US2021661A - Electrical heating element of large surface for low temperatures - Google Patents
Electrical heating element of large surface for low temperatures Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2021661A US2021661A US696920A US69692033A US2021661A US 2021661 A US2021661 A US 2021661A US 696920 A US696920 A US 696920A US 69692033 A US69692033 A US 69692033A US 2021661 A US2021661 A US 2021661A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- metal
- heating element
- layer
- electrical heating
- large surface
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title description 24
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 20
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002207 thermal evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003097 mucus Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000012811 non-conductive material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010454 slate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/84—Heating arrangements specially adapted for transparent or reflecting areas, e.g. for demisting or de-icing windows, mirrors or vehicle windshields
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/013—Heaters using resistive films or coatings
Definitions
- the invention relates to a heating element, on which the metal employed to set up resistance is applied in a very thin layer obtained however by other than chemical means.
- a metal covering of very great uniformity is obtained by applying the metal in vacuum by means of cathodic dispersion or by means of thermal evaporation of the metal.
- Such heating elements can be manufactured in any desired size, notably with surfaces up to sev-j eral square meters and it is perfectly possible to apply extremely thin layers of metal, which, thus produced, can be made of absolutely .uniform thickness. By these means it is possible to bring the thicknes of the layer of metal to correspond to the desired rate of load and particularly into accordance with the usual voltage available, without having to make the conductor 10 of greater length than convenient for practical purposes, measured in the direction of the current.
- a glass 20 plate having a surface of 1 x 1 m., being provided with a dull surface on one of its sides and coated with platinum by means of cathodic dispersion or by thermal-evaporation of the metal, at a given voltage of 230 volts which carries a current of 2 26 amps.
- the energy absorption therefore amounts to 460 watts and 390 calories are emitted per hour at a temperature of about 40' C.
- Another example is a slate plate of 1.3 sq. metre surface, which is made electrically conductive on one of its sides by means of a thin layer of silver applied by means of cathodic dispersion. On this layer, another layer of nickel of such thickness as to make a current of 3.3 amps. pass at a voltage of 230 volts, is applied by 35 precipitation. This plate emits about 630 calories per hour at a temperature of about The layer of nickel applied in the manner described at the same time also protects the layer of silver against oxidation. 40
- heating elements for all temperatures from the lowest up to a temperature of incandescence.
- these heating elements the special advantage of provid- 5 ing the low temperature which hereby is dairable in this connection as well as the uniform distribution of the heat over a large surface.
- the required quantity of metal is so small as to enable precious metals such as platinum and gold, to be employed without dimculty, thus enabling these heating elements to bsusedalsoincaseawherealayerofordinary metal would be exposed to the chemical action of gases, acid fumes, etc.
- the layer so thin that it rea mains transparent and on account thereof may be employed for very special purposes.
- a very thin plate of mirror glass covered with gold used as heating element generates about 100 calories per hour with a current of 10 amps. passing through it at a voltage of 12 volts.
- An electrical heating element comprising a cathode sputtered conducting layer of uniform thieknesoinotoveronemicrononaninsulating support, said layer being produced in vacuo.
- An electrical heating element comprising a u cathode sputtered conducting layer 0! uniform thicknessotnotoveronemicrononaninsulating support, said support being transparent.
Landscapes
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Description
Patented Nov. 19, 1935 sucrarcar. name or mass smacs roa LOW rim-- mucus Istvanl'ahalhfaludy Budap st. Hungary. sl-
Oathodique. seems I slsnorto laDlspes-slon Anonmmlelglnm No Drawlng.
Application November 6, 1933,
Serial No. 08,920. In the Netherlands Novem- 4 Claims.
The electrical heating elements in use up to now consist in most cases of resistance-bodies. such as wires wound helicaliy, gaunerwire cloth, bars of resistance material and the like, which in operation are brought to incandescence or at least to high temperatures.
