US20100251803A1 - Detectable refrigerant compositions and uses thereof - Google Patents

Detectable refrigerant compositions and uses thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
US20100251803A1
US20100251803A1 US12/820,678 US82067810A US2010251803A1 US 20100251803 A1 US20100251803 A1 US 20100251803A1 US 82067810 A US82067810 A US 82067810A US 2010251803 A1 US2010251803 A1 US 2010251803A1
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Prior art keywords
refrigerant
detector
tracer
hfc
composition
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US12/820,678
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Donald Bernard Bivens
Thomas J. Leck
Mack McFarland
Barbara Haviland Minor
John Carl Steichen
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EIDP Inc
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EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co
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Priority to US12/820,678 priority Critical patent/US20100251803A1/en
Publication of US20100251803A1 publication Critical patent/US20100251803A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
    • C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
    • C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
    • C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
    • C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
    • C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
    • C09K5/045—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds containing only fluorine as halogen
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M3/00—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures
    • G01M3/02—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum
    • G01M3/04—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point
    • G01M3/20—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point using special tracer materials, e.g. dye, fluorescent material, radioactive material
    • G01M3/22—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point using special tracer materials, e.g. dye, fluorescent material, radioactive material for pipes, cables or tubes; for pipe joints or seals; for valves; for welds; for containers, e.g. radiators
    • G01M3/226—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point using special tracer materials, e.g. dye, fluorescent material, radioactive material for pipes, cables or tubes; for pipe joints or seals; for valves; for welds; for containers, e.g. radiators for containers, e.g. radiators
    • G01M3/228—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point using special tracer materials, e.g. dye, fluorescent material, radioactive material for pipes, cables or tubes; for pipe joints or seals; for valves; for welds; for containers, e.g. radiators for containers, e.g. radiators for radiators

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to detectable refrigerant compositions having tracers that are useful in vapor compression refrigeration systems.
  • the detectable tracers permit detection of the composition upon leaking.
  • HFC-134a 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
  • CFC chlorofluorocarbon
  • Refrigeration and air conditioning industry solutions include designing essentially leak-free hydrofluorocarbon-based refrigeration systems, as well as possibly transitioning from higher GWP to lower GWP refrigerants, including certain hydrofluorocarbons (e.g., 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a)) and hydrocarbons as well as compounds such as carbon dioxide, ammonia, and dimethyl ether.
  • hydrofluorocarbons e.g., 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a)
  • hydrocarbons as well as compounds such as carbon dioxide, ammonia, and dimethyl ether.
  • the solution involves carbon dioxide used as a refrigerant
  • detection differentiating from background (atmospheric) carbon dioxide concentration (which may vary, e.g., in a sealed space depending on occupant respiration, efficiency of combustion and emission control apparatus, etc.), and quantifying leaking carbon dioxide refrigerant is a difficult problem to solve with current apparatus and methods.
  • background atmospheric
  • HFC-152a 1,1-difluoroethane
  • detection differentiating from background 1,1-difluoroethane concentration (which may be separately present due to usage of HFC-152a as aerosol propellant and polymer foam blowing agent), and quantifying leaking 1,1-difluoroethane refrigerant is a difficult problem to solve with currently available apparatus and methods.
  • Some current detectors are also less sensitive to hydrofluorocarbons and have more difficulty detecting HFC leaks than compounds containing chlorine.
  • compositions of the present invention meet the industry needs.
  • a detectable refrigerant composition comprising: at least one refrigerant selected from the group consisting of: hydrofluorocarbon, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon ether, perfluorocarbon ether, hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and dimethyl ether, and an effective amount of a tracer wherein said tracer is different from said refrigerant.
  • a further disclosure is a method for analyzing at least one gas component in the detectable refrigerant composition of claim the present invention, said method comprising: providing an array of at least two chemo/electro-active materials, each chemo/electro-active material exhibiting a different electrical response characteristic upon exposure to the individual gas component in said refrigerant than each other chemo/electro-active material; exposing said array to said refrigerant-composition; determining an electrical response of each chemo/electro-active material upon exposure of said array to said refrigerant; and analyzing the individual gas component from the electrical response values.
  • Another disclosure is a detectable refrigerant composition, wherein said refrigerant is at least one member selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbon, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon ether, perfluorocarbon ether, hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and dimethyl ether, and an effective amount of a tracer, to produce a detectable refrigerant composition or to improve the detectability of refrigerant composition, wherein said refrigerant composition is in a vessel, exterior of said vessel having a means for detecting said tracer in said refrigerant-tracer combination.
  • the present invention relates in part to a detectable refrigerant composition
  • a detectable refrigerant composition comprising at least one refrigerant, and an effective amount of a tracer wherein said tracer is different from said refrigerant.
  • Refrigerant of the present invention is preferred to have a normal boiling point of about 80° C. or less.
  • the refrigerant of the present invention is at least one refrigerant selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbon, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon ether, perfluorocarbon ether, hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and dimethyl ether.
  • Representative hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants include fluoromethane (HFC-41), difluoromethane (HFC-32), trifluoromethane (HFC-23), fluoroethane (HFC-161), 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134) and 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (HFC-125).
