US20100201921A1 - Optical retarder - Google Patents
Optical retarder Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20100201921A1 US20100201921A1 US12/765,332 US76533210A US2010201921A1 US 20100201921 A1 US20100201921 A1 US 20100201921A1 US 76533210 A US76533210 A US 76533210A US 2010201921 A1 US2010201921 A1 US 2010201921A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- display
- order optical
- optical retarder
- display screen
- operable
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1347—Arrangement of liquid crystal layers or cells in which the final condition of one light beam is achieved by the addition of the effects of two or more layers or cells
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1347—Arrangement of liquid crystal layers or cells in which the final condition of one light beam is achieved by the addition of the effects of two or more layers or cells
- G02F1/13471—Arrangement of liquid crystal layers or cells in which the final condition of one light beam is achieved by the addition of the effects of two or more layers or cells in which all the liquid crystal cells or layers remain transparent, e.g. FLC, ECB, DAP, HAN, TN, STN, SBE-LC cells
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B30/00—Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images
- G02B30/40—Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images giving the observer of a single two-dimensional [2D] image a perception of depth
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/13363—Birefringent elements, e.g. for optical compensation
Definitions
- a circle would be readily detectable if set amongst a number of square shaped distractors.
- the number of distractors as seen is varied and if the search time required to identify the targets remains constant, irrespective of the number of distractors, the search is said to be preattentive. Similar search time limitations are used to classify boundary detection searches as preattentive.
- a widespread threshold time used to classify preattentiveness is 200-250 msec as this only allows the user opportunity for a single “look” at a scene. This timeframe is insufficient for a human to consciously decide to look at a different portion of the scene. Search tasks such as those stated above maybe accomplished in less than 200 msec, thus suggesting that the information in the display is being processed in parallel unattendedly or pre-attentively.
- the target is composed of a conjunction of unique features, e.g., a conjoin search
- a target is comprised for example, of a red circle set within distractors including blue circles and red squares
- Enns and Rensink [1990] identified that targets given the appearance of being three dimensional objects can also be detected preattentively.
- a target represented by a perspective view of a cube shaded to indicate illumination from above would be preattentively detectable amongst a plurality of distractor cubes shaded to imply illumination from a different direction.
- subjects cannot preattentively detect targets which have been inverted for example. Additional experimentation by Brown et al [1992] confirm that it is the three dimensional orientation characteristic which is preattentively detected.
- Results showed the response time for SC and SM trials were constant and below the 250 msec threshold regardless of the number of distractors.
- the trials involved conjoin as the target did not possess a feature unique to all the distractors. However, it appeared the observers were able to search each plane preattentively in turn without interference from distractors in another plane.
- Liquid Crystal Displays used in computer monitors, passive matrix and active matrix.
- Passive-matrix Liquid Crystal Displays use a simple grid to supply the charge to a particular pixel on the display. Creating the grid starts with two glass layers called substrates. One substrate is given columns and the other is given rows made from a transparent conductive material. This is usually indium tin oxide. The rows or columns are connected to integrated circuits that control when a charge is sent down a particular column or row. The liquid crystal material is sandwiched between the two glass substrates, and a polarizing film is added to the outer side of each substrate.
- a pixel is defined as the smallest resolvable area of an image, either on a screen or stored in memory.
- Each pixel in a monochrome image has its own brightness, from 0 for black to the maximum value (e.g., 255 for an eight-bit pixel) for white.
- each pixel has its own brightness and color, usually represented as a triple of red, green and blue intensities.
- the integrated circuit sends a charge down the correct column of one substrate and a ground activated on the correct row of the other. The row and column intersect at the designated pixel and that delivers the voltage to untwist the liquid crystals at that pixel.
- the passive matrix system has significant drawbacks, notably slow response time and imprecise voltage control.
- Response time refers to the Liquid Crystal Displays ability to refresh the image displayed.
- Imprecise voltage control hinders the passive matrix's ability to influence only one pixel at a time. When voltage is applied to untwist one pixel, the pixels around it also partially untwist, which makes images appear fuzzy and lacking in contrast.
- TFT thin film transistors
- Thin film transistors are tiny switching transistors and capacitors. They are arranged in a matrix on a glass substrate. To address a particular pixel, the proper row is switched on, and then a charge is sent down the correct column. Since all of the other rows that the column intersects are turned off, only the capacitor at the designated pixel receives a charge. The capacitor is able to hold the charge until the next refresh cycle. And if the amount of voltage supplied to the crystal is carefully controlled, it can be made to untwist only enough to allow some light through. By doing this in very exact, very small increments, Liquid Crystal Displays can create a grey scale. Most displays today offer 256 levels of brightness per pixel.
- a Liquid Crystal Display that can show colors must have three subpixels with red, green and blue color filters to create each color pixel. Through the careful control and variation of the voltage applied, the intensity of each subpixel can range over 256 shades. Combining the subpixel produces a possible palette of 16.8 million colors (256 shades of red ⁇ 256 shades of green ⁇ 256 shades of blue).
- Liquid Crystal Displays employ several variations of liquid crystal technology, including super twisted nematics, dual scan twisted nematics, ferroelectric liquid crystal and surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal. They can be lit using ambient light in which case they are termed as reflective, backlit and termed Tran missive, or a combination of backlit and reflective and called transflective. There are also emissive technologies such as Organic Light Emitting Diodes, and technologies which project an image directly onto the back of the retina which are addressed in the same manner as Liquid Crystal Displays. These devices are described hereafter as LCD panels.
- an inherent characteristic of using conventionally constructed LCD screens is that the polarization of the light emanating from the front of the rearward screen is mis-aligned with the orientation of rear polarizer of the front screen.
- Optical retarders also known as retardation plates, wave plates and phase shifters, may be considered as polarization form converters with close to a 100% efficiency.
- a retarder may be simply defined as a transmissive material having two principle axes, slow and fast, which resolves the incident beam into two orthogonally polarized components parallel to the slow and fast axes without appreciable alteration of the of the intensity or degree of polarization.
- the component parallel to the slow axis is retarded with respect to the beam component parallel to the fast axis.
- the two components are then reconstructed to form a single emergent beam with a specific polarization form.
- ⁇ may be the phase angle
- ⁇ may be the linear displacement
- ⁇ may be the wavelength
- ⁇ / ⁇ may be the fractional wavelength
- the retarder produces a phase angle of less than ⁇ and is said to be of the first order. If the resultant phase angle is between ⁇ and 2 ⁇ , then the retarder is said to be of the second order, if between 2 ⁇ and 3 ⁇ it is a third order retarder, and so forth.
- the mean wavelength of the visible spectrum (560 nm) is used as the reference wavelength for optical retarders.
- a retarder may be employed as a polarization form converter to rotate the output polarized light from the rear most liquid crystal display of a multi-screened LCD unit through the required angle to align with the polarization plane of the rear surface of the front liquid crystal display.
- Polyesters such as polycarbonate are known retarders with a low intrinsic cost, though they are difficult to produce with sufficient chromatic uniformity to avoid the appearance of colored “rainbow-like” interference patterns when viewed between crossed polarizers. This is due (at least in part) to the thickness to which such sheets of polycarbonate are available, which result in second or higher order retarders.
- the different wavelengths of the spectrum constituents of white light are retarded by the same linear displacement, but by different phase angles such that pronounced colored interference fringes result.
- a diffuser is inserted between the two liquid crystal displays.
- This may take the form of an individual layer/sheet or alternatively be formed by the application of a particular pattern or structure to the surface of the retarder. Chemical etching is a relatively cheap means of applying the required pattern, though in practice it has been found deficient for producing acceptable results in combination with a polyester or polyester retarder.
- Alternatives to chemical etching include embossing, impressing or calendering of the said pattern by a holographically-recorded master onto the surface of the polyester retarder, forming a random, non-periodic surface structure. These randomized structures may be considered as a plurality of micro lenslets diffusing incident light to eliminate or reduce Moiré interference and color defraction. This method is however significantly more expensive than conventional methods such as chemical etching. Further alternatives include specifically engineered retarder films with no diffusive capability but these are also costly and have chromatic uniformity problems.
- interstitial optical elements located between the display layers may change the optical path length of light incident on the second (or successive) screen having passed through the first display. This alteration in path length leads to chromatic aberrations that require correction to ensure a clear display image.
- Interstitial elements which may introduce such optical path length changes include: air; nitrogen, or any other inert gas; a selective diffusion layer; Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal; Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal; Liquid Crystal between random homogeneous alignment layers; Acrylic, Polycarbonate, Polyester; Glass; Antireflective coating; Optical cement; Diffusive film; Holographic diffusion film; and any other filter for removing Moiré interference.
- a multi-focal plane display including at least two at least partially overlapping display surfaces having a first order optical retarder interposed between at least two said screens.
- a first order optical retarder produces a phase angle displacement or retardation of less than or equal to that of the incident wavelength. Furthermore, it has been found that a first order retarder does not produce discernible colored interference fringes when used in said displays.
- Suitable materials for production of first order retarders have hitherto suffered from significant drawbacks such as instability underexposure to bright lights and/or ageing, discoloration over time, manufacturing expense, brittleness and so forth.
- a display as hereinbefore described wherein said first order retarder is a material with the optical properties of a biaxial polypropylene.
- the optical properties may include those of a diffuser.
- the diffuser may be either formed as a separate layer distinct from the retarder or diffusive properties may be applied to the surface of the retarder itself.
- the diffusive effects of the diffuser may be formed by a means selected from the group consisting of: chemical etching; embossing; impressing: or calendering a random, non-periodic surface structure onto the diffuser surface.
- the ideal separation of the said diffuser from the surface of the display surface is a trade off between image clarity (decrease with separation) and diffusion of the Moiré effects.
- the separation of the diffusive layer from the display surface can be controlled by using adhesive of various thicknesses to attach the diffuser to the display surface. This is applicable for both the use of a separate distinct diffuser or one integrally formed with, or attached to the retarder.
- the diffuser may be adhered to the display by adhesive of a predetermined thickness.
- a display as described herein used with visible light with a mean wavelength of 560 nm the first order retarder may have a phase difference of less than or equal to 560 nm.
- the retarder may cause a phase angle retardation of less than or equal to one wavelength of light incident on said display. This may be alternatively expressed as a linear displacement of less than or equal to 560 nm of the incident light.
- the biaxial polypropylene may be formed as clear flexible film. Alternatively, it may be formed as a film, lacquer or coating.
- a method of manufacturing a multi-focal plane display including positioning a first order optical retarder between at least two partially overlapping display surfaces.
- a biaxial polypropylene layer adapted for use in an optical system.
- the optical system need not be restricted to multi-focal plane displays as described above, but may include any optical system capable of utilizing the optical properties of biaxial polypropylene, and in particular, those of a retarder.
- biaxial polypropylene has not been employed for its optical properties, and in particular those of retardation.
- replacing known retarders such as polycarbonate in multi-layer displays with film of biaxial polypropylene can yield unexpectedly advantageous results in comparison to the prior art.
- the multi focal plane displays are preferably formed from liquid crystal panels, though it will be appreciated that other forms of optically active display elements may be used and are thus incorporated within the scope of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a diagrammatic representation of a multi-focal plane display in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a display ( 1 ) in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- the display ( 1 ) includes two overlapping, parallel liquid crystal display screens ( 2 , 3 ) upon which information and/or images may be displayed by a variety of known means.
- a back light ( 4 ) is placed behind the rear screen ( 2 ) to provide illumination for the images shown on one or both screens ( 2 , 3 ).
- one or both of the screens ( 2 , 3 ) may be liquid crystal displays (LCDs).
- LCDs liquid crystal displays
- Crossed polarizing filters may be located on the front and rear surface of each liquid crystal active element.
- a consequence of the characteristic operating mechanism of liquid crystal displays is that the plane polarization of the light emerging from the front surface of the rear screen ( 2 ) is crossed with respect to the polarization plane of the rear surface of the front screen ( 3 ).
- an optical retarder ( 5 ) is placed between the screens ( 2 , 3 ).
