, theferroelectric element 12 may be an EC-64 bar of lead zirconate titanate sold by EDO Corp. of New York, N.Y. - As shown in
FIGS. 1-3 , various embodiments of the present invention may include a singleferroelectric element 12. However, in other embodiments, thegenerator 10 may include twoferroelectric elements 12, as shown inFIGS. 5-7 , or threeferroelectric elements 12, as shown inFIGS. 9-11 . As shown inFIG. 12 , utilization of a plurality offerroelectric elements 12 increases the energy output of thegenerator 10. Any number offerroelectric elements 12 may be employed by the various embodiments of the present invention. For instance, large arrays of ferroelectric elements each comprising any number of ferroelectric elements may be employed to generate any amount of energy. - In embodiments including a plurality of
ferroelectric elements 12, theferroelectric elements 12 are preferably aligned such that the polarization vectors of theferroelectric elements 12 are generally parallel. Thus, theferroelectric elements 12 are preferably positioned such that their longitudinal axes are generally parallel. Such a configuration enables a single explosive charge, such as theexplosive charge 16, to be detonated and generate a shock wave to at least partially compress and depolarize the plurality offerroelectric elements 12. Consequently, embodiments of the present invention enable the plurality offerroelectric elements 12 to be utilized without requiring the use of a plurality of explosive charges. - The
output terminals 14 are coupled with theferroelectric element 12 to facilitate reception and use of the energy generated through shock wave compression and depolarization of theferroelectric element 12. As is discussed in more detail below, compression and depolarization of theferroelectric element 12 causes a voltage to be generated across two of its sides. For instance, when compressed theferroelectric element 12 may generate a voltage across theends sides sides output terminals 14 are preferably coupled with opposing sides or ends of theferroelectric element 12 to enable a voltage to be generated across theterminals 14. - In various embodiments, the
output terminals 14 are coupled with thesides first end 22 of theferroelectric element 12, as shown inFIGS. 1-2 . Such a configuration allows theoutput terminals 14 to be generally aligned with the polarization vector of theferroelectric element 12 to maximize the voltage provided by thegenerator 10. Positioning of theoutput terminals 14 in proximity to thefirst end 22 additionally maximizes the voltage provided by thegenerator 10 by allowing theferroelectric element 12 to be substantially or fully compressed. However, theoutput terminals 14 may be coupled with theferroelectric element 12 at any location. - In some embodiments, the
output terminals 14 may be directly coupled with theferroelectric element 12. For instance, theoutput terminals 14 may comprise two leads inserted into thesides ferroelectric element 12. However, theoutput terminals 14 preferably comprise leads 34 that may be utilized to provide generated voltage to external devices andcontact pads 36 coupled with both theleads 34 and theferroelectric element 12. Utilization ofcontact pads 36 enables theterminals 14 to easily couple with theferroelectric element 12. Further, utilization ofcontact pads 36 increases the surface area between theferroelectric element 12 and theoutput terminals 14 and thus increases the voltage provided to theoutput terminals 14 by compression of theferroelectric element 12. Thecontact pads 36 may be conventionally adhered to or otherwise coupled with theferroelectric element 12. - The
explosive charge 16 may be any explosive element operable to initiate a shock wave that propagates at least partially through theferroelectric element 12. Preferably, theexplosive charge 16 includes high explosive elements to reduce the volume and amount of material required to initiate the desired shock wave discussed below. More preferably, theexplosive charge 16 includes or is otherwise formed from a cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) high explosive or other detonable high explosive. - The
explosive charge 16 preferably presents a generally conical configuration having a base 38 and an apex 40. As shown inFIG. 1 , theexplosive charge 16 is preferably positioned such that thebase 38 is directed towards theferroelectric element 12 and the apex 40 is directed away from theferroelectric element 12. Theexplosive charge 16 is coupled with thedetonator 18 in proximity to the apex 40. Such a configuration facilitates generation of the desired transverse shock wave discussed below. Utilization of a malleable explosive also facilitates formation of the various embodiments of the present invention by enabling theexplosive charge 16 to be easily formed into the desired conical configuration. However, as should be appreciated, theexplosive charge 16 may present any shape and be malleable or non-malleable. - The
