US20110123275A1 - Floating Buildings - Google Patents
Floating Buildings Download PDFInfo
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- US20110123275A1 US20110123275A1 US12/991,774 US99177409A US2011123275A1 US 20110123275 A1 US20110123275 A1 US 20110123275A1 US 99177409 A US99177409 A US 99177409A US 2011123275 A1 US2011123275 A1 US 2011123275A1
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- basement
- units
- slab
- base
- floating base
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B35/00—Vessels or similar floating structures specially adapted for specific purposes and not otherwise provided for
- B63B35/44—Floating buildings, stores, drilling platforms, or workshops, e.g. carrying water-oil separating devices
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B35/00—Vessels or similar floating structures specially adapted for specific purposes and not otherwise provided for
- B63B35/44—Floating buildings, stores, drilling platforms, or workshops, e.g. carrying water-oil separating devices
- B63B2035/4426—Stationary floating buildings for human use, e.g. floating dwellings or floating restaurants
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
- Y02B10/30—Wind power
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/70—Wind energy
- Y02E10/727—Offshore wind turbines
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
- Underground Structures, Protecting, Testing And Restoring Foundations (AREA)
Abstract
A floating base (22) for a building, the base (22) comprising at least one buoyant basement unit (30) defining a basement level, and a reinforced concrete transfer slab (32) atop the or each basement unit (30). The basement level provides habitable or functional space for the building, and the transfer slab (32) has at least one access opening giving access to the basement level. Preferably, the base comprises at least two buoyant basement units, wherein each of the basement units is independently buoyant for assembly with at least one other basement unit during construction of the base, said basement units thereby assuming a final position in which said units are closely adjacent or in contact to define a basement level comprising two or more of said units. The invention also extends to a method for constructing a floating base for a building, and a method for launching a buoyant basement unit.
Description
- The present invention relates to floating buildings. In particular, but not exclusively, the invention relates to a buoyant basement structure for a floating building, and a method for constructing such a structure.
- In modern urban environments, the development and construction of large buildings for residential, commercial, leisure or industrial use can often be beset with problems.
- For example, suitable land for development can be difficult to find. In many cities, large pieces of development land seldom become available, which can restrict the choice of location. However, particularly for commercial developments such as hotels, location is an extremely important factor. Even if a suitably-sized site in an appropriate location can be identified, the cost of the land may be prohibitively high.
- In most cases, a site will have been developed previously. Consequently, existing buildings on the land may need to be demolished, and existing services and underground structures (such as drainage pipes, sewers, service ducts, electricity and gas supplies) may need to be preserved or re-routed.
- The above problems have led to the use of bodies of water as development sites. Often, cities are located adjacent to rivers, lakes, or the sea. In many of these cities, the area close to the waterline or shoreline has become highly desirable and attractive, particularly for high-value commercial or residential development. Former port areas such as docks may be particularly valued.
- One approach to building on bodies of water is to re-claim land. In other words, an area of water is converted to land by drainage, infilling or other means, and the land is subsequently built upon. However, land reclamation is expensive, permanent, and dramatically alters the environment. In particular, land reclamation may remove particularly attractive waterfront. Consequently, land reclamation is not suitable for many developments.
- An alternative approach is to build on raised decks or platforms supported on structures which are anchored or set in to the river, lake or sea bed. Examples include buildings constructed on piers, and homes built on stilt-like pillars. In these cases, the platform, and hence the base of the building, must be relatively high above the mean waterline, so as to ensure that the building remains above the water. As a result, a part of the anchoring and supporting structure is often visible beneath the building, which can be unsightly. Furthermore, the weight of the building is limited to that which can be borne by the supporting structure.
- A still further approach is to design or adapt a boat or similar vessel for commercial or residential development. Such vessels are usually semi-permanently moored in a suitable location adjacent to land, and access and services are connected to the vessel from the shore, river bank or quayside. Examples include houseboats, prison ships, and the adaptation of cruise ships or other vessels for use as floating hotels or entertainment venues.
- Such vessels are, however, inflexible in many ways. For example, the internal architecture of an adapted vessel may be difficult or costly to change, so that the layout of the development is compromised compared to a new-build development. Similarly, the external appearance of the vessel usually remains identifiable as a boat or ship, which will be inappropriate for many developments. Furthermore, the size and weight of the development is dictated by the underlying vessel and is therefore subject to the engineering constraints of boat-building rather than land-based construction. This can restrict the permissible size of vessel-based developments, as can the difficulty of fitting or manoeuvring a large vessel in a confined space.
- Floating or floatable buildings, which are not based on vessels, are also known. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,199,502 describes the use of connectable concrete flotation modules with polystyrene cores to create a floating pontoon on which structures can be supported. The flotation modules are designed to be transportable by land vehicles, so that a large number of modules are required to create a floating platform of modest size, and the weight that can be supported by the platform is limited.
- In other examples, houses and other buildings which are built on areas susceptible to flooding may include buoyant elements which serve to lift the building when the water level rises. In this way, flooding of the building is avoided. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 5,647,693 describes a floatable building having a watertight concrete basement of unitary construction which provides buoyancy in the event that the site of the building is flooded. As in a conventional building with a basement, the walls of the basement structure support the floor joists and walls of the building above. This limits design freedom and compromises access to the basement. The basement is constructed at the site of the building, and remains in place after construction until floodwater raises the building.
- According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a floating base for a building, the base comprising at least one buoyant basement unit defining a basement level, and a reinforced concrete transfer slab atop the or each basement unit. The basement level provides habitable or functional space for the building, and the transfer slab has at least one access opening giving access to the basement level.
- In one embodiment, the floating base comprises at least two buoyant basement units, wherein each of the basement units is independently buoyant for assembly with at least one other basement unit during construction of the base, said basement units thereby assuming a final position in which said units are closely adjacent or in contact to define a basement level comprising two or more of said units.
- In this way, the basement level advantageously provides accessible and usable space, which may be enhanced by windows for light and ventilation. Furthermore, by virtue of the modular construction of the base, large floating buildings with accessible space in the base can be readily constructed.
- In one embodiment, the floating base comprises a plurality of ties, each tie extending partly within the transfer slab. The ties may be connected to the reinforcement of the transfer slab.
- Preferably, the ties extend from one or more basement units into the transfer slab, so as to securely connect the transfer slab to the or each basement unit. The ties may, for example, be cast into one or more basement units during construction of said units, or may be bolted or otherwise affixed to the or each basement unit.
- Optionally, the ties may extend from the transfer slab into one or more basement units. In this case, the ties may be inserted into holes drilled in one or more basement units, and the ties may be retained in the holes by an adhesive filler, such as a resin grout or mortar.
- Where a part of a tie extends within a basement unit, that part of the tie is approximately 400 mm to 750 mm in length. Preferably, the ties comprise reinforcing bars.
- The transfer slab preferably comprises a lightweight reinforced concrete slab. For example, the transfer slab may include an array of voids, optionally formed by an array of void formers. In this way, the mass of the floating base can be kept to a minimum, and the centre of gravity can be low in the base so as to provide stability to the base.
- Advantageously, the transfer slab comprises a plurality of slab elements. One or more of the slab elements may lie atop one or more basement units. For example, a group of two or more slab elements may lie atop one or more basement units.
- Two or more of the slab elements may be adjacent to one another to define a junction therebetween. The slab elements may be connected across the junction by reinforced concrete. When two or more basement units are provided, the junction is optionally positioned where two adjacent or contacting basement units are at their closest.
- Junction reinforcement may be provided to reinforce the junction between the slab elements. In one embodiment, the junction reinforcement comprises horizontal reinforcing bars which span the junction between the slab elements. The horizontal reinforcing bars may extend into each of the adjacent slab elements. The horizontal reinforcing bars, when provided, preferably extend at least 900 mm into each of the adjacent slab elements. The junction reinforcement may, alternatively or in addition, comprise reinforcing bars which extend in planes parallel to the junction between the slab elements. The junction reinforcement is preferably connected to the reinforcement of one or both of the adjacent slab elements.
- In some embodiments of the invention, at least two basement units are adjacent to one another and a gap is defined therebetween. The adjacent basement units may be connected across the gap by connection means, such as a plurality of connection members attached to the adjacent basement units. The connection members may be arranged in a frame comprising at least two vertically-spaced horizontal members which span the gap between the adjacent basement units. The frame may further comprise two or more vertically-extending brackets for attachment to the respective adjacent basement units. The frame may be attached to the basement units with bolts which extend into walls of the basement units.
- When a gap between basement units is present, the gap is preferably at least approximately 300 mm wide. Conveniently, the gap may define a passage for access to the adjacent basement units and the transfer slab. For example, the gap may provide access for divers for inspection, repair or maintenance of the base. Preferably, the gap is approximately 600 mm wide to allow sufficient space for access.
- When the transfer slab comprises a plurality of slab elements, one or more of the slab elements may overhang the gap between the adjacent basement units. For example, two slab elements which lie atop the two respective adjacent basement units may meet above the gap. At least one slab element may lie atop both adjacent basement units and extends across the gap.
- In some embodiments of the invention, at least two basement units may be in contact. The contacting basement units may be connected to one another by connection means, for example one or more connection members which extend through adjacent walls of the contacting basement units. The connection members may comprise threaded bars and associated nuts which clamp the contacting basement units together.
- One or more basement units may include one or more window openings for receiving windows, for example to provide natural light and/or ventilation to the basement level. When windows are provided, the transfer slab may conveniently form a lintel above the or each window opening, so that no additional lintel is required. The or each window opening may be at least 200 mm above the water line in use of the base.
- The floating base may comprise a breakwater attached to the exterior of one or more basement units. Preferably, the breakwater is located just above the waterline in use of the base. In one arrangement, the breakwater forms a walkway around a part or all of the base.
- The floating base may comprise guide means for preventing horizontal movement of the base. The guide means may comprise locating means which are fixed relative to the body of water, and engagement means arranged to engage with the locating means. The engagement means may, for example, comprise rollers arranged in rolling contact with the locating means, or sliders arranged in sliding contact with the locating means.
- The locating means may comprise piles set into the bed of the body of water in which the base floats, and conveniently the piles house apparatus for extracting heat from the bed of the body of water for supply to the building, such as ground source heating apparatus.
- The basement units are preferably reinforced concrete which, advantageously, is approximately 300 mm thick. However, it is conceivable that the basement units could be formed of other materials, such as steel.
- Preferably, the or each basement unit comprises a floor and upstanding walls to define rooms in the basement level. Optionally, the floor is generally rectangular in plan, so that the rooms may be generally cuboidal.
- One or more basement units may comprise insulating means to insulate rooms of the basement level. The insulation may be carried on internal surfaces of the walls. Plasterboard or similar finishing materials can, if desired, be affixed to internal surfaces of the walls of the basement level.
- When of reinforced concrete construction, the walls of a basement unit can be made by casting concrete into a formwork mould which defines the shape of the wall. Typically, the formwork comprises plywood shuttering supported on scaffolding. However, in another embodiment, one or more of the walls comprises parallel wall panels spaced from one another to define a core region of the wall. Advantageously, the wall panels comprise pre-cast concrete panels, which can conveniently be manufactured off-site. In this way, the requirement to use formwork to define the shape of the walls can be reduced or eliminated and the time required for constructing the basement units on site is reduced. The core region of the wall is preferably filled with reinforced concrete to provide the necessary strength, although it is conceivable that a lightweight filling material could be used in some applications.
- The floating base is particularly advantageous in providing a load-bearing platform to support the weight of a superstructure atop the base. Accordingly, in a second aspect, the invention extends to a floating building comprising a floating base in accordance with the first aspect of the invention, and a superstructure atop the floating base. The transfer slab provides a load-bearing platform to distribute the weight of the superstructure across the or each basement unit.
- The floating building may comprise anchoring means to anchor the superstructure to the transfer slab. The anchoring means may, for example, comprise bolts set in to the transfer slab.
- The floating base provides a mechanically uniform platform upon which a superstructure of substantially any design and construction can be built. The weight of the superstructure is distributed across the base by the transfer slab, so there need be no correspondence between the position of the load-bearing parts of the superstructure and the position of features within the basement structure. Thus, the present invention offers a flexible and adaptable way of constructing floating buildings.
- Accordingly, the superstructure may be positioned centrally on the transfer slab, or alternatively the superstructure may be positioned off-centre with respect to the transfer slab. In either case, the superstructure may have walls or columns that are misaligned with walls of the basement units.
- The floating building may further comprise ballast means arranged so that the transfer slab is substantially horizontal. In this way, if the mass of the superstructure is positioned off-centre with respect to the transfer slab, the floating building can be arranged to be level. The ballast means may, for example, comprise ballast weights housed within the superstructure or the floating base or, when two or more basement units are provided, one or more of the basement units may have a large mass relative to the remainder of the basement units to provide the ballast means.
- As well as providing support for the superstructure, the transfer slab can act as a fire barrier. Thus, if a fire were to break out in the basement level, unlike an open-framed load bearing structure, the transfer slab would act to slow passage of fire up into the superstructure. Consequently, the basement level can be arranged to house plant for the building, such as equipment associated with electricity generation, metering or distribution, gas supply, water treatment, waste processing and so on.
- According to a third aspect of the invention, a method is provided for constructing a floating base for a building. The method comprises assembling, in a body of water, one or more buoyant basement units to define a basement level, said basement level being capable of providing habitable or functional space for a building to be constructed on the base, and casting a reinforced concrete transfer slab across the tops of the or each basement unit while maintaining access to the basement level through the transfer slab.
- Advantageously, the method further comprises arranging reinforcing means across the tops of the basement units, and casting the transfer slab so as to incorporate the reinforcing means.
- A preferred expression of the method comprises assembling, in the body of water, at least two independently-buoyant basement units closely adjacent to or in contact with one another to define a basement level comprising two or more of said units. By virtue of this method, large floating bases can be constructed for substantially any size of building.
- Conveniently, the method comprises arranging the reinforcing means by placing slab elements having a matrix of reinforcing bars across the top of the or each basement unit.
- The transfer slab may be cast so as to incorporate reinforcing means extending from the or each basement unit. The reinforcing means of the transfer slab may be connected to the reinforcing means extending from the or each basement unit. Each slab element may comprise a slab base having cut-outs for accepting the reinforcing means extending from the or each basement unit during placing of the slab elements, in which case the slab base is preferably pre-cast before construction of the building, and the cut-outs are optionally formed during manufacture of the slab element.
- The method may comprise inserting reinforcing bars into the or each basement unit through the slab elements, and may further comprise forming holes in the or each basement unit for insertion of the reinforcing bars. Each slab element may comprise a slab base and the method may further comprise forming holes in the slab base for insertion of the reinforcing bars.
- The holes may be formed after the slab elements are placed across the top of the or each basement unit. Preferably, the reinforcing bars are inserted in the basement units to a depth of at least 300 mm. The reinforcing bars may be fixed in the holes using an adhesive filler. If the slab elements include an array of void formers, the method may further comprise removing one or more void formers for insertion of the reinforcing bars.
- In these ways, the transfer slab can be solidly connected to the or each basement unit by way of internal reinforcing bars. In other words, the floating base can, if desired, be made as a unitary reinforced concrete structure to provide strength and stability.
- The method may further comprise placing additional reinforcing means in a junction between two adjacent slab elements, in which case the additional reinforcing means are preferably connected to the reinforcing bars of the slab elements.
- Where two or more basement units are assembled in the body of water, the method may comprise connecting the basement units to one another before casting the transfer slab. For example, the method may include arranging connection members to connect the basement units, such as bolting the connection members to the basement units, and/or inserting the connection members into the basement units.
- The method may comprising arranging panels in a parallel spaced-apart configuration to construct walls of a basement unit. Optionally, the method further comprises filling the space between the panels with concrete.
- It will be appreciated that the floating base and, correspondingly, the basement units can be large in size and weight. The method described above advantageously allows for a modular construction of the base, so that a large base can be constructed from a number of smaller basement units, sized appropriately for manufacturing and transportation. However, it is desirable to provide a method for launching large basement units.
- Accordingly, in a fourth aspect of the present invention, a method for launching a buoyant basement unit is provided. The method comprises constructing the basement unit on a supporting surface above a plurality of liftable support members, lifting the support members against the basement unit by means of the support members, lifting the basement unit from the supporting surface to an extent sufficient for the basement unit to be moved across the supporting surface, and moving the basement unit on the support members to float in a body of water.
- Preferably, the support members are rollers, which optionally rotate around roller axes arranged generally parallel to one another and perpendicular to the direction of movement of the basement unit. In this way, the roller axes may define a path from the surface to the body of water. Accordingly, the roller axes preferably lie generally parallel to the periphery of the body of water. The support members may also, or alternatively, be sliders.
- The support members may be lifted by hydraulic or pneumatic means. For example, the method may comprise lifting the support members by inflating air jacks. The basement unit may be lifted clear of the supporting surface.
- The method may comprise moving the basement unit using a water craft or a land vehicle. Preferably, however, the method comprises using both a water craft and a land vehicle in a coordinated manner to move the basement unit. The method may include towing the floating basement unit to a construction site after launching.
- Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which like reference signs are used for like features and in which:
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FIG. 1( a) is a front elevation of a building according to an embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 1( b) is a side elevation of the building ofFIG. 1( a); -
FIG. 1( c) is a cross-sectional view of the building ofFIGS. 1( a) and 1(b); -
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of another building according to the invention; -
FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of part of the building ofFIG. 2 , showing basement units and a transfer slab; -
FIG. 4 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of part of the building ofFIG. 2 , showing details of the basement units, transfer slab and anchoring arrangement; -
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing, in part, a window unit mounted between a basement unit and a transfer slab in a fourth embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 6 is a more detailed cross-sectional view showing the window unit ofFIG. 5 , together with part of a superstructure of the building atop the transfer slab; -
FIGS. 7( a) to 7(e) are schematic cross-sectional diagrams showing steps in a method of launching basement units suitable for use in the present invention; -
FIGS. 8( a) and 8(b) are schematic cross-sectional diagrams showing apparatus used in the launching method ofFIGS. 7( a) to 7(e) in more detail; -
FIG. 9 is a perspective diagram showing the method ofFIGS. 7( a) to 7(e); -
FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view showing connections between abutting basement units; -
FIG. 11 is a plan view of four basement units arranged in a non-abutting configuration; -
FIG. 12 is a vertical sectional view of a connecting element mounted on the four basement units ofFIG. 11 ; -
FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view from above of the mounted connecting element ofFIG. 12 ; -
FIG. 14( a) is a side sectional view of parts of two transfer slab elements mounted, in a first arrangement, on non-abutting basement units; -
FIG. 14( b) is a perspective view showing one of the transfer slab elements ofFIG. 14( a) being mounted onto a basement unit; -
FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view showing transfer slab elements mounted, in a second arrangement, on abutting basement units; -
FIG. 16( a) is a side sectional view of parts of two transfer slab elements mounted, in a third arrangement, on non-abutting basement units; -
FIG. 16( b) is a perspective view showing one of the transfer slab elements ofFIG. 16( a) being mounted onto a basement unit; -
FIG. 17 is a plan view showing transfer slab elements in place on the basement units ofFIG. 11 ; -
FIG. 18 is a side sectional view of part of a basement unit for use in another embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 19( a),FIG. 19( b) andFIG. 19( c) are side, end and plan views respectively of panels for use in the wall of a basement unit of the type shown inFIG. 18 ; -
FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view from above of part of a wall of a basement unit of the type shown inFIG. 18 ; -
FIG. 21 is a detail cross-sectional view from above of a connecting element mounted on a corner of a basement unit of the type shown inFIG. 18 ; and -
FIG. 22 is a side sectional view of part of a transfer slab mounted on two non-abutting basement units of the type shown inFIG. 18 . -
FIGS. 1( a) to 1(c) show a building according to the present invention. The building comprises, in broad terms, asuperstructure 20 which is built atop abuoyant basement structure 22 which floats in a body ofwater 24, such as river, dock, harbour, lake, sea and so on. Thebuoyant basement structure 22 therefore provides a floating base upon which thesuperstructure 20 is constructed and supported. Thebasement structure 22 is shown partially submerged in water inFIGS. 1( a) to 1(c). - In this example, the building is arranged to provide hotel facilities, including bedrooms, bathrooms, communal areas such as leisure facilities and restaurants, and service areas such as kitchens, laundries and plant rooms. Additionally, access routes between the various rooms and spaces are provided.
- Although the example of a floating hotel will be used throughout the remainder of this description, it will be appreciated that such a building could be used for substantially any function, such as residential accommodation, offices, shops, storage, industry and so on, and that the building could house a number of different functions.
- In the present example, the
superstructure 20 contains a majority of the rooms, access routes and other areas. However, some of the rooms are accommodated within thebasement structure 22. At least part of thebasement structure 22 therefore provides an accessible, habitable space that is useful for a function other than mere void space or providing buoyancy. For example, thebasement structure 22 may house offices, plant rooms and storage rooms. -
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of another building according to the invention. The building comprises abuoyant basement structure 22 floating in a body ofwater 24, and asuperstructure 20 which is built upon thebasement structure 22. In this embodiment, the building is located in a body ofwater 24 adjacent to aquay 26. The building is accessed via one or more ramps orbridges 28 which extend from thequay 26 to the building. - Referring additionally to
FIG. 3 , thebuoyant basement structure 22 comprises a plurality ofbasement units 30 and atransfer slab 32 atop thebasement units 30. Eachbasement unit 30 comprises arectangular floor section 34 and four rectangularupstanding walls 36, forming an open-topped box structure. Eachbasement unit 30 therefore defines, in part, abasement space 38. Each of thebasement units 30 is of unitary construction and is made from reinforced concrete. By virtue of their unitary construction, the basement units are resistant to leakage, so that thebasement space 38 is watertight. The thickness of concrete forming thewalls 36 andfloors 34 of thebasement units 30 is, in this example, approximately 300 mm. - When the
basement units 30 are placed into thewater 24, the weight of thebasement unit 30 is balanced by buoyancy forces due to the displaced water. Consequently, thebasement units 30 float in water, and a portion of eachsemi-submerged basement unit 30 remains exposed above the water line (labelled ‘W’ inFIG. 2 ). - Each
basement unit 30 is designed so that the top faces 40 of thebasement units 30 all lie in the same plane at a desired height above the water line. Additional ballast weight (not shown) may be added to some or all of thebasement units 30 to achieve the correct height of exposure above the water line. - As shown in
FIG. 3 , thebasement structure 22 further comprises atransfer slab 32 which spans across the open tops 40 of thebasement units 30. The bottom face of the transfer slab rests upon and is attached to the tops of theside walls 36 of each of thebasement units 30, as will be described in more detail later. In this way, thetransfer slab 32 closes the open tops of thebasement units 30 to enclose each of thebasement spaces 38. -
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a structure similar to that shown inFIG. 2 , showing thebasement structure 22 in more detail, with thetransfer slab 32 in position and spanning across the top faces 40 of thebasement units 30. - The
transfer slab 32 is a lightweight reinforced concrete slab, for example of the type marketed under the registered trade mark BubbleDeck. Theslab 32 contains a plurality ofvoid formers 42, in the form of hollow plastic spheres, arrayed within a lattice of reinforcing bars (not shown inFIG. 4 ). The reinforcing bars andvoid formers 42 are set within a concrete matrix. - The
transfer slab 32 is permanently attached to each of thebasement units 30. The connections between abasement unit 30 and thetransfer slab 32 consist of reinforcingbars 44 which extend upwardly from theside walls 36 of the basement unit and into thetransfer slab 32. Furthermore, the concrete of thetransfer slab 32 is cast directly onto the top faces 40 of thebasement units 30 to form the connections. In this way, thetransfer slab 32 and thebasement units 30 can be considered as a continuous reinforced concrete basement structure. - To afford access to the
basement spaces 38, openings (not shown inFIG. 4 ) are provided in thetransfer slab 32. Staircases (not shown inFIG. 4 ) to thebasement spaces 38 can be routed through these access openings. Other access means, such as escalators and elevators, may also be provided through the access openings. Additional openings may be provided to allow services such as water, gas and electricity supplies into the basement units, as well as drainage pipes. - As shown in
FIGS. 2 and 4 , thebasement structure 22, and hence the building, is held in position in the body ofwater 24 by a number of locating piles 46. In this example, each locatingpile 46 consists of a 600 mm diameter hollow steel pile, which is driven into the bed 27 of the body ofwater 24 adjacent to the location of thebasement structure 22. Locatingpiles 46 are provided adjacent to at least two sides of thebasement structure 22, althoughmore piles 46 may be provided if required. - Pile guides 48 are attached to the outer surface of the
basement structure 22, just above the water line. As is conventional, eachpile guide 48 comprises one or more rubberised rollers (not shown) mounted on a galvanized steel frame. The frame of eachpile guide 48 extends around one of the locating piles 46, and the rollers bear upon the outer surface of the associatedpile 46. In this way, thebasement structure 22, and hence the building, can rise or fall to accommodate changes in the water level. However, lateral or side-to-side motion of thebasement structure 22 is prevented so that the building remains in the desired position in the body ofwater 24. It will be appreciated that the access ramps 28 and other connections between the building and the land are arranged to accommodate the rising and falling motion of the building. - It is to be noted that the locating piles 46 do not bear any significant vertical load from the building. Instead, the function of the locating piles 46 and the associated pile guides 48 is to resist lateral forces, for example from wind and from tidal flows or currents, that would otherwise cause the building to drift or rotate, whilst allowing the building to rise or fall in response to changes in the water level. The locating piles 46 may be partially or wholly filled with material such as concrete, sand or ballast to increase their resistance to lateral forces.
- The height of the locating piles 46 is chosen to allow the building to rise and fall through the whole range of expected motion, with a suitable safety factor. For example, the top of the locating piles 46 may be one metre higher than the expected maximum water line under flood conditions.
- As shown in detail in
FIG. 5 , thebasement structure 22 is provided withwindow units 50 to allow natural light into thebasement space 38. Thewindow units 50 may also provide a ventilation path for thebasement space 38. In one embodiment, thewindow units 38 are 600 mm high double-glazed units with powder-coated steel frames, although it will be appreciated that any suitable window units could be used within the context of the invention. Thewindow units 50 are mounted inopenings 52 in thewalls 36 of thebasement units 30 so that the base of thewindow unit 50 lies approximately 200 mm above the water line. It is, however, conceivable that thewindow units 50 could be mounted partly or wholly below the water line to provide underwater viewing windows. - The
window units 50 are sealed in theopenings 52 using silicone sealant. The tops of thewindow units 50 lie level with the tops of theside walls 36 of thebasement units 30, and so the top of eachwindow unit 50 is sealed against thetransfer slab 32. It will be appreciated that thewindow units 50 are not load-bearing. Instead, the weight of thetransfer slab 32 and thesuperstructure 20 is borne by theconcrete walls 36 of thebasement unit 30 around thewindow opening 52. Thetransfer slab 32 thus performs the function of a lintel, and so no separate lintel is required. - The thickness of the
window unit 50 is substantially less than the thickness of thebasement unit wall 36. Atimber window cill 54 or board is provided to cover the horizontal surface of thewindow opening 52 in thebasement unit 36 which would otherwise be exposed. - The inner surfaces of the
basement units 30 are lined with aninsulation layer 56. In the example shown inFIG. 5 , a 50 mm thick layer of expandedpolystyrene insulation 56 is used both on the internal wall surfaces and the floor surface of eachbasement unit 30. The internal wall surfaces are lined with 12.5 mmthick gypsum plasterboard 58 and the floor surface is finished with concrete or acement screed 60. The floor-to-ceiling height of the basement space 38 (i.e. from thefloor finish 60 to the transfer slab 32) is typically 2.7 m, which is sufficient to create a large and airy basement room. - The
transfer slab 32 provides a large, flat area upon which thesuperstructure 20 of the building is supported. Because thetransfer slab 32 spans across thebasement units 30, thetransfer slab 32 spreads the weight of thesuperstructure 20 over all of thebasement units 30 in all directions. Meanwhile, usable and accessible space is provided beneath thetransfer slab 32 as described above. - Because the
transfer slab 32 presents a structurally homogeneous base for support of thesuperstructure 20, thebasement structure 22 allows a wide choice of methods for construction of thesuperstructure 20. For example, thesuperstructure 20 could be of conventional blockwork or brickwork construction, or it could have a structural steel or timber frame with closed non-load bearing panels of timber, steel or glass. Parts of the building could be clad with timber, steel, glass, or any combination of these or other materials. The roof structure may be pitched or flat or, as shown inFIGS. 1( a) to 2, a combination of both pitched and flat. The roof covering may be, for example, felt, bitumen, steelwork, or tiles such as lightweight concrete tiles or slates. - In the examples shown in
FIGS. 1( a) to 2, thesuperstructure 20 comprises a structural steel frame with a timber cladding system. The intermediate floors are of lightweight concrete slab construction, similar to the transfer slab, and are capable of supporting the weight of several vehicles in a car park housed within thesuperstructure 20. -
FIG. 6 shows part of thesuperstructure 20 in place on top of thebasement structure 22. A damp-proof membrane 62 is laid on top of theconcrete transfer slab 32. - The wall structure in this example is of timber construction, and is formed as a multi-layer sandwich structure. Two 15 mm thick
dry lining boards 64, 66 (such as those marketed under the registered trade mark Fermacell) are positioned approximately 140 mm apart. Afirst one 64 of these boards forms the internal surface of the wall, while asecond one 66 of the boards lies approximately half-way through the wall. The gap between the boards is filled withinsulation 68, such as Rockwool. The wall is completed by a 150 mm thick expandedpolystyrene insulation layer 70 on the outermost surface of the seconddry lining board 66. The expandedpolystyrene insulation 70 is finished with a suitable rendering orcladding system 72. - The whole wall lies on top of the damp-
proof membrane 62, and the timber frame (not shown inFIG. 6 ) is bolted to thetransfer slab 32 where necessary to secure the frame. The ground floor of thesuperstructure 20 comprises ascreed 74 laid on the damp-proof membrane 62, and afloor finish 76 on top of thescreed 74. - The dimensions of the
superstructure 20 dictate the size ofbasement structure 22 required. As described above, thebasement structure 22 is of modular construction. The size and number ofbasement units 30 can be varied according to the design and structural requirements of the building. In this way,basement structures 22 can be made to substantially any size and therefore the present invention allows construction of very large floating buildings. For example, buildings of four storeys or more in height are possible. - For stability, the weight of the
superstructure 20 should be less than the total weight of thebasement structure 22, including thebasement units 30 and thetransfer slab 32. In this way, the centre of gravity of the building is advantageously low: for example, the centre of gravity may lie at or around the second storey level of the building when the building is four storeys high. - Because the
transfer slab 32 acts to distribute the weight of thesuperstructure 20 over all of thebasement units 30, thesuperstructure 20 need not be located centrally on thetransfer slab 32. Furthermore, there need be no correspondence in the position of the load-bearing walls or frame of thesuperstructure 20 with the position of thebasement units 30 beneath thetransfer slab 32. Adjustments can be made to the trim of the building by ballasting and/or at the design stage of thebasement structure 22. - A ground-source heat system may be installed to provide heating, hot water or both to the building. In the example shown in
FIG. 2 ,boreholes 78 are drilled into the bed 27 at the base of the locating piles 46. Theboreholes 78 receivepipework 80 which is connected to a ground-source heat pump, which may also be housed within the locatingpile 46. Aheat transfer manifold 82 is located within a wall panel of thesuperstructure 20 for transfer of heat to the building. - Wind turbines may be installed on the roof of the superstructure. For example, in
FIGS. 1( a) to 2,wind turbines solar panels 88 may be mounted on the roof. In these ways, electricity and hot water can be supplied to the building to augment or replace external energy supplies. - Part of the
basement space 38 within one ormore basement units 30 may be devoted to water recycling facilities. For example, thebasement structure 22 may house asewage treatment plant 90,potable water tanks 92, and greywater recycling tanks 94. - A flexible service duct (not shown) is provided to allow connection of services such as gas, electricity, telephone, sewage and water from the land to the building. The service connections within the duct are themselves flexible. For example, for water and gas connections, flexible plastics pipework is employed. In this way, the service supply connections are arranged to accommodate any rising and falling motion of the building.
- Construction of a building in accordance with the invention will now be described. In broad terms, construction involves casting the
concrete basement units 30 on land, then launching thebasement units 30 into the water. Thebasement units 30 are arranged into the desired configuration and linked together. Theconnected basement units 30 are then attached to the locating piles 46, which may be placed on site before or during construction of the building itself. - The
transfer slab 32 is formed on top of thebasement units 30. The building'ssuperstructure 20 is then constructed on thetransfer slab 32. Finally, access and service connections from the land to the building are put in place. - Each of the construction steps will now be described in more detail.
- Casting of the
concrete basement units 30 may be performed by a conventional process. Typically, an area of land large enough to accommodate abasement unit 30 is levelled and prepared. Compaction and reinforcement of the ground may be necessary to support the weight of thebasement unit 30, for example by incorporating hardcore and geotextile materials into the earth. A sand blinding layer or sacrificial formwork may be laid over the ground for casting of the bottom surface of thebasement unit 30. Once the casting site has been prepared, a matrix of reinforcing bars of an appropriate shape is constructed. The reinforcing bars may be welded or tied to one another to provide a temporarily self-supporting lattice of reinforcing bars. Plywood shuttering is used to define the vertical surfaces of thebasement unit 30. Concrete is then poured between and around the reinforcing bars. The shuttering constrains the concrete so that the correct shape is formed. After pouring, the concrete cures over time. Typically, the design strength of the concrete is reached after around 28 days of curing. - Usually, each
basement unit 30 is cast in a multi-stage process, in which concrete is first poured to form the base orfloor 34 of theunit 30 and subsequently poured to form theupstanding walls 36. In this way, the initially-cast base 34 can support and distribute the weight of thewalls 36. Similarly, and particularly if window or other openings are provided in the walls of thebasement unit 30, concrete may be poured to form thewalls 36 in two or more steps. - In some embodiments of the invention, a number of upwardly-extending reinforcing bars, sometimes known as kicker bars or starter bars, are left exposed above the top face of the walls of each
basement unit 30. The end portions of these exposed reinforcing bars may be bent at 90 degrees to the upstanding portion. As will be explained in more detail later, these exposed reinforcing bars form part of the connection between thebasement unit 30 and thetransfer slab 32. - Once completed and fully cured, the
cast basement units 30 must be transferred to the body ofwater 24 in which the building is to be constructed. A number of possible methods of transferring thebasement units 30 will now be described, and it will be appreciated that the most appropriate method for a given building will depend upon the size and weight of thebasement units 30, the proximity of the casting site to the body ofwater 24, and the nature of the bank or shoreline. - If the
basement units 30 are relatively small and lightweight, and suitable access is available, a crane could be used to lift thebasement units 30 into the water. Such a method would typically be suitable where the mass of eachbasement unit 30 does not exceed 140 tonnes, although larger-mass units could be lifted where suitable equipment is available. - An alternative approach is to cast the
basement units 30 in the base of a dry dock. After curing, the dry dock can be flooded so that thebasement units 30 float. Thebasement units 30 can then be towed to their final positions. This method is suitable when a dry dock which is large enough for the construction of thebasement units 30 is available, or when a temporary dry dock can be created, and allows construction ofbasement units 30 with large mass. If possible, all of the requiredbasement units 30 are constructed at the same time, but otherwise thebasement units 30 may be constructed and floated one-by-one or in batches. -
FIGS. 7 to 9 show one example of a launching system which is suitable for launching relativelyheavy basement units 30 from a piece of flat,level land 100 adjacent to the body ofwater 24, where theland 100 lies just above the high water level. - As shown in
FIG. 7( a), a number ofparallel trenches 102 are dug in theland 100. Thetrenches 102 lie parallel to thebank 104, and extend across the area where thebasement unit 30 will be constructed. In this example, thetrenches 102 are approximately 300 mm deep and 300 mm wide. - As shown additionally in
FIGS. 8( a) and 8(b),roller devices 106 are placed in each of thetrenches 102. Eachroller device 106 comprises a number ofroller mechanisms 108 mounted on across member 109, and air bags orbladders 110 which are inflatable to cause thecross member 109, and hence theroller mechanisms 108, to move vertically upwards. Initially, thebladders 110 are deflated, so that theroller mechanisms 108 lie within thetrench 102, below the level of theground 100. - Plywood shuttering (not shown) is arranged over the
trenches 102 to cover theroller devices 106 and restore the flat ground level. A sand blinding layer (not shown) is then created over the site, and thebasement unit 30 is cast as described above. - As shown in
FIG. 7( b), the completedcast basement unit 30 overlies theroller devices 106 in thetrenches 102. After curing, thebladders 110 are inflated using a high-pressure air supply. This raises theroller mechanisms 108 to contact the bottom surface of thebasement unit 30.FIG. 8( a) shows this stage in more detail, viewed in cross-section in parallel with one of the trenches, andFIG. 8( b) is a cross-sectional view similar to that ofFIG. 7( b). - As shown in
FIG. 7( c), as thebladders 110 are further inflated, thebasement unit 30 is lifted aboveground level 100 by theroller mechanisms 108. Theroller mechanisms 108 are arranged to allow movement of thebasement unit 30 towards the water. - The
basement unit 30 is then pushed and pulled towards the water by a land vehicle and a tug boat respectively, which work together to control the motion of thebasement unit 30 during launching. As shown inFIG. 7( d) andFIG. 9 , thebasement unit 30 travels on theroller devices 106 towards and into thewater 30.FIG. 9 shows onebasement unit 30 being pulled into the water by atug boat 111, and another basement unit in position over theroller devices 106 awaiting launching.FIG. 7( e) shows thebasement unit 30 floating in thewater 24 after launching. Thebasement unit 30 can then be moved to the desired location using atug boat 111. - The launching method shown in
FIGS. 7 to 9 is suitable where a flat piece ofland 100 adjacent to the water is available, and has the advantage that the groundwork and excavation required is limited to forming the trenches 102 (assuming that the land is flat and level). Basement units weighing 250 tonnes or more can be launched by this method. - In each possible launching method, it may be necessary to construct the
basement units 30 on a site away from the eventual location of the building and then transfer thebasement units 30 to the water at that location. In such a case, thebasement units 30 could be towed to the construction site by a tug boat or similar vessel. Thebasement units 30 can be designed to fit through any width or depth restrictions en route from the launch site to the construction site. - Once the
basement units 30 are in the correct location, they are connected to one another. Conveniently, anchorage bolts used to attach tow lines for movement of theunits 30 are used to make temporary connections. Permanent connections are then made betweenadjacent basement units 30. The nature of the connections between twobasement units 30 depends upon the spacing between the units, as will now be described. -
FIG. 10 shows twobasement units 30 which lie directly against one another, so that an outer wall of onebasement unit 30 abuts the outer wall of asecond basement unit 30.Horizontal holes 112 are drilled through theadjacent walls 36 of eachbasement unit 30, and threadedmild steel bars 114 are placed through theholes 112. The threaded bars 114 are secured on the internal surface of thewalls 36 of therespective basement units 30 withsteel plate washers 116 and nuts 118. Silicone sealant is used to fill the spaces between theholes 112 and thebars 114 and thewashers 116 and thewalls 36 in order to prevent leakage of water into thebasement space 38. -
FIG. 11 shows, in plan view, an alternative arrangement in which fourbasement units 30 are arranged in a 2×2 array and are spaced apart from each other to definegaps 120 betweenadjacent units 30. Thesegaps 120 may, for example, be used to provide diver access to the structure for maintenance or inspection, in which case thegaps 120 are preferably approximately 600 mm. - In this case, the
basement units 30 are joined together by connecting elements, each of which comprises a galvanised mild steel framework attached to the corners of thebasement units 30. - A central connecting
element 122 connects all four of thebasement units 30 together, and is shown in side sectional view inFIG. 12 and in plan inFIG. 13 . The central connectingelement 122 comprises four right-angledbrackets 124 connected by two vertically-spaced sets of fourhorizontal members 126. Thehorizontal members 126 are formed of box-section steel and are welded to thebrackets 124 so that each set of fourmembers 126 forms a square in plan. - Each of the
brackets 124 is attached to a corner of arespective basement unit 30 by means of sixbolts 128. As can be seen most clearly inFIG. 13 , thebolts 128 extend into and are held firmly in thewalls 36 of thebasement units 30. The bolts that extend into one wall are offset from the bolts that extend into the adjacent wall of a basement unit, so that thebolts 128 do not foul one another. - Similar connecting
elements 130 are used to connect the corners of twobasement units 30 at the outer edges of thebasement structure 22. In these cases, the connectingelements 130 comprise two brackets connected by two vertically-spaced horizontal members. - Once the
basement units 30 are connected in the desired configuration, thetransfer slab 32 is constructed by placing a plurality of pre-fabricated slab elements (such as the aforementioned BubbleDeck) on top of the basement units, and then pouring concrete on to the slab elements to form the transfer slab. In BubbleDeck applications, the slab elements comprise an array of spherical hollow void formers sandwiched between two meshes of reinforcing bars. The lowermost mesh is cast into a 65 mm-thick concrete slab base or ‘biscuit’. A number of arrangements for placing and securing the slab elements onto thebasement units 30 will now be described. - As shown in
FIG. 14( a), in a first arrangement, cut-outs 132 are provided in theslab base 134 close to one end of theslab element 136, and void formers (not shown inFIG. 14 , for clarity) are absent from the array above the cut-outs 132. In this case, upstanding exposed reinforcingbars 138 which emerge from thewalls 36 of thebasement units 30 are provided as described above. - As shown in
FIG. 13( b), aslab element 136 is lowered on to the assembly ofbasement units 30 so that the exposed reinforcingbars 138 of abasement unit 30 pass through the cut-outs 132 in theslab base 134 of theslab element 136. In this example, thebasement units 30 are in a non-abutting configuration similar to that shown inFIG. 11 , and eachslab element 136 overhangs thegap 120 between thebasement units 30 so that theslab elements 136 meet, or almost meet, at the centre of thegap 120. Theslab elements 136 are placed on a mortar bed on the tops of thewalls 36 of thebasement units 30. Acompressible material 139 such as silicone sealant or mortar grout is inserted between the ends of theslab elements 136 to seal the gap that would otherwise exist, preventing subsequent seepage of concrete or grout through the joint. - In this way, the reinforcing
bars 138 of thebasement units 30 extend into theslab elements 136, and can be connected to the reinforcingbar mesh 144 of theslab elements 136 by welding or tying. - Additional reinforcing bars are placed in and around the junction between the
slab elements 136. In particular, shear reinforcingbars 140 are placed above and below the void formers of bothslab elements 136, and extend from oneslab element 136 to the other. Vertical and horizontallink reinforcing bars 142 are also placed around the junction. The shear and link reinforcingbars basement units 138, and themesh reinforcement 144 of theslab elements 136. - A second arrangement, shown in
FIG. 15 , may be used when thebasement units 30 are in abutting configuration akin to the arrangement shown inFIG. 10 . Again, upstanding exposed reinforcingbars 138 which emerge from thewalls 36 of thebasement units 30 are provided as described above.FIG. 15 shows twoslab elements 136 in place on top of abuttingbasement units 30. Theslab elements 136 are set into mortar beds on the tops of thewalls 36 of thebasement units 30, leaving a gap between the ends of theslab elements 136. The exposed reinforcingbars 138 of thebasement units 30 extend upwards into the gap. - Additional reinforcing bars are placed in and around the gap between the
slab elements 136, in a similar manner to that described with reference toFIG. 14( a).Shear reinforcing bars 140 are placed above and below the void formers (not shown inFIG. 15) of both slab elements, and bridge the gap between theslab elements 136. Eachshear reinforcing bar 140 overlaps each of theslab elements 136 by approximately 900 mm at opposing ends of thebar 140. Vertical and horizontallink reinforcing bars 142 are also placed into the gap. As before, the shear and link reinforcingbars basement units 138, and themesh reinforcement 144 of theslab elements 136. - A third arrangement is shown in
FIG. 16 . In this case, exposed reinforcing bars are not provided in thebasement units 30. Here,slab elements 136 are laid on mortar beds on the tops of thewalls 36 ofnon-abutting basement units 30 so that the ends of theslab elements 136 overhang thegap 120 between thebasement units 30 and meet or almost meet in the centre of thegap 120. - Void formers (not shown in
FIG. 16 for clarity) are absent from the array in theslab elements 136 above the position of thebasement unit walls 36. Thevoid formers 42 may, for example, be removed on-site after placement of theslab elements 136. -
Vertical holes 146 are then drilled through theslab base 134 of eachslab element 136. Theholes 146 extend into thewalls 36 of thebasement units 30. Vertical reinforcingbars 148 are then inserted through theholes 146 in the slab bases 134 and into thebasement unit walls 36.FIG. 16( b) shows aslab element 136 in place on abasement unit 30 after the vertical reinforcingbars 148 have been installed, with the reinforcing bar meshes and void formers of the slab elements omitted for clarity. - The vertical reinforcing
bars 148 are tied or welded to the reinforcing bar meshes 144 of theslab elements 136, and are resin grouted in theholes 146 in thebasement unit walls 36. In this example, theholes 146 are 35 mm in diameter and extend to a depth of 400 mm in thebasement unit walls 36, and the vertical reinforcingbars 148 are 25 mm in diameter. - As described above, additional
shear reinforcing bars 140 and link reinforcingbars 142 are then placed to bridge between theslab elements 136, and theshear reinforcing bars 140 are tied or welded to the reinforcing bar meshes 144 of theslab elements 136. Acompressible material 139 such as silicone sealant or mortar grout is inserted between the ends of theslab elements 136 to seal the gap that would otherwise exist. - In all of these arrangements, the resulting structure is an arrangement of
basement units 30 which support a platform ofslab elements 136. Reinforcingbars walls 36 of thebasement units 30 into theslab elements 136, and are joined to the reinforcingbar arrangement 144 within theslab elements 136. -
FIG. 17 shows, in plan view, the position of twenty-sixslab elements 136 on top of fournon-abutting basement units 30. In this example, eachbasement unit 30 is approximately 18 metres in length and 7 metres in width. Thegap 120 between thebasement units 30 is 600 mm. Eachslab element 136 is approximately 7.3 metres in length and approximately 3 metres in width. Four of theslab elements 136 are provided withopenings 150 through whichstaircases 152 extend down into each of the fourbasement spaces 38.Such openings 150 are pre-made in theslab elements 136 before assembly on site. - The next construction step is to pour concrete on the
slab elements 136 to form a uniform,flat transfer slab 32 upon which thesuperstructure 20 can be built. Typically, thetransfer slab 32 will be 360 mm thick. Plywood formwork or shuttering is used to define the edges of thetransfer slab 32 and to prevent leakage of concrete during pouring. Shuttering is also used to defineopenings 150 where they are required in the transfer slab. Gaps betweenadjacent slab elements 136 may be sealed with mortar, resin grout or a compressible material. - Concrete is poured onto the
slab elements 136 in one operation, to a height of approximately 50 mm above thevoid formers 42 and upper reinforcingmesh 144 of theslab elements 136. The concrete is then vibrated, compacted, levelled and allowed to cure to form thetransfer slab 32. Curing agents may be used to speed up the curing process. Thetop surface 154 of the cured concrete layer can be seen inFIGS. 14( a), 15 and 16(a). - Once the
transfer slab 32 has cured, thesuperstructure 20 can be constructed on top of thetransfer slab 32. As described above, many construction methods are suitable for building thesuperstructure 20. In one example, thesuperstructure 20 is pre-fabricated on land and then craned on to thetransfer slab 32 in pieces for assembly and finishing. Thesuperstructure 20 can be held on thetransfer slab 32 by any suitable means, such as bolts or mortar. Reinforced concrete connections between thesuperstructure 20 and thetransfer slab 32 may also be provided, in which downwardly-extending reinforcing bars of thesuperstructure 20 concrete are resin bonded into holes drilled in thetransfer slab 32. - It will be appreciated that many modifications and variations of the embodiments described above lie within the scope of the invention.
- For example, in the embodiments described above, the basement units comprise reinforced concrete walls constructed by casting concrete over a framework of reinforcing bars. Shuttering is used to define the outer surfaces of the walls, and the shuttering is removed after the concrete has set.
- In another variant, the walls of the basement units are constructed using pre-cast concrete wall panels in place of the shuttering. Such construction systems are sometimes referred to as “twin wall” systems.
FIG. 18 is a vertical section through such abasement unit 30 a, showing a corner where awall 156 of thebasement unit 30 a meets thefloor section 158, whileFIGS. 19( a), 19(b) and 19(c) show thepre-cast panels - As in previous embodiments, the
floor section 158 is a reinforced concrete slab. In this case, however, thewall 156 comprises anouter panel 160 andinner panel 162 located parallel to and spaced apart from one another to define a 160 mm-thick core region 164 between thepanels panel wall 156, thecore region 164 is filled with reinforced concrete. - Some reinforcement in the
core region 164 extends from one panel to the other so as to connect thepanels - Preferably, this connecting reinforcement comprises reinforcing bars (166 in
FIG. 19( b)) which are embedded in thepanels panels bars 166 as shown most clearly inFIG. 19( b). - Some reinforcing bars extend into both the
core region 164 of thewall 156 and thefloor section 158, so as to create a strong connection between thewall 156 and thefloor section 158. InFIG. 18 , for example,U-shaped reinforcing bars 168 having ahorizontal cross member 170 and two upwardly-extendinglegs 172 are provided. Thecross member 170 is embedded in the concrete of thefloor section 158, while thelegs 172 extend partially into thecore region 164 of the wall. Thelegs 172 are approximately 900 mm in length in this example, and extend approximately 750 mm into thecore region 164. - As shown most clearly in
FIG. 19( b), theoutermost panel 160 is larger than theinnermost panel 162 to overlap the top and bottom edges of theinnermost panel 162. In this way, as shown inFIG. 18 , theoutermost panel 160 covers the edge surface of thefloor section 158, while theinnermost panel 162 rests on the upper surface of thefloor section 158. - Referring again to
FIG. 18 , a neoprene rubber strip, known as awater bar 174, is provided where thecore region 164 and thefloor section 158 meet. Thewater bar 174 runs the length of the side of thebasement unit 30 a, and serves to prevent water seepage into the basement space across theinterface 176 between the concrete of thefloor section 158 and the concrete of thecore region 164. Thewater bar 174 may be set into the concrete of thefloor section 158 during casting of thefloor section 158, or instead may be fixed into a slot machined into thefloor section 158 after it has been cast. Thewater bar 174 is therefore in place when the concrete of thecore region 164 is poured. - When the desired length of a basement unit wall exceeds the convenient width of a single pre-cast panel, the wall can be constructed using a number of pre-cast panel sections assembled side-by-side. As shown in plan view in
FIG. 20 , in such a caseextra reinforcement 178 is installed in the core region where a first pair ofpanels panels extra reinforcement 178 comprises a number of vertically-spaced reinforcing loops 180 (only one of which is visible inFIG. 20 ) arranged around an array of eight vertical reinforcing bars 182. -
FIG. 21 shows a horizontal section through a corner of abasement unit 30 a where twowalls 156 meet. A connectingelement 184, similar to that shown inFIGS. 12 and 13 , is mounted on the corner of thebasement unit 30 a. As shown most clearly inFIGS. 19( a) and 19(b),horizontal bars 186 are set into the innermost surface of theinner panel 162 of each of thebasement unit walls 156. Thesehorizontal bars 186 extend beyond the edges of theinner panels 162 at the corner of thebasement unit 30 a, so that thebracket 188 of the connectingelement 184 can be attached to thebars 186, and hence to thewalls 156, by means ofnuts 190 or other suitable fixings. -
FIG. 22 shows atransfer slab 32 comprising two transfer slab elements atop twonon-abutting basement units 30 a. In this case, U-shaped reinforcing bars orties 192 extend across the junction between thetransfer slab 32 and eachbasement unit wall 156. Eachtie 192 comprises ahorizontal cross member 194 located in thetransfer slab 32 and vertically-extendinglegs 196 which are located partly in thetransfer slab 32 and partly in thecore region 164 of thewall 156. As in previous embodiments of the invention, theties 192 form part of the reinforcement of the concrete in thetransfer slab 32 and thebasement unit walls 156, and serve to securely connect thetransfer slab 32 to each of thebasement units 30 a. - A connecting element comprising a threaded
bar 198 extends across thegap 120 between the twoadjacent basement units 30 a to connect thebasement units 30 a to one another. The connectingbar 198 extends through thewalls 156 of thebasement units 30 a. For this purpose,pre-cast holes 200 are provided in thepanels walls 156, as shown inFIG. 19( a). The connectingbar 198 is secured in place usingsuitable nuts 202 or other fasteners, and serves to maintain the relative positions of thebasement units 30 a during construction of the base. By inserting thebar 198 through thewalls 156 before thecore regions 164 are filled with concrete, the connectingbar 198 can be incorporated into and optionally connected to the reinforcingframework 204 in thecore region 164. - A transfer slab support element is also shown in
FIG. 22 . The support element comprises abeam 206 of reinforced concrete which spans across abasement unit 30 a to transfer load from thetransfer slab 32 to thebasement unit walls 156. Such an arrangement may be advantageous when thebasement units 30 a are large and hence the span between thewalls 156 is great. Thebeam 206 is located in a cut-out (not shown) in theinner panel 162 of thewall 156 of one of thebasement units 30 a, and extends into thecore region 164 of thewall 156. It will be appreciated that such beams or similar support elements could be incorporated into previously-described embodiments of the invention. - It is conceivable that the floating base may comprise a single basement unit. Where more than one basement unit is provided, the basement units in a single basement structure may be of different sizes. To ensure the tops of the basement units are arranged to lie in the same plane, substantial additional ballast weight may be provided. The floor or wall thickness of a basement unit may be increased to provide additional ballast weight where necessary.