  • fluoromethane HFC-41
  • difluoromethane HFC-32
  • trifluoromethane HFC-23
  • fluoroethane HFC-161
  • 1,1-difluoroethane HFC-152a
  • 1,1,1-trifluoroethane HFC-143a
  • 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethanethane H
  • hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerants include chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123), 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124) and 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b).
  • perfluorocarbon refrigerants include tetrafluoromethane (PFC-14), hexafluoroethane (PFC-116), octafluoropropane (PFC-218) and decafluorobutane (PFC-31-10).
  • Representative hydrofluorocarbon ether refrigerants include CF 3 OCHF 2 (HFE-125), CF 3 OCH 3 (HFE-143a), CF 3 OCH 2 F (HFE-134a), CHF 2 OCHF 2 (HFC-134), cyclo-(CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 O—) (HFE-c216), CF 3 CF 2 OCH 3 (HFE-245cbEbg), CHF 2 OCHFCF 3 (HFE-236eaEbg), CHF 2 CF 2 OCH 3 (HFE-254cb2), C 4 F 9 OCH 3 (HFE-7100) and C 4 F 9 OC 2 H 5 (HFE-7200).
  • Representative perfluorocarbon ether refrigerants include CF 3 OCF 3 , CF 3 OC 2 F 5 , C 2 F 5 OC 2 F 5 and CF 3 OCF(CF 3 )CF(CF 3 )OCF 3 .
  • Representative hydrocarbon refrigerants include methane, ethane, propane, cyclopropane, propylene, n-butane, cyclobutane, 2-methylpropane, methylcyclopropane, n-pentane, cyclopentane, 2-methylbutane, methylcyclobutane, 2,2-dimethylpropane and dimethylcyclopropane isomers.
  • Another aspect of the present invention is wherein said refrigerant composition is in a vessel, exterior of said vessel having either a mobile, transportable, hand-held or stationary means for detecting said tracer in said refrigerant-tracer combination.
  • the tracer is at least one member selected from the group consisting of C 1-5 hydrofluorocarbon, C 1-2 hydrochlorofluorocarbon, C 1-4 hydrochlorocarbon, C 2-6 fluoroether, C 1-5 hydrocarbon, C 1-3 hydrocarbon alcohol, C 1-3 hydrocarbon amine, C 1-3 hydrocarbon mercaptan, C 1-4 hydrocarbon ether, C 3-4 hydrocarbon ketone, C 3-4 bromofluoroketone, C 2-4 hydrocarbon aldehyde, 1,1,1-trifluorotoluene, 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluorotoluene, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, ethanolamine, ammonia, perfluoromethyl iodide, and perfluoroethyl iodide.
  • Representative hydrofluorocarbon tracer compositions of the present invention include fluoromethane (HFC-41), difluoromethane (HFC-32), trifluoromethane (HFC-23), fluoroethane (HFC-161), 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134), 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236fa), 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea), and 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,-octafluorobutane (HFC-338 pcc).
  • fluoromethane HFC-41
  • hydrochlorofluorocarbon tracer compositions of the present invention include chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123), 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124) and 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b).
  • hydrochlorocarbon tracer compositions of the present invention include methyl chloride, methylene chloride, ethyl chloride, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, 1-propyl chloride and 2-propyl chloride.
  • Representative fluoroether tracer compositions of the present invention include CF 3 OCHF 2 (HFE-125), CF 3 OCH 3 (HFE-143a), CF 3 OCH 2 F (HFE-134a), CHF 2 OCHF 2 (HFC-134), cyclo-(CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 O—) (HFE-c216), CF 3 CF 2 OCH 3 (HFE-245cbEbg), CHF 2 OCHFCF 3 (HFE-236eaEbg); C 4 F 9 OCH 3 (HFE-7100) and C 4 F 9 OC 2 H 5 (HFE-7200).
  • Representative hydrocarbon tracer compositions of the present invention include methane, ethane, propane, cyclopropane, propylene, n-butane, cyclobutane, 2-methylpropane, methylcyclopropane, n-pentane, cyclopentane, 2-methylbutane, methylcyclobutane, 2,2-dimethylpropane and dimethylcyclopropane isomers.
  • hydrocarbon alcohol tracer compositions of the present invention methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol.
  • hydrocarbon amine tracer compositions of the present invention are methyl amine or ethyl amine,
  • a representative hydrocarbon mercaptan tracer composition of the present invention is ethyl mercaptan.
  • hydrocarbon ether tracer compositions of the present invention include dimethyl ether, ethyl methyl ether and diethyl ether.
  • hydrocarbon ketone tracer compositions of the present invention include propanone and butanone,
  • bromofluoroketone tracer compositions of the present invention are selected from the group consisting of
  • hydrocarbon aldehyde tracer compositions of the present invention are acetaldehyde or propionaldehyde.
  • Additional tracer compositions of the present invention include sulfur dioxide, and a nitrogen oxide selected from nitric oxide or nitrous oxide.