detonator 18 is coupled with theexplosive charge 16 to enable detonation of theexplosive charge 16 and generation of the desired shock wave. As discussed above, thedetonator 18 is preferably coupled with the apex 40 of theexplosive charge 16. However, thedetonator 18 may be directly or indirectly coupled in any configuration with theexplosive charge 16. In various embodiments, thedetonator 18 includes a RD-501 EBW detonator. However, thedetonator 18 may include any elements operable to detonate theexplosive charge 16 and may be specifically configured for compatibility with theexplosive charge 16. Thedetonator 18 is preferably coupled with an external control system to control the function and timing of the detonation of theexplosive charge 16. - Embodiments of the present invention preferably include the
housing 20 to house at least portions of theferroelectric element 12, theoutput terminals 14, theexplosive charge 16, and thedetonator 18. Utilization of thehousing 20 enables thegenerator 10 to be easily transported without damage and also prevents potentially caustic elements of thegenerator 10, such as theexplosive charge 16 anddetonator 18, from coming into undesirable contact with external elements such as sensitive equipment or people. Thehousing 20 also facilitates desirable positioning of thevarious generator 10 elements, such as theferroelectric element 12 and theexplosive charge 16, by restricting their movement. In some embodiments, thehousing 20 may be at least partially filled with adielectric filing 42 to facilitate positioning and shock matching of theferroelectric element 12. For instance, thedielectric filing 42 may include epoxy or any other hardening substance to solidify the position of theferroelectric element 12 and theexplosive charge 16. - The
housing 20 is preferably comprised of resilient materials to protect thevarious generator 10 elements, such as various plastics, woods, or metals. In some embodiments thehousing 20 is comprised of materials that are less likely than other materials to harm bystanders or nearby equipment when theexplosive charge 16 is detonated. For example, in some embodiments it may be desirable to form thehousing 20 from plastics, such as polyethylene, to minimize the risk of injury caused by flying debris and shrapnel when theexplosive charge 16 is detonated. - The
housing 20 may present any shape or configuration. In some embodiments, thehousing 20 may present a generally cylindrical or tubular configuration as shown inFIGS. 1-3 . In some embodiments employing a cylindrical configuration, thehousing 20 has a length of approximately 100 mm and an outer diameter of approximately 55 mm. Thus, the present invention may be compactly employed to provide large amounts of electrical energy. However, thehousing 20 may be any size in order to include any number offerroelectric elements 12. - In various embodiments, the
housing 20 is comprised of acylinder 44 and acharge holder 46. Thecylinder 44 is preferably comprised of polyethylene and includes a generally closed bottom and cylindrical sides extending therefrom. Thecylinder 44 retains theferroelectric elements 12 and is at least partially filled with thedielectric filing 42 as discussed above. Theoutput terminals 14 may protrude from the bottom of thecylinder 44. - The
charge holder 46 is also preferably comprised of polyethylene and is operable to retain theexplosive charge 16 and thedetonator 18. Preferably, thecharge holder 46 includes a generally concave recess to facilitate shaping and positioning of theexplosive charge 16. The ends of thecharge holder 46 are preferably open such that thebase 38 of theexplosive charge 16 may face theferroelectric element 12 and thedetonator 18 may be coupled with external control equipment, as shown inFIG. 1 . Thecharge holder 46 may couple with thecylinder 44 utilizing conventional coupling, fastening, or interlocking elements. - Utilization of the
cylinder 44 andcharge holder 46 enables thegenerator 10 to be easily formed, stored, and operated. For instance, thecylinders 44 may be stored in a generally conventional manner, as they include non-explosive elements, while the potentiallyvolatile charge holder 46 andexplosive charge 16 may be stored utilizing appropriate safety measures. Further, utilization of both thecylinder 44 andcharge holder 46 facilitates alignment of theexplosive charge 16 and theferroelectric element 12 to generate the desired shock wave. - In some embodiments, a
shock wave shaper 56 may be positioned within or coupled with theexplosive charge 16 to shape the shock wave resulting from detonation of theexplosive charge 16 in a desired manner. For instance, theshock wave shaper 56 may be positioned such that, in combination with the angle and size of thecharge holder 46, the generated shock wave is approximately planar at the end of thecharge 16. Such a configuration facilitates the generation of a shock wave that is at a desired angle to the polarization vector of theferroelectric element 12 as discussed below. - The