- the retarder ( 5 ) may be placed adjacent to the front screen ( 3 ) or the rear screen ( 2 ).
- a diffusive pattern may be applied to the retarder ( 5 ) to avoid interference effects degrading the resultant image from display ( 1 ).
- Interference patterns may result from the Moiré effect (e.g., interference caused by slight period disparities between the structured surface on the screens ( 2 , 3 )) and/or the effects of chromatic separation of white polarized light into “rainbow” colored fringes. Diffusing the light is therefore used to deregulate the interference patterns generated.
- Chemical etching of the diffusion pattern on polyester may not provide sufficient control of the color interference patterns.
- the main alternative to chemical etching involves embossing a holographically recorded master with a randomized surface structure onto the polycarbonate retarder surface.
- Custom manufactured LCD screens may be used which constructed with the rear polarizing filter of the front screen ( 3 ) already aligned with the rear polarizer of the rear screen ( 2 ) may be used.
- the rear polarizing filter of the front screen ( 3 ) may be re-aligned with the rear polarizer of the rear screen ( 2 ) after manufacture.
- a biaxial polypropylene film may be used as a first order retarder ( 5 ) located between the screens ( 2 , 3 ).
- Biaxial polypropylene available direct from commercial stationery outlets has been found to produce surprisingly good results in terms of optical performance in addition to the obvious cost and availability benefits.
- a brightness gain of 1.96 has been measured in comparison to existing polyester retarders.
- biaxial polypropylene of sufficient thickness to form a first order retarder eliminates or reduces the color interference effects while also permitting the use of chemically etched diffusion pattern to eliminate or reduce the Moiré interference effect without significant loss of image quality.
- ⁇ may be the phase angle
- ⁇ may be the linear displacement
- ⁇ may be the wavelength
- ⁇ / ⁇ may be the fractional wavelength
- biaxial polypropylene may readily be produced as thin flexible durable sheets, it may be sufficiently thin to produce a linear displacement of less than one wavelength of visible light.
- the retarder may produce a phase angle of less than ⁇ , and therefore, be considered “first order.”
- the chemically etched diffusion pattern may be applied to a diffuser in the form of a sheet of acrylic ( 6 ) or placed between the screens ( 2 , 3 ).
- the biaxial polypropylene may also provide sufficient chromatic uniformity such that the retarder ( 5 ) can be placed at any point between the screens ( 2 , 3 ).
- the diffuser ( 6 ) may be either formed as a separate layer distinct from said retarder ( 5 ). And in one embodiment, diffusive properties may be applied to the surface of the retarder ( 5 ) itself. The diffusive effects of the diffuser ( 6 ) may be formed by: chemical etching; embossing; impressing; or calendering a random, non-periodic surface structure onto the diffuser surface.
- the ideal separation of the said diffuser ( 6 ) from the surface of the display ( 3 ) surface is a trade off between image clarity (which decreases with separation) and diffusion of the Moiré effects (which increases with separation).
- This separation can be controlled by using adhesive of a predetermined thickness, to attach the diffuser ( 6 ) to the display ( 3 ) surface. This is applicable when using a separate distinct diffuser ( 6 ) or when using a diffuser which is integrally formed with or attached to the retarder ( 5 ).
- biaxial polypropylene film thickness and variations in the manufacturing processes and/or constituents may affect some optical properties including the difference in refractive index for each polarization axis, different frequencies and temperature.
- biaxial polypropylene may exhibit achromatic retarding properties.
- the display ( 1 ) may include more than two screens in other embodiments. It will also be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention may be equally applicable to other optical systems benefiting from the said properties of a biaxial polypropylene retarder. Further, it should be appreciated that other materials resulting in first order retardation may be used for the retarder ( 5 ) instead of biaxial polypropylene.
Abstract
A display including a first-order optical retarder and a method for assembling the same is disclosed. A display includes a first display screen operable to display a first image using a first plurality of pixels. A second display screen is operable to display a second image using a second plurality of pixels, wherein the first and second display screens overlap. The display also includes a first-order optical retarder disposed between the first and second display screens.
Description
- The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/475,432, filed May 13, 2004, naming Gareth P. Bell as the inventor, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, and having attorney docket number PURE-P022, which is a National Stage Application filed under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Patent Application Number PCT/NZ02/00073, filed Apr. 22, 2002, which claims the benefit of New Zealand Patent Number 511255, filed Apr. 20, 2001. Each of these applications is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and for all purposes.
- The benefits of multi-layered viewing screens, in particular those utilizing the technology described in the co-pending Patent Application Nos. NZ314566, NZ328074, NZ329130, PCT/NZ98/00098 and PCT/NZ99/00021 are gaining increasingly widespread recognition and acceptance due to their enhanced capabilities compared to conventional single focal plane displays.
- The manner in which human beings process visual information has been the subject of extensive and prolonged research in an attempt to understand this complex process. The term preattentive processing has been coined to denote the act of the subconscious mind in analyzing and processing visual information which has not become the focus of the viewer's conscious awareness.
- When viewing a large number of visual elements, certain variations or properties in the visual characteristics of elements can lead to rapid detection by preattentive processing. This is significantly faster than requiring a user to individually scan each element, scrutinizing for the presence of the said properties. Exactly what properties lend themselves to preattentive processing has in itself been the subject of substantial research. Color, shape, three-dimensional visual clues, orientation, movement and depth have all been investigated to discern the germane visual features that trigger effective preattentive processing. Researchers such as Triesman [1985] conducted experiments using target and boundary detection in an attempt to classify preattentive features. Preattentive target detection was tested by determining whether a target element was present or absent within a field of background distractor elements. Boundary detection involves attempting to detect the boundary formed by a group of target elements with a unique visual feature set within distractors. It maybe readily visualized for example that a red circle would be immediately discernible set amongst a number of blue circles.
- Equally, a circle would be readily detectable if set amongst a number of square shaped distractors. In order to test for preattentiveness, the number of distractors as seen is varied and if the search time required to identify the targets remains constant, irrespective of the number of distractors, the search is said to be preattentive. Similar search time limitations are used to classify boundary detection searches as preattentive.
- A widespread threshold time used to classify preattentiveness is 200-250 msec as this only allows the user opportunity for a single “look” at a scene. This timeframe is insufficient for a human to consciously decide to look at a different portion of the scene. Search tasks such as those stated above maybe accomplished in less than 200 msec, thus suggesting that the information in the display is being processed in parallel unattendedly or pre-attentively.
- However, if the target is composed of a conjunction of unique features, e.g., a conjoin search, then research shows that these may not be detected preattentively. Using the above examples, if a target is comprised for example, of a red circle set within distractors including blue circles and red squares, it is not possible to detect the red circle preattentively as all the distractors include one of the two unique features of the target.
- Whilst the above example is based on a relatively simple visual scene, Enns and Rensink [1990] identified that targets given the appearance of being three dimensional objects can also be detected preattentively. Thus, for example a target represented by a perspective view of a cube shaded to indicate illumination from above would be preattentively detectable amongst a plurality of distractor cubes shaded to imply illumination from a different direction. This illustrates an important principle in that the relatively complex, high-level concept of perceived three dimensionality may be processed preattentively by the sub-conscious mind. In comparison, if the constituent elements of the above described cubes are re-orientated to remove the apparent three dimensionality, subjects cannot preattentively detect targets which have been inverted for example. Additional experimentation by Brown et al [1992] confirm that it is the three dimensional orientation characteristic which is preattentively detected.
- Nakaymyama and Silverman [1986] showed that motion and depth were preattentive characteristics and that furthermore, stereoscopic depth could be used to overcome the effects of conjoin. This reinforced the work done by Enns Rensink in suggesting that high-level information is conceptually being processed by the low-level visual system of the user. To test the effects of depth, subjects were tasked with detecting targets of different binocular disparity relative to the distractors. Results showed a constant response time irrespective of the increase in distractor numbers.
- These experiments were followed by conjoin tasks whereby blue distractors were placed on a front plane whilst red distractors were located on a rear plane and the target was either red on the front plane or blue on the rear plane for stereo color (SC) conjoin tests, whilst stereo and motion (SM) trials utilized distractors on the front plane moving up or on the back plane moving down with a target on either the front plane moving down or on the back plane moving up.
- Results showed the response time for SC and SM trials were constant and below the 250 msec threshold regardless of the number of distractors. The trials involved conjoin as the target did not possess a feature unique to all the distractors. However, it appeared the observers were able to search each plane preattentively in turn without interference from distractors in another plane.
- This research was further reinforced by Melton and Scharff [1998] in a series of experiments in which a search task consisting of locating an intermediate-sized target amongst large and small distractors tested the serial nature of the search whereby the target was embedded in the same plane as the distractors and the preattentive nature of the search whereby the target was placed in a separate depth plane to the distractors.
- The relative influence of the total number of distractors present (regardless of their depth) verses the number of distractors present solely in the depth plane of the target was also investigated. The results showed a number of interesting features including the significant modification of the response time resulting from the target presence or absence. In the target absence trials, the reaction times of all the subjects displayed a direct correspondence to the number of distractors whilst the target present trials did not display any such dependency. Furthermore, it was found that the reaction times in instances where distractors were spread across multiple depths were faster than for distractors located in a single depth plane.
- Consequently, the use of a plurality of depth/focal planes as a means of displaying information can enhance preattentive processing with enhanced reaction/assimilation times.
- There are two main types of Liquid Crystal Displays used in computer monitors, passive matrix and active matrix. Passive-matrix Liquid Crystal Displays use a simple grid to supply the charge to a particular pixel on the display. Creating the grid starts with two glass layers called substrates. One substrate is given columns and the other is given rows made from a transparent conductive material. This is usually indium tin oxide. The rows or columns are connected to integrated circuits that control when a charge is sent down a particular column or row. The liquid crystal material is sandwiched between the two glass substrates, and a polarizing film is added to the outer side of each substrate.
- A pixel is defined as the smallest resolvable area of an image, either on a screen or stored in memory. Each pixel in a monochrome image has its own brightness, from 0 for black to the maximum value (e.g., 255 for an eight-bit pixel) for white. In a color image, each pixel has its own brightness and color, usually represented as a triple of red, green and blue intensities. To turn on a pixel, the integrated circuit sends a charge down the correct column of one substrate and a ground activated on the correct row of the other. The row and column intersect at the designated pixel and that delivers the voltage to untwist the liquid crystals at that pixel.
- The passive matrix system has significant drawbacks, notably slow response time and imprecise voltage control. Response time refers to the Liquid Crystal Displays ability to refresh the image displayed. Imprecise voltage control hinders the passive matrix's ability to influence only one pixel at a time. When voltage is applied to untwist one pixel, the pixels around it also partially untwist, which makes images appear fuzzy and lacking in contrast.
- Active-matrix Liquid Crystal Displays depend on thin film transistors (TFT). Thin film transistors are tiny switching transistors and capacitors. They are arranged in a matrix on a glass substrate. To address a particular pixel, the proper row is switched on, and then a charge is sent down the correct column. Since all of the other rows that the column intersects are turned off, only the capacitor at the designated pixel receives a charge. The capacitor is able to hold the charge until the next refresh cycle. And if the amount of voltage supplied to the crystal is carefully controlled, it can be made to untwist only enough to allow some light through. By doing this in very exact, very small increments, Liquid Crystal Displays can create a grey scale. Most displays today offer 256 levels of brightness per pixel.
- A Liquid Crystal Display that can show colors must have three subpixels with red, green and blue color filters to create each color pixel. Through the careful control and variation of the voltage applied, the intensity of each subpixel can range over 256 shades. Combining the subpixel produces a possible palette of 16.8 million colors (256 shades of red×256 shades of green×256 shades of blue).
- Liquid Crystal Displays employ several variations of liquid crystal technology, including super twisted nematics, dual scan twisted nematics, ferroelectric liquid crystal and surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal. They can be lit using ambient light in which case they are termed as reflective, backlit and termed Tran missive, or a combination of backlit and reflective and called transflective. There are also emissive technologies such as Organic Light Emitting Diodes, and technologies which project an image directly onto the back of the retina which are addressed in the same manner as Liquid Crystal Displays. These devices are described hereafter as LCD panels.