  • effective amount of tracer is meant an amount of at least one tracer component that when combined with refrigerants of the present will result in a detectable refrigerant-tracer mixture.
  • the effective amount of tracer is preferably sufficient to allow for accurate, reproducible, and optionally quantifiable detection of a refrigerant leak.
  • An effective amount of tracer is generally from about 0.001 to about 5 weight percent of tracer, and more preferably from about 0.01 to about 1 weight percent of tracer, based on the total weight of refrigerant and tracer.
  • the tracer of the present invention has a vapor pressure (neat) at 25° C. of generally from about 0.01 to about 500 times, preferably from about 1 to about 300 times, the vapor pressure at 25° C. of said refrigerant (neat).
  • Tracer is preferably selected for a given refrigerant such that it may be accurately and reproducibly detected in the presence of background gases using an appropriate means for detecting said tracer.
  • refrigerant and tracer form a low boiling (maximum pressure) azeotropic or azeotrope-like mixture.
  • a low boiling (maximum pressure) azeotropic or azeotrope-like mixture is preferred in the instance where refrigerant and an effective amount of tracer, under temperature and pressure conditions where a vessel containing said mixture is leaking, allow for accurate detection of a refrigerant leak, via detection of tracer.
  • Preferred refrigerants are the relatively low GWP compounds difluoromethane (HFC-32), 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a), propane, cyclopropane, propylene, n-butane, 2-methylpropane, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and dimethyl ether.
  • the tracers include ammonia, nitric oxide, 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) and dimethyl ether.
  • the refrigerant is 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a)
  • the tracer is preferably selected from at least one of ammonia, nitric oxide or dimethyl ether
  • the means for detecting tracer is preferably a chemo/electro-active array detector, corona discharge detector, heated electrochemical detector or heated diode detector.
  • the present invention also relates to a method of using the refrigerant composition of the present invention to detect its presence wherein said refrigerant is at least one member selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbon, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon ether, perfluorocarbon ether, hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and dimethyl ether, said method comprising providing a detector having a means for detecting said tracer in the vicinity of said refrigerant composition.
  • the method described herein may be used to detect leaks in a vapor compression refrigeration or air conditioning system or heat pump system.
  • the detection is carried out by a means for detecting said tracer, wherein in the absence of the tracer component would not be detectable, or at best difficult to detect, or unreliably detectable.
  • the means for detecting said tracer is selected from the group consisting of a chemo/electro-active array detector, corona discharge detector, heated diode detector, heated electrochemical detector, photoionization detector, infra red detector, ultrasonic detector and an electron capture detector.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for analyzing at least one gas component in the detectable refrigerant composition of the present invention, said method comprising: providing an array of at least two chemo/electro-active materials, each chemo/electro-active material exhibiting a different electrical response characteristic upon exposure to the individual gas component in said refrigerant than each other chemo/electro-active material; exposing said array to said refrigerant-composition; determining an electrical response of each chemo/electro-active material upon exposure of said array to said refrigerant; and analyzing the individual gas component from the electrical response values.
  • the method described herein optionally may further comprise determining a value for the temperature of said refrigerant composition independently of the determination of the electrical responses of the chemo/electro-active materials; optionally, digitizing the electrical responses and the temperature value, so as to permit calculation of a value from the digitized electrical responses and temperature value, and optionally, analyzing the gas component.
  • Suitable array detectors are described in U.S. patent application no. 09/977,791, filed Oct. 15, 2001, published US 2002-121,440 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/117,472, filed Apr. 5, 2002, both incorporated herein by reference.
  • Representative means for detecting tracer include a corona discharge detector as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,333,632, 4,609,875 and 4,488,118, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Representative means for detecting tracer include a heated diode detector as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,176, herein incorporated by reference.
  • Representative means for detecting tracer include a heated electrochemical sensor as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,400,260, herein incorporated by reference.
  • Representative means for detecting tracer include a photoionization detector as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,393,979, herein incorporated by reference.
  • Representative means for detecting tracer include an ultrasonic detector as disclosed in European patent publication EP 0 319 133 A2, herein incorporated by reference.
  • Representative means for detecting tracer include infra red detectors as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,528,792 and 6,373,056, both incorporated herein by reference.
  • Representative means for detecting tracer further include electron capture detectors.
  • the present invention involves a method for detecting refrigerant leaking from a vessel.
  • vessel any sealed vessel containing refrigerant, including but not limited to, lab and commercial scale cylinders, railroad and tractor-trailer tank cars, piping, and vapor compression refrigeration and air conditioning (AC) apparatus and associated piping and storage containers that may be found in stationary (e.g., home or commercial AC) or mobile (e.g., automobile, train, boat, airplane) installations.
  • stationary e.g., home or commercial AC
  • mobile e.g., automobile, train, boat, airplane
  • compositions of the present invention were prepared a suitable container. Comparative compositions that did not contain tracer compositions were also prepared. Compositions were then leaked in the vapor phase in the presence of a hand-held Ritchie Yellow Jacket® Accuprobe® heated electrochemical detector. The digital readout scale was 0 (for no detection) to 9 (for maximum detection). Results are shown below.
