US20130259846A1 - Method for Mosquito Control - Google Patents

Method for Mosquito Control Download PDF

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US20130259846A1
US20130259846A1 US13/636,889 US201213636889A US2013259846A1 US 20130259846 A1 US20130259846 A1 US 20130259846A1 US 201213636889 A US201213636889 A US 201213636889A US 2013259846 A1 US2013259846 A1 US 2013259846A1
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insects
insect
adult
oil
larvicide
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Stephen Dobson
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Mosquitomate Inc
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Assigned to MOSQUITOMATE, INC. reassignment MOSQUITOMATE, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DOBSON, STEPHEN L.
Assigned to MOSQUITOMATE, INC. reassignment MOSQUITOMATE, INC. CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE PROPERTY NUMBERS PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ON REEL 045486 FRAME 0678. ASSIGNOR(S) HEREBY CONFIRMS THE ASSIGNMENT. Assignors: DOBSON, STEPHEN L.
Priority to US18/188,854 priority Critical patent/US20230225311A1/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • A01N43/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom six-membered rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/90—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having two or more relevant hetero rings, condensed among themselves or with a common carbocyclic ring system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
    • A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
    • A01N47/28—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N<
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
    • A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
    • A01N47/28—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N<
    • A01N47/34—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N< containing the groups, e.g. biuret; Thio analogues thereof; Urea-aldehyde condensation products
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and a formulation for mosquito control and, in particular, a method and a formulation for mosquito control which includes, but is not limited to, using mosquitoes or other insects for delivering agents, e.g., insecticides such as a larvicide, to an insect population to thereby control the insect population.
  • agents e.g., insecticides such as a larvicide
  • Methods for controlling mosquito populations include the use of pesticides and vector control methods.
  • One prior formulation or method for treating mosquito populations includes the use of dissemination stations which are deployed in a target environment.
  • the dissemination stations may be laced with a pesticide, including, but not limited to, a juvenile hormone analog.
  • the dissemination station may include a box or other structure which attracts female mosquitoes.
  • the mosquitoes enter the dissemination station, become exposed to the pesticide or hormone, and carry that hormone back to affect other mosquitoes by mating.
  • An example of this mosquito control is described in the article by Devine et al., entitled “Using adult mosquitoes to transfer insecticides to Aedes aegypti larval habitats,” PNAS, vol. 106, no. 28, Jul. 14, 2009.
  • the present invention is directed to a novel, self-delivering, insecticidal formulations and delivery techniques.
  • the formulations in one form, are larvicide treated insects, such as male mosquitoes.
  • the insecticidal formulations can control medically important mosquitoes. These medically important mosquitoes include mosquitoes having an economic or medical importance to animal or human health. Medically important mosquitoes include those listed in the Appendix to this disclosure.
  • One aspect of the present formulations and delivery techniques relates to a new larvicide treatment for males, as a formulation which can be used to control a mosquito population.
  • the formulation can be generated by exposing adult insects, such as mosquitoes and, in particular, male mosquitoes, to a pesticide, such as a juvenile hormone which affects juvenile survival or interferes with metamorphosis of juvenile mosquitoes and has relatively little impact on adult mosquitoes.
  • the adult insects are exposed to the pesticide in a controlled, factory environment.
  • the factory-reared or captured from the wild adult insects which have been exposed to the pesticide are referred to as direct treated individuals (DTI).
  • the DTI are then released into an environment in which one wishes to control the mosquito population.
  • the DTI control a mosquito population by interacting with untreated individuals (e.g., mating), such that the pesticide, e.g., a larvicide, is communicated to other individuals (known as Indirectly Treated Individuals; (ITI)).
  • untreated individuals e.g., mating
  • the pesticide e.g., a larvicide
  • ITI Indirectly Treated Individuals
  • the control method uses compounds that affect immature/juvenile stages (eggs, larvae, pupae) more than adults.
  • larvicidal compounds is maintained at the IR-4 Public Health Pesticides Database. Examples of compounds include (1) insect growth regulators such as juvenile hormone mimics or analogs, including methoprene, pyriproxyfen (PPF), and (2) Microbial larvicides, such as Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus sphaericus, herein incorporated by reference. Exemplary compounds are provided in Tables 1-3, below, in the Detailed Description section.
  • the present invention in one form thereof, relates to a method for insect control.
  • the method includes introducing insects which carry one or more insecticides comprising at least one larvicide, to an insect population, to thereby control the insect population.
  • the insects are adult males and the method further includes exposing the adult male insects to a pesticide which affects juvenile survival or interferes with metamorphosis of juvenile insects to adulthood, and which pesticide has little impact on adult insects.
  • the insect population is a mosquito population.
  • the juvenile active insecticide i.e. larvicide
  • the chemical class include insect growth regulators, such as juvenile hormone analogs or compounds which mimic juvenile hormones.
  • the larvicide may be pyriproxyfen or methoprene.
  • the biological class include viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi and crustacean organisms or toxic compounds that they produce.
  • the present invention in another form thereof, relates to a formulation for insect control which comprises an artificially generated adult insect carrier of a larvicide.
  • the larvicide has minimal impact on the adult insect and the larvicide interferes with metamorphosis of juvenile insects to adulthood.
  • the adult insect is a male mosquito and in an alternative form, the larvicide is pyriproxyfen, methoprene and microbial larvicides, including, but not limited to, Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus sphaericus.
  • FIGURE is a graph showing survival of treated (black) and untreated (white) adults, with bars showing standard deviation, in accordance with the present invention.
  • the present invention is directed to a method and a formulation for mosquito control.
  • the formulation in one advantageous form, is larvicide treated males.
  • the treated males are generated from medically important adult male mosquitoes obtained via factory-rearing or captured from the wild.
  • a larvicide such as pyriproxyfen (PPF)
  • PPF pyriproxyfen
  • Table 1 the adult male mosquitoes are exposed to a larvicide, such as pyriproxyfen (PPF), advantageously in a controlled laboratory or factory environment.
  • PPF is a juvenile hormone mimic which interferes with metamorphosis of juvenile mosquitoes and has relatively little impact on adult mosquitoes.
  • PPF is commonly used as a mosquito larvicide, but is not used as an adulticide.
  • the treated males are subsequently referred to as the Direct Treated Individuals (DTI), and this is the insecticidal formulation.
  • DTI Direct Treated Individuals
  • the DTI are released into areas with indigenous conspecifics.
  • Male mosquitoes do not blood feed or transmit disease. Accordingly, male mosquitoes provide unique advantages in the present control method as couriers of the larvicide.
  • the DTI interact with untreated individuals (e.g., mating), such that PPF is communicated to the other individuals to produce Indirectly Treated Individuals (ITI).
  • ITI Indirectly Treated Individuals
  • the PPF is delivered by both the DTI and ITI in the wild/in the environment, into the breeding areas, where the PPF accumulates to lethal doses and acts as a larvicide. It is noted that the PPF would impact additional mosquito species that share the same breeding site, providing control of additional mosquito species.
  • female mosquitoes can be used as the DTI.
  • female mosquitoes blood feed and can vector disease.
  • the use of female mosquitoes are applicable when the females are incapacitated prior to deployment in the environment and the females have limited procreation ability, bite and vector diseases.
