US20160296272A1

US20160296272A1 - Seal and separate algorithm

Info

Publication number: US20160296272A1
Application number: US15/189,095
Authority: US
Inventors: David N. Heard
Original assignee: Covidien LP
Current assignee: Covidien LP
Priority date: 2008-09-25
Filing date: 2016-06-22
Publication date: 2016-10-13
Also published as: US9375254B2; US20100076427A1

Abstract

A method for controlling delivery of energy to seal and divide tissue includes applying energy to tissue in a first phase through an electrosurgical forceps having at least one electrically energizable electrode. The method also includes detecting a predetermined condition based on the application of energy to tissue during the first phase. The method also includes applying energy to tissue during a second phase upon detection of the predetermined condition and providing tension to the tissue during the second phase to separate the tissue.

Description

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure is directed to electrosurgical generators, and, more particularly, to a control system for electrosurgical generators used for tissue sealing and division procedures.
2. Background of Related Art
Electrosurgical generators are employed by surgeons in conjunction with electrosurgical instruments to perform a variety of surgical procedures including tissue division. An electrosurgical generator generates and modulates electrosurgical energy which is applied to the tissue by an electrosurgical instrument. Electrosurgical instruments may be either monopolar or bipolar and may be configured for open or endoscopic procedures.
In monopolar electrosurgery, a source or active electrode delivers radio frequency energy from the electrosurgical generator to the tissue and a return electrode carries the current back to the generator. In monopolar electrosurgery, the source electrode is typically part of the surgical instrument held by the surgeon and applied to the tissue to be treated.
Bipolar electrosurgery is conventionally practiced using electrosurgical forceps-type device, where the active and return electrodes are housed within opposing forceps' jaws. The return electrode is placed in close proximity to the active (e.g., current supplying) electrode such that an electrical circuit is formed between the two electrodes (e.g., electrosurgical forceps). In this manner, the applied electrical current is limited to the body tissue positioned between the electrodes.
Typically and particularly with respect to endoscopic electrosurgical procedures, once a vessel is sealed, the surgeon has to remove the sealing instrument from the operative site, substitute a new instrument through a cannula and accurately sever the vessel along the newly formed tissue seal. This additional step may be both time consuming and may contribute to imprecise separation of tissue along the sealing line due to the misalignment or misplacement of the severing instrument along the center of the tissue seal.
Currently available electrosurgical systems may include an electrode assembly that enables a surgeon to both seal the tissue and subsequently separate the tissue along the tissue seal without re-grasping the tissue or removing the instrument from the operating cavity. However, use of this technique requires the surgeon to activate the generator (e.g., via a footswitch) twice, once to seal the tissue and again to divide the tissue.