  • compositions of the present invention were prepared in a suitable container. Comparative compositions that did not contain tracer compositions were also prepared. Compositions were then leaked in the vapor phase in the presence of a hand-held TIF Instruments 5650 corona discharge halogen leak detector and the detector reading was recorded based on number of red lights illuminated. Results are shown below.
  • Detector Reading Composition (number of red lights) HFC-134a 2 HFC-134a/0.1 wt % trans- 4 1,2-dichloroethylene CO2 2 CO2/0.1 wt % HFC- 5 152a
  • the data show that addition of tracer improves the ability of the detector to detect an HFC-134a or CO 2 refrigerant leak.
  • compositions of the present were prepared in a suitable container. Comparative compositions that did not contain tracer compositions were also prepared. Compositions were then leaked in the vapor phase in the presence of a hand-held Ritchie Yellow Jacket® Accuprobe® heated electrochemical detector. The digital readout scale was 0 for no detection to 9 for maximum detection. Results are shown below.
  • compositions of the present were prepared in a suitable container. Comparative compositions that did not contain tracer compositions were also prepared. Compositions were then leaked in the vapor phase in the presence of a hand-held TIF Instruments 5650 corona discharge halogen leak detector and the detector reading was recorded based on number of red lights illuminated. Results are shown below.
  • Detector Reading Composition (number of red lights) HFC-152a 0 HFC-152a/0.03 wt % trans- 6 1,2-dichloroethylene HFC-152a/0.1% 6 HCFC-22 The data show that addition of tracer enables the detector to detect presence of an HFC-152a leak, whereas it was unable to detect the leak without tracer present.

Abstract

Disclosed herein are detectable refrigerant compositions, comprising from about 0.001 to about 5 weight percent tracer compositions, which are useful to identify leaking in a vapor compression refrigeration and/or air conditioning system. The presence of the tracers make the refrigerant compositions detectable by chemo/electro-active array, corona discharge, heated diode, electrochemical, photoionization, infra red, ultrasonic and electron capture detectors.

Description

    CROSS REFERENCE(S) TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)
  • This application claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 60/519,790, filed Nov. 13, 2003.
    • FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention relates to detectable refrigerant compositions having tracers that are useful in vapor compression refrigeration systems. The detectable tracers permit detection of the composition upon leaking.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • Certain highly fluorinated hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) for example, developed in the mid-1980s and commercialized in the early 1990s to replace ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants, are coming under increased regulatory pressure due to their relatively high global warming potential (GWP) and purported impact on global warming. Refrigeration and air conditioning industry solutions include designing essentially leak-free hydrofluorocarbon-based refrigeration systems, as well as possibly transitioning from higher GWP to lower GWP refrigerants, including certain hydrofluorocarbons (e.g., 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a)) and hydrocarbons as well as compounds such as carbon dioxide, ammonia, and dimethyl ether. These new solutions are accompanied by concerns related to leak-free designs, as well as concerns around flammability and toxicity of the lower GWP refrigerants. The industry needs to be able to detect and/or differentiate from background gases, and optionally quantify leaking refrigerants as it transitions to lower GWP refrigerants, preferably, doing so accurately, reproducibly and cost effectively.
  • For example, where the solution involves carbon dioxide used as a refrigerant, detection, differentiating from background (atmospheric) carbon dioxide concentration (which may vary, e.g., in a sealed space depending on occupant respiration, efficiency of combustion and emission control apparatus, etc.), and quantifying leaking carbon dioxide refrigerant is a difficult problem to solve with current apparatus and methods.
  • Also, where the solution involves 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a) as the working fluid in a sealed vehicle's air conditioning system, detection, differentiating from background 1,1-difluoroethane concentration (which may be separately present due to usage of HFC-152a as aerosol propellant and polymer foam blowing agent), and quantifying leaking 1,1-difluoroethane refrigerant is a difficult problem to solve with currently available apparatus and methods. Some current detectors are also less sensitive to hydrofluorocarbons and have more difficulty detecting HFC leaks than compounds containing chlorine.
  • The present invention, the use of the compositions of the present invention, and the method for detecting the compositions of the present invention meet the industry needs.
    • BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • Disclosed herein is a detectable refrigerant composition comprising: at least one refrigerant selected from the group consisting of: hydrofluorocarbon, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon ether, perfluorocarbon ether, hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and dimethyl ether, and an effective amount of a tracer wherein said tracer is different from said refrigerant.
  • Also disclosed is a method of using the refrigerant composition of the present invention to detect its presence wherein said refrigerant is at least one member selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbon, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon ether, perfluorocarbon ether, hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and dimethyl ether, said method comprising providing a detector having a means for detecting said tracer in the vicinity of said refrigerant composition.
  • A further disclosure is a method for analyzing at least one gas component in the detectable refrigerant composition of claim the present invention, said method comprising: providing an array of at least two chemo/electro-active materials, each chemo/electro-active material exhibiting a different electrical response characteristic upon exposure to the individual gas component in said refrigerant than each other chemo/electro-active material; exposing said array to said refrigerant-composition; determining an electrical response of each chemo/electro-active material upon exposure of said array to said refrigerant; and analyzing the individual gas component from the electrical response values.