- In the case of a display comprising two or more overlapping parallel LCD panels, an inherent characteristic of using conventionally constructed LCD screens is that the polarization of the light emanating from the front of the rearward screen is mis-aligned with the orientation of rear polarizer of the front screen.
- Known techniques to overcome this drawback have to date involved the use of retarder films located between the two liquid crystal displays.
- Optical retarders, also known as retardation plates, wave plates and phase shifters, may be considered as polarization form converters with close to a 100% efficiency. A retarder may be simply defined as a transmissive material having two principle axes, slow and fast, which resolves the incident beam into two orthogonally polarized components parallel to the slow and fast axes without appreciable alteration of the of the intensity or degree of polarization. The component parallel to the slow axis is retarded with respect to the beam component parallel to the fast axis. The two components are then reconstructed to form a single emergent beam with a specific polarization form. The degree of retardance or retardation denoting the extent to which the slow component is retarded relative to the fast component is generally expressed in terms of: a) linear displacement which may be the difference in the optical path length between the wave fronts of the two components, expressed in nanometers (nm); b) fractional wavelength which may be the optical path length difference expressed as a fraction of a given wavelength, obtained by dividing linear displacement values by a particular phase angle value or wavelength by 2π, e.g., 280 nm/560 nm=½ wave retarder; and c) phase angle which may be the phase difference between the wave fronts of the two component beams, expressed in degrees (e.g., 90°, 180°, etc.) or radians (e.g., ½π, π, etc.). It can thus be seen that:
-
δ=Γ/λ·2π - where δ may be the phase angle, Γ may be the linear displacement, λ may be the wavelength, and Γ/λ, may be the fractional wavelength.
- If the thickness of the retarder produces a linear displacement less than the wavelength, the retarder produces a phase angle of less than π and is said to be of the first order. If the resultant phase angle is between π and 2π, then the retarder is said to be of the second order, if between 2π and 3π it is a third order retarder, and so forth. The mean wavelength of the visible spectrum (560 nm) is used as the reference wavelength for optical retarders.
- Correspondingly, a retarder may be employed as a polarization form converter to rotate the output polarized light from the rear most liquid crystal display of a multi-screened LCD unit through the required angle to align with the polarization plane of the rear surface of the front liquid crystal display. Polyesters such as polycarbonate are known retarders with a low intrinsic cost, though they are difficult to produce with sufficient chromatic uniformity to avoid the appearance of colored “rainbow-like” interference patterns when viewed between crossed polarizers. This is due (at least in part) to the thickness to which such sheets of polycarbonate are available, which result in second or higher order retarders.
- In second, third or higher order retarders, the different wavelengths of the spectrum constituents of white light are retarded by the same linear displacement, but by different phase angles such that pronounced colored interference fringes result.
- There are further complications with the manufacture of such multi-focal plane LCD displays. The fine regular structures formed by the colored filters and black pixel matrix on the alignment layers of each liquid crystal display produce a specific pattern in the light transmitted which, when combined with the corresponding pattern created by the second liquid crystal display, causes an interference effect, e.g., Moiré interference, degrading the resulting image seen by the viewer.
- In order to eliminate these interference effects, a diffuser is inserted between the two liquid crystal displays. This may take the form of an individual layer/sheet or alternatively be formed by the application of a particular pattern or structure to the surface of the retarder. Chemical etching is a relatively cheap means of applying the required pattern, though in practice it has been found deficient for producing acceptable results in combination with a polyester or polyester retarder.
- Alternatives to chemical etching include embossing, impressing or calendering of the said pattern by a holographically-recorded master onto the surface of the polyester retarder, forming a random, non-periodic surface structure. These randomized structures may be considered as a plurality of micro lenslets diffusing incident light to eliminate or reduce Moiré interference and color defraction. This method is however significantly more expensive than conventional methods such as chemical etching. Further alternatives include specifically engineered retarder films with no diffusive capability but these are also costly and have chromatic uniformity problems.
- It is also possible to assemble the front liquid crystal display panel with the polarizing plane of the rearward surface aligned with that of the front surface of the rear-most liquid crystal display. Unfortunately, this involves a large non-refundable engineering cost as it cannot be accommodated in the manufacture of conventional LCD units and thus requires production as custom units. In practice it is not possible to rotate the polarizers on the forward display panel without changing the rubbing axis on the glass as the contrast ratio of the image would deteriorate. However, there would be no physical indication of the rubbed orientation of an LCD mother glass (as the process literally involves rubbing the polyimide layer on the glass with a rotating velvet cloth) without labeling and this would cause significant disruption to the manufacturing process.
- By contrast, use of a retarder enables the requisite polarization orientation change to be discerned by examining the polarization/glass finish to acclimate the retarder adhesive. This is clearly visible by the unaided eye and is one of the last production stages, thus reducing potential risk.
- It is also possible to utilize a third party (e.g., not the original manufacturer) to realign the respective polarizing screens though this is also expensive and runs the risk of damaging the display panels. Damage can occur during numerous steps in such a third party procedure, including any or all of the following: 1) removing the LCD panel from its surround which may cause possible damage to TAB drivers or the glass; 2) removing the polarizer since heating of the polarizer is required to reduce its adhesion and can damage the glass, damage individual pixels from excessive pressure, and the liquid crystals may be overheated; 3) misalignment of the new polarizer; 4) replacing the panel in the original packaging which may cause possible damage to tab boards or the glass; and 5) electrical static damage at any point of the procedure.
- Furthermore, some or all of the interstitial optical elements located between the display layers (e.g., the LCD panels) may change the optical path length of light incident on the second (or successive) screen having passed through the first display. This alteration in path length leads to chromatic aberrations that require correction to ensure a clear display image.
- Interstitial elements which may introduce such optical path length changes include: air; nitrogen, or any other inert gas; a selective diffusion layer; Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal; Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal; Liquid Crystal between random homogeneous alignment layers; Acrylic, Polycarbonate, Polyester; Glass; Antireflective coating; Optical cement; Diffusive film; Holographic diffusion film; and any other filter for removing Moiré interference. Thus, there is the combined need to cost-effectively re-align the polarization between successive LCD panels, while avoiding chromatic aberrations such as colored interference fringes resulting from the use of existing retarders such as polycarbonate.
- All references, including any patents or patent applications cited in this specification are hereby incorporated by reference. No admission is made that any reference constitutes prior art. The discussion of the references states what their authors assert, and the Applicant reserves the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinence of the cited documents. It will be clearly understood that, although a number of prior art publications are referred to herein, this reference does not constitute an admission that any of these documents form part of the common general knowledge in the art, in New Zealand or in any other country.
- It is acknowledged that the term “comprise” may, under varying jurisdictions, be attributed with either an exclusive or an inclusive meaning. For the purpose of this specification, and unless otherwise noted, the term “comprise” shall have an inclusive meaning, e.g., that it will be taken to mean an inclusion of not only the listed components it directly references, but also other non-specified components or elements. This rationale will also be used when the term “comprised” or “comprising” is used in relation to one or more steps in a method or process.
- It is an object of the present invention to address the foregoing problems or at least to provide the public with a useful choice.
- Further aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the ensuing description which is given by way of example only.
- According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a multi-focal plane display including at least two at least partially overlapping display surfaces having a first order optical retarder interposed between at least two said screens.
- A first order optical retarder produces a phase angle displacement or retardation of less than or equal to that of the incident wavelength. Furthermore, it has been found that a first order retarder does not produce discernible colored interference fringes when used in said displays.
- Suitable materials for production of first order retarders have hitherto suffered from significant drawbacks such as instability underexposure to bright lights and/or ageing, discoloration over time, manufacturing expense, brittleness and so forth.
- Thus, according to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a display as hereinbefore described, wherein said first order retarder is a material with the optical properties of a biaxial polypropylene.
- In one embodiment, the optical properties may include those of a diffuser.
- The diffuser may be either formed as a separate layer distinct from the retarder or diffusive properties may be applied to the surface of the retarder itself.
- In one embodiment, the diffusive effects of the diffuser may be formed by a means selected from the group consisting of: chemical etching; embossing; impressing: or calendering a random, non-periodic surface structure onto the diffuser surface.
- The ideal separation of the said diffuser from the surface of the display surface is a trade off between image clarity (decrease with separation) and diffusion of the Moiré effects. The separation of the diffusive layer from the display surface can be controlled by using adhesive of various thicknesses to attach the diffuser to the display surface. This is applicable for both the use of a separate distinct diffuser or one integrally formed with, or attached to the retarder.
- Thus, according to one embodiment of the present invention, the diffuser may be adhered to the display by adhesive of a predetermined thickness.
- In one embodiment, a display as described herein used with visible light with a mean wavelength of 560 nm, the first order retarder may have a phase difference of less than or equal to 560 nm.
- Thus, according to one embodiment of the present invention, the retarder may cause a phase angle retardation of less than or equal to one wavelength of light incident on said display. This may be alternatively expressed as a linear displacement of less than or equal to 560 nm of the incident light.
- The biaxial polypropylene may be formed as clear flexible film. Alternatively, it may be formed as a film, lacquer or coating.
- According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of manufacturing a multi-focal plane display including positioning a first order optical retarder between at least two partially overlapping display surfaces.
- According to one embodiment of the present invention there is provided a biaxial polypropylene layer adapted for use in an optical system. The optical system need not be restricted to multi-focal plane displays as described above, but may include any optical system capable of utilizing the optical properties of biaxial polypropylene, and in particular, those of a retarder.
- However, to date, biaxial polypropylene has not been employed for its optical properties, and in particular those of retardation. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, replacing known retarders such as polycarbonate in multi-layer displays with film of biaxial polypropylene can yield unexpectedly advantageous results in comparison to the prior art.
- The multi focal plane displays are preferably formed from liquid crystal panels, though it will be appreciated that other forms of optically active display elements may be used and are thus incorporated within the scope of the present invention.
- Further aspects of the present invention will become apparent from the following description which is given by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings.
-
FIG. 1 shows a diagrammatic representation of a multi-focal plane display in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 1 shows a display (1) in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The display (1) includes two overlapping, parallel liquid crystal display screens (2,3) upon which information and/or images may be displayed by a variety of known means. In one embodiment, a back light (4) is placed behind the rear screen (2) to provide illumination for the images shown on one or both screens (2,3). - In one embodiment, one or both of the screens (2, 3) may be liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Crossed polarizing filters may be located on the front and rear surface of each liquid crystal active element. A consequence of the characteristic operating mechanism of liquid crystal displays is that the plane polarization of the light emerging from the front surface of the rear screen (2) is crossed with respect to the polarization plane of the rear surface of the front screen (3).
- To rotate the emergent light from the rear screen (2) by the required angle to align with the rear polarization filter of the front screen (3), an optical retarder (5) is placed between the screens (2, 3). In one embodiment, the retarder (5) may be placed adjacent to the front screen (3) or the rear screen (2). A diffusive pattern may be applied to the retarder (5) to avoid interference effects degrading the resultant image from display (1). Interference patterns may result from the Moiré effect (e.g., interference caused by slight period disparities between the structured surface on the screens (2, 3)) and/or the effects of chromatic separation of white polarized light into “rainbow” colored fringes. Diffusing the light is therefore used to deregulate the interference patterns generated.
- Chemical etching of the diffusion pattern on polyester may not provide sufficient control of the color interference patterns. The main alternative to chemical etching involves embossing a holographically recorded master with a randomized surface structure onto the polycarbonate retarder surface.
- Custom manufactured LCD screens may be used which constructed with the rear polarizing filter of the front screen (3) already aligned with the rear polarizer of the rear screen (2) may be used. Alternatively, the rear polarizing filter of the front screen (3) may be re-aligned with the rear polarizer of the rear screen (2) after manufacture.