SUMMARY

According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a method for controlling delivery of energy to seal and divide tissue includes applying energy to tissue in a first phase through an electrosurgical forceps having at least one electrically energizable electrode. The method also includes detecting a predetermined condition based on the application of energy to tissue during the first phase. The method also includes applying energy to tissue during a second phase upon detection of the predetermined condition and providing tension to the tissue during the second phase to separate the tissue.
According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a method for controlling delivery of energy to seal and divide tissue includes applying energy to tissue through an electrosurgical forceps having at least one electrically energizable electrode which communicates the energy to the tissue in a first phase. The method also includes detecting a predetermined condition based on the application of energy to tissue during the first phase and applying energy to tissue during a second phase upon detection of the predetermined condition. The method also includes providing tension to the tissue during the second phase to initiate separation of the tissue and determining the completion of the separation of the tissue. The method also includes terminating the application of energy to tissue upon determination of the completion of the separation of the tissue.
According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a method for controlling delivery of energy to seal and divide tissue includes applying energy to tissue through an electrosurgical forceps having at least one electrically energizable electrode which communicates the energy to the tissue during a first phase. The method also includes detecting at least one of a tissue property and an energy property based on the application of energy to tissue during the first phase and applying energy to tissue during a second phase based on at least one of the tissue property and the energy property. The method also includes providing tension to the tissue during the second phase to separate the tissue.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various embodiments of the subject instrument are described herein with reference to the drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an open bipolar electrosurgical system in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a control system in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 3 is a flow chart diagram illustrating a method for controlling delivery of energy to seal and divide tissue according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the presently disclosed electrosurgical handpiece are described in detail with reference to the drawing figures wherein like reference numerals identify similar or identical elements. As used herein, the term “distal” refers to that portion which is further from the user while the term “proximal” refers to that portion which is closer to the user or surgeon.
Reference should be made to the drawings where like reference numerals refer to similar elements throughout the various figures. Particular embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein below with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the following description, well-known functions or constructions are not described in detail to avoid obscuring the present disclosure in unnecessary detail.
Tissue cutting or tissue division occurs when heating of the tissue leads to expansion of intracellular and/or extra-cellular fluid, which may be accompanied by cellular vaporization, desiccation, fragmentation, collapse and/or shrinkage along a desiccation line in the tissue. By focusing the electrosurgical energy and heating along the desiccation line, the tissue in the vaporization area becomes weaker than the adjacent untreated tissue. Applying tension to the weakened tissue results in preferential cutting of the weakened tissue. Localization and maximization of electrosurgical energy along the desiccation line is achieved by utilizing one or more of various geometrical electrode and insulator configurations to regulate the electrosurgical energy delivered to the tissue. Further, the tissue condition may be regulated and energy delivery controlled by utilizing a generator and feedback algorithm.
For the purposes herein, the term “cut effect” or “cutting effect” refers to the actual division of tissue by one or more of the electrical or electro-mechanical methods or mechanisms described below. The term “cutting zone” or “cut zone” refers to the region of tissue where tissue dividing will take place. The term “dividing” process refers to steps that are implemented before, during and/or after tissue division that tend to influence the tissue as part of achieving the cut effect.
FIG. 1 shows a bipolar forceps 100 for use with various surgical procedures (e.g., tonsillectomy) and generally includes a pair of elongated shaft portions 112 a and 112 b each having a proximal end 114 a and 114 b, respectively, and a distal end 116 a and 116 b, respectively. The forceps 100 includes an electrode assembly 105 having jaw members 120 and 110 that attach to distal ends 116 a and 116 b of shafts 112 a and 112 b, respectively. The jaw members 110 and 120 are connected about pivot pin 119 which allows the jaw members 110 and 120 to pivot relative to one another to engage and grasp tissue therebetween. The electrode assembly 105 may include electrical connections through or around the pivot pin 119 to opposing jaw members 110 and 120.
Each shaft 112 a and 112 b includes a handle 117 a and 117 b disposed at the proximal end 114 a and 114 b thereof, that facilitates movement of the shafts 112 a and 112 b relative to one another which, in turn, pivot the jaw members 110 and 120 from the open position wherein the jaw members 110 and 120 are disposed in spaced relation relative to one another to the clamping or closed position wherein the jaw members 110 and 120 cooperate to grasp tissue therebetween. An electrosurgical generator 16 is also provided having a generator module 20 for generating electrosurgical energy and a control system 18 for controlling the generator module 20, which modulates the electrosurgical energy output. The modulated electrosurgical energy is thereafter provided by the generator 16 to the electrode assembly 105 to obtain a surgical effect. The electrode assembly 105 may be configured as monopolar, bipolar, sesquipolar, or macro-polar. Further, the forceps 10 may be configured as suitable for performing endoscopic or open surgery.
Forceps 100 may also include an electrical interface or plug (not explicitly shown) which connects the forceps 100 to the electrosurgical generator 16 via an electrical cable 125. Cable 125 is internally divided within the shaft 112 b to transmit electrosurgical energy through various electrical feed paths to the electrode assembly 105.
The jaw members 110 and 120 are generally symmetrical and include similar component features which cooperate to permit the grasping, sealing, and dividing of tissue. Each jaw member 110 and 120 includes an electrically conductive tissue contacting surface 112 and 122, respectively, which cooperate to engage the tissue during sealing and dividing.
The electrosurgical generator 16 generates electrosurgical energy, which may be RF (radio frequency), microwave, ultrasound, infrared, ultraviolet, laser, thermal energy or other electrosurgical energy. The electrosurgical module 20 shown in FIG. 1 generates RF energy and includes a power supply 50 for generating energy and an output stage 52 which modulates the energy that is provided to the delivery device(s), such as the electrode assembly 105, for delivery of the modulated energy to a patient. In one embodiment, the power supply 50 is a high voltage DC or AC power supply for producing electrosurgical current, where control signals generated by the control system 18 adjust parameters of the voltage and current output, such as magnitude and frequency. The output stage 52 modulates the output energy (e.g., via a waveform generator) based on signals generated by the control system 18 to adjust waveform parameters, e.g., waveform shape, pulse width, duty cycle, crest factor, and/or repetition rate. The control system 18 is coupled to the generator module 20 by connections that may include wired and/or wireless connections for providing the control signals to the generator module 20. The control system 18 may be a closed loop or open loop control system.
With reference to FIG. 2, the control system 18 is shown, including a processor 202 having a control module 204 executable on the processor 202, and one or more input/output (110) ports 206 for communicating with one or more peripheral devices 208 (wherein “peripheral” is used in this case as peripheral to the at least one processor 202 and/or the forceps 10, 100). The peripheral device 208 is in wired or wireless communication with the processor 202 and includes a peripheral processor 212 and a sensor module 214. The components of the peripheral device 208 and functions performed therein may be incorporated within the generator 16.
The control module 204 processes information and/or signals input to the processor 202 by the peripheral device(s) 208 and generates control signals for modulating the electrosurgical energy in accordance with the input information and/or signals. Information input via the peripheral device 208 may include pre-surgical data entered prior to the electrosurgical procedure or information entered and/or obtained during the electrosurgical procedure through the sensor module 214. The information may include requests, instructions, ideal mapping(s) (e.g., look-up-tables, continuous mappings, etc.), sensed information and/or mode selection.
The control module 204 regulates the generator 16, e.g., the power supply 50 and/or the output stage 52, which adjusts various parameters of the electrosurgical energy delivered to the patient during the electrosurgical procedure. Parameters of the delivered electrosurgical energy that may be regulated include, for example, voltage, current, resistance, intensity, power, frequency, amplitude, and/or waveform parameters, e.g., waveform shape, pulse width, duty cycle, crest factor, and/or repetition rate of the output and/or effective energy.
The control module 204 includes software instructions executable by the processor 202 for processing algorithms and/or data received by the peripheral device(s) 208, and for outputting control signals to the generator module 20. The software instructions may be stored in a storage medium such as a memory internal to the processor 202 and/or a memory accessible by the processor 202, such as an external memory, e.g., an external hard drive, floppy diskette, CD-ROM, etc.
In embodiments, an audio or visual feedback monitor or indicator (not shown) may be employed to convey information (e.g., an audible tone and/or alarm) to the surgeon regarding the status of a component of the electrosurgical system or the electrosurgical procedure. Control signals provided to the generator module 20 are determined by processing (e.g., performing algorithms), which may include using information and/or signals provided by the peripheral device(s) 208.
The control module 204 automatically recognizes various phases of an electrosurgical procedure (e.g., sealing phase, dividing phase), where the electrosurgical procedure may include a number of phases, such as (a) at least one sealing phase preceding the dividing process, (b) at least one phase following the sealing phase, such as sealing recognition, and (c) at least one dividing phase implemented subsequent to the sealing recognition, which may include a second sealing phase and/or division of tissue with minimal physical force. Recognition of the completion of a phase or commencement of a new phase may be in accordance with sensed information, such as from sensors of the sensor module 214 sensing tissue responses, and/or timing information.
Further, the control module 204 may control application of various mechanical elements to the tissue, such as pressure, tension and/or stress (either internally or externally) to enhance the division process; and delivering and controlling various other tissue treatments before or during the division process to enhance tissue division, e.g., tissue sealing, cauterization and/or coagulation. For example, the electrode assembly 105 may be controlled for independently activating conductive sealing surfaces 112, 122, or independently controlling parameters of energy output therefrom, respectively, in response to user requests or automatically, such as in accordance with an algorithm or sensed feedback (e.g., upon sensing that a sealing phase is complete). In an exemplary sealing procedure, the opposing sealing surfaces 112, 122 or selected portions thereof are energized with a first electrical potential “+” and a second electrical potential “−”, respectively, or vice-versa.
The control module 204 regulates the electrosurgical energy in response to feedback information, e.g., information related to tissue condition at or proximate the surgical site. Processing of the feedback information may include determining: changes in the feedback information; rate of change of the feedback information; and/or relativity of the feedback information to corresponding values sensed prior to starting the procedure (pre-surgical values) in accordance with the mode, control variable(s) and ideal curve(s) selected. The control module 204 then sends control signals to the generator module 20 such as for regulating the power supply 50 and/or the output stage 52.
Regulation of certain parameters of the electrosurgical energy or a tissue response may include recognition of an event, such as the activation and/or deactivation of the generator 16 (e.g., via depression of a footswitch), a lapse of a period of time (e.g., maximum time limit) or recognition of a rise, fall, leveling, achievement of a target value, achievement of a target change, achievement of a target rate of change and/or achievement of a target change of rate of change of a sensed property (e.g., impedance at the cutting site). Recognition of the event is used for determining what phase of a procedure or stage of a selected ideal mapping has been reached for driving the property along the ideal mapping.
In embodiments, the sensor module 214 includes a smart sensor assembly (e.g., a smart sensor, smart circuit, computer, and/or feedback loop, etc.), which may automatically trigger the control module 204 to switch the generator module 20 between a “sealing” mode and a “dividing” mode upon the satisfaction of a particular condition. For example, the smart sensor may include a feedback loop which indicates when a tissue seal is complete based upon one or more of the following parameters: tissue temperature, tissue impedance at the seal, change in impedance of the tissue over time and/or changes in the power or current applied to the tissue over time. An audible or visual feedback monitor may be employed to convey information (e.g., an audible tone and/or alarm) to the surgeon regarding the overall seal quality or the completion of an effective tissue seal. Advantageously, the surgeon does not necessarily need to re-grasp the tissue to divide the tissue, since the tissue contacting surfaces 112, 122 are already positioned proximate the ideal, center dividing line of the seal. In embodiments, the dividing mode may be a second sealing mode subsequent to the initial sealing mode. In other embodiments, the output of electrosurgical energy during the dividing mode may be at a constant voltage dependent on a terminal or final voltage sampled from the initial sealing mode, and/or at a constant power dependent on a maximum power and/or a terminal or final power sampled from the initial sealing mode.
The sensor module 214 senses various electrical and/or physical parameters or properties at the operating site and communicates with the control module 204 to regulate the output electrosurgical energy. The sensor module 214 may be configured to measure, i.e., “sense”, various electrical, physical, and/or electromechanical conditions, such as at or proximate the operating site, including: tissue impedance, tissue temperature, leakage current, applied voltage, applied current, tissue thickness, volume of tissue between jaws of electrosurgical instrument, tissue light transmission, reflectivity and/or absorption properties, tissue moisture content, tissue elastomeric properties, tissue viability, indications of imminent or actual damage to tissue surrounding the surgical site, and/or tissue reactive pressure. For example, sensors of the sensor module 214 may include optical sensor(s), proximity sensor(s), pressure sensor(s), tissue moisture sensor(s), temperature sensor(s), and/or real-time and RMS current and voltage sensing systems. The sensor module 214 measures one or more of these conditions continuously or in real-time such that the control module 204 can continually modulate the electrosurgical output in real-time.
The entire surgical process may be automatically controlled such that after the tissue is initially grasped the surgeon may simply activate the forceps to seal and subsequently divide tissue. In this instance, the generator may be configured to communicate with one or more sensors (not shown) to provide positive feedback to the generator during both the sealing and dividing processes to insure accurate and consistent sealing and division of tissue. Commonly-owned U.S. application Ser. No. 10/427,832, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein, describes several electrical systems which may be employed for this purpose. Further, the electrosurgical intensity from each of the tissue contacting surfaces 112, 122 is selectively or automatically controllable to assure consistent and accurate division along the centerline of the tissue in view of the inherent variations in tissue type and/or tissue thickness.
A method for controlling an electrosurgical generator in accordance with the present disclosure will be described in relation to FIGS. 2 and 3. At step 302, the forceps 100 interfaces with tissue by grasping the tissue between the jaw members 110 and 120 and the control module 204 controls the generator 16 to regulate energy output for a first phase (“phase I”) of the electrosurgical procedure. Phase I is initiated with the onset of RF energy as the forceps 100 interfaces with the tissue. The purpose of phase I is to supply energy to heat the tissue held between the jaw members 110 and 120 to effect a tissue seal. During phase I, audio feedback may be provided to the surgeon regarding the status of the electrosurgical procedure. For example, a distinct audible tone indicative of phase I may be conveyed to the surgeon during phase I via the generator 16, the forceps 100, and/or a feedback indicator or monitor.
At the end of phase I, the supply of energy may be decreased sufficiently to minimize energy delivery and heating without completely shutting off the energy supply, so that some electrical energy supplied is sufficient to accurately measure the tissue state through feedback sensors.
At step 304, a determination is made if a predetermined condition has been achieved, such as a desired reaction, e.g., when a complete tissue seal has been sensed. The sensor may, for example, determine if a seal is complete by measuring one of tissue impedance, tissue opaqueness and/or tissue temperature. Upon achieving the predetermined condition, an audible tone indicative of a complete tissue seal being sensed may be conveyed to the surgeon in the same manner as described above with regard to phase I. In this scenario, the audible tone is distinct from the audible tone conveyed during phase I to provide a distinguishing indication or alert to the surgeon that the predetermined condition has been achieved and/or a complete tissue seal has been achieved. As mentioned above, commonly-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/427,832 describes several electrical systems which may be employed to provide positive feedback to the surgeon to determine tissue parameters during and after sealing and to determine the overall effectiveness of the tissue seal.
If the predetermined condition has not been achieved, the control module 204 continues to control the generator for phase I application of the electrosurgical energy. The control module 204 may regulate, for example, the voltage, current and/or power of the output electrosurgical energy. The tissue conditioning prepares the tissue for optimal effect during the next phase(s) of the electrosurgical procedure.
After it is determined that the first predetermined condition has been achieved, step 306 is executed, in which the control module 204 proceeds to control the generator 16 to regulate the electrosurgical energy output for phase II of the electrosurgical procedure. In embodiments, energy delivery during phase II may be identical or substantially equivalent to energy delivery during phase I. The purpose of phase II is to supply energy to heat the tissue held between the jaw members 110 and 120 to focus energy delivery into a local region, breaking down the tissue in the division zone, which initiates and/or finalizes division. That is, during phase II the tissue has been sufficiently broken down to allow for division of tissue with minimal physical force and/or tension applied to the sealed tissue (e.g., via the bipolar forceps 100) in step 308. To achieve separation of tissue during phase II, tension applied to tissue may be achieved by minimal physical force to move the forceps 100, for example without limitation, toward the surgeon (i.e., pulling away from the surgical site toward the instrument or surgeon), away from the surgeon (i.e., pulling away from the surgical site away from the instrument or surgeon), and/or in any radial direction relative to the instrument or surgical site.
In step 310, if division has occurred and/or the tissue has been sufficiently broken down as to allow for division with the application of tension to the tissue, the electrosurgical energy supply is shut down and the division process is completed. If division has not occurred and/or division is unable to be achieved by applying tension to the tissue during phase II, the energy delivery process re-enters phase II. That is, the control module 204 continues to control the generator for phase II application of the electrosurgical energy.
Phase detection is accomplished by measuring the phase change between the voltage and current to determine when the separation has occurred. During the division process the voltage and the current are in phase, once the process is complete the voltage and the current are out-of-phase. Thus, detecting when the phase change occurs allows for determining when the division process is complete. The phase measurements are performed by the sensor module 214 and the analysis of the phases of the voltage and current are carried out by the processor 202, and more specifically by the control module 204. Phase encompasses impedance phase as well as the phase angle between current and voltage.
Monitoring power delivery is another way of determining when the division process is complete. As the division process progresses, tissue contact between the tissue contacting surfaces 112, 122 decreases. As a result, power requirements decrease and impedance increases. Once the power level reaches a certain threshold from about 0 W to about 40 W as measured by the sensor module 214, the division process is complete. Comparison and analysis of the power level is carried out by the processor 202, and more specifically by the control module 204.
Monitoring temperature is another method for determining when the division process is complete. The sensor module 214 measures temperature either at the tissue contacting surfaces 112, 122 or the tissue. The temperature is then compared by the processor 202, and more specifically by the control module 204, to determine if it is at or above a predetermined threshold, such as, for example from about 100° C. to about 120° C. If the temperature at the tissue contacting surfaces 112, 122 or the tissue is at or above the threshold, then the division process is complete and the energy supply is terminated.
Although the subject forceps and electrode assemblies have been described with respect to the illustrated embodiments, it will be readily apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art to which it appertains that changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject devices. For example, although the specification and drawings disclose that the electrically conductive surfaces may be employed to initially seal tissue prior to electrically cutting tissue in one of the many ways described herein, it is also envisioned that the electrically conductive surfaces may be configured and electrically designed to perform any known bipolar or monopolar function such as electrocautery, hemostasis, and/or desiccation utilizing one or both jaw members to treat the tissue. Further, the jaw members in their presently described and illustrated formation may be energized to simply divide tissue without initially sealing tissue which may prove beneficial during particular surgical procedures. Further, the various geometries of the jaw members, cutting elements, insulators and semi-conductive materials and the various electrical configurations associated therewith may be utilized for other surgical instrumentation depending upon a particular purpose, e.g., cutting instruments, coagulation instruments, electrosurgical scissors, etc.
While several embodiments of the disclosure have been shown in the drawings, it is not intended that the disclosure be limited thereto, as it is intended that the disclosure be as broad in scope as the art will allow and that the specification be read likewise. Therefore, the above description should not be construed as limiting, but merely as exemplifications of particular embodiments. Those skilled in the art will envision other modifications within the scope and spirit of the claims appended hereto.

Claims

1-20. (canceled)

21. An electrosurgical system, comprising:

electrosurgical forceps having a first electrically energizable electrode and a second electrically energizable electrode; and

an electrosurgical generator configured to supply energy to tissue in a first phase and a second phase through the first and second electrically energizable electrodes,

wherein the first and second electrically energizable electrodes are configured to be manipulated relative to the tissue to provide tension on the tissue during the second phase to separate tissue.

22. The electrosurgical system of claim 21, wherein the electrosurgical generator is further configured to detect a predetermined condition based on the application of energy to tissue during the first phase.

23. The electrosurgical system of claim 22, wherein the electrosurgical generator is further configured to apply energy to tissue during the second phase in response to a detection of the predetermined condition.

24. The electrosurgical system of claim 23, wherein the electrosurgical generator is further configured to detect a predetermined change in the energy applied to the tissue during the second phase, the predetermined change being indicative of tissue separation.

25. The electrosurgical system of claim 24, wherein the electrosurgical generator is further configured to terminate the second phase upon in response to a of the predetermined change.

26. The electrosurgical system of claim 21, wherein the electrosurgical generator includes a generator module configured to supply energy to tissue in a first phase and a second phase through the first and second electrically energizable electrodes and a control system configured to control the energy supplied by the generator module.

27. The electrosurgical system of claim 21, wherein the electrosurgical generator includes a sensor module configured to measure at least one energy property.

28. The electrosurgical system of claim 27, wherein the energy property is selected from the group consisting of voltage phase, current phase, and power.

29. The electrosurgical system of claim 27, wherein the sensor module is further configured to measure at least one tissue property.

30. The electrosurgical system of claim 29, wherein the tissue property is selected from the group consisting of impedance and temperature.

31. An electrosurgical system, comprising:

electrosurgical forceps having a first electrically energizable electrode and a second electrically energizable electrode;

an electrosurgical generator including:

a generator module configured to supply energy to tissue in a first phase and a second phase through the first and second electrically energizable electrodes; and

a control system configured to control the energy supplied by the generator module,

32. The electrosurgical system of claim 31, wherein the control system is further configured to detect a predetermined condition based on the application of energy to tissue during the first phase.

33. The electrosurgical system of claim 32, wherein the generator module is further configured to apply energy to tissue during the second phase in response to a detection of the predetermined condition.

34. The electrosurgical system of claim 33, wherein the control system is further configured to detect a predetermined change in the energy applied to the tissue during the second phase, the predetermined change being indicative of tissue separation.

35. The electrosurgical system of claim 34, wherein the control system is further configured to terminate the second phase in response to a detection of the predetermined change.

36. The electrosurgical system of claim 31, wherein the electrosurgical generator further includes a sensor module configured to measure at least one energy property and at least one tissue property.

37. The electrosurgical system of claim 36, wherein the tissue property is selected from the group consisting of impedance and temperature.

38. The electrosurgical system of claim 36, wherein the energy property is selected from the group consisting of voltage phase, current phase, and power.