  • Another disclosure is a detectable refrigerant composition, wherein said refrigerant is at least one member selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbon, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon ether, perfluorocarbon ether, hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and dimethyl ether, and an effective amount of a tracer, to produce a detectable refrigerant composition or to improve the detectability of refrigerant composition, wherein said refrigerant composition is in a vessel, exterior of said vessel having a means for detecting said tracer in said refrigerant-tracer combination.
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention relates in part to a detectable refrigerant composition comprising at least one refrigerant, and an effective amount of a tracer wherein said tracer is different from said refrigerant. Refrigerant of the present invention is preferred to have a normal boiling point of about 80° C. or less.
  • The refrigerant of the present invention is at least one refrigerant selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbon, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon ether, perfluorocarbon ether, hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and dimethyl ether.
  • Representative hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants include fluoromethane (HFC-41), difluoromethane (HFC-32), trifluoromethane (HFC-23), fluoroethane (HFC-161), 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134) and 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (HFC-125).
  • Representative hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerants include chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123), 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124) and 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b).
  • Representative perfluorocarbon refrigerants include tetrafluoromethane (PFC-14), hexafluoroethane (PFC-116), octafluoropropane (PFC-218) and decafluorobutane (PFC-31-10).
  • Representative hydrofluorocarbon ether refrigerants include CF3OCHF2 (HFE-125), CF3OCH3 (HFE-143a), CF3OCH2F (HFE-134a), CHF2OCHF2 (HFC-134), cyclo-(CF2CF2CF2O—) (HFE-c216), CF3CF2OCH3 (HFE-245cbEbg), CHF2OCHFCF3 (HFE-236eaEbg), CHF2CF2OCH3 (HFE-254cb2), C4F9OCH3 (HFE-7100) and C4F9OC2H5 (HFE-7200).
  • Representative perfluorocarbon ether refrigerants include CF3OCF3, CF3OC2F5, C2F5OC2F5 and CF3OCF(CF3)CF(CF3)OCF3.
  • Representative hydrocarbon refrigerants include methane, ethane, propane, cyclopropane, propylene, n-butane, cyclobutane, 2-methylpropane, methylcyclopropane, n-pentane, cyclopentane, 2-methylbutane, methylcyclobutane, 2,2-dimethylpropane and dimethylcyclopropane isomers.
  • Another aspect of the present invention is wherein said refrigerant composition is in a vessel, exterior of said vessel having either a mobile, transportable, hand-held or stationary means for detecting said tracer in said refrigerant-tracer combination.
  • In the composition of the present invention the tracer is at least one member selected from the group consisting of C1-5 hydrofluorocarbon, C1-2 hydrochlorofluorocarbon, C1-4 hydrochlorocarbon, C2-6 fluoroether, C1-5 hydrocarbon, C1-3 hydrocarbon alcohol, C1-3 hydrocarbon amine, C1-3 hydrocarbon mercaptan, C1-4 hydrocarbon ether, C3-4 hydrocarbon ketone, C3-4 bromofluoroketone, C2-4 hydrocarbon aldehyde, 1,1,1-trifluorotoluene, 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluorotoluene, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, ethanolamine, ammonia, perfluoromethyl iodide, and perfluoroethyl iodide.
  • Representative hydrofluorocarbon tracer compositions of the present invention include fluoromethane (HFC-41), difluoromethane (HFC-32), trifluoromethane (HFC-23), fluoroethane (HFC-161), 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134), 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236fa), 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea), and 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,-octafluorobutane (HFC-338 pcc).
  • Representative hydrochlorofluorocarbon tracer compositions of the present invention include chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123), 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124) and 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b).
  • Representative hydrochlorocarbon tracer compositions of the present invention include methyl chloride, methylene chloride, ethyl chloride, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, 1-propyl chloride and 2-propyl chloride.
  • Representative fluoroether tracer compositions of the present invention include CF3OCHF2 (HFE-125), CF3OCH3 (HFE-143a), CF3OCH2F (HFE-134a), CHF2OCHF2 (HFC-134), cyclo-(CF2CF2CF2O—) (HFE-c216), CF3CF2OCH3 (HFE-245cbEbg), CHF2OCHFCF3 (HFE-236eaEbg); C4F9OCH3 (HFE-7100) and C4F9OC2H5 (HFE-7200).
  • Representative hydrocarbon tracer compositions of the present invention include methane, ethane, propane, cyclopropane, propylene, n-butane, cyclobutane, 2-methylpropane, methylcyclopropane, n-pentane, cyclopentane, 2-methylbutane, methylcyclobutane, 2,2-dimethylpropane and dimethylcyclopropane isomers.
  • Representative hydrocarbon alcohol tracer compositions of the present invention methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol.
  • Representative hydrocarbon amine tracer compositions of the present invention are methyl amine or ethyl amine,
  • A representative hydrocarbon mercaptan tracer composition of the present invention is ethyl mercaptan.