- In one embodiment of the present invention, a biaxial polypropylene film may be used as a first order retarder (5) located between the screens (2,3). Biaxial polypropylene available direct from commercial stationery outlets has been found to produce surprisingly good results in terms of optical performance in addition to the obvious cost and availability benefits. A brightness gain of 1.96 has been measured in comparison to existing polyester retarders. Furthermore, biaxial polypropylene of sufficient thickness to form a first order retarder eliminates or reduces the color interference effects while also permitting the use of chemically etched diffusion pattern to eliminate or reduce the Moiré interference effect without significant loss of image quality.
- In one embodiment, the degree of retardance or retardation can be expressed in terms of: a) linear displacement which may be the difference in the optical path length between the wave fronts of the two components, expressed in nanometers (nm); b) fractional wavelength which may be the optical path length difference expressed as a fraction of a given wavelength, obtained by dividing linear displacement values by a particular phase angle value or wavelength by 2π, e.g., 280 nm/560 nm=½ wave retarder; and c) phase angle which may be the phase difference between the wave fronts of the two component beams, expressed in degrees (e.g., 90°, 180°, etc.) or radians (e.g., ½π, π, etc.). It can thus be seen that:
-
δ=Γ/λ·2π - where δ may be the phase angle, Γ may be the linear displacement, λ may be the wavelength, and Γ/λ may be the fractional wavelength.
- As biaxial polypropylene may readily be produced as thin flexible durable sheets, it may be sufficiently thin to produce a linear displacement of less than one wavelength of visible light. For example, the retarder may produce a phase angle of less than π, and therefore, be considered “first order.”
- The chemically etched diffusion pattern may be applied to a diffuser in the form of a sheet of acrylic (6) or placed between the screens (2,3). The biaxial polypropylene may also provide sufficient chromatic uniformity such that the retarder (5) can be placed at any point between the screens (2,3).
- In one embodiment, the diffuser (6) may be either formed as a separate layer distinct from said retarder (5). And in one embodiment, diffusive properties may be applied to the surface of the retarder (5) itself. The diffusive effects of the diffuser (6) may be formed by: chemical etching; embossing; impressing; or calendering a random, non-periodic surface structure onto the diffuser surface.
- The ideal separation of the said diffuser (6) from the surface of the display (3) surface is a trade off between image clarity (which decreases with separation) and diffusion of the Moiré effects (which increases with separation). This separation can be controlled by using adhesive of a predetermined thickness, to attach the diffuser (6) to the display (3) surface. This is applicable when using a separate distinct diffuser (6) or when using a diffuser which is integrally formed with or attached to the retarder (5).
- It is envisaged that the biaxial polypropylene film thickness and variations in the manufacturing processes and/or constituents may affect some optical properties including the difference in refractive index for each polarization axis, different frequencies and temperature. In one embodiment, biaxial polypropylene may exhibit achromatic retarding properties.
- Although only two screens (2, 3) are shown in
FIG. 1 , it should be appreciated that the display (1) may include more than two screens in other embodiments. It will also be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention may be equally applicable to other optical systems benefiting from the said properties of a biaxial polypropylene retarder. Further, it should be appreciated that other materials resulting in first order retardation may be used for the retarder (5) instead of biaxial polypropylene. - Aspects of the present invention have been described by way of example only and it should be appreciated that modifications and additions may be made thereto without departing from the scope thereof.
Claims (40)
1. A display comprising:
a first display screen operable to display a first image using a first plurality of pixels;
a second display screen operable to display a second image using a second plurality of pixels, wherein said first and second display screens overlap; and
a first-order optical retarder disposed between said first and second display screens.
2. The display of claim 1 further comprising:
an optical component disposed between said first and second display screens.
3. The display of claim 2 , wherein said optical component is operable to perform at least one light processing operation other than retardation of light.
4. The display of claim 2 , wherein said first-order optical retarder and said optical component are integrated into a common component.
5. The display of claim 2 , wherein said optical component is physically separate from said first-order optical retarder.
6. The display of claim 2 , wherein said optical component is adhered, by adhesive, to a display screen selected from a group consisting of said first display screen and said second display screen.
7. The display of claim 6 , wherein said adhesive comprises a predetermined thickness.
8. The display of claim 1 , wherein said optical component comprises a diffuser, wherein said diffuser comprises a surface with at least one diffusive effect, and wherein said diffusive effect is selected from a group consisting of a chemical etching, an embossing, an impressing, and a calendered surface structure.
9. The display of claim 1 further comprising:
a light source operable to illuminate said first and second display screens.
10. The display of claim 9 , wherein said light source comprises a backlight operable to illuminate said first and second images.
11. The display of claim 1 , wherein said first-order optical retarder is operable to cause a linear displacement of a type selected from a group consisting of a linear displacement equal to one wavelength of light incident on said display and a linear displacement of less than one wavelength of light incident on said display.
12. The display of claim 11 , wherein said wavelength of light is approximately 560 nanometers.
13. The display of claim 1 , wherein said first-order optical retarder is operable to cause a phase angle retardation selected from a group consisting of a phase angle retardation equal to one wavelength of light incident on said display and a phase angle retardation of less than one wavelength of light incident on said display.
14. The display of claim 1 , wherein said first-order optical retarder comprises a clear flexible film.
15. The display of claim 1 , wherein said first-order optical retarder comprises biaxial polypropylene.
16. The display of claim 1 , wherein a surface of said first-order optical retarder comprises at least one diffusive effect, said diffusive effect is selected from a group consisting of a chemical etching, an embossing, an impressing, and a calendered surface structure.
17. The display of claim 1 , wherein said first and second display screens each comprise a liquid crystal display.
18. The display of claim 1 , wherein said first display screen further comprises a first polarizer, and wherein said first-order optical retarder is further disposed between said first polarizer and said second display screen.
19. The display of claim 18 , wherein said second display screen further comprises a second polarizer, and wherein said first-order optical retarder is further disposed between said first polarizer and said second polarizer.
20. The display of claim 1 , wherein each of said first plurality of pixels comprises a respective red color filter, a respective green color filter and a respective blue color filter.
21. A method of assembling a display, said method comprising:
positioning a first display screen and a second display screen in an overlapping arrangement, wherein said first display screen is operable to display a first image using a first plurality of pixels; and
disposing a first-order optical retarder between said first and second display screens.
22. The method of claim 21 further comprising:
disposing an optical component between said first and second display screens.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein said optical component is operable to perform at least one light processing operation other than retardation of light.
24. The method of claim 22 , wherein said first-order optical retarder and said optical component are integrated into a common component.
25. The method of claim 22 , wherein said optical component is physically separate from said first-order optical retarder.
26. The method of claim 22 further comprising:
adhering said optical component, using adhesive, to a display screen selected from a group consisting of said first display screen and said second display screen.
27. The method of claim 26 , wherein said adhesive comprises a predetermined thickness.
28. The method of claim 21 , wherein said optical component comprises a diffuser, wherein said diffuser comprises a surface with at least one diffusive effect, and wherein said diffusive effect is selected from a group consisting of a chemical etching, an embossing, an impressing, and a calendered surface structure.
29. The method of claim 21 further comprising:
disposing a light source behind a display screen selected from said first and second display screens.
30. The method of claim 29 , wherein said light source comprises a backlight operable to illuminate said first and second images.
31. The method of claim 21 , wherein said first-order optical retarder is operable to cause a linear displacement of a type selected from a group consisting of a linear displacement equal to one wavelength of light incident on said display and a linear displacement of less than one wavelength of light incident on said display.
32. The method of claim 31 , wherein said wavelength of light is approximately 560 nanometers.
33. The method of claim 21 , wherein said first-order optical retarder is operable to cause a phase angle retardation selected from a group consisting of a phase angle retardation equal to one wavelength of light incident on said display and a phase angle retardation of less than one wavelength of light incident on said display.
34. The method of claim 21 , wherein said first-order optical retarder comprises a clear flexible film.
35. The method of claim 21 , wherein said first-order optical retarder comprises biaxial polypropylene.
36. The method of claim 21 further comprising:
creating at least one diffusive effect on a surface of said first-order optical retarder using an operation selected from a group consisting of chemical etching, embossing, impressing, and calendaring; and
wherein said at least one diffusive effect is operable to diffuse light passing through said first-order optical retarder.
37. The method of claim 21 , wherein said first and second display screens each comprise a liquid crystal display.
38. The method of claim 21 , wherein said first display screen further comprises a first polarizer, and further comprising:
disposing said first-order optical retarder between said first polarizer and said second display screen.
39. The method of claim 38 , wherein said second display screen further comprises a second polarizer, and further comprising:
disposing said first-order optical retarder between said first polarizer and said second polarizer.