  • larvicidal active ingredients can be used which include, but are not limited to, compounds that affect juvenile survival or affect immature/juvenile stages of development (eggs, larvae, pupae) more than adults.
  • larvicidal compounds are maintained at the IR-4 Public Health Pesticides Database. Examples of compounds include (1) insect growth regulators such as juvenile hormone mimics or analogs, including methoprene, pyriproxyfen (PPF), and (2) Microbial larvicides, such as Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus sphaericus. Tables 1-3 provide abridged, exemplary lists of suitable compounds.
  • Propoxur, other related procera ) Andiroba African ( Carapa Extracts of Common Juniper Putrescent Whole Egg Solids procera ) ( Juniperus communis ) Andiroba, American ( Carapa Fenchyl Acetate Pyrethrin I guianensis ) Anethole Fenitrothion Pyrethrin II Anise ( Pimpinella anisum ) Fennel ( Foeniculum vulgaris ) Pyrethrins Aniseed Oil ( Pimpinella Fennel Oil ( Foeniculum Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids, anisum ) vulgaris ) manufg.
  • Atrazine Fenoxycarb Pyrethrins other related Avermectin Fenthion Pyrethrum Azadirachtin Fenthion Oxon Pyrethrum Marc Pyrethrum Powder other Azadirachtin A Fenthion Sulfone than Pyrethrins Bacillus sphaericus Fenthion Sulfoxide Pyriproxyfen Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, 3- Bacillus sphaericus , serotype Ferula hermonis bromo-5-(p-chlorophenyl)-4- H-5A5B, strain 2362 cyano- Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, 5- Bacillus thuringiensis Ferula hermonis Oil (p-chlorophenyl)-4-cyano- israelensis (metabolite of AC 303268) Bacillus thuringiensis Finger Root Oil israelensis , serotype H-14 ( Boesenbergia
  • Ocimum americanum Wormwood Oil Artemisia Mays ) (Lemon Basil) absinthium ) Corymbia citriodora (Lemon Ocimum basilicum (Sweet Ylang-ylang Oil ( Canagium Eucalyptus ) Basil) odoratum ) Cottonseed Oil ( Gossypium spp.) Ocimum basilicum var.
  • the aforementioned methods can be applied to additional susceptible arthropods, including economically and medically important pests (including animal and human health), where one life stage and/or sex does not cause direct damage.
  • the present method can be applied using non-targeted, beneficial or non-pest arthropods that utilize the same breeding site as the targeted arthropod.
  • the DTI could be PPF-treated arthropods that come in contact with the targeted insect's breeding sites.
  • Oytiscidae adults Predaceous Diving Beetles
  • Additional candidate insects that could serve as the DTI include, but are not limited to: Diptera (e.g., Tipulidae, Chironomidae, Psychodidae, Ceratapogonidae, Cecidomyiidae, Syrphidae, Sciaridae, Stratiomyiidae, Phoridae), Coleoptera (e.g., Staphylinidae, Scirtidae, Nitidulidae, Oytiscidae, Noteridae) and Hemiptera (e.g., Pleidae, Belostomatidae, Corixidae, Notonectidae, Nepidae).
  • Diptera e.g., Tipulidae, Chironomidae, Psychodidae, Ceratapogonidae, Cecidomyiidae, Syrphidae, Sciaridae, Stratiomyii
  • DTI non-Culicid DTI
  • the DTI may be easier to rear, larger size (allowing increased levels of PPF), be less affected by the PPF, or have an increased probability of direct contact with the breeding site of the targeted arthropod (i.e. not necessarily rely on transfer of the PPF via mating, improved location of breeding sites).
  • DTI DTI dihydroxy-3-phenylcholine
  • the regulatory issues may be simplified if the species used for DTI were indigenous.
  • the species used for DTI were indigenous.
  • there are numerous examples of exotic arthropods being imported for biological control.
  • different DTI species may be more/less appropriate for urban, suburban and rural environments.
  • Aedes albopictus were used in experiments from a colony established in 2008 from Lexington, Ky.
  • Callosobrochus maculatus were purchased from Carolina Biological Supply Company (Burlington, N.C.) and maintained on mung beans ( Vigna radiata ). Rearing and experiments were performed in ambient conditions ( ⁇ 25° C.; 80% humidity). Larvae were reared in pans with ⁇ 500 ml water and crushed cat food (Science Diet; Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc.). Adults were provided with raisins as a sugar source. For line maintenance, females were blood fed by the author.
  • Sumilarv 0.5 G was generously provided by Sumitomo Chemical (London, UK).
  • Liquid PPF was purchased from Pest Control Outlet (New Port Richey, Fla.).
  • Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis technical powder was purchased from HydroToYou (Bell, Calif.).
  • Sumilarv granules were crushed into a fine powder and applied using a bellows-type dusting apparatus (J.T. Eaton Insecticidal Duster #530; Do-ityourself Pest Control, Suwanee, Ga.).
  • Liquid PPF was applied using a standard squirt bottle (WalMart, Lexington, Ky.).
  • Treated adults were held in individualized bags with a raisin as a sucrose source until used in larval bioassays.
  • Larval bioassays were performed in 3 oz. Dixie Cups (Georgia-Pacific, Atlanta, Ga.) containing ten L3 larvae, 20 ml water and crushed cat food.
  • Bioassays characterizing the larvicidal properties of treated adults show significant lethality resulting from the presence of treated mosquitoes and beetles. Similar results were observed for multiple formulations (i.e. dust and liquid) and multiple active ingredients. Furthermore, representative examples from each of the chemical and biological classes (Tables 1 and 2) of juvenile active insecticides have been demonstrated. This is also consistent with those traits required for the proposed application of treated arthropods as a self-delivering insecticide. Specifically, treated arthropods that reach mosquito breeding sites can be expected to impact immature mosquitoes that are present at the site.
  • the present invention is directed to a novel formulation and method for treating insect populations, including, but not limited to, mosquito populations.
  • the present formulation and method starts with generating insect carriers in an artificial controlled environment or setting.
  • the insect carriers can either be factory-reared or adults captured from the wild. Subsequently, the carriers are released into an environment as the control agent or formulation.
  • the carriers i.e. the insects with the pesticide, are the formulation for insect control, whereas, in prior methods and formulations, the formulation is a treated dissemination station, not a treated insect.
  • the present method is a trans-generation insect control technique which targets the next generation of insects, whereas prior techniques target the present generation, i.e. adult insects.
  • Garc ⁇ a-Mungu ⁇ a et al. “Transmission of Beauveria bassiana from male to female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes,” Parasites & Vectors, 4:24, 2011 is a paper published on Feb. 26, 2011 describing mosquito control of adults and, thus, the paper describes the killing of the present generation of insects.
  • the Garc ⁇ a-Mungu ⁇ a paper describes using fungus-treated males to deliver insecticidal fungus to adult females.
  • the fungus shortens the female lifespan and reduces fecundity of adult females.
  • This type of approach (using insects to deliver an adulticide) is not particularly novel, and has been used in several important insect species, including examples described in Baverstock et al., “Entomopathogenic fungi and insect behaviour: from unsuspecting hosts to targeted vectors,” Biocontrol, 55:89-102, 2009.
  • the present technique uniquely uses factory-treatment of adult insects with a larvicide in which the larvicide is chemical or biological in nature.
  • No prior technique includes the manufacturing of larvicidal-treated insects for trans-generational delivery.