  • Representative hydrocarbon ether tracer compositions of the present invention include dimethyl ether, ethyl methyl ether and diethyl ether.
  • Representative hydrocarbon ketone tracer compositions of the present invention include propanone and butanone,
  • Representative bromofluoroketone tracer compositions of the present invention are selected from the group consisting of
    • CF3C(O)CBrFCF2CF3;
    • CF3C(O)CF2CF2CBrF2;
    • CBrF2C(O)CF(CF3)2;
    • CF3C(O)CBr(CF3)2;
    • CBrF2CF2C(O)CF2CF3;
    • CF3CBrFC(O)CF2CF3;
    • CF3CBrFC(O)CF2CF2CF3;
    • CF3CF2C(O)CBrFCF2CF3;
    • CF3CF2C(O)CF2CF2CBrF2;
    • CF3C(O)CBr(CF3)CF2CF3;
    • CF3C(O)CF(CF3)CBrFCF3;
    • CF3C(O)CBrFCF2CF2CF2CF3;
    • CF3C(O)CF2CF2CF2CF2CBrF2;
    • CF3CBrFC(O)CF2CF2CF2CF3;
    • CF3CF2C(O)CBrFCF2CF2CF3;
    • CF3CF2C(O)CF2CF2CF2CBrF2;
    • CF3CF2CBrFC(O)CF2CF2CF3;
    • CBrF2CF2C(O)CF(CF3)CF2CF3;
    • CF3CBrFC(O)CF(CF3)CF2CF3;
    • CF3CF2C(O)CBr(CF3)CF2CF3;
    • CF3CF2C(O)CF(CBrF2)CF2CF3;
    • CBrF2CF2CF2C(O)CF(CF3)2;
    • CF3CF2CBrFC(O)CF(CF3)2;
    • CF3CF2CF2C(O)CBr(CF3)2;
    • (CF3)2CBrC(O)CF(CF3)2;
    • CF3CBrFCF2C(O)CF(CF3)2;
    • CHF2CF2C(O)CBr(CF3)2;
    • (CF3)2CHC(O)CBr(CF3)2;
    • CHF2CF2C(O)CBrFCF3;
    • (CF3)2CHC(O)CBrFCF3;
    • (CF3)2CHC(O)CBrF2;
    • CBrF2CF2C(O)CH(CF3)2;
    • CBrF2C(O)CF(CF3)OCF3;
    • CBrF2CF2C(O)CF(CF3)OCF3;
    • CBrF2CF2CF2C(O)CF(CF3)OCF3;
    • CBrF2C(O)CF(CF3)OC2F5;
    • CBrF2CF2C(O)CF(CF3)OC2F5;
    • CBrF2C(O)CF(CF3)OCF2C2F5;
    • CBrF2CF2C(O)CF(CF3)OCF2C2F5;
    • CBrF2C(O)CF(CF3)OCF(CF3)2;
    • CBrF2CF2C(O)CF(CF3)OCF(CF3)2;
    • CF3CBrFC(O)CF(CF3)OCF(CF3)2;
    • CF3CBrFC(O)CF(CF3)OCF3;
    • CF3CBrFC(O)CF(CF3)OC2F5;
    • CF3CBrFC(O)CF(CF3)OCF3;
    • (CF3)2CBrC(O)CF(CF3)OCF3;
    • CF3CBrFC(O)CF(CF3)OC2F5;
    • (CF3)2CBrC(O)CF(CF3)OC2F5;
    • CF3CBrFC(O)CF(CF3)OCF2C2F5;
    • CF3CBrFC(O)CF(CF3)OCF(CF3)2;
    • CBrF2C(O)CF(OCF2CHF2)CF3;
    • CBrF2C(O)CH(OCF2CHF2)CF3;
    • CBrF2C(O)CF(OCH3)CF3;
    • CBrF2C(O)CF(CF2OCH3)CF3;
    • CClF2CFBrC(O)CF2CF3;
    • CBrF2CFClC(O)CF2CF3;
    • CClF2CFBrC(O)CF(CF3)2;
    • CBrF2CFClC(O)CF(CF3)2;
    • CClF2CFBrC(O)CF(CF3)(C2F5);
    • CBrF2CFClC(O)CF(CF3)(C2F5);
    • CClF2C(O)CBr(CF3)2;
    • CClF2CF2C(O)CBr(CF3)2;
    • CF3CClFC(O)CBr(CF3)2;
    • CClF2C(O)CBrFCF3;
    • CClF2CF2(O)CCBrFCF3;
    • CF3CClFC(O)CBrFCF3;
    • CBrF2C(O)CCl(CF3)2;
    • CBrF2CF2C(O)CCl(CF3)2;
    • CBrF2C(O)CClFCF3; and
    • CBrF2CF2C(O)CClFCF3.
  • Representative hydrocarbon aldehyde tracer compositions of the present invention are acetaldehyde or propionaldehyde.
  • Additional tracer compositions of the present invention include sulfur dioxide, and a nitrogen oxide selected from nitric oxide or nitrous oxide.