40. The method of claim 21 , wherein each of said first plurality of pixels comprises a respective red color filter, a respective green color filter and a respective blue color filter.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/765,332 US20100201921A1 (en) | 2001-04-20 | 2010-04-22 | Optical retarder |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NZ511255A NZ511255A (en) | 2001-04-20 | 2001-04-20 | Multi-focal plane display having an optical retarder and a diffuser interposed between its screens |
NZ511255 | 2001-04-20 | ||
PCT/NZ2002/000073 WO2002086610A1 (en) | 2001-04-20 | 2002-04-22 | Optical retarder |
US10/475,432 US7742124B2 (en) | 2001-04-20 | 2002-04-22 | Optical retarder |
NZPCT/NZ02/00073 | 2002-04-22 | ||
US12/765,332 US20100201921A1 (en) | 2001-04-20 | 2010-04-22 | Optical retarder |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/475,432 Continuation US7742124B2 (en) | 2001-04-20 | 2002-04-22 | Optical retarder |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20100201921A1 true US20100201921A1 (en) | 2010-08-12 |
Family
ID=19928446
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/475,432 Expired - Lifetime US7742124B2 (en) | 2001-04-20 | 2002-04-22 | Optical retarder |
US12/765,332 Abandoned US20100201921A1 (en) | 2001-04-20 | 2010-04-22 | Optical retarder |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/475,432 Expired - Lifetime US7742124B2 (en) | 2001-04-20 | 2002-04-22 | Optical retarder |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US7742124B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1388023A4 (en) |
JP (2) | JP2005500557A (en) |
KR (1) | KR100878089B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2477142A1 (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ511255A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2002086610A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20120093402A1 (en) * | 2009-05-28 | 2012-04-19 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Image processing |
US20120224126A1 (en) * | 2010-11-10 | 2012-09-06 | Jun Won Chang | Liquid crystal film |
US20140118502A1 (en) * | 2011-07-13 | 2014-05-01 | Dongguk University Gyeongju Campus Industry-Academy Cooperation Foundation | System and method for extracting a 3d shape of a hot metal surface |
Families Citing this family (71)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7841944B2 (en) | 2002-08-06 | 2010-11-30 | Igt | Gaming device having a three dimensional display device |
US8715058B2 (en) | 2002-08-06 | 2014-05-06 | Igt | Reel and video combination machine |
US6986591B2 (en) | 2002-12-20 | 2006-01-17 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Non-imaging photon concentrator |
JP4185371B2 (en) | 2003-01-24 | 2008-11-26 | パイオニア株式会社 | Stereoscopic image display device |
US7857700B2 (en) | 2003-09-12 | 2010-12-28 | Igt | Three-dimensional autostereoscopic image display for a gaming apparatus |
US9564004B2 (en) | 2003-10-20 | 2017-02-07 | Igt | Closed-loop system for providing additional event participation to electronic video game customers |
US7309284B2 (en) * | 2004-01-12 | 2007-12-18 | Igt | Method for using a light valve to reduce the visibility of an object within a gaming apparatus |
JP4123193B2 (en) * | 2004-06-04 | 2008-07-23 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | Image display device, projector, polarization compensation optical system |
US7300164B2 (en) | 2004-08-26 | 2007-11-27 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Morphing light guide |
US7488252B2 (en) | 2004-11-05 | 2009-02-10 | Igt | Single source visual image display distribution on a gaming machine |
US9613491B2 (en) | 2004-12-16 | 2017-04-04 | Igt | Video gaming device having a system and method for completing wagers and purchases during the cash out process |
US20060166726A1 (en) | 2005-01-24 | 2006-07-27 | Jay Chun | Methods and systems for playing baccarat jackpot |
US8210920B2 (en) | 2005-01-24 | 2012-07-03 | Jay Chun | Methods and systems for playing baccarat jackpot |
US8920238B2 (en) | 2005-01-24 | 2014-12-30 | Jay Chun | Gaming center allowing switching between games based upon historical results |
US7914368B2 (en) | 2005-08-05 | 2011-03-29 | Jay Chun | Methods and systems for playing baccarat jackpot with an option for insurance betting |
US7922587B2 (en) | 2005-01-24 | 2011-04-12 | Jay Chun | Betting terminal and system |
US9940778B2 (en) | 2005-01-24 | 2018-04-10 | Igt | System for monitoring and playing a plurality of live casino table games |
US8308559B2 (en) | 2007-05-07 | 2012-11-13 | Jay Chun | Paradise box gaming system |
US7878910B2 (en) | 2005-09-13 | 2011-02-01 | Igt | Gaming machine with scanning 3-D display system |
US7800714B2 (en) * | 2005-09-30 | 2010-09-21 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal display and television receiver |
WO2007040127A1 (en) * | 2005-09-30 | 2007-04-12 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal display and television receiver |
US8451201B2 (en) * | 2005-09-30 | 2013-05-28 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal display device drive method, liquid crystal display device, and television receiver |
WO2007040158A1 (en) * | 2005-09-30 | 2007-04-12 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal display device and television receiver |
CN101351743B (en) * | 2006-01-30 | 2010-09-22 | 夏普株式会社 | Liquid crystal display device and television receiver |
JP2007241071A (en) * | 2006-03-10 | 2007-09-20 | Fujifilm Corp | Transflective liquid crystal display device |
WO2007108162A1 (en) * | 2006-03-22 | 2007-09-27 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Composite type display device and television receiver |
US8784196B2 (en) | 2006-04-13 | 2014-07-22 | Igt | Remote content management and resource sharing on a gaming machine and method of implementing same |
US8512139B2 (en) | 2006-04-13 | 2013-08-20 | Igt | Multi-layer display 3D server based portals |
US8777737B2 (en) | 2006-04-13 | 2014-07-15 | Igt | Method and apparatus for integrating remotely-hosted and locally rendered content on a gaming device |
US9028329B2 (en) | 2006-04-13 | 2015-05-12 | Igt | Integrating remotely-hosted and locally rendered content on a gaming device |
US8992304B2 (en) | 2006-04-13 | 2015-03-31 | Igt | Methods and systems for tracking an event of an externally controlled interface |
US8968077B2 (en) | 2006-04-13 | 2015-03-03 | Idt | Methods and systems for interfacing with a third-party application |
US10026255B2 (en) | 2006-04-13 | 2018-07-17 | Igt | Presentation of remotely-hosted and locally rendered content for gaming systems |
US7916223B2 (en) * | 2006-04-18 | 2011-03-29 | Nec Lcd Technologies, Ltd. | Dual panel liquid crystal display device |
JP2007316603A (en) * | 2006-04-28 | 2007-12-06 | Sumitomo Chemical Co Ltd | Composite polarizing plate and liquid crystal display device using the same |
KR20090017499A (en) * | 2006-08-09 | 2009-02-18 | 샤프 가부시키가이샤 | Liquid crystal display device and viewing angle control module |
US20090156303A1 (en) | 2006-11-10 | 2009-06-18 | Igt | Bonusing Architectures in a Gaming Environment |
US9311774B2 (en) | 2006-11-10 | 2016-04-12 | Igt | Gaming machine with externally controlled content display |
US8360847B2 (en) | 2006-11-13 | 2013-01-29 | Igt | Multimedia emulation of physical reel hardware in processor-based gaming machines |
US8210922B2 (en) | 2006-11-13 | 2012-07-03 | Igt | Separable game graphics on a gaming machine |
WO2008063969A2 (en) | 2006-11-13 | 2008-05-29 | Igt | Single plane spanning mode across independently driven displays |
US8142273B2 (en) | 2006-11-13 | 2012-03-27 | Igt | Presentation of wheels on gaming machines having multi-layer displays |
US8727855B2 (en) | 2006-11-13 | 2014-05-20 | Igt | Three-dimensional paylines for gaming machines |
US8192281B2 (en) | 2006-11-13 | 2012-06-05 | Igt | Simulated reel imperfections |
US8357033B2 (en) | 2006-11-13 | 2013-01-22 | Igt | Realistic video reels |
CN101523477A (en) * | 2006-11-20 | 2009-09-02 | 夏普株式会社 | Display apparatus driving method, driver circuit, liquid crystal display apparatus, and television receiver |
US9292996B2 (en) | 2006-12-19 | 2016-03-22 | Igt | Distributed side wagering methods and systems |
US20090046219A1 (en) * | 2007-08-15 | 2009-02-19 | Gareth Paul Bell | Optical diffuser |
US8616953B2 (en) | 2007-08-31 | 2013-12-31 | Igt | Reel symbol resizing for reel based gaming machines |
US8115700B2 (en) | 2007-09-20 | 2012-02-14 | Igt | Auto-blanking screen for devices having multi-layer displays |
US8012010B2 (en) | 2007-09-21 | 2011-09-06 | Igt | Reel blur for gaming machines having simulated rotating reels |
US8758144B2 (en) | 2007-10-23 | 2014-06-24 | Igt | Separable backlighting system |
US8210944B2 (en) | 2007-10-29 | 2012-07-03 | Igt | Gaming system having display device with changeable wheel |
JP4241872B2 (en) * | 2008-02-01 | 2009-03-18 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | Image display device, projector, polarization compensation optical system |
US8427393B2 (en) * | 2010-03-05 | 2013-04-23 | Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. | Multi-layer display apparatus |
US8425316B2 (en) | 2010-08-03 | 2013-04-23 | Igt | Methods and systems for improving play of a bonus game on a gaming machine and improving security within a gaming establishment |
US8298081B1 (en) | 2011-06-16 | 2012-10-30 | Igt | Gaming system, gaming device and method for providing multiple display event indicators |
US9524609B2 (en) | 2011-09-30 | 2016-12-20 | Igt | Gaming system, gaming device and method for utilizing mobile devices at a gaming establishment |
US9466173B2 (en) | 2011-09-30 | 2016-10-11 | Igt | System and method for remote rendering of content on an electronic gaming machine |
US8605114B2 (en) | 2012-02-17 | 2013-12-10 | Igt | Gaming system having reduced appearance of parallax artifacts on display devices including multiple display screens |
US9030726B2 (en) | 2012-05-25 | 2015-05-12 | Igt | Acousto-optic modulator for multi-layer display |
US9129469B2 (en) | 2012-09-11 | 2015-09-08 | Igt | Player driven game download to a gaming machine |
AU2013327323B2 (en) | 2012-10-02 | 2017-03-30 | Igt | System and method for providing remote wagering games in live table game system |
US8821239B1 (en) | 2013-07-22 | 2014-09-02 | Novel Tech International Limited | Gaming table system allowing player choices and multiple outcomes thereby for a single game |
US8684830B1 (en) | 2013-09-03 | 2014-04-01 | Novel Tech International Limited | Individually paced table game tournaments |
US9595159B2 (en) | 2013-10-01 | 2017-03-14 | Igt | System and method for multi-game, multi-play of live dealer games |
US9916735B2 (en) | 2015-07-22 | 2018-03-13 | Igt | Remote gaming cash voucher printing system |
US10055930B2 (en) | 2015-08-11 | 2018-08-21 | Igt | Gaming system and method for placing and redeeming sports bets |
JP2018533080A (en) * | 2015-10-02 | 2018-11-08 | ピュア・デプス・リミテッド | Method and system for performing sub-pixel compression to reduce moire interference in a display system with multiple displays |
CN108770384B (en) * | 2015-10-02 | 2021-09-07 | 安波福技术有限公司 | Method and system for reducing Moire interference in a display system including multiple displays using a refractive beam mapper |
KR20180099629A (en) | 2015-10-02 | 2018-09-05 | 푸에뎁스 리미티드 | Method and system for performing color filter offset to reduce moire interference in a display system including multiple displays |
Citations (94)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2543793A (en) * | 1946-11-16 | 1951-03-06 | Alvin M Marks | Three-dimensional intercommunicating system |
US2961486A (en) * | 1951-03-05 | 1960-11-22 | Alvin M Marks | Three-dimensional display system |
US3536921A (en) * | 1967-03-31 | 1970-10-27 | Texas Instruments Inc | Passive control of focal distances |
US3605594A (en) * | 1968-08-22 | 1971-09-20 | Hendrik Jurjen Gerritsen | Three dimensional optical photography projection system |
US3622224A (en) * | 1969-08-20 | 1971-11-23 | Xerox Corp | Liquid crystal alpha-numeric electro-optic imaging device |
US3863246A (en) * | 1973-07-09 | 1975-01-28 | Collins Radio Co | Backlighted display apparatus for preventing direct viewing of light sources |
US3891305A (en) * | 1973-05-08 | 1975-06-24 | Lester Fader | Apparatus for simulating a three-dimensional image by use of plural image producing surfaces |
US3918796A (en) * | 1971-02-09 | 1975-11-11 | Hoffmann La Roche | Liquid-crystal non-linear light modulators using electric and magnetic fields |
