US2210031A - Refrigerating apparatus and method - Google Patents

Refrigerating apparatus and method Download PDF

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US2210031A
US2210031A US98332A US9833236A US2210031A US 2210031 A US2210031 A US 2210031A US 98332 A US98332 A US 98332A US 9833236 A US9833236 A US 9833236A US 2210031 A US2210031 A US 2210031A
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refrigerant
tubes
tube
pass
conduit
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US98332A
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Otto W Greene
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Pfaudler Inc
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Pfaudler Co Inc
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25DREFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D31/00Other cooling or freezing apparatus
    • F25D31/002Liquid coolers, e.g. beverage cooler
    • F25D31/003Liquid coolers, e.g. beverage cooler with immersed cooling element
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B39/00Evaporators; Condensers
    • F25B39/02Evaporators
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00Metal working
    • Y10T29/49Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/4935Heat exchanger or boiler making
    • Y10T29/49359Cooling apparatus making, e.g., air conditioner, refrigerator

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a method of and apparatus for refrigeration.
  • An object of the invention is the provision of generally improved and more satisfactory cooling apparatus of the above mentioned type.
  • Another object is the provision of cooling apparatus so designed and constructed that the cooling fluid will be moved effectively through the passageway or conduit in which it is placed,
  • Another object is the provision of a passageway or conduit for the cooling fluid, so designed and constructed that substantially the entire inner surface of such passageway or conduit will be kept continuously covered with unvaporized cooling liquid.
  • Still another object is the provision of a pas- I sageway or conduit for the cooling fluid so designed as to have a cross sectional area increasing in the direction of flow of the fluid in rough proportion to the increase in volume of the fluid caused by passage of part thereof from liquid phase to vapor phase.
  • Still another object is the provision of a passageway or conduit for the cooling fluid, so designed that any substantial bodies of liquid passing therethrough will be atomized or broken up into a spray of particles at certain points in the passageway.
  • a further object of the invention is the provision of cooling apparatus so constructed that it may be cleaned with great case so as to vbe especially suitable for use in connection with food productsh where sanitation is important.
  • a further object is the provision of cooling apparatus so designed that expansion and contraction stresses resulting from temperature changes may be readily accommodated without causing leakage at joints or other damage to the
  • a still further object is the provision of cooling apparatus so designed and constructed that it may be readily placed within a closed tank or container through a relatively small manhole.
  • My invention further contemplates a method or increasing the emciency of a cooling coil by causing the refrigerant, particularly that portion of the refrigerant in liquid phase, to flow at high velocity in intimate contact with the walls of the coil.
  • Fig. 1 is an end view of a fragment of a tank equipped with one form of cooling apparatus according to the present invention
  • Fig. 2 is a section taken substantially on the line 2-2 of Fig. 1;
  • Fig. 3 is a vertical section taken longitudinally through the tank of Fig. 1;
  • Fig. 4 is a vertical section taken substantially on the line -4 of Fig. 3;
  • Fig. 5 is a view of one form of conduit which may be used in the cooling apparatus
  • Fig. 6 is a similar view of an alternative form of conduit
  • Fig. 7 is a developed diagrammatic view of the conduits through which the cooling fluid flows, in one form of construction
  • Fig. 8 is'a vertical section through the header to which certain other conduit sections are con nected, this section being taken substantially on the line 8-8 of Fig. 3, and
  • Fig. 9 is a vertical section through an alternative form of apparatus.
  • the present invention may be embodied in apparatus of the surface cooling type, providing a cooling surface over which the milk or other liquid to be cooled may flow, such a construction being illustrated in Fig. 9, or it may be embodied preferably in apparatus of the immersion type, in which the conduits, passageways or coils carrying the cooling fluid are immersed in a body of the liquid to be cooled, which body of liquid is held in a suitable tank or container.
  • This preferred form of construction is indicated in Figs. 1 to 8 inclusive, tmwhichreierence will now be made.
  • the tank or container for holding the liquid to be cooled is indicated in general at l 2, and may comprise an inner metallic wall l3 covered by a layer H of insulating material and an outer jacket I! of thin sheet metal or other suitable material.
  • a manhole cover l6 closes a manhole ll of standard or usual size.
  • the tank or container is of generally cylindrical shape, with its axis arranged approximately horizontally, as shown, and the manhole is in one end wall of the tank.
  • an immersion cooling unit comprising a header section 2
  • the header section 20 may be straight, curved, or of any other desired shape, but in the preferred form of the invention this header is formed of a tube bent to a somewhat elliptical outline as indicated in Figures 1, 4 and 8, with the ends of the tube joined to each other at as by welding or the like.
