US20140110109A1 - Direct steam generation of boiler blowdown - Google Patents
Direct steam generation of boiler blowdown Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20140110109A1 US20140110109A1 US14/048,501 US201314048501A US2014110109A1 US 20140110109 A1 US20140110109 A1 US 20140110109A1 US 201314048501 A US201314048501 A US 201314048501A US 2014110109 A1 US2014110109 A1 US 2014110109A1
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- steam
- steam generator
- direct
- liquid effluent
- water
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
- F22B1/02—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers
- F22B1/18—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being a hot gas, e.g. waste gas such as exhaust gas of internal-combustion engines
- F22B1/1853—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being a hot gas, e.g. waste gas such as exhaust gas of internal-combustion engines coming in direct contact with water in bulk or in sprays
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B37/00—Component parts or details of steam boilers
- F22B37/02—Component parts or details of steam boilers applicable to more than one kind or type of steam boiler
- F22B37/56—Boiler cleaning control devices, e.g. for ascertaining proper duration of boiler blow-down
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
- F22B1/02—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers
- F22B1/18—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being a hot gas, e.g. waste gas such as exhaust gas of internal-combustion engines
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
- E21B43/164—Injecting CO2 or carbonated water
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
- E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
- E21B43/2406—Steam assisted gravity drainage [SAGD]
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B29/00—Steam boilers of forced-flow type
- F22B29/06—Steam boilers of forced-flow type of once-through type, i.e. built-up from tubes receiving water at one end and delivering superheated steam at the other end of the tubes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
- Y02E20/34—Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Water, Waste Water Or Sewage (AREA)
Abstract
Systems and methods generate steam from produced water by passing the produced water through first and second steam generators coupled together. The first steam generator produces wet steam in which a liquid effluent with impurities of the produced water passes to the second steam generator. The second steam generator combusts fuel and oxidant in direct contact with the liquid effluent. The first and second steam generators limit fouling and waste while providing a combined steam output that may include combustion products from only the second steam generator.
Description
- This application is a non-provisional application which claims benefit under 35 USC §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/717,676 filed Oct. 24, 2012, entitled “DIRECT STEAM GENERATION OF BOILER BLOWDOWN,” which is incorporated herein in its entirety.
- None
- Embodiments of the invention relate to methods and systems of handling blowdown from initial steam generation with additional direct steam generation.
- Enhanced oil recovery processes employ thermal methods to improve recovery of heavy oils from subsurface reservoirs. For example, injection of steam into heavy oil bearing formations heats the oil in the reservoir, which reduces the viscosity of the oil and allows the oil to flow to a collection well. A mixture of the oil and produced water that flows to the collection well is recovered to the surface where the oil is separated from the water.
- For economic and environmental reasons, these operations recycle the water used in the steam injection by treating the produced water and directing treated feedwater to a steam generator or boiler. Several treatment processes remove constituents which form harmful deposits in the boiler or steam generator but without even further costs do not remove all dissolved solids. Blowdown in steam generation thus includes impurities and can include about a quarter of the feedwater input for a once-through type steam generator.
- The blowdown presents a problem regardless of application requiring the steam. The impurities can limit reuse as feedwater without further expensive treatment or inefficient concentrating of the impurities. If not reused, the blowdown represents a significant and unacceptable water portion for disposal.
- Therefore, a need exists for systems and methods to limit production of undesirable waste streams during steam generation.
- In one embodiment, a method of generating steam includes injecting water into an initial steam generator to produce steam and a liquid effluent containing a remainder of the water with impurities. Injecting the liquid effluent into a direct steam generator vaporizes at least part of the liquid effluent upon contact with combustion products. A resulting gas phase including additional steam and carbon dioxide outputs from the direct steam generator separate from a non-gas phase waste stream.
- For one embodiment, a system for generating steam includes an initial steam generator coupled to receive water and having a first output for steam and a second output for liquid effluent containing a remainder of the water with impurities. A direct steam generator couples to receive the liquid effluent for at least partial vaporization upon contact with combustion products. The direct steam generator includes a third output for a resulting gas phase including additional steam and carbon dioxide and a fourth output for a non-gas phase waste stream.
- A method of generating steam includes recovering production fluid from a reservoir and separating the production fluid into an oil stream and a water stream. Generating steam from the water stream includes partial vaporization of the water stream while isolated from fluid communication with combustion products and then further vaporization of the water stream while in fluid communication with combustion products. The method further includes injecting the steam into the reservoir for a steam assisted gravity drainage operation.
- A more complete understanding of the present invention and benefits thereof may be acquired by referring to the follow description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
-
FIG. 1 depicts a schematic of a system including initial and direct steam generators coupled together for a heavy oil extraction process, according to one embodiment of the invention. - Embodiments of the invention relate to systems and methods of generating steam from produced water by passing the produced water through first and second steam generators coupled together. The first steam generator produces wet steam in which a liquid effluent with impurities of the produced water passes to the second steam generator. The second steam generator combusts fuel and oxidant in direct contact with the liquid effluent. The first and second steam generators limit fouling and waste while providing a combined steam output that may include combustion products from only the second steam generator.
-
FIG. 1 depicts a production well 100, aseparator 102, atreatment facility 108, aninitial steam generator 112, adirect steam generator 118 and aninjection well 114 used in conjunction with heavy oil or bitumen extraction from a reservoir. During the extraction, steam injected into the reservoir through the injection well 114 increases the mobility of the sought after oil within the reservoir. In an exemplary embodiment, the injection well 114 and the production well 100 from a well pair for a steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) operation. - In operation, a liquid mixture of oil and water recovered through the production well 100 enters the
separator 102, which outputs anoil stream 104 divided from awater stream 106. Thewater stream 106 passes through thetreatment facility 108 that removes contaminants in thewater stream 106 to a level acceptable for theinitial steam generator 112. Thetreatment facility 108 may include de-oiling, such as by addition of a de-oiling polymer, warm lime softening, filtering and/or weak acid cation exchanging. - Treated
water 110 then exits the treatment facility and passes to theinitial steam generator 112. In some embodiments, one or more once through steam generators (OTSG) provide theinitial steam generator 112 such that water quality needed by theinitial steam generator 112 is reduced compared to conventional drum boilers employing more expensive pretreatment schemes. Theinitial steam generator 112 further may produce a steam quality between 70 percent and 85 percent with such steam exiting through a first output to the injection well 114. - A remainder of the treated
water 110 thus not converted into the steam goes to aliquid effluent 116 exiting theinitial steam generator 112 through a second output coupled to thedirect steam generator 118. Theliquid effluent 116 furthermore contains impurities that were not removed by thetreatment facility 108. The impurities in theliquid effluent 116 may make theliquid effluent 116 unsuitable for recycle through theinitial steam generator 112. - The
liquid effluent 116 however contains enough water content to make disposal undesirable. Replacement of the water not being recycled presents a problem in many areas with limited makeup water availability. In addition, limitations on volumes sent to waste disposal wells make additional concentrating of theliquid effluent 116 desirable. - The
direct steam generator 118 enables producing additional steam from theliquid effluent 116 since not restrained by as stringent requirements on water quality as theinitial steam generator 112. While thedirect steam generator 118 may accept even untreated water, use in combination with theinitial steam generator 112 may enable keeping carbon dioxide concentration injected into the reservoir below a certain threshold if desired to control carbon dioxide concentration based on potential for the carbon dioxide to impact recovery. Thedirect steam generator 118 may also provide solutions for handling theliquid effluent 116 from theinitial steam generator 112 preexisting at some facilities. - One example of the
direct steam generator 118 utilizes oxy-combustion by burning fuel, such asnatural gas 120, and an oxidant, such asoxygen 122, in a pressurized chamber with theliquid effluent 116 injected into the chamber for chamber cooling upon vaporization into the steam. Unlike generating the steam in theinitial steam generator 112 where water vaporization may occur while isolated from fluid communication with combustion products, water vaporization occurs while in fluid communication with combustion products using thedirect steam generator 118. Products of thedirect steam generator 118 include the steam, both from the combustion of the natural gas and the vaporization of the injectedliquid effluent 116, and carbon dioxide from the combustion of the natural gas. - A resulting gas phase that exits the
direct steam generator 118 through a third output contains about 80 to 95 weight percent steam along with carbonaceous combustion products, such as carbon dioxide. In some embodiments, the steam exiting theinitial steam generator 112 through the first output combines with the gas phase exiting thedirect steam generator 118 through the third output to form a gas mixture prior to being conveyed into the injection well 114. The gas mixture that is introduced into the injection well 114 may therefore include steam with less than 5 percent carbon dioxide by weight or between 2 and 4 percent carbon dioxide by weight. - For some embodiments, the
direct steam generator 118 superheats the steam exiting through the third output. This superheating prevents condensation of the gas mixture prior to introduction into the injection well 114. While not desired, the condensation may otherwise occur since the steam from theinitial steam generator 112 may cool as conveyed from a central processing facility to a wellpad. - With respect to impurities in the
effluent stream 116 from theinitial steam generator 112, the impurities may include one or more of NaCl, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe+3, Mn+2, Ba+2, Sr+2, SO4, Cl, F, NO3, HCO3, CO3, PO4, SiO2 and combustible compounds, such as tar, gas, oil, dioxins, nitrogen and organometallic compounds. Inside thedirect steam generator 118, the combustible compounds combust and form part of the combustion products.Excess oxygen 122 supplied to thedirect steam generator 118 may ensure that the combustible compounds are burned. - Some of the impurities, such as Na+ and Cl−, form solid particles (i.e., NaCl crystals) if the
direct steam generator 118 is operated for complete vaporization of all the water inside thedirect steam generator 118. A variety of different phase separation techniques can remove the solid particles from the gas phase exiting thedirect steam generator 118. For example, thedirect steam generator 118 may utilize a cyclone or filters to separate the solid particles into a non-gasphase waste stream 124 the exits thedirect steam generator 118 through a fourth output. - The non-gas
phase waste stream 124 may contain the solid particles with no liquid or substantially no liquid. All water may thus get recycled in some embodiments. The solid particles enable disposal of waste in a landfill. - For some embodiments, a brine or slurry forms the non-gas
phase waste stream 124 due to incomplete vaporization of theliquid effluent 116 supplied in excess of a saturation amount for thedirect steam generator 118. Vaporization energy generated by the combustion of thenatural gas 120 and theoxygen 122 determines the saturation amount. The impurities from theeffluent stream 116 thereby concentrate in the non-gasphase waste stream 124, which may have sufficient low water content to be acceptable for injection into a disposal well. Further treatment of the non-gasphase waste stream 124 may also remove the impurities as solid waste and produce water suitable for recycle to theinitial steam generator 112 or thedirect steam generator 118. - In some embodiments, the non-gas
phase waste stream 124 as shown enables rejection and disposal of all the impurities remaining after steam generation without any recycle thereof. Past configurations require recycling a portion of aqueous blowdown streams to meet regulatory requirements resulting in some of the impurities being added back into feed streams for the steam generators. These impurities that get recycled contribute to making quality of the blowdown streams worse due to gradual buildup and also to increasing fouling of the steam generators that thereby need more frequent expensive cleaning cycles, which hinder production. - The preferred embodiments of the invention have been disclosed and illustrated. However, the invention is intended to be as broad as defined in the claims below. Those skilled in the art may be able to study the preferred embodiments and identify other ways to practice the invention that are not exactly as described herein. It is the intent of the inventors that variations and equivalents of the invention are within the scope of the claims below and the description, abstract and drawings are not to be used to limit the scope of the invention.
Claims (20)
1. A method of generating steam, comprising:
injecting water into an initial steam generator to produce steam and a liquid effluent containing a remainder of the water with impurities; and
injecting the liquid effluent into a direct steam generator to vaporize at least part of the liquid effluent upon contact with combustion products such that a resulting gas phase including additional steam and carbon dioxide is output separate from a non-gas phase waste stream.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid effluent vaporizes in the direct steam generator leaving the waste stream formed of solid particles.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the waste stream includes liquid brine formed by incomplete vaporization of the liquid effluent supplied in excess of a saturation amount for the direct steam generator.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the impurities include combustible compounds combusted by excess oxidant supplied to the direct steam generator.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the steam from both the initial and direct steam generators is injected into a well for a steam assisted gravity drainage operation.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the steam from the direct steam generator is superheated.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the steam from both the initial and direct steam generators is injected into a well and the steam from the direct steam generator is superheated to a temperature that prevents condensation prior to injection into the well.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the steam from the initial steam generator and the gas phase from the direct steam generator are combined into a mixture that is injected into a well and includes steam with less than 5 percent carbon dioxide by weight.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the steam from the initial steam generator and the gas phase from the direct steam generator are combined into a mixture that is injected into a well and includes steam with between 2 and 4 percent carbon dioxide by weight.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the initial steam generator includes a once through steam generator that produces a steam quality between 70 percent and 85 percent with the remainder of the water going to the liquid effluent.
11. A system for generating steam, comprising:
an initial steam generator coupled to receive water and having a first output for steam and a second output for liquid effluent containing a remainder of the water with impurities; and
a direct steam generator coupled to receive the liquid effluent for at least partial vaporization upon contact with combustion products and having a third output for a resulting gas phase including additional steam and carbon dioxide and a fourth output for a non-gas phase waste stream.
12. The system of claim 11 , wherein the direct steam generator vaporizes the liquid effluent leaving the waste stream formed of solid particles.
13. The system of claim 11 , wherein the direct steam generator produces the waste stream of liquid brine formed by incomplete vaporization of the liquid effluent.
14. The system of claim 11 , wherein the impurities include combustible compounds combusted by excess oxidant supplied to the direct steam generator.
15. The system of claim 11 , further comprising a well for a steam assisted gravity drainage operation that is coupled to both the initial and direct steam generators for steam injection.
16. The system of claim 11 , wherein the direct steam generator produces the steam that is superheated.
17. The system of claim 11 , further comprising a well coupled to the first and third outputs such that a mixture injected into the well includes steam with less than 5 percent carbon dioxide by weight.
18. The system of claim 11 , further comprising a well coupled to the first and third outputs such that a mixture injected into the well includes steam with 2 to 4 percent carbon dioxide by weight.
19. The system of claim 11 , wherein the initial steam generator includes a once through steam generator that produces a steam quality between 70 percent and 85 percent with the remainder of the water going to the liquid effluent.
20. A method of generating steam, comprising:
recovering production fluid from a reservoir;
separating the production fluid into an oil stream and a water stream;
generating steam from the water stream by partial vaporization of the water stream while isolated from fluid communication with combustion products and then further vaporization of the water stream while in fluid communication with combustion products; and
injecting the steam into the reservoir for a steam assisted gravity drainage operation.
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/048,501 US20140110109A1 (en) | 2012-10-24 | 2013-10-08 | Direct steam generation of boiler blowdown |
PCT/US2013/063908 WO2014066034A1 (en) | 2012-10-24 | 2013-10-08 | Direct steam generation of boiler blowdown |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201261717676P | 2012-10-24 | 2012-10-24 | |
US14/048,501 US20140110109A1 (en) | 2012-10-24 | 2013-10-08 | Direct steam generation of boiler blowdown |
Publications (1)
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US20140110109A1 true US20140110109A1 (en) | 2014-04-24 |
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ID=50484288
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US14/048,501 Abandoned US20140110109A1 (en) | 2012-10-24 | 2013-10-08 | Direct steam generation of boiler blowdown |
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US (1) | US20140110109A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2014066034A1 (en) |
Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20160025330A1 (en) * | 2011-12-22 | 2016-01-28 | Fccl Partnership | Steam generator and method for generating steam |
US20170057836A1 (en) * | 2015-08-26 | 2017-03-02 | Conocophillips Company | Treatment of produced water using indirect heat |
US20170057835A1 (en) * | 2015-08-26 | 2017-03-02 | Conocophillips Company | Semi-continuous treatment of produced water with boiler flue gas |
WO2017087990A1 (en) * | 2015-11-22 | 2017-05-26 | XDI Holdings, LLC | Enhanced oil and gas recovery with direct steam generation |
WO2018152463A1 (en) * | 2017-02-17 | 2018-08-23 | XDI Holdings, LLC | Dirty water distillation and salt harvesting system, method, and apparatus |
US10641481B2 (en) * | 2016-05-03 | 2020-05-05 | Energy Analyst Llc | Systems and methods for generating superheated steam with variable flue gas for enhanced oil recovery |
US20200370403A1 (en) * | 2017-12-01 | 2020-11-26 | XDI Holdings, LLC | Central processing facility, direct contact steam generation optimization |
US11118439B2 (en) | 2019-12-06 | 2021-09-14 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Displacing fluid for enhanced oil recovery |
US11156072B2 (en) | 2016-08-25 | 2021-10-26 | Conocophillips Company | Well configuration for coinjection |
US20220325885A1 (en) * | 2021-04-08 | 2022-10-13 | Tsinghua University | Low-carbon energy utilization system for steam and power cogeneration of oil field |
US11668176B2 (en) | 2016-08-25 | 2023-06-06 | Conocophillips Company | Well configuration for coinjection |
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Cited By (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9671106B2 (en) * | 2011-12-22 | 2017-06-06 | Fccl Partnership | Steam generator and method for generating steam |
US20160025330A1 (en) * | 2011-12-22 | 2016-01-28 | Fccl Partnership | Steam generator and method for generating steam |
US20170057836A1 (en) * | 2015-08-26 | 2017-03-02 | Conocophillips Company | Treatment of produced water using indirect heat |
US20170057835A1 (en) * | 2015-08-26 | 2017-03-02 | Conocophillips Company | Semi-continuous treatment of produced water with boiler flue gas |
US10392266B2 (en) * | 2015-08-26 | 2019-08-27 | Conocophillips Company | Treatment of produced water using indirect heat |
US10464826B2 (en) * | 2015-08-26 | 2019-11-05 | Conocophillips Company | Semi-continuous treatment of produced water with boiler flue gas |
US11021940B2 (en) | 2015-11-22 | 2021-06-01 | XDI Holdings, LLC | Method, apparatus and system for enhanced oil and gas recovery with direct steam generation, multiphase close coupled heat exchanger system, super focused heat |
WO2017087990A1 (en) * | 2015-11-22 | 2017-05-26 | XDI Holdings, LLC | Enhanced oil and gas recovery with direct steam generation |
US11613975B2 (en) | 2015-11-22 | 2023-03-28 | XDI Holdings, LLC | Method, apparatus and system for enhanced oil and gas recovery with direct steam generation, multiphase close coupled heat exchanger system, super focused heat |
US10641481B2 (en) * | 2016-05-03 | 2020-05-05 | Energy Analyst Llc | Systems and methods for generating superheated steam with variable flue gas for enhanced oil recovery |
US11156072B2 (en) | 2016-08-25 | 2021-10-26 | Conocophillips Company | Well configuration for coinjection |
US11668176B2 (en) | 2016-08-25 | 2023-06-06 | Conocophillips Company | Well configuration for coinjection |
WO2018152463A1 (en) * | 2017-02-17 | 2018-08-23 | XDI Holdings, LLC | Dirty water distillation and salt harvesting system, method, and apparatus |
US11872508B2 (en) | 2017-02-17 | 2024-01-16 | XDI Holdings, LLC | Dirty water distillation and salt harvesting system, method, and apparatus |
US20200370403A1 (en) * | 2017-12-01 | 2020-11-26 | XDI Holdings, LLC | Central processing facility, direct contact steam generation optimization |
US11118439B2 (en) | 2019-12-06 | 2021-09-14 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Displacing fluid for enhanced oil recovery |
US20220325885A1 (en) * | 2021-04-08 | 2022-10-13 | Tsinghua University | Low-carbon energy utilization system for steam and power cogeneration of oil field |
Also Published As
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WO2014066034A1 (en) | 2014-05-01 |
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