US3940788A (en) * | 1973-01-16 | 1976-02-24 | Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha | Color television camera optical system |
US3955208A (en) * | 1973-06-07 | 1976-05-04 | Agfa-Gevaert, A.G. | Photographic camera with liquid-crystal diaphragm arrangement |
US3992082A (en) * | 1974-01-29 | 1976-11-16 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Compound liquid crystal indicator screen |
US4153654A (en) * | 1977-02-18 | 1979-05-08 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Polymeric optical element having antireflecting surface |
US4165922A (en) * | 1976-05-04 | 1979-08-28 | International Standard Electric Corporation | Liquid crystal cell |
US4190856A (en) * | 1977-11-21 | 1980-02-26 | Ricks Dennis E | Three dimensional television system |
US4239349A (en) * | 1973-06-09 | 1980-12-16 | Scheffer Terry J | Arrangement for a polychrome display |
US4281341A (en) * | 1978-11-09 | 1981-07-28 | The Marconi Company Limited | Stereoscopic television system |
US4294516A (en) * | 1978-09-11 | 1981-10-13 | Brooks Philip A | Moving picture apparatus |
US4333715A (en) * | 1978-09-11 | 1982-06-08 | Brooks Philip A | Moving picture apparatus |
US4447141A (en) * | 1982-05-07 | 1984-05-08 | Arthur Eisenkraft | Vision testing system |
US4448489A (en) * | 1981-05-22 | 1984-05-15 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Wide angle liquid crystal display that copes with interference coloring |
US4472737A (en) * | 1982-08-31 | 1984-09-18 | Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Stereographic tomogram observing apparatus |
US4523848A (en) * | 1981-10-01 | 1985-06-18 | National Research Development Corporation | Polariscope |
US4541692A (en) * | 1983-05-31 | 1985-09-17 | General Electric Company | Transflective liquid crystal display with enhanced contrast ratio |
US4613896A (en) * | 1984-03-30 | 1986-09-23 | Dainippon Screen Mfg. Co., Ltd. | Methods and apparatus for avoiding moire in color scanners for graphic art |
US4648691A (en) * | 1979-12-27 | 1987-03-10 | Seiko Epson Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal display device having diffusely reflective picture electrode and pleochroic dye |
US4649425A (en) * | 1983-07-25 | 1987-03-10 | Pund Marvin L | Stereoscopic display |
US4670744A (en) * | 1985-03-14 | 1987-06-02 | Tektronix, Inc. | Light reflecting three-dimensional display system |
US4736214A (en) * | 1984-01-09 | 1988-04-05 | Rogers Robert E | Apparatus and method for producing three-dimensional images from two-dimensional sources |
US4768300A (en) * | 1986-03-28 | 1988-09-06 | Stewart Warner Corporation | Illuminated information display |
US4792850A (en) * | 1987-11-25 | 1988-12-20 | Sterographics Corporation | Method and system employing a push-pull liquid crystal modulator |
US5032007A (en) * | 1988-04-07 | 1991-07-16 | Honeywell, Inc. | Apparatus and method for an electronically controlled color filter for use in information display applications |
US5046826A (en) * | 1987-09-19 | 1991-09-10 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Illuminator and display panel employing the illuminator |
US5046827A (en) * | 1989-07-20 | 1991-09-10 | Honeywell Inc. | Optical reconstruction filter for color mosaic displays |
US5086354A (en) * | 1989-02-27 | 1992-02-04 | Bass Robert E | Three dimensional optical viewing system |
US5107352A (en) * | 1985-03-01 | 1992-04-21 | Manchester R & D Partnership | Multiple containment mediums of operationally nematic liquid crystal responsive to a prescribed input |
US5112121A (en) * | 1989-03-21 | 1992-05-12 | Chang David B | Display system for multiviewer training simulators |
US5124803A (en) * | 1991-02-25 | 1992-06-23 | Ecrm | Method and apparatus for generating digital, angled halftone screens using pixel candidate lists and screen angle correction to prevent moire patterns |
US5132878A (en) * | 1987-09-29 | 1992-07-21 | Microelectronics And Computer Technology Corporation | Customizable circuitry |
US5132839A (en) * | 1987-07-10 | 1992-07-21 | Travis Adrian R L | Three dimensional display device |
US5261404A (en) * | 1991-07-08 | 1993-11-16 | Mick Peter R | Three-dimensional mammal anatomy imaging system and method |
US5337181A (en) * | 1992-08-27 | 1994-08-09 | Kelly Shawn L | Optical spatial filter |
US5367801A (en) * | 1993-01-25 | 1994-11-29 | Ahn; Young | Multi-layer three-dimensional display |
US5473344A (en) * | 1994-01-06 | 1995-12-05 | Microsoft Corporation | 3-D cursor positioning device |
US5537233A (en) * | 1993-11-25 | 1996-07-16 | Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. | Direct-vision/projection type liquid-crystal display having light source at the edge of a gap between two liquid crystal panels |
US5557684A (en) * | 1993-03-15 | 1996-09-17 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | System for encoding image data into multiple layers representing regions of coherent motion and associated motion parameters |
US5583674A (en) * | 1993-08-14 | 1996-12-10 | Gec-Marconi Ltd. | Multilayered display having two displays in series and a switchable optical retarder |
US5585821A (en) * | 1993-03-18 | 1996-12-17 | Hitachi Ltd. | Apparatus and method for screen display |
US5600462A (en) * | 1992-09-16 | 1997-02-04 | International Business Machines Corporation | Optical film and liquid crystal display device using the film |
US5689316A (en) * | 1992-01-08 | 1997-11-18 | Terumo Kabushiki Kaisha | Depth sampling three-dimensional image display apparatus |
US5695346A (en) * | 1989-12-07 | 1997-12-09 | Yoshi Sekiguchi | Process and display with moveable images |
US5706139A (en) * | 1995-10-17 | 1998-01-06 | Kelly; Shawn L. | High fidelity optical system for electronic imaging |
US5745197A (en) * | 1995-10-20 | 1998-04-28 | The Aerospace Corporation | Three-dimensional real-image volumetric display system and method |
US5751385A (en) * | 1994-06-07 | 1998-05-12 | Honeywell, Inc. | Subtractive color LCD utilizing circular notch polarizers and including a triband or broadband filter tuned light source or dichroic sheet color polarizers |
US5764317A (en) * | 1995-06-26 | 1998-06-09 | Physical Optics Corporation | 3-D volume visualization display |
US5796455A (en) * | 1995-06-13 | 1998-08-18 | Nec Corporation | Reflective LCD having a light scattering means formed on an electrode side surface of a counter substrate |
US5796509A (en) * | 1996-08-21 | 1998-08-18 | International Business Machines Corporation | Thin film frontlighting and backlighting for spatial light modulators |
US5822021A (en) * | 1996-05-14 | 1998-10-13 | Colorlink, Inc. | Color shutter liquid crystal display system |
US5825436A (en) * | 1996-04-19 | 1998-10-20 | Ncr Corporation | Method of controlling viewability of a display screen and a device therefor by placing an LCD in front of a CRT |
US5838308A (en) * | 1991-04-17 | 1998-11-17 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Optical touch input device |
US5924870A (en) * | 1996-12-09 | 1999-07-20 | Digillax Systems | Lenticular image and method |
US5956180A (en) * | 1996-12-31 | 1999-09-21 | Bass; Robert | Optical viewing system for asynchronous overlaid images |
US5976297A (en) * | 1993-12-02 | 1999-11-02 | Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. | Transparent functional membrane containing functional ultrafine particles, transparent functional film, and process for producing the same |
US5990990A (en) * | 1990-08-03 | 1999-11-23 | Crabtree; Allen F. | Three-dimensional display techniques, device, systems and method of presenting data in a volumetric format |
US6005654A (en) * | 1997-04-17 | 1999-12-21 | Asulab S.A. | Liquid crystal display device intended, in particular, to form a color image display screen |
US6061110A (en) * | 1994-10-18 | 2000-05-09 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Reflection type liquid crystal display device and method of manufacturing the same |
US6067137A (en) * | 1995-08-25 | 2000-05-23 | Kuraray Co., Ltd. | Image display apparatus with hydrophobic diffraction grating for an enlarged viewing angle |
US6100862A (en) * | 1998-04-20 | 2000-08-08 | Dimensional Media Associates, Inc. | Multi-planar volumetric display system and method of operation |
US6114814A (en) * | 1998-12-11 | 2000-09-05 | Monolithic Power Systems, Inc. | Apparatus for controlling a discharge lamp in a backlighted display |
US6122103A (en) * | 1999-06-22 | 2000-09-19 | Moxtech | Broadband wire grid polarizer for the visible spectrum |
US6141067A (en) * | 1997-06-26 | 2000-10-31 | Nec Corporation | Visual display device with changeable decorator plate |
US6147741A (en) * | 1997-02-25 | 2000-11-14 | Motorola, Inc. | Digital scanner employing recorded phase information and method of fabrication |
US6204902B1 (en) * | 1998-01-14 | 2001-03-20 | Samsung Display Devices Co., Ltd. | Flexible plate liquid crystal display device |
US6239852B1 (en) * | 1998-06-29 | 2001-05-29 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Reflection-type liquid crystal display device |
US6287712B1 (en) * | 1998-04-10 | 2001-09-11 | The Trustees Of Princeton University | Color-tunable organic light emitting devices |
US6300990B1 (en) * | 1996-12-05 | 2001-10-09 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Reflective LCD device with low visual angle dependency and high contrast |
US20010040652A1 (en) * | 1999-03-18 | 2001-11-15 | Narutoshi Hayashi | Light-polarizing film |
US6326738B1 (en) * | 2000-08-21 | 2001-12-04 | Innova Electronics, Inc. | Two wire light for electronic displays |
US6341439B1 (en) * | 1996-09-23 | 2002-01-29 | Hakan Lennerstad | Information surface |
US6351298B1 (en) * | 1997-02-10 | 2002-02-26 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Reflective type liquid crystal display device |
US20020027608A1 (en) * | 1998-09-23 | 2002-03-07 | Honeywell, Inc. | Method and apparatus for calibrating a tiled display |
US6377306B1 (en) * | 1998-09-23 | 2002-04-23 | Honeywell International Inc. | Method and apparatus for providing a seamless tiled display |
US6392725B1 (en) * | 1997-11-18 | 2002-05-21 | Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. | Systems and methods for providing a storage medium |
US20020064037A1 (en) * | 2000-11-25 | 2002-05-30 | Lee Pyung Yong | Backlight unit of bi-directional irradiation for liquid crystal display device |
US20020075211A1 (en) * | 2000-09-05 | 2002-06-20 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Display apparatus and driving method thereof |
US6414728B1 (en) * | 1994-04-21 | 2002-07-02 | Reveo, Inc. | Image display system having direct and projection viewing modes |
US6412953B1 (en) * | 1998-05-26 | 2002-07-02 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Illumination device and image projection apparatus comprising the device |
US20020105516A1 (en) * | 2000-11-06 | 2002-08-08 | Tracy Thomas M. | Method and apparatus for displaying an image in three dimensions |
US20020111195A1 (en) * | 2001-02-07 | 2002-08-15 | Kweon Hyug Man | Folder-type mobile communication terminal having double-sided LCD |
US6443579B1 (en) * | 2001-05-02 | 2002-09-03 | Kenneth Myers | Field-of-view controlling arrangements |
US20020154102A1 (en) * | 2001-02-21 | 2002-10-24 | Huston James R. | System and method for a programmable color rich display controller |
US6489044B1 (en) * | 1999-09-01 | 2002-12-03 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Process for fabricating polarized organic photonics devices, and resultant articles |
US6504587B1 (en) * | 1998-06-17 | 2003-01-07 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Liquid crystal display device in which the inner frame having sidewall |
US6512559B1 (en) * | 1999-10-28 | 2003-01-28 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Reflection-type liquid crystal display device with very efficient reflectance |
US6515881B2 (en) * | 2001-06-04 | 2003-02-04 | O2Micro International Limited | Inverter operably controlled to reduce electromagnetic interference |
Family Cites Families (68)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5311228B2 (en) * | 1972-12-13 | 1978-04-20 | ||
GB1448520A (en) | 1974-10-25 | 1976-09-08 | Standard Telephones Cables Ltd | Stereoscopic display device |
DE2730785C2 (en) | 1977-07-07 | 1986-01-30 | Bruce A. Greenwich Conn. Rosenthal | Optical system with lenticular lens |
JPS6024502A (en) * | 1983-07-21 | 1985-02-07 | Mitsui Toatsu Chem Inc | Phase difference plate |
US4734295A (en) * | 1985-01-07 | 1988-03-29 | Liu P Dong Guang | Glare control |
