US20130303864A1 - Clip-style medical sensor and technique for using the same - Google Patents
Clip-style medical sensor and technique for using the same Download PDFInfo
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- US20130303864A1 US20130303864A1 US13/868,794 US201313868794A US2013303864A1 US 20130303864 A1 US20130303864 A1 US 20130303864A1 US 201313868794 A US201313868794 A US 201313868794A US 2013303864 A1 US2013303864 A1 US 2013303864A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
- A61B5/1455—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters
- A61B5/14551—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters for measuring blood gases
- A61B5/14552—Details of sensors specially adapted therefor
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/44—Detecting, measuring or recording for evaluating the integumentary system, e.g. skin, hair or nails
- A61B5/441—Skin evaluation, e.g. for skin disorder diagnosis
- A61B5/443—Evaluating skin constituents, e.g. elastin, melanin, water
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/68—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
- A61B5/6801—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be attached to or worn on the body surface
- A61B5/6813—Specially adapted to be attached to a specific body part
- A61B5/6814—Head
- A61B5/6815—Ear
- A61B5/6816—Ear lobe
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/68—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
- A61B5/6801—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be attached to or worn on the body surface
- A61B5/6813—Specially adapted to be attached to a specific body part
- A61B5/6814—Head
- A61B5/6819—Nose
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/68—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
- A61B5/6801—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be attached to or worn on the body surface
- A61B5/6813—Specially adapted to be attached to a specific body part
- A61B5/6825—Hand
- A61B5/6826—Finger
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/68—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
- A61B5/6801—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be attached to or worn on the body surface
- A61B5/683—Means for maintaining contact with the body
- A61B5/6838—Clamps or clips
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
- A61B90/03—Automatic limiting or abutting means, e.g. for safety
- A61B2090/033—Abutting means, stops, e.g. abutting on tissue or skin
- A61B2090/034—Abutting means, stops, e.g. abutting on tissue or skin abutting on parts of the device itself
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- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
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- Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)
- Measuring Pulse, Heart Rate, Blood Pressure Or Blood Flow (AREA)
Abstract
A clip-style pulse sensor may be adapted to apply limited, even pressure to a patient's tissue. A clip-style sensor is provided that reduces motion artifacts by exerting limited, uniform pressure to the patient tissue to reduce tissue exsanguination. Further, such a sensor provides a secure fit while avoiding discomfort for the wearer.
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/290,957, filed Nov. 7, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application No. Ser. 11/415,717, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,073,518, filed May 2, 2006, the specifications of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties herein for all purposes.
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The present invention relates generally to medical devices and, more particularly, to sensors used for sensing physiological parameters of a patient.
- 2. Description of the Related Art
- This section is intended to introduce the reader to various aspects of art that may be related to various aspects of the present invention which are described and/or claimed below. This discussion is believed to be helpful in providing the reader with background information to facilitate a better understanding of the various aspects of the present invention. Accordingly, it should be understood that these statements are to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art.
- In the field of medicine, doctors often desire to monitor certain physiological characteristics of their patients. Accordingly, a wide variety of devices have been developed for monitoring many such physiological characteristics. Such devices provide doctors and other healthcare personnel with the information they need to provide the best possible healthcare for their patients. As a result, such monitoring devices have become an indispensable part of modern medicine.
- One technique for monitoring certain physiological characteristics of a patient is commonly referred to as pulse oximetry, and the devices built based upon pulse oximetry techniques are commonly referred to as pulse oximeters. Pulse oximetry may be used to measure various blood flow characteristics, such as the blood-oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood, the volume of individual blood pulsations supplying the tissue, and/or the rate of blood pulsations corresponding to each heartbeat of a patient. In fact, the “pulse” in pulse oximetry refers to the time varying amount of arterial blood in the tissue during each cardiac cycle.
- Pulse oximeters typically utilize a non-invasive sensor that transmits light through a patient's tissue and that photoelectrically detects the absorption and/or scattering of the transmitted light in such tissue. One or more of the above physiological characteristics may then be calculated based upon the amount of light absorbed or scattered. More specifically, the light passed through the tissue is typically selected to be of one or more wavelengths that may be absorbed or scattered by the blood in an amount correlative to the amount of the blood constituent present in the blood. The amount of light absorbed and/or scattered may then be used to estimate the amount of blood constituent in the tissue using various algorithms.
- Conventional pulse oximetry sensors are either disposable or reusable. In many instances, it may be desirable to employ, for cost and/or convenience, a reusable pulse oximeter sensor. Reusable sensors are typically semi-rigid or rigid devices that may be clipped to a patient. Unfortunately, reusable sensors may be uncomfortable for the patient for various reasons. For example, sensors may have angled or protruding surfaces that, over time, may cause discomfort. In addition, reusable pulse oximeter sensors may pose other problems during use. For example, lack of a secure fit may allow light from the environment to reach the photodetecting elements of the sensor, thus causing inaccuracies in the resulting measurement.
- Because pulse oximetry readings depend on pulsation of blood through the tissue, any event that interferes with the ability of the sensor to detect that pulsation can cause variability in these measurements. A reusable sensor should fit snugly enough that incidental patient motion will not dislodge or move the sensor, yet not so tight that normal blood flow to the tissue is disrupted. As sensors are worn for several hours at a time, an overly tight fit may cause local exsanguination of the tissue around the sensor. Exsanguinated tissue, which is devoid of blood, shunts the sensor light through the tissue, resulting in increased measurement errors.
- Certain aspects commensurate in scope with the originally claimed invention are set forth below. It should be understood that these aspects are presented merely to provide the reader with a brief summary of certain forms that the invention might take and that these aspects are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Indeed, the invention may encompass a variety of aspects that may not be set forth below.
- There is provided a sensor that includes: a sensor body having a first portion and a second portion; a spring adapted to bias the first portion towards the second portion; a stopping element adapted to establish a minimum distance between the first portion and the second portion; and at least one sensing element disposed on the sensor body.
- There is provided a sensor that includes: a sensor body having a first portion, a second portion; a spring adapted to bias the first portion towards the second; a substrate disposed on at least one of the first portion or the second portion, wherein the substrate is adapted to move with at least one degree of freedom relative to the sensor body; and at least one sensing element disposed on the substrate.
- There is also provided a pulse oximetry system that includes: a pulse oximetry monitor and a pulse oximetry sensor adapted to be operatively coupled to the monitor, the sensor comprising: a sensor body having a first portion and a second portion; a spring adapted to bias the first portion towards the second portion; a stopping element adapted to establish a minimum distance between the first portion and the second portion; and at least one sensing element disposed on the sensor body.
- There is also provided a method of operating a sensor that includes: biasing a first portion and a second portion of a sensor body towards one another with a spring; and establishing a minimum distance between the first portion and the second portion with a stopper disposed on the sensor body.
- There is also provided a method of manufacturing a sensor that includes: providing a sensor body having a first portion and a second portion; providing a spring adapted to bias the first portion towards the second portion; providing a stopping element adapted to establish a minimum distance between the first portion and the second portion; and providing at least one sensing element disposed on the sensor body.
- Advantages of the invention may become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings in which:
-
FIG. 1A illustrates a perspective view of an exemplary sensor with a stopper and a flat spring according to the present invention; -
FIG. 1B illustrates the sensor ofFIG. 1A applied to a patient earlobe according to the present invention; -
FIG. 2A illustrates a perspective view of an exemplary sensor with a rigid bar according to the present invention; -
FIG. 2B illustrates a cross-sectional view of the open sensor ofFIG. 2A ; -
FIG. 2C illustrates a cross-sectional view of the sensor ofFIG. 2A applied to a patient's earlobe; -
FIG. 2D illustrates a view of an exemplary sensor with an adjustable bar according to the present invention; -
FIG. 3A illustrates a cross-sectional view of an open exemplary sensor with a stopper within a hinge according to the present invention; -
FIG. 3B illustrates a cross-sectional view of the sensor ofFIG. 3A applied to a patient's earlobe; -
FIG. 4A illustrates a cross sectional view of an exemplary sensor with a strap according to the present invention; -
FIG. 4B illustrates a cross-sectional view of the sensor ofFIG. 4A applied to a patient's earlobe; -
FIG. 4C illustrates a view of an alternative embodiment of the sensor ofFIG. 4A ; -
FIG. 4D illustrates a view of an alternative embodiment of the sensor ofFIG. 4A with an offset emitter and detector; -
FIG. 5A illustrates a cross sectional view of an exemplary sensor with pivoting heads according to the present invention. -
FIG. 5B illustrates a cross-sectional view of the sensor ofFIG. 5A applied to a patient's earlobe; and -
FIG. 6 illustrates a pulse oximetry system coupled to a multi-parameter patient monitor and a sensor according to embodiments of the present invention. - One or more specific embodiments of the present invention will be described below. In an effort to provide a concise description of these embodiments, not all features of an actual implementation are described in the specification. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers' specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure.
- In accordance with the present technique, motion-resistant pulse oximetry sensors are provided that reduce measurement error by applying limited and uniform pressure to the optically probed tissue. A clip-style sensor for pulse oximetry or other spectrophotometric uses is provided that has a compliant material disposed on the sensor to distribute the spring force of the clip to the tissue evenly when the sensor is applied to a patient. The clip-style sensor may also have a stopper that prevents the two portions of the clip from applying an excess of pressure to the patient's tissue. Alternatively, the clip-style sensor may allow the light emitting and detecting components of the sensor to tilt or otherwise move to accommodate the patient's tissue and to prevent overly tight gripping at the sensor placement site.
- Pulse oximetry sensors are typically placed on a patient in a location that is normally perfused with arterial blood to facilitate measurement of the desired blood characteristics, such as arterial oxygen saturation measurement (SpO2). The most common sensor sites include a patient's fingertips, toes, earlobes, or forehead, and clip-style sensors are most commonly used on patient digits, earlobes, or nose bridges. Regardless of the placement of the
sensor 10, the reliability of the pulse oximetry measurement is related to the accurate detection of transmitted light that has passed through the perfused tissue. Hence, asensor 10 that fits a patient securely may reduce movement of the sensor and/or infiltration of light from outside sources into the sensor, which may lead to more accurate pulse oximetry measurements. - There are several factors that may influence the tightness with which a sensor may grip a patient's tissue. It is desirable to affix the
sensor 10 to the patient in a manner that does not exsanguinate the tissue, but that provides sufficient pressure to squeeze out excess venous blood. Excess venous blood congestion in the optically probed tissue may influence the relationship between the modulation ratio of the time-varying light transmission signals of the wavelengths transmitted and SpO2. As venous blood has an increased concentration of deoxyhemoglobin as compared to arterial blood, its contribution to the pulse oximetry measurement may shift the wavelength of the detected light. Thus, the pulse oximetry sensor may measure a mixed arterial-venous oxygen saturation and detect differences in signal modulations unrelated to the underlying SpO2 level. It is therefore desirable to reduce the contribution of excess venous blood to the pulse oximetry measurement by clipping a sensor to a patient's tissue with enough spring force to squeeze out excess venous blood. - On the other hand, a patient's tissue may suffer if clipped too tightly by a pulse oximetry sensor. In addition to causing patient discomfort, a sensor with excess gripping force in a hinge spring or other closing mechanism may squeeze both arterial and venous blood from a patient's tissue, causing the tissue to become exsanguinated. Light from a sensor's emitter that passes through such exsanguinated tissue may not be modulated by arterial blood, which may cause the resulting SpO2 measurements to be artificially low. Thus, it is desirable to clip a
sensor 10 to a patient's tissue tightly enough to reduce the amount of venous blood congestion, but not so tightly as to interfere with arterial blood perfusion. - In accordance with the present techniques, examples of clip-style sensors that apply limited, uniform pressure to a patient's tissue are disclosed. An
exemplary sensor 10A adapted for use on a patient's earlobe is illustrated inFIG. 1A . The sensor has afirst portion 12 and asecond portion 14 that are applied to opposite sides of an earlobe. Thesensor body 16 includes aflat spring 18 that may be used to connect thefirst portion 12 and thesecond portion 14. Thefirst portion 12 and thesecond portion 14 may have a rigidouter layer 20. - The
sensor 10A may also include astopper 22 that limits the distance that thefirst portion 12 and thesecond portion 14 may move towards one another. Generally, it is envisioned that thestopper 22 be configured to allow thefirst portion 12 to move towards thesecond portion 14 such that they are not able to move past a minimum distance from one another that permits thesensor 10A to securely grip a patient's tissue. Such a minimum distance may generally be determined by the desired sensor placement site (e.g. nose, earlobe, or digit) and the size of the patient (e.g. child or adult). As thesensor 10A is applied to the patient'searlobe 24, thestopper 22 absorbs part of the spring force of theflat spring 18 to prevent thesensor 10A from gripping the tissue so tightly as to cause exsanguinations or discomfort. Thestopper 22 may be permanently attached to thesensor body 16, or may be removable. - In an alternate embodiment,
FIG. 2A depicts a perspective side view of asensor 10B with a permanently attachedrigid bar 30 acting as a stopper between afirst portion 32 and asecond portion 34 of asensor body 36. Anemitter 26 is disposed on thefirst portion 32 and adetector 26 is disposed on thesecond portion 34. Therigid bar 30 is permanently attached to thefirst portion 32 and moves away from thesecond portion 34 during the opening of thesensor 10B, as shown in the cross-sectional view of theopen sensor 10B inFIG. 2B . However, it should be understood that therigid bar 30 may alternatively be disposed on thesecond portion 34 in other embodiments. Therigid bar 30 as depicted is disposed on thefirst portion 32 of thesensor 10B in a region of thesensor body 36 that is free of intervening tissue when thesensor 10B is applied anearlobe 38, as shown inFIG. 2C . As thesensor 10B is closed, therigid bar 30 contacts thesecond portion 34 and prevents further biasing of thefirst portion 32 towards thesecond portion 34. Thefirst portion 32 and thesecond portion 34 may be connected by ahinge 40 with aspring 42. Thus, therigid bar 30 restricts the range of motion of thehinge 40, such that thehinge 40 may only move thefirst portion 32 and thesecond portion 34 toward one another to a certain degree. Thus, the maximum spring force applied to the tissue is limited because therigid bar 30 limits the force that thefirst portion 32 and thesecond portion 34 may exert against theearlobe 38. - When the
sensor 10B is applied to the patient'searlobe 38, as shown inFIG. 2C , aresilient pad 44 absorbs part of the force of thespring 42 and distributes the remaining spring force to theearlobe 38 along the tissue-contacting surface of thesensor 10B. Thus, the total compression resistance of the resilient material is generally less than the force of thespring 42. The resilient pad may be any shock-absorbing material, including foam, silicone, or rubber. Thesensor 10B thereby evenly distributes a limited force to the patient's tissue through use of aresilient pad 44, which spreads the force along the tissue-contacting surface. - In an alternate embodiment, depicted in
FIG. 2D , thesensor 10B may include anadjustable bar 31 that may be threaded through an opening (not shown) in thesensor body 36. Thus, the length of theadjustable bar 31 may be increased by threading more length of theadjustable bar 31 through thesensor body 36. In such an embodiment, the minimum distance between thefirst portion 32 and thesecond portion 34 may be increased to accommodate the tissue of larger patients. Alternatively, smaller patients may require adjustment of theadjustable bar 31 such that more of the adjustable bar is threaded outside the sensor body 36 (i.e. not in the region between thefirst portion 32 and the second portion 34). Additionally, thesensor 10B may be applied to the patient, and a healthcare worker may adjust the length of theadjustable bar 31 until a desired amount of pressure on the tissue is achieved. In certain embodiments, the adjustable bar may be further secured by anut 33 or other holding mechanism. - It is also envisioned that spring force of a hinge may be restricted by other mechanical structures. For example, in an alternative embodiment shown in
FIG. 3A andFIG. 3B , a sensor 10C has astopper 46 that is disposed within the mechanism of ahinge 48 to restrict rotational motion, thus preventing thehinge 48 from exerting maximum pressure to the tissue when sensor 10C is applied to a patient'searlobe 58. Thestopper 46 may be a rigid material that is designed to mechanically block the motion of thehinge 48. - As depicted, the
emitter 50 and thedetector 52 are disposed on athin substrate 54. Thesubstrate 54 may be any suitable material, including plastic or woven cloth, and may be rigid or flexible. Thesubstrate 54 may be disposed on the tissue-contacting side of aresilient pad 56. In certain embodiments, it may be advantageous to employ aflexible substrate 54, which may conform more closely to a patient's tissue when the sensor 10C is applied. In other embodiments, a morerigid substrate 54 may absorb more of the spring force of thehinge 48, and thus may prevent the sensor 10C from exerting excess pressure on the tissue. - Alternatively, as shown by the embodiment illustrated in
FIGS. 4A-D , asensor 10D may have a flexible butinelastic strap 60, such as a plastic or metal strap, disposed on thehandle end 62 of the sensor body, connecting thefirst portion 64 and thesecond portion 66. When thesensor 10D is open, thestrap 60 is slack. When thesensor 10D is closed, such as when thesensor 10D is applied to a patient, as shown inFIG. 4B , thestrap 60 is drawn taut, thus preventing thehinge 68 from moving thefirst portion 64 and thesecond portion 66 closer than a distance dictated by the length of thestrap 60. - As depicted, the
sensor 10D hasresilient pads 70 disposed on the tissue-contacting sides of thefirst portion 64 and thesecond portion 66 of a sensor. The use of aresilient pad 70 on both thefirst portion 64 and thesecond portion 66 provides greater compression resistance against the spring force of thehinge 68 than only a single resilient pad. Additionally, the spring force is evenly distributed along the tissue-contacting surface that holds both theemitter 72 and thedetector 74 against the tissue. Thus, asensor 10D may be used in conjunction with a relatively strong spring. This may be advantageous in situations in which an ambulatory patient may require thesensor 10D to fit securely enough to withstand dislodgement in response to everyday activity. - In an alternate embodiment,
FIG. 4C illustrates asensor 10D with anadjustable strap 61. Theadjustable strap 61 may be threaded through an opening (not shown) in the sensor body. When an appropriate length of the adjustable strap is disposed between thefirst portion 64 and thesecond portion 66 to provide the desired pressure on a patient's tissue, theadjustable strap 61 may be held in place by aclamp 63. As more length of theadjustable strap 61 is released into the region between thefirst portion 64 and thesecond portion 66, thesensor 10D is able to close more tightly over the tissue. Alternatively, a healthcare worker may pull theadjustable strap 61 through the sensor body such that the length ofadjustable strap 61 between thefirst portion 64 and thesecond portion 66 is decreased, and as a result thesensor 10D would exert less pressure on the tissue. - Clip-style sensors as provided herein are often used on a patient's earlobes, which may have fewer vascular structures as compared to a digit. To maximize the transmission of light through well-perfused capillary structures, an alternative embodiment of the
sensor 10D is depicted in which theemitter 72 anddetector 74 are offset from each other, so that they are not directly opposite. This causes the light emitted by theemitter 72 to pass through more blood-perfused tissue to reach thedetector 74. As such, the light has a greater opportunity to be modulated by arterial blood in a manner which relates to a blood constituent.FIG. 4D illustrates that the configuration of thesensor 10D provides a longer light transmission path through the tissue, as indicated byarrow 75. -
FIG. 5A andFIG. 5B depict an embodiment of asensor 10E in which part of the spring force of ahinge 76 is absorbed by pivotingheads 78, upon which anemitter 80 and adetector 82 are disposed. The pivoting heads 78 are disposed on afirst portion 84 and asecond portion 86 of thesensor 10E. Thefirst portion 84 and thesecond portion 86 are connected by thehinge 76. Pivoting heads are disposed on the tissue-contacting side of thefirst portion 84 and thesecond portion 86. AsFIG. 5B illustrates, the pivoting heads 78 may tilt relative to thesensor body 88 in order to accommodate the contours of the patient's tissue. In certain embodiments, the pivoting heads 78 may also include resilient pads (not shown) that distribute the spring force of thehinge 76 along the tissue-contacting surface of thesensor 10E. In other embodiments, thesensor 10E may also include a stopper or stopping mechanism as described herein. - In an alternate embodiment (not shown), an adhesive material is applied to the tissue-contacting surface of the
sensor 10 to enhance the securing of thesensor 10 to the tissue. The use of an adhesive material may improve the contact of the sensor to the appendage, and limit the susceptibility to motion artifacts. In addition, the likelihood of a gap between the sensor body and the skin is avoided. - In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the spring force of the hinge (e.g. 40, 48, 68, or 78) or other closing mechanism, such as a flat spring (e.g. flat spring 18), has sufficient pressure so that it exceeds the typical venous pressure of a patient, but does not exceed the diastolic arterial pressure. A
sensor 10 that applies a pressure greater than the venous pressure will squeeze excess venous blood from the optically probed tissue, thus enhancing the sensitivity of the sensor to variations in the arterial blood signal. Since the pressure applied by the sensor is designed to be less than the arterial pressure, the application of pressure to the tissue does not interfere with the arterial pulse signal. Typical venous pressure, diastolic arterial pressure and systolic arterial pressure are less than 10-35 mmHg, 80 mmHg, and 120 mmHg, respectively. These pressures may vary because of the location of the vascular bed and the patient's condition. In certain embodiments, the sensor may be adjusted to overcome an average pressure of 15-30 mmHg. In other embodiments, low arterial diastolic blood pressure (about 30 mmHg) may occur in sick patients. In such embodiments, thesensor 10 may remove most of the venous pooling with light to moderate pressure (to overcome about 15 mmHg). It is contemplated that removing venous blood contribution without arterial blood exsanguination may improve the arterial pulse signal. - The exemplary sensors described above, illustrated generically as a
sensor 10, may be used in conjunction with a pulse oximetry monitor 90, as illustrated inFIG. 6 . It should be appreciated that thecable 92 of thesensor 10 may be coupled to the monitor 90 or it may be coupled to a transmission device (not shown) to facilitate wireless transmission between thesensor 10 and the monitor 90. The monitor 90 may be any suitable pulse oximeter, such as those available from Nellcor Puritan Bennett Inc. Furthermore, to upgrade conventional pulse oximetry provided by the monitor 90 to provide additional functions, the monitor 90 may be coupled to a multi-parameter patient monitor 94 via acable 96 connected to a sensor input port or via acable 98 connected to a digital communication port. - The
sensor 10 includes anemitter 100 and adetector 102 that may be of any suitable type. For example, theemitter 100 may be one or more light emitting diodes adapted to transmit one or more wavelengths of light in the red to infrared range, and thedetector 102 may be a photodetector selected to receive light in the range or ranges emitted from theemitter 100. For pulse oximetry applications using either transmission or reflectance type sensors, the oxygen saturation of the patient's arterial blood may be determined using two or more wavelengths of light, most commonly red and near infrared wavelengths. Similarly, in other applications, a tissue water fraction (or other body fluid related metric) or a concentration of one or more biochemical components in an aqueous environment may be measured using two or more wavelengths of light, most commonly near infrared wavelengths between about 1,000 nm to about 2,500 nm. It should be understood that, as used herein, the term “light” may refer to one or more of infrared, visible, ultraviolet, or even X-ray electromagnetic radiation, and may also include any wavelength within the infrared, visible, ultraviolet, or X-ray spectra. - The
emitter 100 and thedetector 102 may be disposed on asensor body 104, which may be made of any suitable material, such as plastic, foam, woven material, or paper. Alternatively, theemitter 100 and thedetector 102 may be remotely located and optically coupled to thesensor 10 using optical fibers. In the depicted embodiments, thesensor 10 is coupled to acable 92 that is responsible for transmitting electrical and/or optical signals to and from theemitter 100 anddetector 102 of thesensor 10. Thecable 92 may be permanently coupled to thesensor 10, or it may be removably coupled to thesensor 10—the latter alternative being more useful and cost efficient in situations where thesensor 10 is disposable. - The
sensor 10 may be a “transmission type” sensor. Transmission type sensors include anemitter 100 anddetector 102 that are typically placed on opposing sides of the sensor site. If the sensor site is a fingertip, for example, thesensor 10 is positioned over the patient's fingertip such that theemitter 100 anddetector 102 lie on either side of the patient's nail bed. In other words, thesensor 10 is positioned so that theemitter 100 is located on the patient's fingernail and thedetector 102 is located 180° opposite theemitter 100 on the patient's finger pad. During operation, theemitter 100 shines one or more wavelengths of light through the patient's fingertip and the light received by thedetector 102 is processed to determine various physiological characteristics of the patient. In each of the embodiments discussed herein, it should be understood that the locations of theemitter 100 and thedetector 102 may be exchanged. For example, thedetector 102 may be located at the top of the finger and theemitter 100 may be located underneath the finger. In either arrangement, thesensor 10 will perform in substantially the same manner. - Reflectance type sensors generally operate under the same general principles as transmittance type sensors. However, reflectance type sensors include an
emitter 100 anddetector 102 that are typically placed on the same side of the sensor site. For example, a reflectance type sensor may be placed on a patient's fingertip or forehead such that theemitter 100 anddetector 102 lie side-by-side. Reflectance type sensors detect light photons that are scattered back to thedetector 102. - While the invention may be susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and have been described in detail herein. However, it should be understood that the invention is not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Indeed, the present techniques may not only be applied to measurements of blood oxygen saturation, but these techniques may also be utilized for the measurement and/or analysis of other blood constituents using principles of pulse oximetry. Rather, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the following appended claims.
Claims (20)
1. A sensor adapted to be applied to a patient's tissue comprising:
a sensor body having a first portion and a second portion biased towards one another;
a first substrate disposed on the first portion;
a second substrate disposed on the second portion, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are each configured to tilt relative to the sensor body; and
at least one sensing element disposed on at least one of the first substrate or the second substrate.
2. The sensor, as set forth in claim 1 , wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are adapted to pivot on respective pins.
3. The sensor, as set forth in claim 1 , wherein the first substrate is connected to the first portion by a hinge.
4. The sensor, as set forth in claim 1 , wherein the sensor is adapted to apply a spring force to the patient's tissue adapted to overcome a blood pressure of about 35 mm Hg or less.
5. The sensor, as set forth in claim 1 , further comprising a resilient material disposed on at least one of the first portion or the second portion.
6. The sensor, as set forth in claim 6 , wherein the resilient material is disposed on one or both of the first substrate or the second substrate.
7. The sensor, as set forth in claim 6 , wherein the resilient material comprises a foam.
8. The sensor, as set forth in claim 1 , comprising an adhesive material disposed on at least one of the first substrate or the second substrate.
9. The sensor, as set forth in claim 1 , wherein the sensing element comprises an emitter and a detector.
10. The sensor, as set forth in claim 9 , wherein the emitter comprises a light-emitting diode and the detector comprises a photodetector.
11. The sensor, as set forth in claim 9 , wherein the emitter is disposed on the first portion and the detector is disposed on the second portion such that the emitter and the detector are not opposite each other.
12. The sensor, as set forth in claim 1 , wherein the sensor comprises at least one of a pulse oximetry sensor, a sensor for measuring a water fraction, or a combination thereof.
13. The sensor, as set forth in claim 1 , comprising at least one integrated circuit device.
14. The sensor, as set forth in claim 1 , comprising a cable comprising one or more integrated circuits.
15. A pulse oximetry system comprising:
a pulse oximetry monitor; and
a pulse oximetry sensor adapted to be operatively coupled to the monitor, the sensor comprising:
a sensor body having a first portion and a second portion biased towards one another;
a first substrate disposed on the first portion;
a second substrate disposed on the second portion, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are each configured to tilt relative to the sensor body; and
at least one sensing element disposed on at least one of the first substrate or the second substrate.
16. The pulse oximetry system, as set forth in claim 15 , wherein the sensing element comprises an emitter and wherein a detector is disposed on the second portion.
17. The pulse oximetry system, as set forth in claim 16 , wherein detector is disposed on the second portion such that the emitter and the detector are not opposite each other.
18. The pulse oximetry system, as set forth in claim 15 , wherein the sensor is configured to be applied to an ear.
19. The pulse oximetry system, as set forth in claim 15 , wherein the sensor is configured to be applied to a finger.
20. The pulse oximetry system, as set forth in claim 15 , wherein the sensor comprises a spring that biases the first portion and the second portion towards one another.
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2013
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US8437826B2 (en) | 2013-05-07 |
US20120053435A1 (en) | 2012-03-01 |
WO2007130436A3 (en) | 2008-09-25 |
WO2007130436A2 (en) | 2007-11-15 |
US8073518B2 (en) | 2011-12-06 |
US20070260131A1 (en) | 2007-11-08 |
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