In heating a dwelling room, assembly hall or the like, such a high temperature is undesirable, because the radiating heat is very unpleasant, the dust particles present in the air are burnt on the heating elements, not to mention other disadvantages. A considerable disadvantage consists in the fact that the radiating surface is small and on account thereof a very unfavourable distribution of the heat results.
For this reason, endeavours have already been made, particularly in connection with the heating of rooms, but also for other purposes, to manufacture electrical heating elements, which go distribute the heat over generated large surfaces and. by making use of a low temperature, avoid the drawbacks mentioned.
The best result is obtained in the following manner: a thin layer of the material, causing electric resistance, is deposited on a body which is made of electrically non-conductive material. Such heating elements of small size have already been manufactured, the metal to be applied being precipitated chemically and burnt in to firmly adhere.
Apart from the fact that it is not possible to obtain a heating body with a large surface by these means, because the layer of metal has not sufllciently uniform thickness, the following disadvantage still remains. The metal becomes too coarse-grained and it is not possible to make the layers as thin as desirable in order to avoid the necessity of providing on the heating element conductors of a greater length than convenient for practical use.
The invention relates to a heating element, on which the metal employed to set up resistance is applied in a very thin layer obtained however by other than chemical means. A metal covering of very great uniformity is obtained by applying the metal in vacuum by means of cathodic dispersion or by means of thermal evaporation of the metal. It is also possible to obtain thin precipitations of metal on non-conductive bodies, by galvanic means, provided that these bodies are previously made electrically conductive by coating them with an extremely thin layer of metal by applying the latter in vacuum by means of cathodic dispersion or by means of the evaporation of the metal.
Such heating elements can be manufactured in any desired size, notably with surfaces up to sev-j eral square meters and it is perfectly possible to apply extremely thin layers of metal, which, thus produced, can be made of absolutely .uniform thickness. By these means it is possible to bring the thicknes of the layer of metal to correspond to the desired rate of load and particularly into accordance with the usual voltage available, without having to make the conductor 10 of greater length than convenient for practical purposes, measured in the direction of the current.
It is therefore possible to employ heating sur faces on which a very considerable amount of re- 15 sistance is provided, which accordingly allow a relatively low amount of current to pass and which owing to their large surfaces emit heat at low temperatures.
By way of example may be mentioned a glass 20 plate having a surface of 1 x 1 m., being provided with a dull surface on one of its sides and coated with platinum by means of cathodic dispersion or by thermal-evaporation of the metal, at a given voltage of 230 volts which carries a current of 2 26 amps. The energy absorption therefore amounts to 460 watts and 390 calories are emitted per hour at a temperature of about 40' C.
Another example is a slate plate of 1.3 sq. metre surface, which is made electrically conductive on one of its sides by means of a thin layer of silver applied by means of cathodic dispersion. On this layer, another layer of nickel of such thickness as to make a current of 3.3 amps. pass at a voltage of 230 volts, is applied by 35 precipitation. This plate emits about 630 calories per hour at a temperature of about The layer of nickel applied in the manner described at the same time also protects the layer of silver against oxidation. 40
In the described manner it is possible to manufacture heating elements for all temperatures from the lowest up to a temperature of incandescence. In the heating of rooms, these heating elements the special advantage of provid- 5 ing the low temperature which hereby is dairable in this connection as well as the uniform distribution of the heat over a large surface.
In view of the fact that the layers of metal are so extremely thin (a practical figure is about 6 millimicron) the required quantity of metal is so small as to enable precious metals such as platinum and gold, to be employed without dimculty, thus enabling these heating elements to bsusedalsoincaseawherealayerofordinary metal would be exposed to the chemical action of gases, acid fumes, etc.
It has, moreover, been found that it is quite possible to make the layer so thin that it rea mains transparent and on account thereof may be employed for very special purposes. By way of example may be mentioned the heating of a portion oi the front window panes of motorcars and other vehicles in order to prevent the 10 panes becoming dimmed by snow, rain, haze, etc. A very thin plate of mirror glass covered with gold used as heating element generates about 100 calories per hour with a current of 10 amps. passing through it at a voltage of 12 volts. In
15 the case of heating elements of this kind it will generally be desirable to arrange the layer of metal between two glass plates.
At certain places as for instance where the current enters and leaves the heating element,
90 it is possible to make the layer of greater thickness either by applying a greater quantity 01' metal, possibly also a diflerent kind of metal at thue places, or by applying the metal by galvanic means. V
I l'brspecialpurposesitisalsopossihletoapplyontheheatingsurtacecoats otothermaterialsaswelhproducingacatalyticoranemitting action.
Having thus described my invention, what I claimasnewanddesiretosecurebyletterslat g eat is:
1. An electrical heating element, comprising a cathode sputtered conducting layer of uniiorm thickness of not over one micron on an insulating M99 1.
2. An electrical heating element, comprising a cathode sputtered conducting layer of uniform thieknesoinotoveronemicrononaninsulating support, said layer being produced in vacuo.
3. An electrical heating element, comprising a u cathode sputtered conducting layer 0! uniform thicknessotnotoveronemicrononaninsulating support, said support being transparent.
4. an electrical heating element, comprising a cathode sputtered conducting layer 0! uniionn l0 thickness of not over one micron on an insulatipzgiemsupport, said layer and support being trans- IBTVAN PUHA KIBFALUDY.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NL2021661X | 1932-11-17 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US2021661A true US2021661A (en) | 1935-11-19 |
Family
ID=19873516
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US696920A Expired - Lifetime US2021661A (en) | 1932-11-17 | 1933-11-06 | Electrical heating element of large surface for low temperatures |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US2021661A (en) |
Cited By (42)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2429420A (en) * | 1942-10-05 | 1947-10-21 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Conductive coating for glass and method of application |
US2440691A (en) * | 1945-03-07 | 1948-05-04 | Continental Carbon Inc | Alloy metal film resistor |
US2441831A (en) * | 1942-01-24 | 1948-05-18 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Glazing unit |
US2463260A (en) * | 1945-02-06 | 1949-03-01 | Blue Ridge Glass Corp | Window ventilator heater |
US2475379A (en) * | 1946-12-18 | 1949-07-05 | Corning Glass Works | Electric heating device |
US2504697A (en) * | 1946-09-13 | 1950-04-18 | Gen Electric | X-ray table for patients |
US2504146A (en) * | 1939-01-16 | 1950-04-18 | Mossin Georg Barth | Electrical heating device |
US2507036A (en) * | 1948-08-23 | 1950-05-09 | Douglas Aircraft Co Inc | Vehicle windshield |
US2513993A (en) * | 1946-07-13 | 1950-07-04 | Budd Co | Panel heating |
US2527720A (en) * | 1946-12-18 | 1950-10-31 | Corning Glass Works | Glass resistor welding method |
US2561928A (en) * | 1947-05-28 | 1951-07-24 | Johnston Lillian Stewart | Window ventilator for warming incoming air |
US2569773A (en) * | 1948-11-20 | 1951-10-02 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Electroconductive article |
US2583000A (en) * | 1946-05-14 | 1952-01-22 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Transparent conducting films |
US2584859A (en) * | 1948-09-18 | 1952-02-05 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Laminated safety glass structure and method of making the same |
US2609478A (en) * | 1947-08-18 | 1952-09-02 | Corning Glass Works | Electrically heated appliance and stand therefor |
US2613302A (en) * | 1949-06-24 | 1952-10-07 | Gen Electric | Humidity indicator |
US2622178A (en) * | 1946-04-22 | 1952-12-16 | Blue Ridge Glass Corp | Electric heating element and method of producing the same |
US2628299A (en) * | 1949-12-31 | 1953-02-10 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Connection for electrically conducting films |
US2628927A (en) * | 1949-04-18 | 1953-02-17 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Light transmissive electrically conducting article |
US2641672A (en) * | 1950-05-08 | 1953-06-09 | Northrop Aircraft Inc | Electrical conductor |
US2648752A (en) * | 1950-10-27 | 1953-08-11 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Transparent electroconductive article |
US2648754A (en) * | 1947-07-22 | 1953-08-11 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Electroconductive article |
US2681405A (en) * | 1951-02-02 | 1954-06-15 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Electrically conducting films |
US2688679A (en) * | 1947-09-26 | 1954-09-07 | Polytechnic Inst Brooklyn | Metallic film variable resistor |
US2693023A (en) * | 1950-06-20 | 1954-11-02 | Painton & Co Ltd | Electrical resistor and a method of making the same |
US2701296A (en) * | 1947-08-18 | 1955-02-01 | Corning Glass Works | Electrically heated appliance |
US2710900A (en) * | 1950-10-13 | 1955-06-14 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Electroconductive article |
US2740731A (en) * | 1951-01-20 | 1956-04-03 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Electroconductive article and production thereof |
US2748234A (en) * | 1952-10-14 | 1956-05-29 | British Insulated Callenders | Electric resistors |
US2750832A (en) * | 1951-06-08 | 1956-06-19 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Electrically conducting filters and mirrors |
US2758948A (en) * | 1953-02-02 | 1956-08-14 | Lockheed Aircraft Corp | Method of forming a light-transparent electrically conductive coating on a surface and article formed thereby |
US2760036A (en) * | 1952-09-16 | 1956-08-21 | Robert C Raymer | Metallic film potentiometer |
US2777044A (en) * | 1951-12-15 | 1957-01-08 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Electrical heating device |
US2842463A (en) * | 1953-09-04 | 1958-07-08 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Vapor deposited metal films |
US2852415A (en) * | 1952-10-29 | 1958-09-16 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Electrically conducting coated glass or ceramic articles suitable for use as a lens, a window or a windshield, or the like |
US2877329A (en) * | 1950-05-25 | 1959-03-10 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Transparent resistance heated panel and method of producing same |
US2977878A (en) * | 1954-01-13 | 1961-04-04 | Christian F Kinkel | Detonator |
US3007026A (en) * | 1948-10-21 | 1961-10-31 | George V Woodling | Electrical heating devices |
US3019732A (en) * | 1957-10-29 | 1962-02-06 | Brevets Aero Mecaniques | Electrical primers |
US3067315A (en) * | 1960-02-08 | 1962-12-04 | Gen Electric | Multi-layer film heaters in strip form |
US4103275A (en) * | 1975-02-22 | 1978-07-25 | Deutsche Gold- Und Silber-Scheideanstalt Vormals Roessler | Resistance element for resistance thermometer and process for its manufacturing |
US5225663A (en) * | 1988-06-15 | 1993-07-06 | Tel Kyushu Limited | Heat process device |
-
1933
- 1933-11-06 US US696920A patent/US2021661A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (42)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2504146A (en) * | 1939-01-16 | 1950-04-18 | Mossin Georg Barth | Electrical heating device |
US2441831A (en) * | 1942-01-24 | 1948-05-18 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Glazing unit |
US2429420A (en) * | 1942-10-05 | 1947-10-21 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Conductive coating for glass and method of application |
US2463260A (en) * | 1945-02-06 | 1949-03-01 | Blue Ridge Glass Corp | Window ventilator heater |
US2440691A (en) * | 1945-03-07 | 1948-05-04 | Continental Carbon Inc | Alloy metal film resistor |
US2622178A (en) * | 1946-04-22 | 1952-12-16 | Blue Ridge Glass Corp | Electric heating element and method of producing the same |
US2583000A (en) * | 1946-05-14 | 1952-01-22 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Transparent conducting films |
US2513993A (en) * | 1946-07-13 | 1950-07-04 | Budd Co | Panel heating |
US2504697A (en) * | 1946-09-13 | 1950-04-18 | Gen Electric | X-ray table for patients |
US2527720A (en) * | 1946-12-18 | 1950-10-31 | Corning Glass Works | Glass resistor welding method |
US2475379A (en) * | 1946-12-18 | 1949-07-05 | Corning Glass Works | Electric heating device |
US2561928A (en) * | 1947-05-28 | 1951-07-24 | Johnston Lillian Stewart | Window ventilator for warming incoming air |
US2648754A (en) * | 1947-07-22 | 1953-08-11 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Electroconductive article |
US2701296A (en) * | 1947-08-18 | 1955-02-01 | Corning Glass Works | Electrically heated appliance |
US2609478A (en) * | 1947-08-18 | 1952-09-02 | Corning Glass Works | Electrically heated appliance and stand therefor |
US2688679A (en) * | 1947-09-26 | 1954-09-07 | Polytechnic Inst Brooklyn | Metallic film variable resistor |
US2507036A (en) * | 1948-08-23 | 1950-05-09 | Douglas Aircraft Co Inc | Vehicle windshield |
US2584859A (en) * | 1948-09-18 | 1952-02-05 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Laminated safety glass structure and method of making the same |
US3007026A (en) * | 1948-10-21 | 1961-10-31 | George V Woodling | Electrical heating devices |
US2569773A (en) * | 1948-11-20 | 1951-10-02 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Electroconductive article |
US2628927A (en) * | 1949-04-18 | 1953-02-17 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Light transmissive electrically conducting article |
US2613302A (en) * | 1949-06-24 | 1952-10-07 | Gen Electric | Humidity indicator |
US2628299A (en) * | 1949-12-31 | 1953-02-10 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Connection for electrically conducting films |
US2641672A (en) * | 1950-05-08 | 1953-06-09 | Northrop Aircraft Inc | Electrical conductor |
US2877329A (en) * | 1950-05-25 | 1959-03-10 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Transparent resistance heated panel and method of producing same |
US2693023A (en) * | 1950-06-20 | 1954-11-02 | Painton & Co Ltd | Electrical resistor and a method of making the same |
US2710900A (en) * | 1950-10-13 | 1955-06-14 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Electroconductive article |
US2648752A (en) * | 1950-10-27 | 1953-08-11 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Transparent electroconductive article |
US2740731A (en) * | 1951-01-20 | 1956-04-03 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Electroconductive article and production thereof |
US2681405A (en) * | 1951-02-02 | 1954-06-15 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Electrically conducting films |
US2750832A (en) * | 1951-06-08 | 1956-06-19 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Electrically conducting filters and mirrors |
US2777044A (en) * | 1951-12-15 | 1957-01-08 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Electrical heating device |
US2760036A (en) * | 1952-09-16 | 1956-08-21 | Robert C Raymer | Metallic film potentiometer |
US2748234A (en) * | 1952-10-14 | 1956-05-29 | British Insulated Callenders | Electric resistors |
US2852415A (en) * | 1952-10-29 | 1958-09-16 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Electrically conducting coated glass or ceramic articles suitable for use as a lens, a window or a windshield, or the like |
US2758948A (en) * | 1953-02-02 | 1956-08-14 | Lockheed Aircraft Corp | Method of forming a light-transparent electrically conductive coating on a surface and article formed thereby |
US2842463A (en) * | 1953-09-04 | 1958-07-08 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Vapor deposited metal films |
US2977878A (en) * | 1954-01-13 | 1961-04-04 | Christian F Kinkel | Detonator |
US3019732A (en) * | 1957-10-29 | 1962-02-06 | Brevets Aero Mecaniques | Electrical primers |
US3067315A (en) * | 1960-02-08 | 1962-12-04 | Gen Electric | Multi-layer film heaters in strip form |
US4103275A (en) * | 1975-02-22 | 1978-07-25 | Deutsche Gold- Und Silber-Scheideanstalt Vormals Roessler | Resistance element for resistance thermometer and process for its manufacturing |
US5225663A (en) * | 1988-06-15 | 1993-07-06 | Tel Kyushu Limited | Heat process device |
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