generator 10 may be coupled with any external elements, systems, or devices to provide electrical energy thereto. Specifically, theoutput terminals 14 may be coupled in various configurations with external elements, systems, and/or devices to provide electrical energy thereto. In some embodiments, thegenerator 10 may be coupled with anantenna element 48 utilizing theoutput terminals 14. Theantenna element 48 is operable to radiate energy utilizing the voltage provided by thegenerator 10. Such a configuration enables thegenerator 10 and theantenna element 48 to form a compact and high-power microwave system that may be easily transported and utilized in remote environments. - In some embodiments, the
antenna element 48 may comprise a length of wire or cable, such as a 1.4 meter RG-8 50 ohm cable, that is directly connected to theoutput terminals 14. The schematic diagram ofFIG. 4 illustrates the circuit equivalent of this configuration, where LG and RG are the inductance and resistance of the shock-wave compressed part of theferroelectric element 12, CG is the capacitance of the uncompressed part of theferroelectric element 12, CL is the capacitance of the cable, and RL and LL are the resistance and inductance of the cable and any connecting wires. - In other embodiments, such as the embodiment shown in
FIG. 14 , theantenna element 48 may comprise acable 50 coupled at with at least one of theoutput terminals 14, such as a 1.4-meter length of RG-8 50 ohm cable, aspark gap switch 52 coupled with thecable 50, and adipole antenna 54 coupled with thespark gap switch 52. In such configurations, the inner-electrode distance provided by thespark gap switch 52 may be varied to determine the operating voltage of theswitch 52, and thus the operating voltage of thedipole antenna 54. In some embodiments, the inner-electrode distance of thespark gap switch 52 is preferably approximately 1 mm to 20 mm, and more preferably in the 2 mm to 8 mm range. - Shortening the length of the inner-electrode distance of the
spark gap switch 52 leads to a lower inductance of theswitch 52, and correspondingly increases the frequency of microwaves radiated by thedipole antenna 54, decreases the operating voltage of theswitch 52, and decreases the amplitude of the radiated microwaves. Thedipole antenna 54 is preferably a conventional dipole antenna having a length of approximately 1 m. However, as should be appreciated, thedipole antenna 54 may present any configuration or size to generate particular microwaves or other electromagnetic waves. Further, in some embodiments thespark gap switch 52 may be directly coupled with theoutput terminals 14 such that utilization of thecable 50 is not necessary. - Utilization of the
generator 10,spark gap switch 52, anddipole antenna 54, enables a compact microwave system to be easily constructed at low cost. Further, such a combination is reliable and durable and does not utilize complex electronics or mechanical elements, thereby allowing the system to be easily transported and used in areas where electrical energy is not readily available. - As shown in
FIGS. 13-14 , thegenerator 10 may be coupled with test equipment to utilize or analyze the generated energy. The test equipment may include current and voltage monitors, oscilloscopes, circuit analyzers, personal computing and digital equipment devices, etc. Preferably, the test equipment is coupled with theoutput terminals 14 to measure, detect, analyze, or otherwise utilize the energy generated by thegenerator 10. - In operation, the
generator 10 is configured as discussed above. Thegenerator 10 may be utilized to generate electrical energy independent of theantenna element 48 such that utilization of theantenna element 48 is not necessary in all embodiments. For instance, thegenerator 10 may be configured to provide electrical energy for remote sensing or remote microwave functions, to provide energy to electromagnetic propulsion systems such as rail guns, to charge a capacitor bank, to provide an initial charge for a plasma/fusion containment device, to power a laser or electron beam, etc. - To generate electrical energy, the
detonator 18 is detonated by a user. For example, the user may apply an electrical charge to thedetonator 18 utilizing control equipment such as a computing or test device to detonate theexplosive charge 16. Detonation of theexplosive charge 16 causes a shock wave to radiate therefrom. Due to the positioning of theexplosive charge 16 and theferroelectric element 12, the shock wave generated by theexplosive charge 16 is preferably generally transverse to the polarization vector of theferroelectric element 12. In embodiments where theexplosive charge 16 is generally conically shaped, the conical shaping further facilitates generation of the desirable shock wave transverse to the polarization vector of theferroelectric element 12. In embodiments where a plurality offerroelectric elements 12 are utilized the generated shock wave propagates generally transverse to the polarization vector of eachferroelectric element 12 to increase the efficiency of thegenerator 10. - As the shock wave propagates through the
ferroelectric element 12 generally transverse to the polarization vector, the propagating shock wave causes theferroelectric element 12 to be at least partially compressed and depolarized. Such depolarization of theferroelectric element 12 causes a voltage to be generated across its opposing sides, such as thesides ferroelectric element 12. - In some embodiments the shock wave generated by detonation of the
explosive charge 16 is not necessarily transverse to the polarization vector of theferroelectric element 12. For instance, the generated shock wave may propagate through theferroelectric element 12 at any angle relative to the polarization vector, including non-transverse, parallel, or any other angle, depending on the particular configuration of theferroelectric element 12 andexplosive charge 16. - Consequently, the present invention enables the
ferroelectric element 12 to be compressed and depolarized through direct shock wave action, thereby increasing the reliability, effectiveness, and efficiency of thegenerator 10. As should be appreciated, theferroelectric element 12 does not need to be completely or totally compressed and depolarized by the shock wave. Thus, embodiments of the present invention may generate energy through only partial depolarization and compression of theferroelectric element 12. - The
output terminals 14 are coupled with thesides ferroelectric element 12. In embodiments where a plurality offerroelectric elements 12 are utilized, at least a portion of eachferroelectric element 12 is compressed and depolarized to generate a voltage across each of the elements'respective output terminals 14. Theoutput terminals 14 of the plurality offerroelectric elements 12 may be coupled in any parallel, serial, or other configuration to provide a desired electrical output. Theoutput terminals 14 may be coupled with theantenna element 48 as discussed above to generate microwaves or other electromagnetic waves. - Utilization of the
generator 10 enables substantial amounts of electrical energy to be generated. For example, as shown inFIG. 12 , embodiments of the present invention employingferroelectric elements 12 having dimensions of approximately 12.7 mm by 12.7 mm by 51 mm are operable to generate between approximately 30 kV and 40 kV if oneferroelectric element 12 is utilized, and up to approximately 80 kV if threeferroelectric elements 12 are utilized. Utilization of additionalferroelectric elements 12, such as four or more ferroelectric elements, enables various embodiments of the present invention to provide greater than 80 kV of generated energy. - In embodiments where the
generator 10 is coupled with theantenna element 48, substantial microwaves may also be generated. For instance, various embodiments of the present invention discussed in the preceding paragraph and employing theantenna element 48 may generate microwaves having a frequency in the 20 MHz to 50 MHz range and amplitudes exceeding 100 V. - The
generator 10 additionally provides electrical energy rapidly. For instance, in some embodiments, thegenerator 10 may provide its maximum voltage less than a microsecond after detonation of theexplosive charge 16. Depending upon the configuration of the present invention, some embodiments are operable to provide electrical energy in the form of a pulse having duration in the range of 2 to 8 microseconds. Thus, embodiments of the present invention are well suited to applications requiring an immediate or quick burst of electrical energy. - Although the invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiment illustrated in the attached drawing figures, it is noted that equivalents may be employed and substitutions made herein without departing from the scope of the invention as recited in the claims.
- Having thus described the preferred embodiment of the invention, what is claimed as new and desired to be protected by Letters Patent includes the following:
Claims (17)
1. An energy generator comprising:
a ferroelectric element having a polarization represented by a polarization vector;
a plurality of output terminals coupled with the ferroelectric element;
an explosive charge; and
a detonator coupled with the explosive charge, wherein the detonator is operable to detonate the explosive charge to generate a shock wave that propagates at least partially through the ferroelectric element generally non-parallel to the polarization vector to at least partially depolarize the ferroelectric element and generate a voltage across at least one output terminal.
2. The generator of claim 1 , wherein the generated shock wave propagates through the ferroelectric element generally transverse to the polarization vector to at least partially depolarize the ferroelectric element.
3. The generator of claim 1 , wherein the ferroelectric element includes lead zirconate titanate.
4. The generator of claim 1 , wherein the output terminals are coupled with opposing sides of the ferroelectric element.
5. The generator of claim 1 , wherein the explosive charge has a configuration presenting a narrowed end and a widened end that is wider than the narrowed end.
6. The generator of claim 5 , wherein the widened end of the explosive charge is directed towards the ferroelectric element, and the narrowed end of the charge is directed away from the ferroelectric element.
7. The generator of claim 6 , further including a housing to house at least portions of the ferroelectric element, the output terminals, the explosive charge, and the detonator.
8. The generator of claim 1 , further including a plurality of ferroelectric elements each having output terminals coupled therewith, the ferroelectric elements positioned such that detonation of the explosive charge causes the shock wave to propagate at least partially through each of the ferroelectric elements to generate a voltage across at least two of the output terminals.
9. An energy generator comprising:
a ferroelectric element;
a plurality of output terminals coupled with the ferroelectric element;
an explosive charge having a narrowed end and a widened end that is wider than the narrowed end; and
a detonator coupled with the explosive charge, wherein the detonator is operable to detonate the explosive charge to generate a shock wave that propagates at least partially through the ferroelectric element to generate a voltage across at least one output terminal.
10. The generator of claim 9 , wherein the widened end of the explosive charge is directed towards the ferroelectric element, and the narrowed end of the charge is directed away from the ferroelectric element.
11. The generator of claim 9 , wherein the ferroelectric element has a polarization represented by a polarization vector and the generated shock wave propagates at least partially through the ferroelectric element generally non-parallel to the polarization vector to at least partially depolarize the ferroelectric element.
12. The generator of claim 11 , wherein the generated shock wave propagates generally transverse to the polarization vector.
13. The generator of claim 9 , wherein the ferroelectric element has a polarization represented by a polarization vector and the generated shock wave propagates at least partially through the ferroelectric element generally parallel to the polarization vector to at least partially depolarize the ferroelectric element.
14. A method of generating electrical energy, the method comprising:
positioning a ferroelectric element proximal to an explosive charge;
coupling a plurality of output terminals with the ferroelectric element; and
detonating the explosive charge to generate a shock wave that propagates at least partially through the ferroelectric element to generate a voltage across at least one output terminal,
wherein the shock wave propagates from the explosive charge unimpeded to the ferroelectric element.
15. The method of generating electrical energy of claim 14 , further comprising providing a housing to house at least portions of the ferroelectric element, the plurality of output terminals, and the explosive charge.
16. The method of generating electrical energy of claim 14 , further comprising coupling the output terminals with a power conditioning system for to which the generated voltage is applied.
17. The method of generating electrical energy of claim 14 , wherein the shock wave is the only force affecting the ferroelectric element to generate the voltage.
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US12/490,882 US20090256447A1 (en) | 2006-07-31 | 2009-06-24 | Ferroelectric energy generator, system, and method |
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US11/461,349 US7560855B2 (en) | 2006-07-31 | 2006-07-31 | Ferroelectric energy generator, system, and method |
US12/490,882 US20090256447A1 (en) | 2006-07-31 | 2009-06-24 | Ferroelectric energy generator, system, and method |
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US9291432B2 (en) | 2010-08-24 | 2016-03-22 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Ferro electro magnetic armor |
US20160258730A1 (en) * | 2015-03-03 | 2016-09-08 | Raytheon Company | Method and apparatus for executing a weapon safety system utilizing explosive flux compression |
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US7560855B2 (en) * | 2006-07-31 | 2009-07-14 | Loki Incorporated | Ferroelectric energy generator, system, and method |
US7999445B2 (en) * | 2009-07-13 | 2011-08-16 | Loki Incorporated | Ferroelectric energy generator with voltage-controlled switch |
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US7560855B2 (en) | 2009-07-14 |
US20090152989A1 (en) | 2009-06-18 |
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