JPH0321902A (en) * | 1989-06-19 | 1991-01-30 | Tokuyama Soda Co Ltd | Phase difference plate and production thereof |
JP3205373B2 (en) * | 1992-03-12 | 2001-09-04 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Liquid crystal display |
US6573961B2 (en) | 1994-06-27 | 2003-06-03 | Reveo, Inc. | High-brightness color liquid crystal display panel employing light recycling therein |
JP3021902U (en) | 1995-02-21 | 1996-03-12 | 株式会社トミー | Running device |
WO1996027992A2 (en) * | 1995-03-08 | 1996-09-12 | Philips Electronics N.V. | Three-dimensional image display system |
JP3233548B2 (en) | 1995-03-31 | 2001-11-26 | 株式会社山本製作所 | Grain and debris sorting equipment |
GB9601049D0 (en) | 1996-01-18 | 1996-03-20 | Xaar Ltd | Methods of and apparatus for forming nozzles |
JP3148622B2 (en) | 1996-01-31 | 2001-03-19 | アネスト岩田株式会社 | Channel switching mechanism for manifold type automatic gun |
US5813742A (en) | 1996-04-22 | 1998-09-29 | Hughes Electronics | Layered display system and method for volumetric presentation |
GB9613802D0 (en) | 1996-07-01 | 1996-09-04 | Nashua Corp | Improvements in or relating to light diffusers |
US7372447B1 (en) | 1996-10-31 | 2008-05-13 | Kopin Corporation | Microdisplay for portable communication systems |
JPH10186102A (en) | 1996-12-26 | 1998-07-14 | Yazaki Corp | Anti-reflection film |
JP3101581B2 (en) | 1997-02-27 | 2000-10-23 | 富士ゼロックスオフィスサプライ株式会社 | Package |
US6897855B1 (en) | 1998-02-17 | 2005-05-24 | Sarnoff Corporation | Tiled electronic display structure |
TW574106B (en) | 1998-02-18 | 2004-02-01 | Dainippon Printing Co Ltd | Hard coat film |
IL137628A (en) * | 1998-02-20 | 2005-09-25 | Deep Video Imaging Ltd | Multi-layer display and a method for displaying images on such a display |
CN1302389A (en) * | 1998-02-24 | 2001-07-04 | 深视频图像有限公司 | Improved display |
DE19808982A1 (en) | 1998-03-03 | 1999-09-09 | Siemens Ag | Active matrix liquid crystal display |
JP2000075135A (en) | 1998-09-01 | 2000-03-14 | Nitto Denko Corp | Light diffusion polarizing plate |
JP3858477B2 (en) * | 1998-10-01 | 2006-12-13 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | Liquid crystal display device and electronic apparatus including the same |
JP2000113988A (en) | 1998-10-08 | 2000-04-21 | Stanley Electric Co Ltd | Organic el display device and its lighting method |
JP3226095B2 (en) | 1998-10-14 | 2001-11-05 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | Network printer |
US6590605B1 (en) | 1998-10-14 | 2003-07-08 | Dimension Technologies, Inc. | Autostereoscopic display |
DE19920789A1 (en) | 1998-11-02 | 2000-05-04 | Mannesmann Vdo Ag | Display unit intended for use in a motor vehicle |
EP0999088B1 (en) | 1998-11-02 | 2003-03-05 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Display device for motor vehicle |
US6577361B1 (en) * | 1998-12-09 | 2003-06-10 | Citizen Watch Co., Ltd. | Liquid crystal display |
WO2000036578A1 (en) | 1998-12-15 | 2000-06-22 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Dual view lcd assembly |
GB2347003A (en) | 1999-02-11 | 2000-08-23 | Designaware Trading Ltd | Prismatic display device |
WO2000049453A1 (en) | 1999-02-17 | 2000-08-24 | Central Research Laboratories Limited | Liquid crystal display |
DE19916747A1 (en) | 1999-04-13 | 2000-10-19 | Mannesmann Vdo Ag | Self-illuminating LCD display device |
US6693692B1 (en) * | 1999-06-07 | 2004-02-17 | Citizen Watch Co., Ltd. | Liquid crystal display |
DE29912074U1 (en) | 1999-07-10 | 1999-11-25 | Franz Heinz Georg | Three-dimensional color television picture transmission |
IL132400A (en) | 1999-10-14 | 2003-11-23 | Elop Electrooptics Ind Ltd | Multi-layered three-dimensional display |
US7342721B2 (en) | 1999-12-08 | 2008-03-11 | Iz3D Llc | Composite dual LCD panel display suitable for three dimensional imaging |
JP4790890B2 (en) | 2000-02-03 | 2011-10-12 | 日東電工株式会社 | Retardation film and continuous production method thereof |
WO2001095019A2 (en) | 2000-06-07 | 2001-12-13 | Three-Five Systems, Inc. | Display system with secondary viewing image capabilities |
US6639349B1 (en) | 2000-06-16 | 2003-10-28 | Rockwell Collins, Inc. | Dual-mode LCD backlight |
US6771327B2 (en) * | 2000-09-18 | 2004-08-03 | Citizen Watch Co., Ltd. | Liquid crystal display device with an input panel |
JP2002099223A (en) | 2000-09-21 | 2002-04-05 | Sharp Corp | Display device |
JP3670949B2 (en) * | 2000-09-27 | 2005-07-13 | 三洋電機株式会社 | Surface light source device |
US6557999B1 (en) | 2000-11-16 | 2003-05-06 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | System and method for contrast enhancement in projection imaging system |
EP1364232A4 (en) | 2000-11-17 | 2006-04-26 | Pure Depth Ltd | Altering surface of display screen from matt to optically smooth |
JP2002156608A (en) | 2000-11-21 | 2002-05-31 | Kureha Chem Ind Co Ltd | Optical low-pass filter, optical system, and image pickup device |
US7262752B2 (en) * | 2001-01-16 | 2007-08-28 | Visteon Global Technologies, Inc. | Series led backlight control circuit |
JP4034521B2 (en) | 2001-02-22 | 2008-01-16 | 富士通株式会社 | Information management method, information management program, and recording medium |
GB2372618A (en) | 2001-02-23 | 2002-08-28 | Eastman Kodak Co | Display device |
US7148237B2 (en) * | 2001-03-01 | 2006-12-12 | Shionogi & Co., Ltd. | Nitrogen-containing heteroaryl compounds having HIV integrase inhibitory activity |
JP2002350772A (en) | 2001-05-30 | 2002-12-04 | Kenwood Corp | Display device and display control method |
US7205355B2 (en) | 2001-06-04 | 2007-04-17 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Composition and process for the manufacture of an improved electrophoretic display |
KR100725684B1 (en) * | 2001-06-22 | 2007-06-07 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | Apparatus and method for controlling a back light in LCD |
JP2003015555A (en) | 2001-06-28 | 2003-01-17 | Minolta Co Ltd | Display panel and display device provided with the panel |
US6578985B1 (en) | 2001-07-18 | 2003-06-17 | Rainbow Displays, Inc. | Back light assembly for use with back-to-back flat-panel displays |
US6845578B1 (en) | 2001-08-03 | 2005-01-25 | Stephen J. Lucas | Illuminated multi-image display system and method therefor |
KR100685098B1 (en) * | 2001-08-30 | 2007-02-22 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | Method for driving the lamp in a note-book computer |
US6784856B2 (en) * | 2001-12-13 | 2004-08-31 | International Business Machines Corp. | System and method for anti-moire display |
KR100840933B1 (en) * | 2002-01-31 | 2008-06-24 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Apparatus for driving lamp and liquid crystal display with the same |
JP2005522715A (en) * | 2002-03-17 | 2005-07-28 | ディープ ヴィデオ イメージング リミテッド | How to control the point spread function of an image |
US6873338B2 (en) * | 2002-03-21 | 2005-03-29 | International Business Machines Corporation | Anti-moire pixel array having multiple pixel types |
JP4034595B2 (en) | 2002-05-27 | 2008-01-16 | 住友ゴム工業株式会社 | Rubber roll |
US20040012708A1 (en) | 2002-07-18 | 2004-01-22 | Matherson Kevin James | Optical prefilter system that provides variable blur |
TWI229230B (en) | 2002-10-31 | 2005-03-11 | Sipix Imaging Inc | An improved electrophoretic display and novel process for its manufacture |
JP4191755B2 (en) | 2006-08-21 | 2008-12-03 | 日本電産コパル株式会社 | Focal plane shutter for camera |
US20080117231A1 (en) | 2006-11-19 | 2008-05-22 | Tom Kimpe | Display assemblies and computer programs and methods for defect compensation |
-
2001
- 2001-04-20 NZ NZ511255A patent/NZ511255A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2002
- 2002-04-22 US US10/475,432 patent/US7742124B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-04-22 JP JP2002584076A patent/JP2005500557A/en active Pending
- 2002-04-22 WO PCT/NZ2002/000073 patent/WO2002086610A1/en active Application Filing
- 2002-04-22 KR KR1020037013671A patent/KR100878089B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2002-04-22 CA CA002477142A patent/CA2477142A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-04-22 EP EP02764117A patent/EP1388023A4/en not_active Ceased
-
2009
- 2009-06-30 JP JP2009155025A patent/JP2009282530A/en active Pending
-
2010
- 2010-04-22 US US12/765,332 patent/US20100201921A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (100)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2543793A (en) * | 1946-11-16 | 1951-03-06 | Alvin M Marks | Three-dimensional intercommunicating system |
US2961486A (en) * | 1951-03-05 | 1960-11-22 | Alvin M Marks | Three-dimensional display system |
US3536921A (en) * | 1967-03-31 | 1970-10-27 | Texas Instruments Inc | Passive control of focal distances |
US3605594A (en) * | 1968-08-22 | 1971-09-20 | Hendrik Jurjen Gerritsen | Three dimensional optical photography projection system |
US3622224A (en) * | 1969-08-20 | 1971-11-23 | Xerox Corp | Liquid crystal alpha-numeric electro-optic imaging device |
US3918796A (en) * | 1971-02-09 | 1975-11-11 | Hoffmann La Roche | Liquid-crystal non-linear light modulators using electric and magnetic fields |
US3940788A (en) * | 1973-01-16 | 1976-02-24 | Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha | Color television camera optical system |
US3891305A (en) * | 1973-05-08 | 1975-06-24 | Lester Fader | Apparatus for simulating a three-dimensional image by use of plural image producing surfaces |
US3955208A (en) * | 1973-06-07 | 1976-05-04 | Agfa-Gevaert, A.G. | Photographic camera with liquid-crystal diaphragm arrangement |
US4239349A (en) * | 1973-06-09 | 1980-12-16 | Scheffer Terry J | Arrangement for a polychrome display |
US3863246A (en) * | 1973-07-09 | 1975-01-28 | Collins Radio Co | Backlighted display apparatus for preventing direct viewing of light sources |
US3992082A (en) * | 1974-01-29 | 1976-11-16 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Compound liquid crystal indicator screen |
US4165922A (en) * | 1976-05-04 | 1979-08-28 | International Standard Electric Corporation | Liquid crystal cell |
US4153654A (en) * | 1977-02-18 | 1979-05-08 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Polymeric optical element having antireflecting surface |
US4190856A (en) * | 1977-11-21 | 1980-02-26 | Ricks Dennis E | Three dimensional television system |
US4294516A (en) * | 1978-09-11 | 1981-10-13 | Brooks Philip A | Moving picture apparatus |
US4333715A (en) * | 1978-09-11 | 1982-06-08 | Brooks Philip A | Moving picture apparatus |
US4281341A (en) * | 1978-11-09 | 1981-07-28 | The Marconi Company Limited | Stereoscopic television system |
US4648691A (en) * | 1979-12-27 | 1987-03-10 | Seiko Epson Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal display device having diffusely reflective picture electrode and pleochroic dye |
US4448489A (en) * | 1981-05-22 | 1984-05-15 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Wide angle liquid crystal display that copes with interference coloring |
US4523848A (en) * | 1981-10-01 | 1985-06-18 | National Research Development Corporation | Polariscope |
US4447141A (en) * | 1982-05-07 | 1984-05-08 | Arthur Eisenkraft | Vision testing system |
US4472737A (en) * | 1982-08-31 | 1984-09-18 | Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Stereographic tomogram observing apparatus |
US4541692A (en) * | 1983-05-31 | 1985-09-17 | General Electric Company | Transflective liquid crystal display with enhanced contrast ratio |
US4649425A (en) * | 1983-07-25 | 1987-03-10 | Pund Marvin L | Stereoscopic display |
US4736214A (en) * | 1984-01-09 | 1988-04-05 | Rogers Robert E | Apparatus and method for producing three-dimensional images from two-dimensional sources |
US4613896A (en) * | 1984-03-30 | 1986-09-23 | Dainippon Screen Mfg. Co., Ltd. | Methods and apparatus for avoiding moire in color scanners for graphic art |
US5107352A (en) * | 1985-03-01 | 1992-04-21 | Manchester R & D Partnership | Multiple containment mediums of operationally nematic liquid crystal responsive to a prescribed input |
US4670744A (en) * | 1985-03-14 | 1987-06-02 | Tektronix, Inc. | Light reflecting three-dimensional display system |
US4768300A (en) * | 1986-03-28 | 1988-09-06 | Stewart Warner Corporation | Illuminated information display |
US5132839A (en) * | 1987-07-10 | 1992-07-21 | Travis Adrian R L | Three dimensional display device |
US5046826A (en) * | 1987-09-19 | 1991-09-10 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Illuminator and display panel employing the illuminator |