  • the present technique merely treats adult males with larvicidal compounds which do not kill the adult males; rather, the treatment delivers the larvicidal compounds in a trans-generational delivery to kill the next generation, i.e. larvae.
  • Advantages which follow from the present technique include using the adults treated with the larvicide to communicate the larvicide to other adults through the lifespan of the initially treated adult insect.
  • the present technique which delivers a larvicide using treated adults to transfer the treatment to other adults, rather than prior techniques which kill the adult insect.
  • the present technique delivers the larvicide by the treated adults into breeding sites where the larvicide can affect and kill thousands of developing, immature mosquitoes.
  • This technique is unlike prior techniques which merely target the adults and, thus, only kill the directly affected adults and not thousands of developing, immature mosquitoes, i.e. a next generation of insects.
  • the present technique allows for the treatment of insect breeding sites, including cryptic, i.e. previously unknown, breeding sites which prior insect control techniques do not treat.
  • the present technique allows one to affect insect populations of the species of a treated insect, as well as other species which share a common breeding site. Since the present technique uses adult insects to deliver a larvicide to a breeding site, the present technique allows for the transmission of a larvicide to breeding sites which may be common among more than one insect species. As a result, the present technique can target the species of the treated insect, as well as insects which share a common breeding site.
  • the present larvicide technique allows a pesticide to persist in a breeding site after the treated insect has departed or died.
  • One additional advantage of the present method is that the agents being disseminated are the insects themselves, as carriers of the insecticide which will directly affect an insect population.
  • Prior formulation and methods require indirect dissemination, in which insects of a population in the wild must first find a dissemination station, acquire an appropriate dose of the insecticide, and then return to the population with the larvicide of a dissemination station in order to have an affect on the insect population.
  • insects have a larval stage
  • adult insects can be used as carriers of larvicides which have minimal affect on the adult insect, but are lethal to the larvae, thereby controlling the insect population.

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Abstract

A formulation and method for insect control is provided in the form of insecticide carrying insects which can be introduced in a population to thereby control the insect population. The formulation may include artificially generated adult insect carriers of a larvicide in which the larvicide has minimal impact on the adult insect and which larvicide affects juvenile survival or interferes with metamorphosis of juvenile insects to adulthood. The insects may be either male or female and may include mosquitoes.

Description

    CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
  • This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/477,781, filed Apr. 21, 2011, herein incorporated by reference.
    • FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention relates to a method and a formulation for mosquito control and, in particular, a method and a formulation for mosquito control which includes, but is not limited to, using mosquitoes or other insects for delivering agents, e.g., insecticides such as a larvicide, to an insect population to thereby control the insect population.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • Malaria, dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever, West Nile Virus (WNV) and other encephalites, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), human filariasis, dog heartworm and other pathogens important to animals are on the increase. These diseases are transmitted via insects and, in particular, mosquitoes. Methods for controlling mosquito populations include the use of pesticides and vector control methods.
  • Existing insecticidal control methods rely upon field technicians, who fail to find and treat many breeding sites, which can be numerous, cryptic and inaccessible. Additional methods consist of area-wide treatment via airplane or wind-assisted dispersal from truck-mounted foggers. Unfortunately, the latter fail to treat many breeding sites and are complicated by variable environmental conditions. Barrera et al., “Population Dynamics of Aedes aegypti and Dengue as Influenced by Weather and Human Behavior in San Juan, Puerto Rico,” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 5:e1378, 2011, describing the effects of various breeding sites on disease.
  • Surveys of natural and artificial water containers demonstrate mosquitoes and other arthropods to be highly efficient in finding, inhabiting and laying eggs in variously sized, cryptic water pools, including tree holes and gutters high above ground level.
  • One prior formulation or method for treating mosquito populations includes the use of dissemination stations which are deployed in a target environment. The dissemination stations may be laced with a pesticide, including, but not limited to, a juvenile hormone analog. The dissemination station may include a box or other structure which attracts female mosquitoes. The mosquitoes enter the dissemination station, become exposed to the pesticide or hormone, and carry that hormone back to affect other mosquitoes by mating. An example of this mosquito control is described in the article by Devine et al., entitled “Using adult mosquitoes to transfer insecticides to Aedes aegypti larval habitats,” PNAS, vol. 106, no. 28, Jul. 14, 2009.
  • In tests of another dissemination station, researchers showed that males in the wild that acquire the pesticide from a station can transfer the pesticide to females during copulation. The females receiving pesticide particles via venereal transfer were then shown to cause a significant inhibition of emergence in larval bioassays. This was reported in the article by Gaugler et al, entitled “An autodissemination station for the transfer of an insect growth regulator to mosquito oviposition sites,” Med. Vet. Entomol. 2011.
  • In view of continuing mosquito problems, as noted, additional tools are required to control mosquitoes that are important as nuisance pests and disease vectors.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention is directed to a novel, self-delivering, insecticidal formulations and delivery techniques. The formulations, in one form, are larvicide treated insects, such as male mosquitoes. The insecticidal formulations can control medically important mosquitoes. These medically important mosquitoes include mosquitoes having an economic or medical importance to animal or human health. Medically important mosquitoes include those listed in the Appendix to this disclosure.
  • One aspect of the present formulations and delivery techniques relates to a new larvicide treatment for males, as a formulation which can be used to control a mosquito population. The formulation can be generated by exposing adult insects, such as mosquitoes and, in particular, male mosquitoes, to a pesticide, such as a juvenile hormone which affects juvenile survival or interferes with metamorphosis of juvenile mosquitoes and has relatively little impact on adult mosquitoes. Advantageously, the adult insects are exposed to the pesticide in a controlled, factory environment. The factory-reared or captured from the wild adult insects which have been exposed to the pesticide are referred to as direct treated individuals (DTI). The DTI are then released into an environment in which one wishes to control the mosquito population. The DTI control a mosquito population by interacting with untreated individuals (e.g., mating), such that the pesticide, e.g., a larvicide, is communicated to other individuals (known as Indirectly Treated Individuals; (ITI)).
  • In specific further embodiments, the control method uses compounds that affect immature/juvenile stages (eggs, larvae, pupae) more than adults. A list of larvicidal compounds is maintained at the IR-4 Public Health Pesticides Database. Examples of compounds include (1) insect growth regulators such as juvenile hormone mimics or analogs, including methoprene, pyriproxyfen (PPF), and (2) Microbial larvicides, such as Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus sphaericus, herein incorporated by reference. Exemplary compounds are provided in Tables 1-3, below, in the Detailed Description section.
  • The present invention, in one form thereof, relates to a method for insect control. The method includes introducing insects which carry one or more insecticides comprising at least one larvicide, to an insect population, to thereby control the insect population. In one specific embodiment, the insects are adult males and the method further includes exposing the adult male insects to a pesticide which affects juvenile survival or interferes with metamorphosis of juvenile insects to adulthood, and which pesticide has little impact on adult insects.
  • In one further, specific embodiment, the insect population is a mosquito population. Further, the juvenile active insecticide (i.e. larvicide) may be within a chemical class (Table 1) or biological class (Table 2). Examples within the chemical class include insect growth regulators, such as juvenile hormone analogs or compounds which mimic juvenile hormones. For example, the larvicide may be pyriproxyfen or methoprene. Examples within the biological class include viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi and crustacean organisms or toxic compounds that they produce.