  • is preferably secured in the tube, as by welding, adjacent the joint 40, and the inlet is just to one side of this partition and the outlet just to the other side thereof, so that the cooling fluid entering at the inlet must fiow around the entire elliptical outline of the header before reaching the outlet.
  • to 34 inclusive may extend from the header section 20 to a second header section, or they may simply be connected to each other in pairs or formed integrally with each other so as to constitute return bends or coil sections.
  • and 22 may be formed integrally with each other or formed of two sections welded to each other to provide. an approximately semi-circular connecting bend at the ends of the sections 2
  • Such a semicircular return bend is quite satisfactory in many instances, but for greatest efliciency within the cooling unit, and for least resistance to flow of liquid past the cooling unit, it is preferred to use sharp angular connections instead of the semi-circular bends shown in Fig. 6.
  • and 22 constituting one pair of sections are connected to each other at their outer ends, remote from the header 20, by bending the ends angularly toward each other as indicated at 46, and welding them to each .other at the joint 41, so that where the two sections meet they make an acute angle bend, changing the direction of flow abruptly by substantially more than ninety degrees.
  • any concentrated masses of liquid passing through the tubes or conduit sections at relatively high velocity are broken up into a spray, or somewhat atomized when they hit these sharp angular comers.
  • the sharp angle presented exteriorly of the tubes reduces the resistance to flow of surrounding liquid in a direction along the tubes.
  • the tubes extend substantially parallel to each other throughout the major portions of their length, as shown in Fig. 3, and their ends opposite'to the header 2!! are supported by posts welded or otherwise suitably secured to the tubes, and connecting each tube of one pair ,or pass to the-adjacent tube ofthe next pair or pass.
  • These posts 50 are of small cross section and relatively flexible, so that expansion or contraction of the'tubes caused by differences in temperature will simply bend the posts 50 without distorting the tuhes themselves.
  • secured to the tank wall l3 and extending inwardly therefrom is connected to one of the members 50, as shown especially in Figs; 3 and 4, to support one end of the tube assembly or cooling 'unit in spaced relation to the tank. This post 5
  • is relatively thin as seen from Fig. 3, so that it offers only slightresistance to bending by forces exerted in a direction lengthwise of the cooling unit.
  • expansion and contraction of the cooling unit in a lengthwise direction does not damage the unit or the tank, since the post 5
  • to 34, inclusive, or left hand ends when viewed as in Figs. 3 and '7, may be joined to the header 20 in any suitable manner.
  • to 34 are of the same external diameter
  • the header 20 is formed of a tube having an internal diameter substantially equal to the external diameter of the tubes.
  • to 34 extend through openings in the header tube 201 and project into the header, and are cut obliquely at approximately forty-five degrees, so that they form partitions in the header as shown.
  • the tubes are preferably welded to the header where they enter it.
  • An inlet conduit and an outlet conduit 56 extend from the header, at points on opposite sides -of the partition 4
  • a plate 58 surrounding the conduits 55 and 56 and welded to them to form a fluid tight joint therewith, forms a closure for the tank opening and a support for supporting the inlet and outlet conduits which, in turn, form the support for the header 20 and its end of the whole cooling unit.
  • Two plates 59 are fitted around the conduits 55 and 56 externally of the tank, and bolts connected to the plate 58 extend through the plates 59 and have nuts bearing against the plates 59, to draw the plate 58 firmly into fluidtight engagement with the tank.
  • a volatile or low-boiling refrigerating liquid of any suitable kind such as ammonia, methylchloride, sulphur dioxide, Freon, etc.
  • the refrigerant now mainly avapor, but possibly including some liquid, comes out through the outlet conduit 56 and its external outlet connection 62.
  • any number of tubes or conduit sections may be employed, to provide any. number of loops or passes in the cooling unit, depending upon the required cooling capacity and other characteristics desired.
  • the inlet and outlet connections may be at any desired points with respect to the several tubes.
  • fourteen tubes or conduit sections are employed, connected in pairs to provide seven loops or passes.
  • Each tube is preferably straight, except for the bend at at one end where it is connected to the other tube of the same pair, and the tubes are all substantially parallel to each other and to the axis of the tank, which is substantially horizontal. In the preferred.
  • the inlet and outlet are near the low point of the elliptical header 20, and so placed that the refrigerant flows up hill through about the first three oops .and downwardly through the remainder of theloops intervening header portions, then flows and intervening header portions, to the outlet.