US5132878A (en) * | 1987-09-29 | 1992-07-21 | Microelectronics And Computer Technology Corporation | Customizable circuitry |
US4792850A (en) * | 1987-11-25 | 1988-12-20 | Sterographics Corporation | Method and system employing a push-pull liquid crystal modulator |
US5032007A (en) * | 1988-04-07 | 1991-07-16 | Honeywell, Inc. | Apparatus and method for an electronically controlled color filter for use in information display applications |
US5086354A (en) * | 1989-02-27 | 1992-02-04 | Bass Robert E | Three dimensional optical viewing system |
US5589980A (en) * | 1989-02-27 | 1996-12-31 | Bass; Robert | Three dimensional optical viewing system |
US5112121A (en) * | 1989-03-21 | 1992-05-12 | Chang David B | Display system for multiviewer training simulators |
US5046827A (en) * | 1989-07-20 | 1991-09-10 | Honeywell Inc. | Optical reconstruction filter for color mosaic displays |
US5046827C1 (en) * | 1989-07-20 | 2001-08-07 | Honeywell Inc | Optical reconstruction filter for color mosaic displays |
US5695346A (en) * | 1989-12-07 | 1997-12-09 | Yoshi Sekiguchi | Process and display with moveable images |
US5990990A (en) * | 1990-08-03 | 1999-11-23 | Crabtree; Allen F. | Three-dimensional display techniques, device, systems and method of presenting data in a volumetric format |
US5124803A (en) * | 1991-02-25 | 1992-06-23 | Ecrm | Method and apparatus for generating digital, angled halftone screens using pixel candidate lists and screen angle correction to prevent moire patterns |
US5838308A (en) * | 1991-04-17 | 1998-11-17 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Optical touch input device |
US5261404A (en) * | 1991-07-08 | 1993-11-16 | Mick Peter R | Three-dimensional mammal anatomy imaging system and method |
US5689316A (en) * | 1992-01-08 | 1997-11-18 | Terumo Kabushiki Kaisha | Depth sampling three-dimensional image display apparatus |
US5337181A (en) * | 1992-08-27 | 1994-08-09 | Kelly Shawn L | Optical spatial filter |
US5600462A (en) * | 1992-09-16 | 1997-02-04 | International Business Machines Corporation | Optical film and liquid crystal display device using the film |
US5367801A (en) * | 1993-01-25 | 1994-11-29 | Ahn; Young | Multi-layer three-dimensional display |
US5557684A (en) * | 1993-03-15 | 1996-09-17 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | System for encoding image data into multiple layers representing regions of coherent motion and associated motion parameters |
US5585821A (en) * | 1993-03-18 | 1996-12-17 | Hitachi Ltd. | Apparatus and method for screen display |
US5583674A (en) * | 1993-08-14 | 1996-12-10 | Gec-Marconi Ltd. | Multilayered display having two displays in series and a switchable optical retarder |
US5537233A (en) * | 1993-11-25 | 1996-07-16 | Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. | Direct-vision/projection type liquid-crystal display having light source at the edge of a gap between two liquid crystal panels |
US5976297A (en) * | 1993-12-02 | 1999-11-02 | Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. | Transparent functional membrane containing functional ultrafine particles, transparent functional film, and process for producing the same |
US5473344A (en) * | 1994-01-06 | 1995-12-05 | Microsoft Corporation | 3-D cursor positioning device |
US6414728B1 (en) * | 1994-04-21 | 2002-07-02 | Reveo, Inc. | Image display system having direct and projection viewing modes |
US5751385A (en) * | 1994-06-07 | 1998-05-12 | Honeywell, Inc. | Subtractive color LCD utilizing circular notch polarizers and including a triband or broadband filter tuned light source or dichroic sheet color polarizers |
US6061110A (en) * | 1994-10-18 | 2000-05-09 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Reflection type liquid crystal display device and method of manufacturing the same |
US5796455A (en) * | 1995-06-13 | 1998-08-18 | Nec Corporation | Reflective LCD having a light scattering means formed on an electrode side surface of a counter substrate |
US6018379A (en) * | 1995-06-13 | 2000-01-25 | Nec Corporation | Reflective LCD having a particular scattering means |
US5764317A (en) * | 1995-06-26 | 1998-06-09 | Physical Optics Corporation | 3-D volume visualization display |
US6067137A (en) * | 1995-08-25 | 2000-05-23 | Kuraray Co., Ltd. | Image display apparatus with hydrophobic diffraction grating for an enlarged viewing angle |
US5706139A (en) * | 1995-10-17 | 1998-01-06 | Kelly; Shawn L. | High fidelity optical system for electronic imaging |
US5745197A (en) * | 1995-10-20 | 1998-04-28 | The Aerospace Corporation | Three-dimensional real-image volumetric display system and method |
US5825436A (en) * | 1996-04-19 | 1998-10-20 | Ncr Corporation | Method of controlling viewability of a display screen and a device therefor by placing an LCD in front of a CRT |
US5822021A (en) * | 1996-05-14 | 1998-10-13 | Colorlink, Inc. | Color shutter liquid crystal display system |
US5796509A (en) * | 1996-08-21 | 1998-08-18 | International Business Machines Corporation | Thin film frontlighting and backlighting for spatial light modulators |
US6341439B1 (en) * | 1996-09-23 | 2002-01-29 | Hakan Lennerstad | Information surface |
US6300990B1 (en) * | 1996-12-05 | 2001-10-09 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Reflective LCD device with low visual angle dependency and high contrast |
US5924870A (en) * | 1996-12-09 | 1999-07-20 | Digillax Systems | Lenticular image and method |
US5956180A (en) * | 1996-12-31 | 1999-09-21 | Bass; Robert | Optical viewing system for asynchronous overlaid images |
US6351298B1 (en) * | 1997-02-10 | 2002-02-26 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Reflective type liquid crystal display device |
US6147741A (en) * | 1997-02-25 | 2000-11-14 | Motorola, Inc. | Digital scanner employing recorded phase information and method of fabrication |
US6005654A (en) * | 1997-04-17 | 1999-12-21 | Asulab S.A. | Liquid crystal display device intended, in particular, to form a color image display screen |
US6141067A (en) * | 1997-06-26 | 2000-10-31 | Nec Corporation | Visual display device with changeable decorator plate |
US6392725B1 (en) * | 1997-11-18 | 2002-05-21 | Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. | Systems and methods for providing a storage medium |
US6204902B1 (en) * | 1998-01-14 | 2001-03-20 | Samsung Display Devices Co., Ltd. | Flexible plate liquid crystal display device |
US6287712B1 (en) * | 1998-04-10 | 2001-09-11 | The Trustees Of Princeton University | Color-tunable organic light emitting devices |
US6100862A (en) * | 1998-04-20 | 2000-08-08 | Dimensional Media Associates, Inc. | Multi-planar volumetric display system and method of operation |
US6412953B1 (en) * | 1998-05-26 | 2002-07-02 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Illumination device and image projection apparatus comprising the device |
US6504587B1 (en) * | 1998-06-17 | 2003-01-07 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Liquid crystal display device in which the inner frame having sidewall |
US6239852B1 (en) * | 1998-06-29 | 2001-05-29 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Reflection-type liquid crystal display device |
US6377306B1 (en) * | 1998-09-23 | 2002-04-23 | Honeywell International Inc. | Method and apparatus for providing a seamless tiled display |
US20020027608A1 (en) * | 1998-09-23 | 2002-03-07 | Honeywell, Inc. | Method and apparatus for calibrating a tiled display |
US20020047601A1 (en) * | 1998-12-11 | 2002-04-25 | Shannon John Robert | Method and apparatus for controlling a discharge lamp in a backlighted display |
US6114814A (en) * | 1998-12-11 | 2000-09-05 | Monolithic Power Systems, Inc. | Apparatus for controlling a discharge lamp in a backlighted display |
US20010040652A1 (en) * | 1999-03-18 | 2001-11-15 | Narutoshi Hayashi | Light-polarizing film |
US6122103A (en) * | 1999-06-22 | 2000-09-19 | Moxtech | Broadband wire grid polarizer for the visible spectrum |
US6489044B1 (en) * | 1999-09-01 | 2002-12-03 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Process for fabricating polarized organic photonics devices, and resultant articles |
US6512559B1 (en) * | 1999-10-28 | 2003-01-28 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Reflection-type liquid crystal display device with very efficient reflectance |
US6326738B1 (en) * | 2000-08-21 | 2001-12-04 | Innova Electronics, Inc. | Two wire light for electronic displays |
US20020075211A1 (en) * | 2000-09-05 | 2002-06-20 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Display apparatus and driving method thereof |
US20020105516A1 (en) * | 2000-11-06 | 2002-08-08 | Tracy Thomas M. | Method and apparatus for displaying an image in three dimensions |
US20020064037A1 (en) * | 2000-11-25 | 2002-05-30 | Lee Pyung Yong | Backlight unit of bi-directional irradiation for liquid crystal display device |
US20020111195A1 (en) * | 2001-02-07 | 2002-08-15 | Kweon Hyug Man | Folder-type mobile communication terminal having double-sided LCD |
US20020154102A1 (en) * | 2001-02-21 | 2002-10-24 | Huston James R. | System and method for a programmable color rich display controller |
US6443579B1 (en) * | 2001-05-02 | 2002-09-03 | Kenneth Myers | Field-of-view controlling arrangements |
US20020163729A1 (en) * | 2001-05-02 | 2002-11-07 | Kenneth J. Myers | Field-of-view controlling arrangements |
US20020163728A1 (en) * | 2001-05-02 | 2002-11-07 | Myers Kenneth J. | Optical sheets or overlays |
US6515881B2 (en) * | 2001-06-04 | 2003-02-04 | O2Micro International Limited | Inverter operably controlled to reduce electromagnetic interference |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20120093402A1 (en) * | 2009-05-28 | 2012-04-19 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Image processing |
US8594439B2 (en) * | 2009-05-28 | 2013-11-26 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Image processing |
US20120224126A1 (en) * | 2010-11-10 | 2012-09-06 | Jun Won Chang | Liquid crystal film |
CN103221851A (en) * | 2010-11-10 | 2013-07-24 | Lg化学株式会社 | Liquid crystal film |
US9372295B2 (en) * | 2010-11-10 | 2016-06-21 | Lg Chem, Ltd. | Liquid crystal film |
US20140118502A1 (en) * | 2011-07-13 | 2014-05-01 | Dongguk University Gyeongju Campus Industry-Academy Cooperation Foundation | System and method for extracting a 3d shape of a hot metal surface |
US9516296B2 (en) * | 2011-07-13 | 2016-12-06 | Dongguk University Gyeongju Campus Industry-Academy Cooperation Foundation | System and method for extracting a 3D shape of a hot metal surface |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2009282530A (en) | 2009-12-03 |
NZ511255A (en) | 2003-12-19 |
EP1388023A1 (en) | 2004-02-11 |
EP1388023A4 (en) | 2008-12-10 |
CA2477142A1 (en) | 2002-10-31 |
KR100878089B1 (en) | 2009-01-14 |
US7742124B2 (en) | 2010-06-22 |
JP2005500557A (en) | 2005-01-06 |
KR20030089720A (en) | 2003-11-22 |
US20040183972A1 (en) | 2004-09-23 |
WO2002086610A1 (en) | 2002-10-31 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US7742124B2 (en) | Optical retarder | |
US8305503B1 (en) | Phase difference element and display device | |
JP5495568B2 (en) | Display, optical system and optical equipment | |
US7619585B2 (en) | Depth fused display | |
EP3365723B1 (en) | Method and system for performing sub-pixel compression in order to reduce moiré interference in a display system including multiple displays | |
TWI425257B (en) | Phase difference element and display device | |
KR20060122678A (en) | Switchable lens | |
JPH1184131A (en) | Passive polarized light modulating optical element and its production | |
JPH07244284A (en) | Liquid crystal display | |
US11204524B2 (en) | Image display device | |
US10606113B2 (en) | Display device | |
AU2002338445B2 (en) | Optical Retarder | |
AU2002338445A1 (en) | Optical Retarder | |
CN110320700A (en) | Colored filter substrate and liquid crystal display device | |
TWI714945B (en) | Display apparatus and optical compensation module | |
US11656502B2 (en) | Vertical alignment liquid crystal display module comprising an image color switch film having an average transmittance of a visible light spectrum for short and long wavelengths of the visible light | |
US20240126117A1 (en) | Display device | |
JPH08262435A (en) | Color liquid crystal display device |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: IGT, NEVADA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:PUREDEPTH INCROPORATED LIMITED;REEL/FRAME:027088/0256 Effective date: 20111018 |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |