US20120133367A1 - Fracture Characterization Using Directional Electromagnetic Resistivity Measurements - Google Patents
Fracture Characterization Using Directional Electromagnetic Resistivity Measurements Download PDFInfo
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- US20120133367A1 US20120133367A1 US13/131,872 US200913131872A US2012133367A1 US 20120133367 A1 US20120133367 A1 US 20120133367A1 US 200913131872 A US200913131872 A US 200913131872A US 2012133367 A1 US2012133367 A1 US 2012133367A1
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
- E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/12—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling
- E21B47/13—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling by electromagnetic energy, e.g. radio frequency
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V3/00—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation
- G01V3/18—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V3/00—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation
- G01V3/18—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging
- G01V3/20—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging operating with propagation of electric current
Definitions
- drillers create wells to extract fluids from subterranean formations, they often perform a “fracturing” operation in which a fluid is injected into the well bore under high pressure to enlarge any existing fractures in the formation and to create new fractures.
- the injected fluid often carries entrained particulate matter to be deposited in the fractures, thereby propping them open when the pressure returns to normal.
- Such fractures substantially increase the permeability of the formation—making it easier for fluid to flow from the formation into the well bore (and vice versa).
- Fracturing operations are also often employed in injection wells, i.e., wells created to inject fluids into subterranean formations for disposal, storage, or reservoir flooding.
- any fractures that would promote fluid flow between formations are generally undesirable, as such flows can contaminate water tables, relieve reservoir pressures, divert fluids into inaccessible regions, or create other problems.
- oilfield operators employ models to predict the effects of a fracturing operation and, in some cases, employ micro-seismic detection to monitor fracture evolution during the fracturing operation itself.
- the seismic sensors are typically positioned in one or more monitoring wells spaced apart from the fracturing well, but in at least one proposed method the seismic sensors are positioned in a concrete annulus around the bore of the injecting well. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,503,252 to Withers, titled “System and Method for Monitoring the Location of Fractures in Earth Formations”. Such seismic monitoring methods often perform inadequately in regions having high seismic attenuation or significant seismic interference.
- FIG. 1 shows an illustrative fracturing while drilling environment
- FIG. 2 shows a second illustrative fracturing environment
- FIG. 3 shows some illustrative fracture characteristics
- FIG. 4 shows an illustrative 3D volume
- FIG. 5 shows an illustrative borehole wall image
- FIG. 6 shows an illustrative software architecture
- FIG. 7 shows an illustrative fracture characterization method
- FIG. 8 shows an illustrative extended fracture monitoring array.
- a borehole assembly that provides fracture characterization and monitoring of fracture progression.
- a fracturing fluid with a contrasting resistivity is employed to make the formation fractures detectable by a directional electromagnetic logging tool in the borehole.
- a directional electromagnetic logging tool collects three-dimensional measurements of a volume surrounding an open borehole. Such measurements can be collected during or after a fracturing operation. In some cases these 3D measurements will be augmented by borehole wall image measurements that complement the deep directional resistivity measurements. In any case, the measurements are analyzed to determine parameters characterizing fractures in the formation and to report these parameters to a user. Illustrative parameters include fracture direction, height, extent, length, and thickness.
- the resistivity measurements can be augmented using a borehole wall image logging tool.
- Some disclosed logging assemblies include an electromagnetic resistivity tool, a borehole wall imaging tool, and a processor.
- the electromagnetic resistivity tool acquires resistivity measurements as a function of position, orientation, and radial distance.
- the borehole wall image logging tool acquires borehole wall measurements as a function of position and orientation.
- the processor combines said resistivity and borehole wail measurements to detect fractures and create a log of at least one fracture parameter, which can be displayed to a user.
- Some disclosed fracturing assemblies include: a fluid injection port, a directional electromagnetic logging tool, and a processor.
- the fluid injection port supplies a fluid into a borehole to fracture a formation.
- the directional electromagnetic logging tool is positioned to obtain three-dimensional measurements of the formation being fractured.
- the processor determines fracturing progress from said measurements and communicates said progress to an operator.
- FIG. 1 shows an illustrative fracturing while drilling environment.
- a platform 2 supports a derrick 4 having a traveling block 6 that raises and lowers a drill string 8 in a borehole 20 .
- a top drive 10 rotates the drill string 8 as the string is lowered through the wellhead, thereby driving a drill bit 14 to create and extend the borehole 20 .
- a pump 16 circulates fluid through a feed pipe 18 to the drill string 8 . The fluid flows down through the interior of the string 8 to the bit 14 , passes through one or more orifices to remove drill cuttings from the hole bottom, and move upward along the annulus around the string 8 to carry the cuttings from the hole 20 into a pit 22 .
- the bit 14 is part of a bottom hole assembly, or “BHA”, that includes drill collars to add weight and rigidity to the end of the drill string 8 .
- BHA bottom hole assembly
- the thick walls of the drill collars make them a convenient location for downhole tools and instrumentation.
- the bottomhole assembly of FIG. 1 includes a borehole wall imager 24 , a directional electromagnetic logging tool 26 , a stimulation tool 28 , and a telemetry tool 30 ,
- the telemetry tool 30 includes a BHA control module and a position/orientation sensing module.
- Other downhole tools can be included in the BHA, as well as normal (non-instrumented) drill collars.
- the borehole wall imager 24 measures one or more properties of the borehole wall as a function of tool position and orientation, thereby enabling the BHA to log an image of the borehole wall.
- the borehole wall imager employs acoustic transducers that rotate with the drill string to measure the acoustic impedance, acoustic reflectance, or the density of the formation at its interface with the borehole.
- the borehole wall imager employs micro-resistivity measurements of the borehole wall.
- gamma-ray or neutron attenuation measurements are collected.
- the directional electromagnetic logging tool 26 collects measurements indicative of the formation resistivity, permittivity, or other related properties (e.g., attenuation, phase shift, velocity) as a function of depth, azimuth, and radial distance from the borehole.
- Some tool designs employ tilted coil antennas that rotate with the drill string to make azimuthally sensitive measurements, and radial sensitivity can be achieved with multiple transmit-receive antenna spacings and/or multiple signal frequencies.
- Other tool designs employ antenna triads that can be “virtually” steered independently of the physical tool.
- Yet other designs employ downhole radar transducers for transmitting pulses and measuring reflections.
- the stimulation tool 28 includes one or more ports for injecting a fracturing fluid into a formation.
- the ports are designed to jet high pressure flow streams directly against the borehole wall.
- the stimulation tool restricts fluid flow along the borehole away from the ports, enabling the driller to create a region of high pressure against the borehole wall. Flow restrictors or packers can be deployed for this purpose.
- the intended result of the tool's operation is the formation and enlargement of fractures 32 in the formation proximate the stimulation tool. Further discussion of fracturing while drilling operations can be found in U.S. Pat, App. Pub. 2005/0230107, titled “Methods of Well Stimulation During Drilling Operations” by inventors Billy McDaniel and Jim Surjaatmadja.
- the antennas of the directional electromagnetic logging tool 26 are positioned above and below the region of the borehole exposed to the maximum pressure from the ports of the stimulation tool 28 .
- This tool configuration is chosen to maximize the sensitivity of tool 26 to the evolution of fractures 32 during the fracturing process. Nevertheless, at least some directional electromagnetic logging tool configurations can sense beyond the end of the tool, so this configuration is not considered essential,
- Telemetry tool 30 collects the measurements of the other BHA tools and stores or transmits representative data. The data can be processed downhole and/or sent to the surface to have the processing performed there, At the surface, a data acquisition module 38 collects the telemetry data and conveys it to a data processing system 50 , In the system of FIG. 1 , telemetry tool 30 communicates with the surface using mud pulse telemetry, an established technology that generates pressure waves that propagate in the fluid flowing through drill string 8 , Data acquisition module 38 detects these waves using sensors 34 , 36 . A pulsation dampener 40 can be employed to reduce noise interference caused by the pump 16 .
- Alternative telemetry technologies exist and can be used, including electromagnetic telemetry, wired drill pipe telemetry, and acoustic telemetry along the wall of the drill string.
- the various telemetry technologies also permit commands and configuration information to be communicated to the bottomhole assembly from the surface, thereby enabling a driller to interact with the bottomhole assembly and, among other things, steer the borehole along a desired path in response to data collected by the BHA.
- Data processing system 50 includes internal data storage and memory having software (represented by removable information storage media 52 ), along with one or more processor cores that execute the software.
- the software configures the system to interact with a user via one or more input/output devices (such as keyboard 54 and display 56 ), Among other things, system 50 processes data received from acquisition module 38 and generates a representative display for the driller to perceive.
- system 50 can display data indicative of measured fracture parameters and show how they compare to a desired target, thereby enabling an operator to tailor fluid flow parameters to optimize the result.
- the BHA can be raised and lowered to perform logging runs through the region of interest before and after the fracturing operation.
- FIG. 2 shows a second illustrative fracturing environment. Unlike the fracturing while drilling environment of FIG. 1 , FIG. 2 shows that the BHA has been pulled from the borehole.
- a tubing string 60 is set in the borehole with one or more packers 62 to confine the fracturing pressure to the desired region of the borehole.
- a tool assembly 64 is suspended by a wireline 66 from a logging truck 68 , In addition to physical support, the wireline provides a bundle of electrical conductors (and optionally optical fibers) to provide power from the surface and convey telemetry from the tool assembly to the processing systems at the surface.
- the illustrated tool assembly includes an array of borehole wall imaging pads 70 and a directional electromagnetic logging tool 72 .
- the tool assembly can be conveyed on logging trips through the open borehole before and after a fracturing operation to collect three-dimensional measurements of the formation's electromagnetic properties, as well as images of the borehole walls. Moreover, the tool assembly can be anchored (or optionally tripped on logging runs) during the fracturing operation to monitor the evolution of the fractures. Processing systems in the logging truck enable operators to observe representative characteristics of the detected fractures.
- FIG. 3 shows some illustrative fracture characteristics that can be determined by the processing systems based on measurements by the directional electromagnetic tool and optionally the borehole wall imaging tool.
- FIG. 3 shows a fracture of length L, average thickness T, and azimuthal angle ⁇ intersecting the borehole.
- the azimuthal angle of a fracture represents the fracture's orientation in the horizontal plane rather than its position relative to the borehole.
- the fracture has an average height H and it intersects the borehole along an extent X.
- Such parameters are illustrative of fracture characteristics that would be of interest to analysts. However, they do not represent an exhaustive set of parameters nor do they represent a necessary set of parameters. For example, some analysts may be more interested in fracture volume, while others may simply need the limits of a “bounding box” that encloses all the detected fractures.
- FIG. 4 shows an illustrative 3D volume representing the data that can be collected by the directional electromagnetic logging tool.
- the tool makes formation measurements as a function of depth (or position along the borehole axis) Z, azimuth angle ⁇ , and radial distance R.
- This coordinate system is divided into a grid of cells or “voxels”, and the tool determines one or more formation property measurements for each cell.
- the tool provides resistivity measurements for 32 or more depths at 256 or more azimuthal angles, with a depth resolution of 2 centimeters or better
- a low resistivity fracturing fluid such as a saline mud.
- the directional electromagnetic logging tool can detect regions of such contrast material, thereby enabling a processing system to identify fractures and determine their characteristic parameters
- a high resistivity fracturing fluid such as an oil-based mud. If a region is repeatedly scanned during a fracturing operation, the processing system can track the evolution of fractures.
- FIG. 5 shows an illustrative borehole wall image 502 .
- An imaging tool scans the borehole wall and makes formation property measurements as a function of depth Z and azimuthal angle. As with the 3D volume, this 2D map is divided into cells or “pixels”, and the tool determines one or more formation property measurements for each cell, The measurement value can be shown as a color or intensity value in the map, thereby creating an image of the borehole wall.
- Acoustic measurements and micro-resistivity measurements offer the opportunity for very high resolution images, with 512 or more azimuthal angles and a depth resolution of 0.5 cm or better. Such images make bedding structures 504 and faults 506 clearly visible.
- the processing system 50 can combine such measurements to obtain a better determination of the fracture parameters.
- FIG. 6 shows functional block diagrams for an illustrative software package 602 suitable for running on data processing system 50 , optionally in cooperation with other computer systems on a computer network.
- the software determines a model of the formation.
- This model can be based on seismic survey data, augmented by well logs.
- the model generally includes estimates of formation bed geometry, formation composition, density, and stress.
- the software predicts the behavior of the formation when the formation is subjected to a fracturing process.
- the software can rely on rock mechanic models and empirical models from previous fracturing studies when simulating the evolution of faults in response to specified fracturing fluid pressures and flow rates. Once an operator has tried various simulations and arrived at desirable results, the fracturing operation can begin.
- the software configures the processing system to obtain injection data, i.e., data regarding characteristics of the fracturing fluid (including resistivity), the borehole geometry, the fluid flow rate, the fluid pressure, and the cumulative fluid volume.
- the software further configures the processing system to collect 4D resistivity data, i.e., a time progression of 3D resistivity data.
- the software optionally obtains a log of the borehole wall image.
- the software processes the resistivity data and optionally combines it with wall image data to extract fault parameters.
- Illustrative parameters include fracture azimuth, fracture complexity, fracture coverage (e.g., the percentage of the borehole that is within a specified distance of at least one fracture), fracture height, and fracture half-length.
- fracture azimuth e.g., the percentage of the borehole that is within a specified distance of at least one fracture
- fracture coverage e.g., the percentage of the borehole that is within a specified distance of at least one fracture
- fracture height e.g., the percentage of the borehole that is within a specified distance of at least one fracture
- fracture half-length e.g., the percentage of the borehole that is within a specified distance of at least one fracture
- fracture half-length e.g., the percentage of the borehole that is within a specified distance of at least one fracture
- fracture half-length e.g., the percentage of the borehole that is within a specified distance of at least one fracture
- the extracted fault parameters can be compared to the model predictions in block 612 to test the model validity and/or determine if the goals of the fracturing process have been achieved. This comparison can also he used as the basis for refining the model or adjusting the injection parameters to optimize the fracturing process. In the current embodiment, such refinements and adjustments are in the purview of the user, but in certain contemplated embodiments the software includes a module for automatically controlling the injection parameters in response to the fault parameter measurements. Illustrative adjustments include reducing the flow rate as fracture parameters approach the target state.
- a mapping module 616 generates fault maps based on the information tracked in blocks 610 and 614 , enabling the user to visually monitor the progression of the fracturing process.
- FIG. 7 shows an illustrative fracture characterization method.
- the operator drills a well.
- the operator prepares for a fracturing operation. Such preparation may include logging the borehole, preparing a model, determining a fracturing plan based on simulation, and securing fracturing fluids and equipment. Also included is positioning the fluid injection ports at the desired fracturing position and, if necessary, isolating the fracturing region from the rest of the borehole. In some configurations the operator might also position a directional electromagnetic logging tool in the vicinity of the fracturing region.
- the operator pumps the fracturing fluid through the injection port.
- the fluid possesses an electrical resistivity that contrasts with the resistivity of the formation.
- the operator optionally collects directional electromagnetic logging measurements during the fracturing process in block 708 . Such measurements enable real-time tracking of fracture evolution so that the operator can tailor the injection parameters to optimize results.
- the operator collects directional electromagnetic resistivity measurements in block 710 , optionally augmented with a borehole image log.
- the data processing system extracts fracture parameters from these measurements.
- the operator analyzes the fracture parameters in block 714 and determines whether additional fracturing is desired. If so, the method loops back to block 704 . Otherwise the operator completes the well in block 716 , typically by cementing a casing in place and perforating it in those locations where it is desired to produce or inject fluids.
- FIG. 8 shows a well 802 being drilled and fractured using a drill string 8 .
- the drill string 8 includes multiple directional electromagnetic logging tools 804 to extend the measurement region along the axis of the well.
- the measurement region can be extended away from the well 802 using one or more offset wells 806 , 812 , each having one or more directional electromagnetic logging tools.
- Offset well 806 has an array of directional electromagnetic logging tools 810 on a continuous tubing string 808 (e.g., coil tubing or composite tubing).
- Offset well 812 has an array of directional electromagnetic logging tools 816 on a wireline 814 .
- Fractures that extend into the measurement regions of these additional tools 804 , 810 , 816 can be tracked in real time. If the leading edge of the fracture is within the range of multiple tools, the measurements can be combined to triangulate and track the fractures with greater accuracy.
- the directional electromagnetic logging tool can be located outside the borehole, e.g., in a second borehole near the borehole being fractured, to monitor fracture formation from a distance.
- the directional electromagnetic logging measurements are used in conjunction with a micro-seismic monitoring tool to complement and verify the operation of each. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such variations and modifications.
Abstract
Description
- As drillers create wells to extract fluids from subterranean formations, they often perform a “fracturing” operation in which a fluid is injected into the well bore under high pressure to enlarge any existing fractures in the formation and to create new fractures. The injected fluid often carries entrained particulate matter to be deposited in the fractures, thereby propping them open when the pressure returns to normal. Such fractures substantially increase the permeability of the formation—making it easier for fluid to flow from the formation into the well bore (and vice versa). Fracturing operations are also often employed in injection wells, i.e., wells created to inject fluids into subterranean formations for disposal, storage, or reservoir flooding.
- In any case, it is often desirable to confine the effects of the fracturing operation to a bounded region. For example, any fractures that would promote fluid flow between formations are generally undesirable, as such flows can contaminate water tables, relieve reservoir pressures, divert fluids into inaccessible regions, or create other problems. Accordingly, oilfield operators employ models to predict the effects of a fracturing operation and, in some cases, employ micro-seismic detection to monitor fracture evolution during the fracturing operation itself. The seismic sensors are typically positioned in one or more monitoring wells spaced apart from the fracturing well, but in at least one proposed method the seismic sensors are positioned in a concrete annulus around the bore of the injecting well. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,503,252 to Withers, titled “System and Method for Monitoring the Location of Fractures in Earth Formations”. Such seismic monitoring methods often perform inadequately in regions having high seismic attenuation or significant seismic interference.
- A better understanding of the various disclosed embodiments can be obtained when the detailed description is considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
-
FIG. 1 shows an illustrative fracturing while drilling environment; -
FIG. 2 shows a second illustrative fracturing environment; -
FIG. 3 shows some illustrative fracture characteristics; -
FIG. 4 shows an illustrative 3D volume; -
FIG. 5 shows an illustrative borehole wall image; -
FIG. 6 shows an illustrative software architecture; -
FIG. 7 shows an illustrative fracture characterization method; and -
FIG. 8 shows an illustrative extended fracture monitoring array. - While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the claims to the particular forms described herein, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the patented claims.
- The problems identified in the background are at least partly addressed by a borehole assembly that provides fracture characterization and monitoring of fracture progression. In some method embodiments, a fracturing fluid with a contrasting resistivity is employed to make the formation fractures detectable by a directional electromagnetic logging tool in the borehole. A directional electromagnetic logging tool collects three-dimensional measurements of a volume surrounding an open borehole. Such measurements can be collected during or after a fracturing operation. In some cases these 3D measurements will be augmented by borehole wall image measurements that complement the deep directional resistivity measurements. In any case, the measurements are analyzed to determine parameters characterizing fractures in the formation and to report these parameters to a user. Illustrative parameters include fracture direction, height, extent, length, and thickness. The resistivity measurements can be augmented using a borehole wall image logging tool.
- Also disclosed are certain tool assemblies. Some disclosed logging assemblies include an electromagnetic resistivity tool, a borehole wall imaging tool, and a processor. The electromagnetic resistivity tool acquires resistivity measurements as a function of position, orientation, and radial distance. The borehole wall image logging tool acquires borehole wall measurements as a function of position and orientation. The processor combines said resistivity and borehole wail measurements to detect fractures and create a log of at least one fracture parameter, which can be displayed to a user.
- Some disclosed fracturing assemblies include: a fluid injection port, a directional electromagnetic logging tool, and a processor. The fluid injection port supplies a fluid into a borehole to fracture a formation. The directional electromagnetic logging tool is positioned to obtain three-dimensional measurements of the formation being fractured. The processor determines fracturing progress from said measurements and communicates said progress to an operator.
- Turning now to the figures,
FIG. 1 shows an illustrative fracturing while drilling environment. Aplatform 2 supports aderrick 4 having atraveling block 6 that raises and lowers adrill string 8 in aborehole 20. Atop drive 10 rotates thedrill string 8 as the string is lowered through the wellhead, thereby driving adrill bit 14 to create and extend theborehole 20. Apump 16 circulates fluid through afeed pipe 18 to thedrill string 8. The fluid flows down through the interior of thestring 8 to thebit 14, passes through one or more orifices to remove drill cuttings from the hole bottom, and move upward along the annulus around thestring 8 to carry the cuttings from thehole 20 into apit 22. - The
bit 14 is part of a bottom hole assembly, or “BHA”, that includes drill collars to add weight and rigidity to the end of thedrill string 8. The thick walls of the drill collars make them a convenient location for downhole tools and instrumentation. The bottomhole assembly ofFIG. 1 includes aborehole wall imager 24, a directionalelectromagnetic logging tool 26, astimulation tool 28, and atelemetry tool 30, Thetelemetry tool 30 includes a BHA control module and a position/orientation sensing module. Other downhole tools can be included in the BHA, as well as normal (non-instrumented) drill collars. - The
borehole wall imager 24 measures one or more properties of the borehole wall as a function of tool position and orientation, thereby enabling the BHA to log an image of the borehole wall. Many suitable imaging technologies exist. In certain embodiments, the borehole wall imager employs acoustic transducers that rotate with the drill string to measure the acoustic impedance, acoustic reflectance, or the density of the formation at its interface with the borehole, In other embodiments, the borehole wall imager employs micro-resistivity measurements of the borehole wall. In yet other embodiments, gamma-ray or neutron attenuation measurements are collected. Each of these technologies provides the ability to identify locations where faults and voids intersect the borehole, and they can enable analysis of rock textures to determine formation composition and stress directions—information which can be instrumental for determining where and how to initiate a fracturing process. Illustrative examples of potentially suitable tools are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,829,488 (“Drive Mechanism for Borehole Televiewer”), U.S. Pat. No. 5,899,958 (“Logging while drilling borehole imaging . . . , ”), U.S. Pat. No. 6,191,588 (“Methods and Apparatus for Imaging Earth Formation . . . ”), and U.S. Pat. No. 6,359,438 (“Multi-depth focused resistivity imaging tool . . . ”. - The directional
electromagnetic logging tool 26 collects measurements indicative of the formation resistivity, permittivity, or other related properties (e.g., attenuation, phase shift, velocity) as a function of depth, azimuth, and radial distance from the borehole, Some tool designs employ tilted coil antennas that rotate with the drill string to make azimuthally sensitive measurements, and radial sensitivity can be achieved with multiple transmit-receive antenna spacings and/or multiple signal frequencies. Other tool designs employ antenna triads that can be “virtually” steered independently of the physical tool. Yet other designs employ downhole radar transducers for transmitting pulses and measuring reflections. - Each of these technologies offers the ability to identify regions having contrasting resistivities in the formation around the borehole. Illustrative examples of potentially suitable tools are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,757,191 (“Virtual Induction Sonde for Steering Transmitted and Received Signals”), U.S. Pat. No. 6,181,138 (“Directional Resistivity Measurements for Azimuthal Proximity Detection . . . ”), U.S. Pat. No. 6,476,609 (“Electromagnetic Wave Resistivity Tool Having a Tilted Antenna . . . ”), and co-pending application ______ (“A 3D Borehole Imager”). Each of these and other BHA tools can be powered by downhole batteries and/or downhole power generators such as a turbine in the fluid flow stream.
- The
stimulation tool 28 includes one or more ports for injecting a fracturing fluid into a formation. In some embodiments, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. App. Pub, 2005/0230107 (“Methods of Well Stimulation During Drilling Operations”), the ports are designed to jet high pressure flow streams directly against the borehole wall. In other embodiments, the stimulation tool restricts fluid flow along the borehole away from the ports, enabling the driller to create a region of high pressure against the borehole wall. Flow restrictors or packers can be deployed for this purpose. The intended result of the tool's operation is the formation and enlargement offractures 32 in the formation proximate the stimulation tool. Further discussion of fracturing while drilling operations can be found in U.S. Pat, App. Pub. 2005/0230107, titled “Methods of Well Stimulation During Drilling Operations” by inventors Billy McDaniel and Jim Surjaatmadja. - We note that in
FIG. 1 , the antennas of the directionalelectromagnetic logging tool 26 are positioned above and below the region of the borehole exposed to the maximum pressure from the ports of thestimulation tool 28. This tool configuration is chosen to maximize the sensitivity oftool 26 to the evolution offractures 32 during the fracturing process. Nevertheless, at least some directional electromagnetic logging tool configurations can sense beyond the end of the tool, so this configuration is not considered essential, -