  • an agitator 10 (Figs. 3 and 4), of the impeller or propeller type is mounted within the tank l3 on a shaft H extending through the end wall of the tank remote from the header 20, and is driven by a suitable motor and gearing within the housing 12.
  • the shaft H is alined substantially with the long axis of the cooling unit through the center of the elliptical cross section thereof, so that when the agitator is in operation it tends to force a stream of the liquid within the tank lengthwise through the cooling unit.
  • the cooling unit offers only slight resistance to the flow of the liquid in this direction, since the flow is lengthwise of the tubesnot across them, and this resistance is still further reduced if the sharp angular connections 46, 41 between the two tubes of each pass are used, as indicated in Figs. 3-
  • the elliptical outline of the header 20 is preferably slightly smaller than the similar elliptical outline of the manhole l1. At no point do any of the tubes 2
  • is connected to the cooling unit to support the end thereof remote from the header 20, and the necessary conduit connections are made, externally of the tank, to the inlet and outlet of the unit, and this completes the installation of the cooling apparatus. It is seen that only aslight amount of work is required within the tank, and no parts whatever have to be assembled within the tank except the connection of the supporting post 5
  • the cooling unit is not mounted directly along the center line of the tank, but is mounted a little to one side of a vertical plane passing through the longitudinal axis of the tank, as indicated in Fig. 1.
  • a man may enter the tank, and may stand directly on the lowest part of the bottom thereof at the point where this bottom is approximately level, instead of being forced to stand on the more sloping part of the bottom, to one side of the central plane, as would be the case if the cooling unit were mounted directly along the central plane.
  • the tubes 28 and 29 are preferably spaced from each other a little farther apart than the other tubes, as indicated in Figs. 1, 4, and 8, to allow ample room between those tubes so that a person standing within the tank may insert a brush or other suitable implement through the space between these tubes to clean those sides of the tubes which are faced toward the center of the elliptical assembly.
  • Another important feature of the present invention is the interior construction of the tubes or conduits of the cooling unit.
  • cooling units of the type which obtain the cooling effect by boiling or volatilizing a liquid refrigerant it has heretofore been generally believed that there should be only a very slight difference between the inlet pressure and the outlet pressure in order to obtain greatest efliciency.
  • greater efficiency may be attained if greater pressure differences are used, and if the internal construction of the passageway, tubes, or conduits is such that the refrigerant passes through them with relatively high velocity and keeps the inner surfaces of the tubes or passageways substantially completely or very largely covered by a film of unvaporized refrigerant in liquid phase.
  • tubes of this same size would be much too large near the inlet end of the unit, resulting in sluggish and inefficient flow in this part of the unit.
  • One way of overcoming this difficulty, according to the present invention, is to provide successive tube sections of increasing size. Such an arrangement is not preferred under most circumstances, however, ,.because usually it is desirable to have the various tubes of the cooling unit all of the same or approximately the same external diameter.
  • the first few tubes are provided with what may be termed fillers inside the tubes, to reduce the cross sectional area of the passageway area available for flow of the refrigerant.
  • and 22 of the first pass or loop are provided with rods 8
  • the next two tubes 23 and 24 constituting the second pass are provided with rods 82 slightly smaller than the rods 8
  • the desired tapering effect, or increasing cross section of flow passageway may be obtained even more smoothly and satisfactorily by winding these rods 8! and 82 with spirally arranged wires of gradually increasing pitch.
  • the refrigerant cannot flow directly along the tube, but must flow spirally around and around the annular space between the rod and the tube, along the passageway defined by the wire.
  • the wire starts off with a relatively small pitch, and this pitch gradually increases throughout the length of the rod 81, so that the cross sectional area of the passageway defined by the wire gradually increases throughout the length of this tube.
  • the wires 85, 86, 81, and 88 may be welded either continuously or at spaced intervals to the rods on which they are wound, before the rods are inserted in' the ends of the tubes. Then the rods with the wires wound on them are put in the ends of the tubes before the tubes are set into and welded to the header 28.
  • wires of increasing pitch wound around the rods in each loop may be used throughout all or any desired number ofthe loops or passes. If used throughout substantially all of the. loops, however, this construction would usually result in tubes of undesirably large diameter, whereas it is usually preferred to employ tubes of relatively small diameter, which are much less expensive, especially when made of high priced materials such as stainless steel.