  • The present invention, in another form thereof, relates to a formulation for insect control which comprises an artificially generated adult insect carrier of a larvicide. The larvicide has minimal impact on the adult insect and the larvicide interferes with metamorphosis of juvenile insects to adulthood. In one specific formulation, the adult insect is a male mosquito and in an alternative form, the larvicide is pyriproxyfen, methoprene and microbial larvicides, including, but not limited to, Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus sphaericus.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
  • The sole FIGURE is a graph showing survival of treated (black) and untreated (white) adults, with bars showing standard deviation, in accordance with the present invention.
    •  DETAILED DESCRIPTION
  • The present invention is directed to a method and a formulation for mosquito control. The formulation, in one advantageous form, is larvicide treated males. The treated males are generated from medically important adult male mosquitoes obtained via factory-rearing or captured from the wild. As a demonstration of the chemical class of juvenile active insecticides (Table 1), the adult male mosquitoes are exposed to a larvicide, such as pyriproxyfen (PPF), advantageously in a controlled laboratory or factory environment. PPF is a juvenile hormone mimic which interferes with metamorphosis of juvenile mosquitoes and has relatively little impact on adult mosquitoes. Thus, PPF is commonly used as a mosquito larvicide, but is not used as an adulticide.
  • The treated males are subsequently referred to as the Direct Treated Individuals (DTI), and this is the insecticidal formulation. The DTI are released into areas with indigenous conspecifics. Male mosquitoes do not blood feed or transmit disease. Accordingly, male mosquitoes provide unique advantages in the present control method as couriers of the larvicide. The DTI interact with untreated individuals (e.g., mating), such that PPF is communicated to the other individuals to produce Indirectly Treated Individuals (ITI). The PPF is delivered by both the DTI and ITI in the wild/in the environment, into the breeding areas, where the PPF accumulates to lethal doses and acts as a larvicide. It is noted that the PPF would impact additional mosquito species that share the same breeding site, providing control of additional mosquito species.
  • In an alternative control method, female mosquitoes can be used as the DTI. However, female mosquitoes blood feed and can vector disease. The use of female mosquitoes are applicable when the females are incapacitated prior to deployment in the environment and the females have limited procreation ability, bite and vector diseases.
  • In a further alternative method, other larvicidal active ingredients can be used which include, but are not limited to, compounds that affect juvenile survival or affect immature/juvenile stages of development (eggs, larvae, pupae) more than adults. A list of larvicidal compounds is maintained at the IR-4 Public Health Pesticides Database. Examples of compounds include (1) insect growth regulators such as juvenile hormone mimics or analogs, including methoprene, pyriproxyfen (PPF), and (2) Microbial larvicides, such as Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus sphaericus. Tables 1-3 provide abridged, exemplary lists of suitable compounds.
  • TABLE 1
    Juvenile Active Insecticide - Chemical*
    Azadirachtin
    Diflubenzuron
    Methoprene
    Neem Oil (Azadirachta indica)
    Novaluron
    Pyriproxyfen
    S-Methoprene
    S-Hydropene
    Temephos
    *A list of Public Health Pesticides is maintained at the IR-4 Public Health Pesticides Database
  • TABLE 2
    Juvenile Active Insecticide - Biological*
    Ascogregarine spp.
    Bacillus sphaericus
    Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis
    Baculoviruses
    Copepoda spp.
    Densovirinae spp.
    Lagenidium giganteum
    Microsporida spp.
    Spinosad
    Spinosyn
    *A list of Public Health Pesticides is maintained at the IR-4 Public Health Pesticides Database
  • TABLE 3
    Public Health Pesticides from the IR-4 Database*
    (−)-cis-Permethrin Cyfluthrin Oil of Basil, African Blue
    (Ocimum kilimandscharicum ×
    basilicum)
    (−)-trans-Permethrin Cyhalothrin Oil of Basil, Dwarf Bush
    (Ocimum basilicum var.
    minimum)
    (+)-cis-Permethrin Cyhalothrin, epimer R157836 Oil of Basil, Greek Bush
    (Ocimum minimum)
    Cyhalothrin, Total Oil of Basil, Greek Column
    (±)-cis,trans-Deltamethrin (Cyhalothrin-L + R157836 (Ocimum × citriodorum
    epimer) ‘Lesbos’)
    (1R)-Alpha-Pinene Cypermethrin Oil of Basil, Lemon (Ocimum
    americanum)
    (1R)-Permethrin Cyphenothrin Oil of Basil, Sweet (Ocimum
    basilicum)
    (1R)-Resmethrin DDD, o,p Oil of Basil, Thai Lemon
    (Ocimum × citriodorum)
    (1R,cis) Phenothrin DDD, other related Oil of Bay Laurel (Laurus
    nobilis)
    (1R,trans) Phenothrin DDD, p,p′ Oil of Cajeput (Melaleuca
    leucadendra)
    (1S)-Alpha-Pinene DDE Oil of Cassumunar Ginger
    (Zingiber montanum)
    (1S)-Permethrin DDE, o,p Oil of Fishpoison (Tephrosia
    purpurea)
    (E)-Beta-Caryophyllene DDT Oil of Ginger (Zingiber
    officinale)
    1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(4-ethyl- DDT, o,p′ Oil of Gurjun Balsam
    phenyl) ethane (Dipterocarpus turbinatus
    balsam)
    1,8-Cineole DDT, p,p′ Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus
    (Corymbia citriodora)
    1H-Pyrazole-3-carboxamide, DDVP Oil of Lemon Mint (Monarda
    5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4- citriodora)
    (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-
    [(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]
    1-Naphthol DDVP, other related Oil of Melaleuca (Melaleuca
    spp.)
    1-Octen-3-ol DEET Oil of Myrcia (Myrcia spp.)
    2-(2-(p-(diisobutyl) phenoxy) Deltamethrin Oil of Nutmeg (Myristica
    ethoxy) ethyl dimethyl fragrans)
    ammonium chloride
    2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3- Deltamethrin (includes Oil of Palmarosa
    propanediol parent Tralomethrin) (Cymbopogon martinii)
    Deltamethrin (isomer
    2-Hydroxyethyl Octyl Sulfide unspecified) Orange Oil (Citrus sinensis)
    2-Isopropyl-4-methyl-6- Deltamethrin, other related Oregano Oil (Origanum
    hydroxypyrimidine vulgare)
    2-Pyrroline-3-carbonitrile, 2- Desmethyl Malathion Ortho-Phenylphenol
    (p-chlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-
    4-oxo-5-
    3,7-dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol Desulfinyl Fipronil Ortho-Phenylphenol, Sodium
    acetate Salt
    3,7-dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol Desulfinylfipronil Amide Oviposition Attractant A
    acetate
    3-Phenoxybenzoic Acid Diatomaceous Earth Oviposition Attractant B
    4-Fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic Diatomaceous Earth, other Oviposition Attractant C
    acid related
    Absinth Wormwood Diazinon Oviposition Attractant D
    (Artemisia absinthium)
    Absinthin Diazoxon Oxymatrine
    Acepromazine Dibutyl Phthalate Paracress Oil (Spilanthes
    acmella)
    Acetaminophen Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium P-Cymene
    Chloride
    Acetamiprid Dieldrin Penfluron
    Acetic Acid Diethyl Phosphate Pennyroyal Oil (American
    False Pennyroyal, Hedeoma
    pulegioides)
    AI3-35765 Diethylthio Phosphate Peppermint (Mentha ×
    piperita)
    AI3-37220 Diflubenzuron Peppermint Oil (Mentha ×
    piperita)
    Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Dihydro Abietyl Alcohol Permethrin
    Ammonium Chloride
    (60% C14, 25% C12, 15% C16)
    Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Dihydro-5-heptyl-2(3H)- Permethrin, other related
    Ammonium Chloride furanone
    (60% C14, 30% C16, 5% C12,
    5% C18)
    Alkyl Dimethylethyl Benzyl Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3H)- Phenothrin
    Ammonium Chloride furanone
    (50% C12, 30% C14, 17% C16,
    3% C18)
    Alkyl Dimethylethyl Benzyl Dimethyl Phosphate Phenothrin, other related
    Ammonium Chloride
    (68% C12, 32% C14)
    Allethrin Dimethyldithio Phosphate Picaridin
    Allethrin II Dimethylthio Phosphate Pine Oil (Pinus pinea = Stone
    Pine)
    Allethrins Dinotefuran Pine Oil (Pinus spp.)
    Allicin Dipropyl Isocinchomeronate Pine Oil (Pinus sylvestris =
    (2, 5 isomer) Scots Pine)
    Dipropyl Isocinchomeronate
    Allyl Caproate (3, 5 isomer) Pine Tar Oil (Pinus spp.)
    Allyl Isothiocyanate Dipropylene Glycol Pinene
    Alpha-Cypermethrin d-Limonene Piperine
    Alpha-lonone d-Phenothrin Piperonyl Butoxide
    Alpha-Pinene Dried Blood Piperonyl Butoxide,
    technical, other related
    Alpha-Terpinene d-trans-Beta-Cypermethrin Pirimiphos-Methyl
    Aluminum Phosphide Esfenvalerate PMD (p-Menthane-3,8-diol)
    Amitraz Ester Gum Potassium Laurate
    Potassium Salts of Fatty
    Ammonium Bicarbonate Estragole Acids
    Ammonium Fluosilicate Etofenprox Potassium Sorbate
    Anabasine Eucalyptus Oil (Eucalyptus Prallethrin
    spp.)
    Anabsinthine Eugenol Propoxur
    Andiroba Oil (Carapa Eugenyl Acetate Propoxur Phenol
    guianensis)
    Andiroba Oil (Carapa Extract of Piper spp. Propoxur, other related
    procera)
    Andiroba, African (Carapa Extracts of Common Juniper Putrescent Whole Egg Solids
    procera) (Juniperus communis)
    Andiroba, American (Carapa Fenchyl Acetate Pyrethrin I
    guianensis)
    Anethole Fenitrothion Pyrethrin II
    Anise (Pimpinella anisum) Fennel (Foeniculum vulgaris) Pyrethrins
    Aniseed Oil (Pimpinella Fennel Oil (Foeniculum Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids,
    anisum) vulgaris) manufg. Residues
    Atrazine Fenoxycarb Pyrethrins, other related
    Avermectin Fenthion Pyrethrum
    Azadirachtin Fenthion Oxon Pyrethrum Marc
    Pyrethrum Powder other
    Azadirachtin A Fenthion Sulfone than Pyrethrins
    Bacillus sphaericus Fenthion Sulfoxide Pyriproxyfen
    Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, 3-
    Bacillus sphaericus, serotype Ferula hermonis bromo-5-(p-chlorophenyl)-4-
    H-5A5B, strain 2362 cyano-
    Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, 5-
    Bacillus thuringiensis Ferula hermonis Oil (p-chlorophenyl)-4-cyano-
    israelensis (metabolite of AC 303268)
    Bacillus thuringiensis Finger Root Oil
    israelensis, serotype H-14 (Boesenbergia pandurata) Quassia
    Bacillus thuringiensis Fipronil Quassin
    israelensis, strain AM 65-52
    Bacillus thuringiensis Fipronil Sulfone R-(−)-1-Octen-3-ol
    israelensis, strain BK, solids,
    spores, and insecticidal
    toxins, ATCC number 35646
    Bacillus thuringiensis Fipronil Sulfoxide Red Cedar Chips (Juniperus
    israelensis, strain BMP 144 virginiana)
    Bacillus thuringiensis Fragrance Orange 418228 Resmethrin
    israelensis, strain EG2215
    Bacillus thuringiensis Gamma-Cyhalothrin Resmethrin, other related
    israelensis, strain IPS-78
    Bacillus thuringiensis Garlic (Allium sativum) Rhodojaponin-III
    israelensis, strain SA3A
    Balsam Fir Oil (Abies Garlic Chives Oil (Allium Rose Oil (Rosa spp.)
    balsamea) tuberosum)
    Basil, Holy (Ocimum Garlic Oil (Allium sativum) Rosemary (Rosmarinus
    tenuiflorum) officinalis)
    Bendiocarb Geraniol Rosemary Oil (Rosmarinus
    officinalis)
    Benzyl Benzoate Geranium Oil (Pelargonium Rosmanol
    graveolens)
    Bergamot Oil (Citrus Glyphosate, Isopropylamine Rosmaridiphenol
    aurantium bergamia) Salt
    Beta-Alanine Hexaflumuron Rosmarinic Acid
    Beta-Caryophyllene Hydroprene Rotenone
    Beta-Cyfluthrin Hydroxyethyl Octyl Sulfide, R-Pyriproxyfen
    other related
    Beta-Cypermethrin Imidacloprid R-Tetramethrin
    Beta-Cypermethrin ([(1R)- Imidacloprid Guanidine Rue Oil (Ruta chalepensis)
    1a(S*),3a] isomer)
    Beta-Cypermethrin ([(1R)-
    1a(S*),3b] isomer) Imidacloprid Olefin Ryania
    Beta-Cypermethrin ([(1S)- Imidacloprid Olefinic- Ryanodine
    1a((R*),3a] isomer) Guanidine
    Beta-Cypermethrin ([(1S)- Imidacloprid Urea S-(+)-1-Octen-3-ol
    1a(R*),3b] isomer)
    Beta-Myrcene Imiprothrin Sabinene
    Beta-Pinene Indian Privet Tree Oil (Vitex Sabinene
    negundo)
    Betulinic Acid Ionone Sage Oil (Salvia officinalis)
    IR3535 (Ethyl Sassafras Oil (Sassafras
    Bifenthrin Butylacetylaminopropionate) albidum)
    Billy-Goat Weed Oil Isomalathion Schoenocaubn officinale
    (Ageratum conyzoides)
    Bioallethrin = d-trans-
    Allethrin Isopropyl Alcohol S-Citronellol
    Biopermethrin Japanese Mint Oil (Mentha Sesame (Sesamum indicum)
    arvensis)
    Bioresmethrin Jasmolin I Sesame Oil (Sesamum
    indicum)
    Bitter Orange Oil (Citrus Jasmolin II Sesamin
    aurantium)
    Blend of Oils: of Lemongrass, Kerosene Sesamolin
    of Citronella, of Orange, of
    Bergamot; Geraniol, lonone
    Alpha, Methyl Salicylate and
    Allylisothioc
    Boric Acid L-(+)-Lactic acid S-Hydroprene
    Borneol Lactic Acid Silica Gel
    Bornyl Acetate Lagenidium giganteum Silver Sagebrush (Artemisia
    cana)
    Bromine Lagenidium giganteum Silver Sagebrush Oil
    (California strain) (Artemisia cana)
    Butane Lambda-Cyhalothrin S-Methoprene
    Butoxy Poly Propylene Glycol Lambda-Cyhalothrin R ester Sodium Chloride
    Caffeic Acid Lambda-Cyhalothrin S ester Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
    Solvent Naphtha
    Camphene Lambda-Cyhalothrin total (Petroleum), Light Aromatic
    Camphor Lauryl Sulfate Soybean Oil (Glycine max)
    Camphor Octanane Lavender Oil (Lavendula Spinosad
    angustifolia)
    Canada Balsam Leaves of Eucalyptus Spinosyn A
    (Eucalyptus spp.)
    Carbaryl Leech Lime Oil (Citrus Spinosyn D
    hystrix)
    Carbon Dioxide Lemon Oil (Citrus limon) Spinosyn Factor A
    Metabolite
    Carnosic Acid Licareol Spinosyn Factor D
    Metabolite
    Carvacrol Limonene S-Pyriproxyfen
    Caryophyllene Linalool Succinic Acid
    Cassumunar Ginger Oil Linalyl Acetate Sulfoxide
    (Zingiber montanum)
    Castor Oil (Ricinus Linseed Oil (Linum Sulfoxide, other related
    communis) usitatissimum)
    Catnip Oil (Nepeta cataria) Lonchocarpus utilis (Cubé) Sulfur
    Catnip Oil, Refined (Nepeta Lupinine Sulfuryl Fluoride
    cataria)
    Cedarwood Oil (Callitropsis Magnesium Phosphide Sweet Gale Oil (Myrica gale)
    nootkatensis = Nootka
    Cypress, Alaska Yellow
    Cedarwood)
    Cedarwood Oil (Cedrus Malabar (Cinnamomum Tangerine Oil (Citrus
    deodara = Deodar Cedar) tamala) reticulata)
    Cedarwood Oil (Cedrus spp. = Malabar Oil (Cinnamomum Tansy Oil (Tanacetum
    True Cedars) tamala) vulgare)
    Cedarwood Oil (Cupressus Malaoxon Tar Oils, from Distillation of
    funebris = Chinese Weeping Wood Tar
    Cypress)
    Cedarwood Oil (Cupressus Malathion Tarragon Oil (Artemisia
    spp. = Cypress) dracunculus)
    Cedarwood Oil (Juniper and Malathion Dicarboxylic Acid Tarwood Oil (Laxostylis alata)
    Cypress)
    Cedarwood Oil (Juniperus Malic Acid tau-Fluvalinate
    ashei = Ashe's Juniper, Texan
    Cedarwood)
    Cedarwood Oil (Juniperus Marigold Oil (Tagetes Teflubenzuron
    macropoda = Pencil Cedar) minuta)
    Cedarwood Oil (Juniperus spp.) Matrine Temephos
    Cedarwood Oil (Juniperus Menthone Temephos Sulfoxide
    virginiana = Eastern
    Redcedar, Southern
    Redcedar)
    Cedarwood Oil (Oil of Metaflumizone Terpinene
    Juniper Tar = Juniperus spp.)
    Cedarwood Oil (Thuja Metarhizium anisopliae Terpineol
    occidentalis = Eastern Strain F52 Spores
    Arborvitae)
    Cedarwood Oil (Thuja spp. = Methoprene Tetrachlorvinphos, Z-isomer
    Arborvitae)
    Cedarwood Oil (unspecified) Methoprene Acid Tetramethrin
    Cedrene Methyl Anabasine Tetramethrin, other related
    Cedrol Methyl Bromide Theta-Cypermethrin
    Chevron 100 Neutral Oil Methyl Cinnamate Thiamethoxam
    Chlordane Methyl cis-3-(2 2- Thujone
    dichlorovinyl)-2 2-
    dimethylcyclopropane-1-
    carboxylate
    Chlorfenapyr Methyl Eugenol Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)
    Chloropicrin Methyl Nonyl Ketone Thyme Oil (Thymus vulgaris)
    Chlorpyrifos Methyl Salicylate Thymol
    Cinerin I Methyl trans-3-(2 2- Timur Oil (Zanthoxylum
    dichlorovinyl)-2 2- alatum)
    dimethylcyclopropane-1-
    carboxylate
    Cinerin II Metofluthrin Tralomethrin
    Cinerins MGK 264 (N-octyl trans-3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-
    Bicycloheptene 2,2-dimethylcyclopropane
    Dicarboximide) carboxylic acid
    Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Mineral Oil Trans-Alpha-lonone
    Cinnamon Oil (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Mineral Oil, Petroleum Transfluthrin
    Distillates, Solvent Refined
    Light
    cis-3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-2,2- Mixture of Citronella Oil, trans-Ocimene
    dimethylcyclopropane Citrus Oil, Eucalyptus Oil,
    carboxylic acid Pine Oil
    cis-Deltamethrin MMF (Poly (oxy-1,2- Transpermethrin
    ethanediyl), alpha-
    isooctadecyl-omega-
    hydroxy)
    Cismethrin Mosquito Egg Pheromone trans-Resmethrin
    cis-Permethrin Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) Trichlorfon
    Citral Mugwort Oil (Artemisia Triethylene Glycol
    vulgaris)
    Citric Acid Mustard Oil (Brassica spp.) Triflumuron
    Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) Myrcene Trifluralin
    Citronella Oil (Cymbopogon winterianus) Naled Turmeric Oil (Curcuma
    aromatica)
    Citronellal Neem Oil (Azadirachta Uniconizole-P
    indica)
    Citronellol Nepeta cataria (Catnip) Ursolic Acid
    Citrus Oil (Citrus spp.) Nepetalactone Veratridine
    Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Nicotine Verbena Oil (Verbena spp.)
    Clove Oil (Syzygium aromaticum) Nonanoic Acid Verbenone
    CME 13406 Nornicotine Violet Oil (Viola odorata)
    Coriander Oil (Coriandrum sativum) Novaluron White Pepper (Piper nigrum)
    Coriandrol Ocimene Wintergreen Oil (Gaultheria
    spp.)
    Coriandrum sativum Ocimum × citriodorum (Thai Wood Creosote
    (Coriander) Lemon Basil)
    Corn Gluten Meal Ocimum × citriodorum Wood Tar
    ‘Lesbos’ (Greek Column
    Basil)
    Corn Oil (Zea mays ssp. Ocimum americanum Wormwood Oil (Artemisia
    Mays) (Lemon Basil) absinthium)
    Corymbia citriodora (Lemon Ocimum basilicum (Sweet Ylang-ylang Oil (Canagium
    Eucalyptus) Basil) odoratum)
    Cottonseed Oil (Gossypium spp.) Ocimum basilicum var.
    minimum (Dwarf Bush Basil) Zeta-Cypermethrin
    Coumaphos Ocimum kilimandscharicum × Zinc Metal Strips
    basilicum (African Blue
    Basil)
    Cryolite Ocimum minimum (Greek
    Bush Basil)
    Cube Extracts (Lonchocarpus utilis) Oil of Balsam Peru
    (Myroxylon pereirae)
    *A list of Public Health Pesticides is maintained at the IR-4 Public Health Pesticides Database; Version from March 2012
  • In yet another alternative method, the aforementioned methods can be applied to additional susceptible arthropods, including economically and medically important pests (including animal and human health), where one life stage and/or sex does not cause direct damage.