Telemetry tool 30 collects the measurements of the other BHA tools and stores or transmits representative data. The data can be processed downhole and/or sent to the surface to have the processing performed there, At the surface, adata acquisition module 38 collects the telemetry data and conveys it to adata processing system 50, In the system ofFIG. 1 ,telemetry tool 30 communicates with the surface using mud pulse telemetry, an established technology that generates pressure waves that propagate in the fluid flowing throughdrill string 8,Data acquisition module 38 detects thesewaves using sensors pulsation dampener 40 can be employed to reduce noise interference caused by thepump 16. Alternative telemetry technologies exist and can be used, including electromagnetic telemetry, wired drill pipe telemetry, and acoustic telemetry along the wall of the drill string. The various telemetry technologies also permit commands and configuration information to be communicated to the bottomhole assembly from the surface, thereby enabling a driller to interact with the bottomhole assembly and, among other things, steer the borehole along a desired path in response to data collected by the BHA. -
Data processing system 50 includes internal data storage and memory having software (represented by removable information storage media 52), along with one or more processor cores that execute the software. The software configures the system to interact with a user via one or more input/output devices (such askeyboard 54 and display 56), Among other things,system 50 processes data received fromacquisition module 38 and generates a representative display for the driller to perceive. During a fracturing operation, the system can display data indicative of measured fracture parameters and show how they compare to a desired target, thereby enabling an operator to tailor fluid flow parameters to optimize the result. In addition to acquiring data during the fracturing operation, the BHA can be raised and lowered to perform logging runs through the region of interest before and after the fracturing operation. -
FIG. 2 shows a second illustrative fracturing environment. Unlike the fracturing while drilling environment ofFIG. 1 ,FIG. 2 shows that the BHA has been pulled from the borehole. Atubing string 60 is set in the borehole with one ormore packers 62 to confine the fracturing pressure to the desired region of the borehole. Atool assembly 64 is suspended by awireline 66 from alogging truck 68, In addition to physical support, the wireline provides a bundle of electrical conductors (and optionally optical fibers) to provide power from the surface and convey telemetry from the tool assembly to the processing systems at the surface. The illustrated tool assembly includes an array of boreholewall imaging pads 70 and a directionalelectromagnetic logging tool 72. - The tool assembly can be conveyed on logging trips through the open borehole before and after a fracturing operation to collect three-dimensional measurements of the formation's electromagnetic properties, as well as images of the borehole walls. Moreover, the tool assembly can be anchored (or optionally tripped on logging runs) during the fracturing operation to monitor the evolution of the fractures. Processing systems in the logging truck enable operators to observe representative characteristics of the detected fractures.
-
FIG. 3 shows some illustrative fracture characteristics that can be determined by the processing systems based on measurements by the directional electromagnetic tool and optionally the borehole wall imaging tool. In the overhead view of the borehole,FIG. 3 shows a fracture of length L, average thickness T, and azimuthal angle α intersecting the borehole. (As used herein, the azimuthal angle of a fracture represents the fracture's orientation in the horizontal plane rather than its position relative to the borehole.) In the side view, it can be seen that the fracture has an average height H and it intersects the borehole along an extent X. Such parameters are illustrative of fracture characteristics that would be of interest to analysts. However, they do not represent an exhaustive set of parameters nor do they represent a necessary set of parameters. For example, some analysts may be more interested in fracture volume, while others may simply need the limits of a “bounding box” that encloses all the detected fractures. -
FIG. 4 shows an illustrative 3D volume representing the data that can be collected by the directional electromagnetic logging tool. The tool makes formation measurements as a function of depth (or position along the borehole axis) Z, azimuth angle α, and radial distance R. This coordinate system is divided into a grid of cells or “voxels”, and the tool determines one or more formation property measurements for each cell. - In at least some embodiments, the tool provides resistivity measurements for 32 or more depths at 256 or more azimuthal angles, with a depth resolution of 2 centimeters or better, In high resistivity formations, an operator can use a low resistivity fracturing fluid such as a saline mud. The directional electromagnetic logging tool can detect regions of such contrast material, thereby enabling a processing system to identify fractures and determine their characteristic parameters, Similarly, in low resistivity formations, an operator can use a high resistivity fracturing fluid such as an oil-based mud. If a region is repeatedly scanned during a fracturing operation, the processing system can track the evolution of fractures.