- Where basement units abut one another, access routes between the basement units may be provided by way of openings formed in the walls of the basement units, with silicone sealant or other sealing means provided between the basement units around the openings to prevent water inflow.
- Instead of steel piles, other locating means could be used such as concrete piers. Where the situation allows, the locating means on the shore or bank side of the building could be a land-based structure, such as a quay or harbour wall.
- The access ramps or bridges may be connected to a walkway or terrace which surrounds the building just above the water line. The walkway forms a barrier which helps to block or diffuse surface motion of the water, such as waves or wash from passing vessels. Similarly, if the access ramps or bridges connect to the building above basement or ground-floor level, then a low-level walkway, accessed via the interior of the building, may be provided just above the water line to act as a wave barrier. In either case, the walkway is preferably connected to the basement units by galvanised steel frame brackets.
- Where a walkway is provided close to the water line, boat mooring capstans or similar structures may be provided to enable water craft to moor alongside the structure.
Claims (21)
1.-111. (canceled)
112. A floating base for a building, the base comprising:
at least one buoyant basement unit defining a basement level; and
a reinforced concrete transfer slab atop the or each basement unit;
wherein:
the basement level provides habitable or functional space for the building;
the transfer slab has at least one access opening giving access to the basement level;
the floating base comprises at least two buoyant basement units adjacent to one another with a gap defined therebetween; and
the adjacent basement units are connected across the gap by connection means.
113. The floating base of claim 112 , wherein each of the basement units is independently buoyant for assembly with at least one other basement unit during construction of the base, said basement units thereby assuming a final position in which said units are closely adjacent or in contact to define a basement level comprising two or more of said units.
114. The floating base of claim 112 , wherein the connection means comprise a plurality of connection members attached to the adjacent basement units.
115. The floating base of claim 114 , wherein the connection members are arranged in a frame comprising at least two vertically-spaced horizontal members which span the gap between the adjacent basement units.
116. The floating base of claim 115 , wherein the frame comprises two or more vertically-extending brackets for attachment to the respective adjacent basement units.
117. The floating base of claim 115 , wherein the frame is attached to the basement units with bolts which extend into walls of the basement units.
118. The floating base of claim 112 , wherein the gap is at least approximately 300 mm wide.
119. The floating base of claim 118 , wherein the gap defines a passage for access to the adjacent basement units and the transfer slab.
120. The floating base of claim 119 , wherein the gap is approximately 600 mm wide.
121. The floating base of claim 112 , wherein at least two of the basement units are in contact.
122. The floating base of claim 121 , wherein the contacting basement units are connected to one another by connection means.
123. The floating base of claim 122 , wherein the connection means comprises one or more connection members which extend through adjacent walls of the contacting basement units.
124. The floating base of claim 123 , wherein the connection members comprise threaded bars and associated nuts which clamp the contacting basement units together.
125. The floating base of claim 112 , wherein one or more basement units includes one or more window openings for receiving windows.
126. The floating base of claim 125 , wherein the transfer slab forms a lintel above the or each window opening.
127. The floating base of claim 125 , wherein at least one window opening provides ventilation to the basement level.
128. The floating base of claim 125 , wherein the or each window opening is at least 200 mm above the water line in use of the base.
129. The floating base of claim 112 , further comprising a breakwater attached to the exterior of one or more basement units.
130. The floating base of claim 129 , wherein the breakwater is located just above the waterline in use of the base.
131. The floating base of claim 130 , wherein the breakwater forms a walkway around a part or all of the base.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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GBGB0808459.2A GB0808459D0 (en) | 2008-05-09 | 2008-05-09 | Floating buildings |
GB0808459.2 | 2008-05-09 | ||
PCT/GB2009/050498 WO2009136212A2 (en) | 2008-05-09 | 2009-05-11 | Floating buildings |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20110123275A1 true US20110123275A1 (en) | 2011-05-26 |
Family
ID=39571082
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/991,774 Abandoned US20110123275A1 (en) | 2008-05-09 | 2009-05-11 | Floating Buildings |
Country Status (5)
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---|---|
US (1) | US20110123275A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2274198B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2723771A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB0808459D0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2009136212A2 (en) |
Cited By (10)
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US20130275166A1 (en) * | 2012-04-13 | 2013-10-17 | International Business Machines Corporation | Closed loop performance management for service delivery systems |
US8777519B1 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2014-07-15 | Arx Pax, LLC | Methods and apparatus of building construction resisting earthquake and flood damage |
WO2014120402A3 (en) * | 2013-02-01 | 2015-02-19 | Costas Dan N | Dual intake wave energy converter |
US20150121778A1 (en) * | 2013-09-06 | 2015-05-07 | F. Jeffrey Rawding | Method and system of raising an existing house in a flood or storm surge |
TWI648200B (en) * | 2018-03-22 | 2019-01-21 | 宇泰工程顧問有限公司 | Recyclable gravity anchor block |
US10214891B2 (en) * | 2015-05-12 | 2019-02-26 | Michael Kimberlain | Modular stormwater capture system |
US20190322337A1 (en) * | 2018-04-24 | 2019-10-24 | Peter Andrew Roberts | Floating Base |
US20200070937A1 (en) * | 2018-09-05 | 2020-03-05 | Admares Group Oy | Floating-building |
US20220162827A1 (en) * | 2020-11-20 | 2022-05-26 | Kevin R. NEPRUD | Floating foundation |
CN114901547A (en) * | 2019-12-30 | 2022-08-12 | V·N·阿尼西莫夫 | Method for manufacturing a hull of a floating vessel |
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DK178439B1 (en) * | 2014-12-12 | 2016-02-29 | Udvikling Danmark As | Housing unit |
CN104802943B (en) * | 2015-05-11 | 2017-01-25 | 广西金达造船有限公司 | Large-size dining wharf boat |
CN108532577A (en) * | 2018-06-01 | 2018-09-14 | 海南湘宁实业有限公司 | Integral-type aquatic building |
KR102313722B1 (en) * | 2020-12-24 | 2021-10-19 | (주)테크윈 | A floating structure for solar power generating on water |
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TWI648200B (en) * | 2018-03-22 | 2019-01-21 | 宇泰工程顧問有限公司 | Recyclable gravity anchor block |
US20190322337A1 (en) * | 2018-04-24 | 2019-10-24 | Peter Andrew Roberts | Floating Base |
US10538295B2 (en) * | 2018-04-24 | 2020-01-21 | Spherical Block LLC | Floating base |
US20200070937A1 (en) * | 2018-09-05 | 2020-03-05 | Admares Group Oy | Floating-building |
CN114901547A (en) * | 2019-12-30 | 2022-08-12 | V·N·阿尼西莫夫 | Method for manufacturing a hull of a floating vessel |
US20220162827A1 (en) * | 2020-11-20 | 2022-05-26 | Kevin R. NEPRUD | Floating foundation |
US11746495B2 (en) * | 2020-11-20 | 2023-09-05 | Kevin R. NEPRUD | Floating foundation |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2274198B1 (en) | 2017-08-23 |
WO2009136212A2 (en) | 2009-11-12 |
WO2009136212A3 (en) | 2010-03-25 |
EP2274198A2 (en) | 2011-01-19 |
GB0808459D0 (en) | 2008-06-18 |
CA2723771A1 (en) | 2009-11-12 |
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