  • In other alternative delivery techniques, the present method can be applied using non-targeted, beneficial or non-pest arthropods that utilize the same breeding site as the targeted arthropod. For example, the DTI could be PPF-treated arthropods that come in contact with the targeted insect's breeding sites. As an example, Oytiscidae adults (Predaceous Diving Beetles) could be reared or field collected and treated with PPF to become the DTI. Additional candidate insects that could serve as the DTI include, but are not limited to: Diptera (e.g., Tipulidae, Chironomidae, Psychodidae, Ceratapogonidae, Cecidomyiidae, Syrphidae, Sciaridae, Stratiomyiidae, Phoridae), Coleoptera (e.g., Staphylinidae, Scirtidae, Nitidulidae, Oytiscidae, Noteridae) and Hemiptera (e.g., Pleidae, Belostomatidae, Corixidae, Notonectidae, Nepidae).
  • An additional benefit of the latter strategy (i.e. non-Culicid DTI) is that the DTI may be easier to rear, larger size (allowing increased levels of PPF), be less affected by the PPF, or have an increased probability of direct contact with the breeding site of the targeted arthropod (i.e. not necessarily rely on transfer of the PPF via mating, improved location of breeding sites).
  • It is noted that the species of DTI would vary based upon the specific application, habitat and location. For example, the regulatory issues may be simplified if the species used for DTI were indigenous. However, it is noted that there are numerous examples of exotic arthropods being imported for biological control. Furthermore, different DTI species may be more/less appropriate for urban, suburban and rural environments.
  • Referring to the following examples for exemplary purposes only, but not to limit the scope of the invention in any way, Aedes albopictus were used in experiments from a colony established in 2008 from Lexington, Ky. Callosobrochus maculatus were purchased from Carolina Biological Supply Company (Burlington, N.C.) and maintained on mung beans (Vigna radiata). Rearing and experiments were performed in ambient conditions (˜25° C.; 80% humidity). Larvae were reared in pans with ˜500 ml water and crushed cat food (Science Diet; Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc.). Adults were provided with raisins as a sugar source. For line maintenance, females were blood fed by the author.
  • Sumilarv 0.5 G was generously provided by Sumitomo Chemical (London, UK). Liquid PPF was purchased from Pest Control Outlet (New Port Richey, Fla.). Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis technical powder was purchased from HydroToYou (Bell, Calif.). For application, Sumilarv granules were crushed into a fine powder and applied using a bellows-type dusting apparatus (J.T. Eaton Insecticidal Duster #530; Do-ityourself Pest Control, Suwanee, Ga.). Liquid PPF was applied using a standard squirt bottle (WalMart, Lexington, Ky.). Treated adults were held in individualized bags with a raisin as a sucrose source until used in larval bioassays. Larval bioassays were performed in 3 oz. Dixie Cups (Georgia-Pacific, Atlanta, Ga.) containing ten L3 larvae, 20 ml water and crushed cat food.
  • Adult treatment does not affect survival. Male and female Ae. albopictus treated with pulverized Sumilarv showed good survival in laboratory assays, which is indistinguishable from that of untreated control individuals. In an initial assay, 100% survival was observed for adults in both the Sumilarv treated (n=8 replications) and untreated control groups (n=2 replications) during a two-day observation period. In a second comparison, adults were monitored for eight days. Similar to the initial experiment, no difference was observed between the treated and control groups. Specifically, a similar average longevity was observed comparing the Sumilarv treated (6.3±2.0 days; n=4) and undusted control (7.3 days; n=1) groups. In a third experiment, treated and untreated adults were separated by sex and monitored for eight days. Similar to prior experiments, survival was not observed to differ between the treated and untreated groups (FIGURE).
  • In a separate experiment, the survival of beetles (Callosobrochus maculatus) dusted with Sumilarv were compared to an undusted control group. In both the treatment and control groups, 100% survival was observed during the four day experiment.
  • To assess the larvicidal properties of treated adults, Sumilarv dusted adults and undusted control adults were placed individually into bioassay cups with larvae. No adults eclosed from the five assay cups receiving a treated adult; in contrast, high levels of adult eclosion was observed from all four control assay cups that received an untreated adult. Chi square analysis shows the adult eclosion resulting in assays receiving a treated adult to be significantly reduced compared to that in the control group (X2 (1, N=9)=12.37, p<0.0004). The bioassay experiment was repeated in a subsequent, larger experiment, yielding similar results; adult eclosion in the treated group was significantly reduced compared to the control group (X2 (1, N=24)=13.67, p<0.0002).
  • A similar bioassay was used to assess the larvicidal properties of treated beetles. Similar to the prior results, adult eclosion from assays in the treated beetle group was significantly reduced compared to the control group (X2 (1, N=14)=13.38, p<0.0003).
  • To examine an additional formulation of PPF, an identical bioassay was performed, but a liquid PPF solution was applied to mosquito adults, instead of Sumilarv dust. Similar to the prior results, adult eclosion in the treated group was significantly reduced compared to the control group (X2 (1, N=14)=16.75, p<0.0001).
  • To examine an example of the biological class of juvenile active insecticides (Table 2) and different active ingredients, an identical bioassay was performed, but a powder formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis technical powder was applied to mosquito adults, using the same method as the Sumilarv dust. Similar to the prior results, no difference was observed between the longevity of treated versus untreated adults (X2 (1, N=15)=3.2308, p>0.09). Upon exposing larvae to treat adults, eclosion was significantly reduced compared to the control group (X2 (1, N=28)=15.328, p<0.0001).
  • The results demonstrate that C. maculatus and A. albopictus adults do not experience reduced survival resulting from direct treatment with the insecticides. Specifically, the survival of treated mosquitoes and beetles did not differ significantly from that of the untreated conspecifics. The results are consistent with the traits required for the proposed application of treated adults as a self-delivering larvicide. Treated adults must survive, disperse and find breeding sites under field conditions. The results of the feasibility assays reported here provide evidence of an advantageous method of mosquito or other arthropod control.
  • Bioassays characterizing the larvicidal properties of treated adults show significant lethality resulting from the presence of treated mosquitoes and beetles. Similar results were observed for multiple formulations (i.e. dust and liquid) and multiple active ingredients. Furthermore, representative examples from each of the chemical and biological classes (Tables 1 and 2) of juvenile active insecticides have been demonstrated. This is also consistent with those traits required for the proposed application of treated arthropods as a self-delivering insecticide. Specifically, treated arthropods that reach mosquito breeding sites can be expected to impact immature mosquitoes that are present at the site.
  • It will now be clear that the present invention is directed to a novel formulation and method for treating insect populations, including, but not limited to, mosquito populations. Unlike prior control methods that disseminate a pesticide using dissemination stations, followed by an insect in the wild entering the dissemination station to become treated with the pesticide, the present formulation and method starts with generating insect carriers in an artificial controlled environment or setting. The insect carriers can either be factory-reared or adults captured from the wild. Subsequently, the carriers are released into an environment as the control agent or formulation. Thus, the carriers, i.e. the insects with the pesticide, are the formulation for insect control, whereas, in prior methods and formulations, the formulation is a treated dissemination station, not a treated insect.