  • By effective amount of tracer is meant an amount of at least one tracer component that when combined with refrigerants of the present will result in a detectable refrigerant-tracer mixture. The effective amount of tracer is preferably sufficient to allow for accurate, reproducible, and optionally quantifiable detection of a refrigerant leak. An effective amount of tracer is generally from about 0.001 to about 5 weight percent of tracer, and more preferably from about 0.01 to about 1 weight percent of tracer, based on the total weight of refrigerant and tracer.
  • The tracer of the present invention has a vapor pressure (neat) at 25° C. of generally from about 0.01 to about 500 times, preferably from about 1 to about 300 times, the vapor pressure at 25° C. of said refrigerant (neat). Tracer is preferably selected for a given refrigerant such that it may be accurately and reproducibly detected in the presence of background gases using an appropriate means for detecting said tracer.
  • It is acceptable if refrigerant and tracer form a low boiling (maximum pressure) azeotropic or azeotrope-like mixture. Such a mixture is preferred in the instance where refrigerant and an effective amount of tracer, under temperature and pressure conditions where a vessel containing said mixture is leaking, allow for accurate detection of a refrigerant leak, via detection of tracer. Preferred refrigerants are the relatively low GWP compounds difluoromethane (HFC-32), 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a), propane, cyclopropane, propylene, n-butane, 2-methylpropane, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and dimethyl ether. Preferred amongst the tracers include ammonia, nitric oxide, 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) and dimethyl ether. Where the refrigerant is 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a), the tracer is preferably selected from at least one of ammonia, nitric oxide or dimethyl ether, and the means for detecting tracer is preferably a chemo/electro-active array detector, corona discharge detector, heated electrochemical detector or heated diode detector.
  • The present invention also relates to a method of using the refrigerant composition of the present invention to detect its presence wherein said refrigerant is at least one member selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbon, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon ether, perfluorocarbon ether, hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and dimethyl ether, said method comprising providing a detector having a means for detecting said tracer in the vicinity of said refrigerant composition.
  • The method described herein may be used to detect leaks in a vapor compression refrigeration or air conditioning system or heat pump system. The detection is carried out by a means for detecting said tracer, wherein in the absence of the tracer component would not be detectable, or at best difficult to detect, or unreliably detectable.
  • In the method disclosed herein, the means for detecting said tracer is selected from the group consisting of a chemo/electro-active array detector, corona discharge detector, heated diode detector, heated electrochemical detector, photoionization detector, infra red detector, ultrasonic detector and an electron capture detector.
  • The present invention also relates to a method for analyzing at least one gas component in the detectable refrigerant composition of the present invention, said method comprising: providing an array of at least two chemo/electro-active materials, each chemo/electro-active material exhibiting a different electrical response characteristic upon exposure to the individual gas component in said refrigerant than each other chemo/electro-active material; exposing said array to said refrigerant-composition; determining an electrical response of each chemo/electro-active material upon exposure of said array to said refrigerant; and analyzing the individual gas component from the electrical response values.
  • The method described herein optionally may further comprise determining a value for the temperature of said refrigerant composition independently of the determination of the electrical responses of the chemo/electro-active materials; optionally, digitizing the electrical responses and the temperature value, so as to permit calculation of a value from the digitized electrical responses and temperature value, and optionally, analyzing the gas component.
  • Suitable array detectors are described in U.S. patent application no. 09/977,791, filed Oct. 15, 2001, published US 2002-121,440 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/117,472, filed Apr. 5, 2002, both incorporated herein by reference.
  • Representative means for detecting tracer include a corona discharge detector as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,333,632, 4,609,875 and 4,488,118, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Representative means for detecting tracer include a heated diode detector as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,176, herein incorporated by reference.
  • Representative means for detecting tracer include a heated electrochemical sensor as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,400,260, herein incorporated by reference.
  • Representative means for detecting tracer include a photoionization detector as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,393,979, herein incorporated by reference.
  • Representative means for detecting tracer include an ultrasonic detector as disclosed in European patent publication EP 0 319 133 A2, herein incorporated by reference.
  • Representative means for detecting tracer include infra red detectors as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,528,792 and 6,373,056, both incorporated herein by reference.
  • Representative means for detecting tracer further include electron capture detectors.
  • The present invention involves a method for detecting refrigerant leaking from a vessel. By vessel is meant any sealed vessel containing refrigerant, including but not limited to, lab and commercial scale cylinders, railroad and tractor-trailer tank cars, piping, and vapor compression refrigeration and air conditioning (AC) apparatus and associated piping and storage containers that may be found in stationary (e.g., home or commercial AC) or mobile (e.g., automobile, train, boat, airplane) installations.
    • EXAMPLES Example 1
  • Compositions of the present invention were prepared a suitable container. Comparative compositions that did not contain tracer compositions were also prepared. Compositions were then leaked in the vapor phase in the presence of a hand-held Ritchie Yellow Jacket® Accuprobe® heated electrochemical detector. The digital readout scale was 0 (for no detection) to 9 (for maximum detection). Results are shown below.