-
FIG. 5 shows an illustrativeborehole wall image 502. An imaging tool scans the borehole wall and makes formation property measurements as a function of depth Z and azimuthal angle. As with the 3D volume, this 2D map is divided into cells or “pixels”, and the tool determines one or more formation property measurements for each cell, The measurement value can be shown as a color or intensity value in the map, thereby creating an image of the borehole wall. Acoustic measurements and micro-resistivity measurements offer the opportunity for very high resolution images, with 512 or more azimuthal angles and a depth resolution of 0.5 cm or better. Such images makebedding structures 504 andfaults 506 clearly visible. Theprocessing system 50 can combine such measurements to obtain a better determination of the fracture parameters. -
FIG. 6 shows functional block diagrams for anillustrative software package 602 suitable for running ondata processing system 50, optionally in cooperation with other computer systems on a computer network. - In
block 604, the software determines a model of the formation. This model can be based on seismic survey data, augmented by well logs. The model generally includes estimates of formation bed geometry, formation composition, density, and stress. Inblock 606, the software predicts the behavior of the formation when the formation is subjected to a fracturing process. The software can rely on rock mechanic models and empirical models from previous fracturing studies when simulating the evolution of faults in response to specified fracturing fluid pressures and flow rates. Once an operator has tried various simulations and arrived at desirable results, the fracturing operation can begin. - In
block 608, the software configures the processing system to obtain injection data, i.e., data regarding characteristics of the fracturing fluid (including resistivity), the borehole geometry, the fluid flow rate, the fluid pressure, and the cumulative fluid volume. The software further configures the processing system to collect 4D resistivity data, i.e., a time progression of 3D resistivity data. Inblock 609, the software optionally obtains a log of the borehole wall image. - In
block 610, the software processes the resistivity data and optionally combines it with wall image data to extract fault parameters. Illustrative parameters include fracture azimuth, fracture complexity, fracture coverage (e.g., the percentage of the borehole that is within a specified distance of at least one fracture), fracture height, and fracture half-length. (A fracturing operation generally forms many fractures. The lengths of these fractures have an exponential distribution that is characterized in terms of the half-length, i.e., the length greater than the lengths of half of the fractures and less than the lengths of the other half.) - The extracted fault parameters can be compared to the model predictions in block 612 to test the model validity and/or determine if the goals of the fracturing process have been achieved. This comparison can also he used as the basis for refining the model or adjusting the injection parameters to optimize the fracturing process. In the current embodiment, such refinements and adjustments are in the purview of the user, but in certain contemplated embodiments the software includes a module for automatically controlling the injection parameters in response to the fault parameter measurements. Illustrative adjustments include reducing the flow rate as fracture parameters approach the target state.
- In
block 614 the history of extracted fault parameters is recorded to track the evolution of faults during the fracturing process, Amapping module 616 generates fault maps based on the information tracked inblocks -
FIG. 7 shows an illustrative fracture characterization method. Beginning inblock 702, the operator drills a well. Inblock 704, the operator prepares for a fracturing operation. Such preparation may include logging the borehole, preparing a model, determining a fracturing plan based on simulation, and securing fracturing fluids and equipment. Also included is positioning the fluid injection ports at the desired fracturing position and, if necessary, isolating the fracturing region from the rest of the borehole. In some configurations the operator might also position a directional electromagnetic logging tool in the vicinity of the fracturing region. - In
block 706, the operator pumps the fracturing fluid through the injection port. As mentioned previously, the fluid possesses an electrical resistivity that contrasts with the resistivity of the formation. The operator optionally collects directional electromagnetic logging measurements during the fracturing process inblock 708. Such measurements enable real-time tracking of fracture evolution so that the operator can tailor the injection parameters to optimize results. - Once the fluid injection is complete (or at least temporarily halted), the operator collects directional electromagnetic resistivity measurements in
block 710, optionally augmented with a borehole image log. Inblock 712, the data processing system extracts fracture parameters from these measurements. The operator analyzes the fracture parameters inblock 714 and determines whether additional fracturing is desired. If so, the method loops back to block 704. Otherwise the operator completes the well inblock 716, typically by cementing a casing in place and perforating it in those locations where it is desired to produce or inject fluids. - The region in which direction& electromagnetic logging tool measurements can be performed can be extended in either or both of at least two ways illustrated in
FIG. 8 .FIG. 8 shows a well 802 being drilled and fractured using adrill string 8. Thedrill string 8 includes multiple directionalelectromagnetic logging tools 804 to extend the measurement region along the axis of the well. The measurement region can be extended away from the well 802 using one or more offsetwells electromagnetic logging tools 810 on a continuous tubing string 808 (e.g., coil tubing or composite tubing). Offset well 812 has an array of directionalelectromagnetic logging tools 816 on awireline 814. Fractures that extend into the measurement regions of theseadditional tools - Numerous variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated. For example, the directional electromagnetic logging tool can be located outside the borehole, e.g., in a second borehole near the borehole being fractured, to monitor fracture formation from a distance. In another embodiment, the directional electromagnetic logging measurements are used in conjunction with a micro-seismic monitoring tool to complement and verify the operation of each. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such variations and modifications.
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