US20130336264A1 - Techniques for transmitting control channel information - Google Patents

Techniques for transmitting control channel information Download PDF

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US20130336264A1
US20130336264A1 US13/971,117 US201313971117A US2013336264A1 US 20130336264 A1 US20130336264 A1 US 20130336264A1 US 201313971117 A US201313971117 A US 201313971117A US 2013336264 A1 US2013336264 A1 US 2013336264A1
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user equipment
seed value
control channel
channel information
message
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Yi Hsuan
Hujun Yin
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/54—Store-and-forward switching systems 
    • H04L12/56—Packet switching systems
    • H04L12/5691—Access to open networks; Ingress point selection, e.g. ISP selection
    • H04L12/5692—Selection among different networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W72/00—Local resource management
    • H04W72/20—Control channels or signalling for resource management
    • H04W72/23—Control channels or signalling for resource management in the downlink direction of a wireless link, i.e. towards a terminal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/24—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts
    • H04B7/26—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts at least one of which is mobile
    • H04B7/2603—Arrangements for wireless physical layer control
    • H04B7/2609—Arrangements for range control, e.g. by using remote antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
    • H04B7/0452—Multi-user MIMO systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
    • H04B7/0456—Selection of precoding matrices or codebooks, e.g. using matrices antenna weighting
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/24—Multipath
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0001—Arrangements for dividing the transmission path
    • H04L5/0003—Two-dimensional division
    • H04L5/0005—Time-frequency
    • H04L5/0007—Time-frequency the frequencies being orthogonal, e.g. OFDM(A), DMT
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0032—Distributed allocation, i.e. involving a plurality of allocating devices, each making partial allocation
    • H04L5/0035—Resource allocation in a cooperative multipoint environment
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0048—Allocation of pilot signals, i.e. of signals known to the receiver
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W12/00—Security arrangements; Authentication; Protecting privacy or anonymity
    • H04W12/03—Protecting confidentiality, e.g. by encryption
    • H04W12/037—Protecting confidentiality, e.g. by encryption of the control plane, e.g. signalling traffic
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W12/00—Security arrangements; Authentication; Protecting privacy or anonymity
    • H04W12/10—Integrity
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W56/00—Synchronisation arrangements
    • H04W56/001—Synchronization between nodes
    • H04W72/042—
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W72/00—Local resource management
    • H04W72/20—Control channels or signalling for resource management
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L43/00—Arrangements for monitoring or testing data switching networks
    • H04L43/02—Capturing of monitoring data
    • H04L43/026—Capturing of monitoring data using flow identification
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
    • H04L47/24—Traffic characterised by specific attributes, e.g. priority or QoS
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W12/00—Security arrangements; Authentication; Protecting privacy or anonymity
    • H04W12/02—Protecting privacy or anonymity, e.g. protecting personally identifiable information [PII]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W76/00—Connection management
    • H04W76/10—Connection setup
    • H04W76/15—Setup of multiple wireless link connections
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W88/00—Devices specially adapted for wireless communication networks, e.g. terminals, base stations or access point devices
    • H04W88/08—Access point devices

Definitions

  • the subject matter disclosed herein relates generally to techniques for masking control channel messages transmitted using a wireless network.
  • each unicast control channel of IEEE 802.16m and LTE has its cyclic redundancy check (CRC) value masked by a user specific identifier (ID). See, for example, section 16.3.5.3.2.4 of IEEE 802.16m draft 8 (2010) and section 5.3.3.2 of 3GPP TS 36.212 (2010).
  • CRC cyclic redundancy check
  • a particular mobile station can use its user specific ID to descramble the CRC value and then perform a CRC test. If the CRC test passes, the mobile station can access that control channel information.
  • content of the control channel is either completely un-protected (e.g., LTE) or scrambled with a random sequence whose seed is the user ID that is also used to descramble the CRC value (e.g., IEEE 802.16m draft 8). Scrambling using a random sequence with the user ID as the seed may not provide adequate protection because an intruder also has to determine the user ID for a CRC test. An intruder can guess a user specific ID to descramble the CRC value and perform a CRC test using the descrambled CRC value. If the CRC test passes, the correct user ID is found and that user ID can be used to descramble content of the control channel.
  • Unprotected control information creates privacy and potential security issues, because an intruder can potentially utilize the control information to access the data channel. It is desirable to provide manners to protect content of the unicast control channel from access by unintended recipients so that the data privacy and security are improved.
  • FIG. 1 depicts an example of devices connected using a wireless network.
  • FIG. 2 depicts an example process that can be used by a base station to protect an information element prior to transmission to a user element.
  • FIG. 3 depicts an example of processing scheme to retrieve control channel information.
  • FIG. 4 depicts an example system that can use embodiments of the present invention.
  • Various embodiments provide a multiple-stage protection scheme for protecting unicast control information prior to transmission to user elements (UE) or mobile stations.
  • a first stage of protection includes scrambling the entire Information Element (IE) with a random sequence whose seed is a number different from the user ID of the UE or mobile station that is to receive unicast control information.
  • IE Information Element
  • unicast control IE are described in Table 845 of section 16.3.5.5.2.4 of IEEE 802.16m draft 8 (2010).
  • DCI downlink control information
  • a second stage of protection can include applying existing CRC masking using the user ID of the UE or mobile station that is to access the IE.
  • the UE or mobile station can descramble the CRC value using its user ID.
  • a user ID can be a 16 bit station identifier (STID) and for a 3GPP LTE compatible network, the user ID can be a 16 bit Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI).
  • TID station identifier
  • RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identifier
  • Embodiments of the invention may be used in a variety of applications. Some embodiments of the invention may be used in conjunction with various devices and systems, for example, a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, a transmitter-receiver, a wireless communication station, a wireless communication device, a wireless Access Point (AP), a modem, a wireless modem, a Personal Computer (PC), a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, mobile phone, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) device, a handheld PDA device, a network, a wireless network, a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wireless LAN (WLAN), a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), a Wireless MAN (WMAN), a Wide Area Network (WAN), a Wireless WAN (WWAN), devices and/or networks operating in accordance with existing IEEE 802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11e, 802.11g
  • Some embodiments of the invention may be used in conjunction with one or more types of wireless communication signals and/or systems, for example, Radio Frequency (RF), Infra Red (IR), Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM), Orthogonal FDM (OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM), Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Extended TDMA (E-TDMA), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Extended GPRS, Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), CDMA 2000, Multi-Carrier Modulation (MDM), Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT), Bluetooth (RTM), ZigBee (TM), or the like.
  • RF Radio Frequency
  • IR Frequency-Division Multiplexing
  • OFDM Orthogonal FDM
  • OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
  • TDM Time-Division Multiplexing
  • TDMA Time-D
  • FIG. 1 depicts an example of devices connected using a wireless network.
  • the network can be compliant with any variety of IEEE 802.16 or 3GPP LTE as well as variations and revisions thereof.
  • the generically-named transmitters 102 and/or 202 above may be interchangeably referred to as a base station (BS), Node B (NB), enhanced Node B (eNB), or access point (AP).
  • BS base station
  • NB Node B
  • eNB enhanced Node B
  • AP access point
  • the transmitter can also be interchangeably referred to as network entities such as a Mobile Switching Center (MSC), Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN), or Mobility Management Entity (MME).
  • MSC Mobile Switching Center
  • SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
  • MME Mobility Management Entity
  • the receivers 104 and/or 204 above may be interchangeably referred to as a mobile station (MS), subscriber station (SS), user equipment (UE), station (STA), machine-type communication (MTC) device, or machine-to-machine (M2M) device at the system level herein.
  • MS mobile station
  • SS subscriber station
  • UE user equipment
  • STA station
  • MTC machine-type communication
  • M2M machine-to-machine
  • BS, NB, eNB, AP, MSC, SGSN, and MME may be conceptually interchanged, depending on which wireless protocol is being used, so a reference to BS herein may also be seen as a reference to any of NB, eNB, AP, MSC, SGSN, and MME.
  • MS or SS herein may also be seen as a reference to any of UE, STA, an MTC device, or M2M device.
  • FIG. 2 depicts an example process that can be used by a base station to protect an information element prior to transmission to a user element.
  • Terminal specific randomizer 252 is to scramble the unicast control information element (IE) with a random sequence whose seed is a number different from the user ID.
  • Control information can include information to schedule transmissions between the base station and mobile station as well as information used to decode communications between the base station and mobile station.
  • IE unicast control information element
  • Control information can include information to schedule transmissions between the base station and mobile station as well as information used to decode communications between the base station and mobile station.
  • some or all IEs specified in section 16.3.5.5.2.4 can be randomized, including multicast and broadcast IEs.
  • each IE can be randomized separately because each IE is intended for a different terminal. However, groups of IE may in some cases be randomized together when intended for the same terminal.
  • the seed can be 15 bits in length, although other numbers of bits can be used.
  • the seed can be chosen using any method such as a random number or using an equation with a user ID as the input as long as different UEs and mobile stations have different seeds.
  • IEs can be randomized using a random sequence generation and randomization process described in section 16.3.10.1.3 of IEEE 802.16m draft 8.
  • a pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) generator can be used where the seed is the initial vector.
  • terminal specific randomizer 252 is to randomize some or all DCI formats.
  • Each DCI format can be randomized separately or groups of DCI formats may in some cases be randomized together when intended for the same terminal.
  • IE may refer to DCI format and vice versa.
  • the base station can transmit the seed to a UE or MS (not depicted) using a unicast MAC management message.
  • the seed can be transmitted to the UE or MS using a field added to an AAI-REG-RSP message.
  • the AAI-REG-RSP message is specified in IEEE 802.16m draft 8 (2010) at section 16.2.3.9.
  • the mobile station could use the seed to descramble the control channel IE with a random sequence of this seed before further parsing of the IE.
  • a MobilityControllnfo message described in 3GPP TS 36.331 (2010) can be used to transmit the seed to a UE.
  • CRC addition and masker 254 is to generate a CRC checksum for the randomized IE from terminal specific randomizer 252 .
  • CRC addition and masker 254 is to generate a masked CRC checksum using techniques described in section 16.3.5.5.2.4 of IEEE 802.16m draft 8 (2010).
  • CRC addition and masker 254 is to generate a masked CRC checksum by performing an exclusive OR operation on the generated CRC checksum with a CRC mask to generate a masked CRC checksum.
  • the CRC checksum can be generated according to standard CRC16-CCITT as defined in ITU-T recommendation X.25 as well as section 16.3.10.1.1 of IEEE 802.16m.
  • the BS is to transmit the user ID (station ID) to the MS for CRC demasking using an AAI-REG-RSP or AAI-RNG-RSP message.
  • Channel encoder 256 is to perform channel encoding of the randomized IE and the masked CRC checksum to generate channel encoded data.
  • the generated channel encoded data is provided to the Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulator 258 .
  • the QPSK modulator 258 is to perform QPSK modulation of the channel encoded data to generate QPSK modulated data and provides the QPSK modulated data to the Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO) encoder/precoder 260 .
  • MIMO encoder/precoder 260 is to perform MIMO encoding/precoding of the QPSK modulated data to generate the symbols.
  • the base station is to transmit symbols to the target mobile station via wireless communication links.
  • section 16.3.5.3.2.4 of IEEE 802.16m draft 8 (2010) describes use of a seed for randomization that is the same as that used for the CRC mask. If an intruder determines a seed for the CRC mask, the seed can also be used to determine the randomization mask. Accordingly, additional protection of down link control information is not provided when the same seed is used for randomization and CRC mask.
  • Various embodiments provide different seed values for randomization and CRC mask and thereby provide improved protection of control information. With the seed value to initialize the IE scrambling sequence and the user ID (which is different from the seed value) masking the CRC, the security of the control channel is greatly improved. For example, suppose both the seed value and user ID are 15-bit sequences.
  • an intruder has to try 2 ⁇ 15, or 32768 possible user IDs.
  • an intruder would have to try 2 ⁇ 30 or roughly 1 billion sequences to access the control channel. This greatly improves the protection of the unicast control channels.
  • FIG. 3 depicts an example of processing scheme to retrieve control channel information.
  • the scheme can be used by a mobile station or user element to retrieve downlink unicast control symbols.
  • MIMO decoder 302 is to perform MIMO decoding of symbols.
  • QPSK demodulator 304 is to perform QPSK demodulation of QPSK modulated data.
  • Channel decoder 306 is to perform channel decoding of the randomized IE and the masked CRC checksum to generate channel decoded data.
  • CRC check block 308 is to use the user ID of the MS to unmask the CRC checksum.
  • CRC check block 308 is also to compare the unmasked CRC checksum to a reference CRC value.
  • FIG. 4 depicts an example system that can use embodiments of the present invention.
  • Computer system 400 may include host system 402 and display 422 .
  • Computer system 400 can be implemented in a handheld personal computer, mobile telephone, set top box, or any computing device.
  • Host system 402 may include chipset 405 , processor 410 , host memory 412 , storage 414 , graphics subsystem 415 , and radio 420 .
  • Chipset 405 may provide intercommunication among processor 410 , host memory 412 , storage 414 , graphics subsystem 415 , and radio 420 .
  • chipset 405 may include a storage adapter (not depicted) capable of providing intercommunication with storage 414 .
  • Host memory 412 may be implemented as a volatile memory device such as but not limited to a Random Access Memory (RAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), or Static RAM (SRAM).
  • Storage 414 may be implemented as a non-volatile storage device such as but not limited to a magnetic disk drive, optical disk drive, tape drive, an internal storage device, an attached storage device, flash memory, battery backed-up SDRAM (synchronous DRAM), and/or a network accessible storage device.
  • RAM Random Access Memory
  • DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory
  • SRAM Static RAM
  • Storage 414 may be implemented as a non-volatile storage device such as but not limited to a magnetic disk drive, optical disk drive, tape drive, an internal storage device, an attached storage device, flash memory, battery backed-up SDRAM (synchronous DRAM), and/or a network accessible storage device.
  • Graphics subsystem 415 may perform processing of images such as still or video for display.
  • An analog or digital interface may be used to communicatively couple graphics subsystem 415 and display 422 .
  • the interface may be any of a High-Definition Multimedia Interface, DisplayPort, wireless HDMI, and/or wireless HD compliant techniques.
  • Graphics subsystem 415 could be integrated into processor 410 or chipset 405 .
  • Graphics subsystem 415 could be a stand-alone card communicatively coupled to chipset 405 .
  • Embodiments of the present invention may be implemented as any or a combination of: one or more microchips or integrated circuits interconnected using a motherboard, hardwired logic, software stored by a memory device and executed by a microprocessor, firmware, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), and/or a field programmable gate array (FPGA).
  • logic may include, by way of example, software or hardware and/or combinations of software and hardware.
  • a machine-readable medium may include, but is not limited to, floppy diskettes, optical disks, CD-ROMs (Compact Disc-Read Only Memories), and magneto-optical disks, ROMs (Read Only Memories), RAMs (Random Access Memories), EPROMs (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories), EEPROMs (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories), magnetic or optical cards, flash memory, or other type of media/machine-readable medium suitable for storing machine-executable instructions.

Abstract

Techniques for protecting information elements transmitted to mobile stations from intruders. The technique can involve applying a randomized mask over an information element and then providing a scrambled cyclic redundancy check (CRC) value. A seed for the randomized mask can be different from a seed for the scrambled CRC value.

Description

    CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
  • The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/053,549 filed Mar. 22, 2011 (Attorney Docket No. P36894) (allowed), which in turn claims the benefit of U.S. Application No. 61/381,005 filed Sep. 8, 2010 (Attorney Docket No. P36006Z). This application is also related to U.S. application Ser. No. 12/889,949 filed Sep. 24, 2010 (Attorney Docket No. P35334) (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,478,258). Said Application No. Said application Ser. No. 13/053,549, Application No. 61/381,005, and application Ser. No. 12/889,949 are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
    • FIELD
  • The subject matter disclosed herein relates generally to techniques for masking control channel messages transmitted using a wireless network.
    • BACKGROUND
  • In wireless communications systems such as 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) or IEEE 802.16, downlink user specific control channel (USCCH) are used to transmit user-specific and non-user-specific control information to a user element. In IEEE 802.16m, the user specific control channel is referred to as Advanced Media Access Protocol (A-MAP). Unicast control channels of many advanced cellular systems do not provide strong security protection. For example, each unicast control channel of IEEE 802.16m and LTE has its cyclic redundancy check (CRC) value masked by a user specific identifier (ID). See, for example, section 16.3.5.3.2.4 of IEEE 802.16m draft 8 (2010) and section 5.3.3.2 of 3GPP TS 36.212 (2010). A particular mobile station can use its user specific ID to descramble the CRC value and then perform a CRC test. If the CRC test passes, the mobile station can access that control channel information.
  • However, content of the control channel is either completely un-protected (e.g., LTE) or scrambled with a random sequence whose seed is the user ID that is also used to descramble the CRC value (e.g., IEEE 802.16m draft 8). Scrambling using a random sequence with the user ID as the seed may not provide adequate protection because an intruder also has to determine the user ID for a CRC test. An intruder can guess a user specific ID to descramble the CRC value and perform a CRC test using the descrambled CRC value. If the CRC test passes, the correct user ID is found and that user ID can be used to descramble content of the control channel. Accordingly, after acquiring the user ID, the content is completely unprotected to the intruder. Unprotected control information creates privacy and potential security issues, because an intruder can potentially utilize the control information to access the data channel. It is desirable to provide manners to protect content of the unicast control channel from access by unintended recipients so that the data privacy and security are improved.
    • DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES
  • Embodiments of the present invention are illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements.
  • FIG. 1 depicts an example of devices connected using a wireless network.
  • FIG. 2 depicts an example process that can be used by a base station to protect an information element prior to transmission to a user element.
  • FIG. 3 depicts an example of processing scheme to retrieve control channel information.
  • FIG. 4 depicts an example system that can use embodiments of the present invention.
    •  DETAILED DESCRIPTION
  • Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, the appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” or “an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in one or more embodiments.
  • Various embodiments provide a multiple-stage protection scheme for protecting unicast control information prior to transmission to user elements (UE) or mobile stations. A first stage of protection includes scrambling the entire Information Element (IE) with a random sequence whose seed is a number different from the user ID of the UE or mobile station that is to receive unicast control information. For example, unicast control IE are described in Table 845 of section 16.3.5.5.2.4 of IEEE 802.16m draft 8 (2010). For 3GPP LTE, instead of scrambling IE, downlink control information (DCI) formats can be scrambled. DCI formats are described in section 5.3.3.1 of 3GPP TS 36.212 (2010). A second stage of protection can include applying existing CRC masking using the user ID of the UE or mobile station that is to access the IE. The UE or mobile station can descramble the CRC value using its user ID. For an IEEE 802.16 compatible network, a user ID can be a 16 bit station identifier (STID) and for a 3GPP LTE compatible network, the user ID can be a 16 bit Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI).
  • Embodiments of the invention may be used in a variety of applications. Some embodiments of the invention may be used in conjunction with various devices and systems, for example, a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, a transmitter-receiver, a wireless communication station, a wireless communication device, a wireless Access Point (AP), a modem, a wireless modem, a Personal Computer (PC), a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, mobile phone, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) device, a handheld PDA device, a network, a wireless network, a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wireless LAN (WLAN), a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), a Wireless MAN (WMAN), a Wide Area Network (WAN), a Wireless WAN (WWAN), devices and/or networks operating in accordance with existing IEEE 802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11e, 802.11g, 802.11h, 802.11i, 802.11n, 802.16, 802.16d, 802.16e, 802.16m, 3GPP standards, physical layer description of 3GPP LTE advanced 36211 release 10, and/or future versions and/or derivatives and/or Long Term Evolution (LTE) of the above standards, a Personal Area Network (PAN), a Wireless PAN (WPAN), units and/or devices which are part of the above WLAN and/or PAN and/or WPAN networks, one way and/or two-way radio communication systems, cellular radio-telephone communication systems, a cellular telephone, a wireless telephone, a Personal Communication Systems (PCS) device, a PDA device which incorporates a wireless communication device, a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) transceiver or device, a Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) transceiver or device, a Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) transceiver or device, a Multi Receiver Chain (MRC) transceiver or device, a transceiver or device having “smart antenna” technology or multiple antenna technology, or the like.
  • Some embodiments of the invention may be used in conjunction with one or more types of wireless communication signals and/or systems, for example, Radio Frequency (RF), Infra Red (IR), Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM), Orthogonal FDM (OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM), Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Extended TDMA (E-TDMA), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Extended GPRS, Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), CDMA 2000, Multi-Carrier Modulation (MDM), Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT), Bluetooth (RTM), ZigBee (TM), or the like. Embodiments of the invention may be used in various other apparatuses, devices, systems and/or networks.
  • FIG. 1 depicts an example of devices connected using a wireless network. The network can be compliant with any variety of IEEE 802.16 or 3GPP LTE as well as variations and revisions thereof. In the downstream or downlink case, the generically-named transmitters 102 and/or 202 above may be interchangeably referred to as a base station (BS), Node B (NB), enhanced Node B (eNB), or access point (AP). In various embodiments, for the downlink, the transmitter can also be interchangeably referred to as network entities such as a Mobile Switching Center (MSC), Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN), or Mobility Management Entity (MME). In this downlink case, the receivers 104 and/or 204 above may be interchangeably referred to as a mobile station (MS), subscriber station (SS), user equipment (UE), station (STA), machine-type communication (MTC) device, or machine-to-machine (M2M) device at the system level herein. Further, the terms BS, NB, eNB, AP, MSC, SGSN, and MME may be conceptually interchanged, depending on which wireless protocol is being used, so a reference to BS herein may also be seen as a reference to any of NB, eNB, AP, MSC, SGSN, and MME. Similarly, a reference to MS or SS herein may also be seen as a reference to any of UE, STA, an MTC device, or M2M device.
  • FIG. 2 depicts an example process that can be used by a base station to protect an information element prior to transmission to a user element. Terminal specific randomizer 252 is to scramble the unicast control information element (IE) with a random sequence whose seed is a number different from the user ID. Control information can include information to schedule transmissions between the base station and mobile station as well as information used to decode communications between the base station and mobile station. When the base station is compatible with IEEE 802.16m draft 8, some or all IEs specified in section 16.3.5.5.2.4 can be randomized, including multicast and broadcast IEs. In some cases, each IE can be randomized separately because each IE is intended for a different terminal. However, groups of IE may in some cases be randomized together when intended for the same terminal. The seed can be 15 bits in length, although other numbers of bits can be used. The seed can be chosen using any method such as a random number or using an equation with a user ID as the input as long as different UEs and mobile stations have different seeds. For example, IEs can be randomized using a random sequence generation and randomization process described in section 16.3.10.1.3 of IEEE 802.16m draft 8. A pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) generator can be used where the seed is the initial vector.
  • When a 3GPP LTE network is used, terminal specific randomizer 252 is to randomize some or all DCI formats. Each DCI format can be randomized separately or groups of DCI formats may in some cases be randomized together when intended for the same terminal. As used herein, IE may refer to DCI format and vice versa.
  • The base station can transmit the seed to a UE or MS (not depicted) using a unicast MAC management message. For example, the seed can be transmitted to the UE or MS using a field added to an AAI-REG-RSP message. The AAI-REG-RSP message is specified in IEEE 802.16m draft 8 (2010) at section 16.2.3.9. The mobile station could use the seed to descramble the control channel IE with a random sequence of this seed before further parsing of the IE. If the network is compatible with 3GPP LTE, a MobilityControllnfo message described in 3GPP TS 36.331 (2010) can be used to transmit the seed to a UE.
  • CRC addition and masker 254 is to generate a CRC checksum for the randomized IE from terminal specific randomizer 252. In an embodiment, CRC addition and masker 254 is to generate a masked CRC checksum using techniques described in section 16.3.5.5.2.4 of IEEE 802.16m draft 8 (2010). For example, CRC addition and masker 254 is to generate a masked CRC checksum by performing an exclusive OR operation on the generated CRC checksum with a CRC mask to generate a masked CRC checksum. The CRC checksum can be generated according to standard CRC16-CCITT as defined in ITU-T recommendation X.25 as well as section 16.3.10.1.1 of IEEE 802.16m. The CRC mask can be the user ID (station ID) of the MS or UE that is to access the IE. To be more specific, for IEEE 802.16m compliant networks, the mask has 16 bits but the STID is only 12 bits with other bits appended in a manner shown in Table 843 of section 16.3.5.5.2.4 of IEEE 802.16m. CRC addition and masker 254 is to append the masked CRC checksum to the randomized IE from terminal specific randomizer 252 and provide the resulting data structure to the channel encoder 256.
  • The BS is to transmit the user ID (station ID) to the MS for CRC demasking using an AAI-REG-RSP or AAI-RNG-RSP message.
  • Channel encoder 256 is to perform channel encoding of the randomized IE and the masked CRC checksum to generate channel encoded data. The generated channel encoded data is provided to the Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulator 258. The QPSK modulator 258 is to perform QPSK modulation of the channel encoded data to generate QPSK modulated data and provides the QPSK modulated data to the Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO) encoder/precoder 260. The MIMO encoder/precoder 260 is to perform MIMO encoding/precoding of the QPSK modulated data to generate the symbols. The base station is to transmit symbols to the target mobile station via wireless communication links.
  • By contrast, section 16.3.5.3.2.4 of IEEE 802.16m draft 8 (2010) describes use of a seed for randomization that is the same as that used for the CRC mask. If an intruder determines a seed for the CRC mask, the seed can also be used to determine the randomization mask. Accordingly, additional protection of down link control information is not provided when the same seed is used for randomization and CRC mask. Various embodiments provide different seed values for randomization and CRC mask and thereby provide improved protection of control information. With the seed value to initialize the IE scrambling sequence and the user ID (which is different from the seed value) masking the CRC, the security of the control channel is greatly improved. For example, suppose both the seed value and user ID are 15-bit sequences. With the user ID only, an intruder has to try 2̂15, or 32768 possible user IDs. With the new seed value, an intruder would have to try 2̂30 or roughly 1 billion sequences to access the control channel. This greatly improves the protection of the unicast control channels.
  • FIG. 3 depicts an example of processing scheme to retrieve control channel information. The scheme can be used by a mobile station or user element to retrieve downlink unicast control symbols. MIMO decoder 302 is to perform MIMO decoding of symbols. QPSK demodulator 304 is to perform QPSK demodulation of QPSK modulated data. Channel decoder 306 is to perform channel decoding of the randomized IE and the masked CRC checksum to generate channel decoded data. CRC check block 308 is to use the user ID of the MS to unmask the CRC checksum. CRC check block 308 is also to compare the unmasked CRC checksum to a reference CRC value. In the event of a match between the unmasked CRC checksum and the reference CRC value, terminal specific de-randomizer 310 is to use a seed value to generate a random sequence and use it de-randomize one or more IEs using an inverse randomizer scheme as that of terminal specific randomizer 252. The seed value can be a value transmitted by a base station and that is different from the user ID.
  • FIG. 4 depicts an example system that can use embodiments of the present invention. Computer system 400 may include host system 402 and display 422. Computer system 400 can be implemented in a handheld personal computer, mobile telephone, set top box, or any computing device. Host system 402 may include chipset 405, processor 410, host memory 412, storage 414, graphics subsystem 415, and radio 420. Chipset 405 may provide intercommunication among processor 410, host memory 412, storage 414, graphics subsystem 415, and radio 420. For example, chipset 405 may include a storage adapter (not depicted) capable of providing intercommunication with storage 414.
  • Processor 410 may be implemented as Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) or Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) processors, x86 instruction set compatible processors, multi-core, or any other microprocessor or central processing unit. In various embodiments, processor 410 or radio 420 can be configured to perform techniques described herein to protect or access information elements.
  • Host memory 412 may be implemented as a volatile memory device such as but not limited to a Random Access Memory (RAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), or Static RAM (SRAM). Storage 414 may be implemented as a non-volatile storage device such as but not limited to a magnetic disk drive, optical disk drive, tape drive, an internal storage device, an attached storage device, flash memory, battery backed-up SDRAM (synchronous DRAM), and/or a network accessible storage device.
  • Graphics subsystem 415 may perform processing of images such as still or video for display. An analog or digital interface may be used to communicatively couple graphics subsystem 415 and display 422. For example, the interface may be any of a High-Definition Multimedia Interface, DisplayPort, wireless HDMI, and/or wireless HD compliant techniques. Graphics subsystem 415 could be integrated into processor 410 or chipset 405. Graphics subsystem 415 could be a stand-alone card communicatively coupled to chipset 405.
  • Radio 420 may include one or more radios capable of transmitting and receiving signals in accordance with applicable wireless standards such as but not limited to any version of IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, and 3GPP LTE. For example, radio 420 may include at least a physical layer interface and media access controller.
  • Embodiments of the present invention may be implemented as any or a combination of: one or more microchips or integrated circuits interconnected using a motherboard, hardwired logic, software stored by a memory device and executed by a microprocessor, firmware, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), and/or a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The term “logic” may include, by way of example, software or hardware and/or combinations of software and hardware.
  • Embodiments of the present invention may be provided, for example, as a computer program product which may include one or more machine-readable media having stored thereon machine-executable instructions that, when executed by one or more machines such as a computer, network of computers, or other electronic devices, may result in the one or more machines carrying out operations in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. A machine-readable medium may include, but is not limited to, floppy diskettes, optical disks, CD-ROMs (Compact Disc-Read Only Memories), and magneto-optical disks, ROMs (Read Only Memories), RAMs (Random Access Memories), EPROMs (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories), EEPROMs (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories), magnetic or optical cards, flash memory, or other type of media/machine-readable medium suitable for storing machine-executable instructions.
  • The drawings and the forgoing description gave examples of the present invention. Although depicted as a number of disparate functional items, those skilled in the art will appreciate that one or more of such elements may well be combined into single functional elements. Alternatively, certain elements may be split into multiple functional elements. Elements from one embodiment may be added to another embodiment. For example, orders of processes described herein may be changed and are not limited to the manner described herein. Moreover, the actions of any flow diagram need not be implemented in the order shown; nor do all of the acts necessarily need to be performed. Also, those acts that are not dependent on other acts may be performed in parallel with the other acts. The scope of the present invention, however, is by no means limited by these specific examples. Numerous variations, whether explicitly given in the specification or not, such as differences in structure, dimension, and use of material, are possible. The scope of the invention is at least as broad as given by the following claims.

Claims (20)

What is claimed is:
1. An enhanced Node B, comprising:
a processor and a transceiver coupled to the processor, wherein the processor is configured to:
transmit a seed value to a user equipment having a user identifier, wherein the seed value is different than the user identifier;
randomize a control channel information element using the seed value;
mask a checksum added to the randomized control channel information element using the user identifier; and
transmit the control channel information element to the user equipment.
2. An enhanced Node B as claimed in claim 1, wherein the seed value is transmitted to the user equipment in a unicast media access control (MAC) management message.
3. An enhanced Node B as claimed in claim 1, wherein the seed value is transmitted to the user equipment in a MobilityControllnfo message.
4. An enhanced Node B as claimed in claim 1, wherein masked checksum is a cyclical redundancy check (CRC) checksum.
5. An enhanced Node B as claimed in claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:
transmit the user identifier to the user equipment using an Advanced Air Interface Registration Response (AAI-REG-RSP) message or an Advanced Air Interface Range Response (AAI-RNG-RSP) message.
6. A user equipment, comprising:
a processor and a transceiver coupled to the processor, wherein the processor is configured to:
receive a seed value from an enhanced Node B, wherein the seed value is different than a user identifier of the user equipment;
receive a control channel information element from the enhanced Node B;
unmask a checksum added to the randomized control channel information element using the user identifier; and
de-randomize a control channel information element using the seed value to obtain the control channel information element.
7. A user equipment as claimed in claim 6, wherein the seed value is received by the user equipment in a unicast media access control (MAC) management message.
8. A user equipment as claimed in claim 6, wherein the seed value is received by the user equipment in a MobilityControllnfo message.
9. A user equipment as claimed in claim 6, wherein masked checksum is a cyclical redundancy check (CRC) checksum.
10. A user equipment as claimed in claim 6, wherein the processor is further configured to:
receive the user identifier from the enhanced Node B using an Advanced Air Interface Registration Response (AAI-REG-RSP) message or an Advanced Air Interface Range Response (AAI-RNG-RSP) message.
11. An article of manufacture comprising a storage medium having instructions stored thereon that, if executed, result in:
transmitting a seed value to a user equipment having a user identifier, wherein the seed value is different than the user identifier;
randomizing a control channel information element using the seed value;
masking a checksum added to the randomized control channel information element using the user identifier; and
transmitting the control channel information element to the user equipment.
12. An article of manufacture as claimed in claim 11, wherein the seed value is transmitted to the user equipment in a unicast media access control (MAC) management message.
13. An article of manufacture as claimed in claim 11, wherein the seed value is transmitted to the user equipment in a MobilityControllnfo message.
14. An article of manufacture as claimed in claim 11, wherein masked checksum is a cyclical redundancy check (CRC) checksum.
15. An article of manufacture as claimed in claim 11, wherein the instructions if executed, further result in:
transmitting the user identifier to the user equipment using an Advanced Air Interface Registration Response (AAI-REG-RSP) message or an Advanced Air Interface Range Response (AAI-RNG-RSP) message.
16. An article of manufacture comprising a storage medium having instructions stored thereon that, if executed, result in:
receiving a seed value from an enhanced Node B, wherein the seed value is different than a user identifier of the user equipment;
receiving a control channel information element from the enhanced Node B;
unmasking a checksum added to the randomized control channel information element using the user identifier; and
de-randomizing a control channel information element using the seed value to obtain the control channel information element.
17. An article of manufacture as claimed in claim 16, wherein the seed value is received by the user equipment in a unicast media access control (MAC management message.
18. An article of manufacture as claimed in claim 16, wherein the seed value is received by the user equipment in a MobilityControllnfo message.
19. An article of manufacture as claimed in claim 16, wherein masked checksum is a cyclical redundancy check (CRC) checksum.
20. An article of manufacture as claimed in claim 16, wherein the instructions, if executed, further result in:
receiving the user identifier from the enhanced Node B using an Advanced Air Interface Registration Response (AAI-REG-RSP) message or an Advanced Air Interface Range Response (AAI-RNG-RSP) message.
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