  • the rod and spiral wire construction is employed only in the first two loops or passes of a total of seven loops, and a different construction is provided in the remaining loops.
  • the tubes 25 and 26 of the third pass or loop are preferably provided with deflecting means or baffle means to give the fiuid a somewhat swirling or rotary action within the tubes as it flows along them, but without substantially decreasing the cross sectional area of the fiow passageway.
  • This baflle means or deflecting means is preferably in the form of a wire or small rod 90 wound spirally or helically and lying against the inner surface of the tube or conduit, to form, in effect, a spiral or helical ridge or fin projecting inwardly from'the inner surface.
  • fin does not substantially decrease the available cross sectional area for flow of fluid through the tube, but it does offer just enough resistance to the flow of the fluid so that the fluid is caused to rotate or swirl in a spiral manner as it flows longitudinally through the conduit.
  • the refrigerant flows through the conduit, that part of the refrigerant which is in vapor phase,
  • This ridge or swirling around and around the inner circumference of the conduit carries along with it that part of the refrigerant which is in liquid phase, keeping substantially the entire inner surface of the conduit coated with a film of liquid at all times.
  • the liquid refrigerant might run along the bottom part of the tube or conduit and only gas or vapor with substantially no liquid might be in contact with the upper part of the walls of the tube, with consequent reduction in efiiciency.
  • the deflecting or baffle means might also be in the form of a strip of sheet metal or the like twisted spirally and placed within the tube or conduit, such spirally twisted strips being indicated in the alternative construction shown in Fig. 9 of the drawings.
  • a spirally extending wire or small rod rather than a spirally twisted strip, because the wire or rod does not reduce the cross sectional area of the conduit to quite so great an extent, and does not increase the frictional resistance to flow to quite such an extent.
  • All of the tubes 25 to 34 inclusive of the remaining passes are preferably provided with spirally or helically arranged baflle or deflecting means such as above described, preferably in the form of the above mentioned spiral wire or small rod, although some may be of the spirally twisted strip form and others may be of wire or small rod form, if desired.
  • the tubes or conduits of the third pass could be provided with the .spirally twisted strips abovev mentioned, while the conduits or tubes of the fourth and succeeding flow substantially slower through the first part of the conduit 25 than through the conduit 24, gradually increasing its rate of flow through the conduits 25 and 26 asadditional liquid boils away and forms an increased volume of vapor.
  • the velocity of flow has preferably been brought up to about the velocity obtaining at the end of the tube 24.
  • the velocity of flow will be further increased in the next or fourth pass made up of the conduits-21 and 28, and in each succeeding pass, due to boiling off of additional refrigerant from liquid phase to vapor phase, unless means is provided for counteracting this tendencyj 0f the velocity to increase.
  • Such means may or-may not be provided, depending on the results'desired. When such means is desired, it mayltake the place of by-pass openings across the ends of the passes so that more or less of the refrigerant will be bypassed along the header 28 instead of flowing through the full length of each pass.
  • Such bypass openings across'the fourth loop or pass formed of the tubes 21 and 28, are shown at 93 in Fig. '7. These openings 93 are formed,
  • Similar by-pass openings 95 may be formed in the tubes 29 and 30 of the fifth pass, and similar openings 91 may be formed in the ends of the tube 3
  • the sizes of the respective by-pass openings will depend upon the conditions desired. If it is preferred to have the velocities of flow at the ends of the fourth, fifth, and sixth passes approximately equal to each other and approximately equal to the velocity of flow at the end of the third pass, then the respective by-pass openings 93, 95, and 91 should be of such sizes as to by-pass just enough of the refrigerant to compensate for the increasing volume of refrigerant through these If it is desired to have the velocity of flow decrease progressively, so that it is slower at the end of the sixth pass than at the end of the fifth, and slower'at the end of the fifth than at the end of the fourth, etc., then the by-pass openings would be still larger than the sizes required to compensate for the increasing volumes of refrigerant. Such a decrease in velocity from one pass to another is seldom desired.
  • the by-, pass openings either would be omitted entirely, as is frequently permissible, especially in small cooling units, or would be made somewhat smaller than the size required to compensate fully for the increasing volume of refrigerant.
  • the judgment of the designing engineer, rather than any set rule or formula, should be the guide in determining whether or not to use any by-passes, and in determining the sizes of the by-passes to be used. If by-passes are used, the determination of the sizes of the by-pass openings must take into account the greater friction caused by flow throughout the entire length of one pass or loop, than the friction of flow through the much shorter by-pass path across the end of the pass or loop.