  • Detector Digital
    Composition Reading
    CO2 0
    CO2/0.05 wt % trans- 8
    1,2-dichloroethylene
    CO2/0.1 wt % HFC- 5
    152a

    The data show that addition of tracer enables the detector to detect a CO2 leak, whereas it was unable to detect the leak without tracer present.
    • Example 2
  • Compositions of the present invention were prepared in a suitable container. Comparative compositions that did not contain tracer compositions were also prepared. Compositions were then leaked in the vapor phase in the presence of a hand-held TIF Instruments 5650 corona discharge halogen leak detector and the detector reading was recorded based on number of red lights illuminated. Results are shown below.
  • Detector Reading
    Composition (number of red lights)
    HFC-134a 2
    HFC-134a/0.1 wt % trans- 4
    1,2-dichloroethylene
    CO2 2
    CO2/0.1 wt % HFC- 5
    152a

    The data show that addition of tracer improves the ability of the detector to detect an HFC-134a or CO2refrigerant leak.
    • Example 3
  • Compositions of the present were prepared in a suitable container. Comparative compositions that did not contain tracer compositions were also prepared. Compositions were then leaked in the vapor phase in the presence of a hand-held Ritchie Yellow Jacket® Accuprobe® heated electrochemical detector. The digital readout scale was 0 for no detection to 9 for maximum detection. Results are shown below.
  • Detector Digital
    Composition Reading
    HFC-152a 1
    HFC-152a/0.03 wt % trans- 4
    1,2-dichloroethylene
    HFC-152a/0.1 wt % 4
    HCFC-22

    The data show that addition of tracer improves the ability of the detector to detect an HFC-152a refrigerant leak.
    • Example 4
  • Compositions of the present were prepared in a suitable container. Comparative compositions that did not contain tracer compositions were also prepared. Compositions were then leaked in the vapor phase in the presence of a hand-held TIF Instruments 5650 corona discharge halogen leak detector and the detector reading was recorded based on number of red lights illuminated. Results are shown below.
  • Detector Reading
    Composition (number of red lights)
    HFC-152a 0
    HFC-152a/0.03 wt % trans- 6
    1,2-dichloroethylene
    HFC-152a/0.1% 6
    HCFC-22

    The data show that addition of tracer enables the detector to detect presence of an HFC-152a leak, whereas it was unable to detect the leak without tracer present.

Claims (14)

1-16. (canceled)
17. A detectable refrigerant composition comprising:
(a) at least one hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant: and
(b) an effective amount of a tracer wherein said tracer comprises at least one C1-4 hydrochlorocarbon.
18. The composition of claim 17 wherein said hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant comprises at least one refrigerant selected from
fluoromethane (HFC-41),
difluoromethane (HFC-32),
trifluoromethane (HFC-23),
fluoroethane (HFC-161),
1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a),
1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a),
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a),
1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134),
or 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (HFC-125).
19. The composition of claim 17, wherein said C1-4 hydrochlorocarbon is selected from trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, ethyl chloride, 1-propyl chloride or 2-propyl chloride.
20. The composition of claim 17 wherein the composition comprises from about 0.001 to about 5 weight percent of tracer, based on the total weight of said refrigerant and said tracer.
21. The composition of claim 17 wherein the composition comprises from about 0.01 to about 1 weight percent of tracer, based on the total weight of said refrigerant and said tracer.
22. The composition of claim 17 wherein said tracer has a vapor pressure at 25° C. of from about 0.01 to about 500 times the vapor pressure at 25° C. of said refrigerant.
23. The composition of claim 17 wherein said tracer has a vapor pressure at 25° C. of from about 1 to about 300 times the vapor pressure at 25° C. of said refrigerant.
24. A method for analyzing at least one gas component of the detectable refrigerant composition of claim 17 comprising:
providing a detector for detecting the refrigerant composition, wherein said detector is selected from the group consisting of a chemo/electro-active array detector, corona discharge detector, heated diode detector, heated electrochemical detector, photoionization detector, infra red detector, ultrasonic detector and an electron capture detector.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein said detector for detecting is selected from the group consisting of a corona discharge detector and a heated electrochemical detector.
26. The method of claim 24, wherein said chemo/electro-active array detector comprises an array of at least two chemo/electro-active materials, each chemo/electro-active material exhibiting a different electrical response characteristic upon exposure to at least one individual gas component in said refrigerant composition than each other chemo/electro-active material.
27. The method of claim 26, further comprising:
(i) exposing said array to said refrigerant composition;
(ii) determining an electrical response of each chemo/electro-active material upon exposure of said array to said refrigerant; and
(iii) analyzing the individual gas component from the electrical response values.
28. The method of claim 27, further comprising:
optionally, determining a value for the temperature of said refrigerant composition independently of the determination of the electrical responses of the chemo/electro-active materials; and
optionally, digitizing the electrical responses and the temperature value, so as to permit calculation of a value from the digitized electrical responses and temperature value; and
optionally, analyzing the gas component.
29. The method of claim 24, wherein said method is used to detect leaks in a vapor compression refrigeration or air conditioning system, or heat pump system.
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