  • One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the present treatment, which targets insect larvae, offers advantages over prior art techniques of insect control which target adult insects. The present method is a trans-generation insect control technique which targets the next generation of insects, whereas prior techniques target the present generation, i.e. adult insects. For example, García-Munguía et al., “Transmission of Beauveria bassiana from male to female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes,” Parasites & Vectors, 4:24, 2011 is a paper published on Feb. 26, 2011 describing mosquito control of adults and, thus, the paper describes the killing of the present generation of insects. The García-Munguía paper describes using fungus-treated males to deliver insecticidal fungus to adult females. The fungus shortens the female lifespan and reduces fecundity of adult females. This type of approach (using insects to deliver an adulticide) is not particularly novel, and has been used in several important insect species, including examples described in Baverstock et al., “Entomopathogenic fungi and insect behaviour: from unsuspecting hosts to targeted vectors,” Biocontrol, 55:89-102, 2009.
  • As described above, the present technique uniquely uses factory-treatment of adult insects with a larvicide in which the larvicide is chemical or biological in nature. No prior technique includes the manufacturing of larvicidal-treated insects for trans-generational delivery. Further, unlike prior techniques that treat adults with fungi that kills adults, the present technique merely treats adult males with larvicidal compounds which do not kill the adult males; rather, the treatment delivers the larvicidal compounds in a trans-generational delivery to kill the next generation, i.e. larvae.
  • Advantages which follow from the present technique include using the adults treated with the larvicide to communicate the larvicide to other adults through the lifespan of the initially treated adult insect. As a result, there is an exponential effect of the present technique which delivers a larvicide using treated adults to transfer the treatment to other adults, rather than prior techniques which kill the adult insect.
  • Further, the present technique delivers the larvicide by the treated adults into breeding sites where the larvicide can affect and kill thousands of developing, immature mosquitoes. This technique is unlike prior techniques which merely target the adults and, thus, only kill the directly affected adults and not thousands of developing, immature mosquitoes, i.e. a next generation of insects.
  • In addition, the present technique allows for the treatment of insect breeding sites, including cryptic, i.e. previously unknown, breeding sites which prior insect control techniques do not treat.
  • Further, the present technique allows one to affect insect populations of the species of a treated insect, as well as other species which share a common breeding site. Since the present technique uses adult insects to deliver a larvicide to a breeding site, the present technique allows for the transmission of a larvicide to breeding sites which may be common among more than one insect species. As a result, the present technique can target the species of the treated insect, as well as insects which share a common breeding site.
  • In addition, in contrast to adulticide methods, the present larvicide technique allows a pesticide to persist in a breeding site after the treated insect has departed or died.
  • One additional advantage of the present method is that the agents being disseminated are the insects themselves, as carriers of the insecticide which will directly affect an insect population. Prior formulation and methods require indirect dissemination, in which insects of a population in the wild must first find a dissemination station, acquire an appropriate dose of the insecticide, and then return to the population with the larvicide of a dissemination station in order to have an affect on the insect population.
  • It will now be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art that the present formulation of pesticide carrier insects and the present method for controlling insect populations based on the present experiments. For example, if the insects have a larval stage, adult insects can be used as carriers of larvicides which have minimal affect on the adult insect, but are lethal to the larvae, thereby controlling the insect population.
  • While the invention has been described in connection with numerous embodiments, it is to be understood that the specific mechanisms and techniques which have been described are merely illustrative of the principles of the invention, numerous modifications may be made to the methods and apparatus described without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims (24)

What is claimed is:
1. A method for insect control, comprising:
introducing insects which carry one or more insecticides comprising at least a larvicide, to an insect population, to thereby control the insect population.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the insects are adult insects, and the method further comprises exposing the adult insects to a pesticide which affects juvenile survival or interferes with metamorphosis of juvenile insects to adulthood, and which pesticide has little impact on adult insects.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the adult insects are male insects.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the insect population is a mosquito population.
5. The method of claim 2, wherein the insect population is a mosquito population.
6. The method of claim 3, wherein the insect population is a mosquito population.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the adult male insects are mosquitoes.
8. The method of claim 2, wherein the pesticide is a chemical agent.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the chemical agent is selected from the group consisting of Azadirachtin, Diflubenzuron, Methoprene, Neem Oil (Azadirachta indica), Novaluron, Pyriproxyfen, S-Methoprene, S-Hydropene and Temephos.
10. The method of claim 2, wherein the pesticide is a biological agent.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the biological agent is selected from the group consisting of Ascogregarine spp., Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, Baculoviruses, Copepoda spp., Densovirinae spp., Lagenidium giganteum, Microsporida spp., Spinosad and Spinosyn.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the larvicide is a juvenile hormone analog or a compound which mimics a juvenile hormone.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the larvicide is pyriproxyfen.
14. The method of claim 2, wherein exposing the adult insects to a pesticide comprises exposing the adult males to the pesticide in a controlled environment to produce directly treated individuals and the introducing insects comprises introducing the directly treated individuals into the insect population.
15. The method of claim 14, further comprising allowing the direct treated individuals to interact with untreated individuals of the insect population, to which the directly treated individual insects have been introduced, to thereby produce indirectly treated individuals.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein both the directly treated individuals and the indirectly treated individuals control the insect population by delivering the pesticide to the insect population.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein the insects carrying the pesticide are female.
18. A formulation for insect control, said formulation comprising:
an artificially generated adult insect carrier of a larvicide, wherein said larvicide has minimal impact on the adult insect and which larvicide affects juvenile survival or interferes with metamorphosis of juvenile insects to adulthood.
19. The formulation of claim 18, wherein the adult insect is a male mosquito.
20. The formulation of claim 18, wherein the adult insect is a female mosquito.
21. The formulation of claim 18, wherein the larvicide is a chemical agent.
22. The formulation of claim 21, wherein the chemical agent is selected from the group consisting of Azadirachtin, Diflubenzuron, Methoprene, Neem Oil (Azadirachta indica), Novaluron, Pyriproxyfen, S-Methoprene, S-Hydropene and Temephos.
23. The formulation of claim 18, wherein the larvicide is a biological agent.
24. The formulation of claim 23, wherein the biological agent is selected from the group consisting of Ascogregarine spp., Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, Baculoviruses, Copepoda spp., Densovirinae spp., Lagenidium giganteum, Microsporida spp., Spinosad and Spinosyn.
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US11375708B2 (en) 2015-12-04 2022-07-05 Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey Methods and apparatus for management of mosquito populations with habitat sharing heterospecific insects carrying insect growth regulators
US10219507B1 (en) 2016-01-25 2019-03-05 Richard L. Fewell, Jr. Natural pesticide structures and methods of fabrication thereof
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CN112469280A (en) * 2018-05-25 2021-03-09 Dr.C医药株式会社 Method for controlling harmful insects
US11541395B1 (en) 2018-08-21 2023-01-03 Mosquitomate, Inc. System and method for sex sorting of mosquitoes
US11147256B2 (en) 2018-12-03 2021-10-19 International Business Machines Corporation Monitoring disease vectors
US11968963B2 (en) 2019-04-05 2024-04-30 Vanderbilt University Male arthropod killing factors and methods of use thereof
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