  • bypass openings having a cross sectional area about 15% of the total cross sectional area of the pass or loop will approximately compensate for the increase in velocity which would otherwise be caused by boiling off of refrigerant within that pass or loop.
  • the by-pass openings 93 might have an area of about 15% of the area of the tubes 21 and 28, the by-pass openings 95 might have an area of about 30% of such tube area, and the by-pass openings 91 might have an area of about 45% of such tube area, and the velocity of flow in the latter part of the tube 32, just before reaching the header 2!), would then be about equal to the velocity of flow at the end of the tube 26.
  • By-pass openings 99 may also be provided, if
  • a high rate of flow in comparison to the very sluggish flow of refrigerant through conventional cooling units greatly increases the cooling capacity by raising the rate at which heat may be transferred through the conduit or tube walls to the refrigerant.
  • a high rate of flow has the further and important advantage that the liquid refrigerant is carried along with the gas or vapor by reason of the rapid movement of the latter so that the liquid does not form concentrated masses nor remain stagnant in the lowest part of the system, but is positively forced or carried along at all times.
  • the rapidly flowing gas swirls around in such manner that the liquid refrigerant is constantly carried over the entire inner surface of the tubes, at the top sides as well as bottom sides thereof, so that a layer of liquid refrigerant coats substantially the entire inner surface of the tubes at all times, promoting a maximum degree of cooling.
  • the spiral or swirling action helps to keep the liquid broken up into more or less of a spray of small particles, but if any substantial masses or concentrations of the liquid should form, notwithstanding the swirling action, these bodies of liquid would be quickly broken up into a spray, or into much smaller bodies, by the sharp corners or bends with which they would come into violent contact.
  • the sharp corners formed at the junction of the two tubes at their ends remote from the header are particerably about 400 feet per minute, in the first tube of the first pass or loop, and this should be raised to a vapor speed of not less than about 2000 feet per minute and preferably a speed of about 3600' feet per minute at the end of the last tube of the last loop.
  • the inlet and outlet connections of the header 2d are arranged so that through about the first three loops or passes the refrigerant flows in an uphill direction, and thereafter the refrigerant fiows in a downhill direction.
  • This is advantageous because, with this arrangement, some of the unvaporized or liquid refrigerant will be constantly running for ward through the by-passes 93, t5, and $7 to supply adequate liquid refrigerant to the last few passes.
  • the outlet of the cooling unit is preferably connected to a back pressure valve set for a pressure of about forty-five pounds to the square inch.
  • the inlet is provided with either a hand.
  • the refrigerant will be supplied under a pressure of, say ninety to one hundred and fifty pounds to the square inch.
  • the above mentioned pressures and velocities are those found most satisfactory when ammonia is used as the refrigerant, and some readjustment of pressures and velocities may be desirable if other volatile refrigerants are used, such as methylchloride, sulphur dioxide, Freon, etc.
  • the preferred embodiment illustrated by way of example in Figs. 1 to 8, inclusive, is an embodiment in which the cooling unit is intended to be immersed in the milk, water, or other-liquid which is to be cooled.
  • the cooling unit is intended to be immersed in the milk, water, or other-liquid which is to be cooled.
  • a surface cooler may be of the form illustrated by way of example in Fig. 9.
  • two substantially vertical headers III and H2 are employed. Any desired number of tubes or conduits may be used, twelve being here shown, numbered from I2I to I32 inclusive. Each of these tubes extends ap proximately horizontally and has one end connected to one header and the other end connected to the other header. As in the previous embodiment, the connection may conveniently be made by providing holes in the headers of the proper size to receive the tubes, the exterior diameters of the tubes being approximately equal to the internal diameters of the headers. The ends of the tubes projecting into the headers, are cut diagonally, as shown, so that these prpjecting ends of the tubes form partitions in the headers.
  • the refrigerant may pass through the various tubes in any desired order, but preferably starts at a tube somewhatbelow the top of theunit, flows upwardly to the top, and then downwardly through the remaining tubes.
  • the inlet I40 may enter the header III near the end of the tube I2 I, which is the fourth tube from the top.
  • a partition I II in the header III just below the inlet prevents the refrigerant from escaping downwardly in the header, while the end of the tube I2I itself forms a partition preventing the refrigerant from escaping upwardly.
  • the refrigerant must flow into and through the tube I2I. From the right hand end of the tube I2I, when viewed as in Fig.
  • the refrigerant flows into the header II2, up this header a short distance into the right hand end of the tube I22, then leftwardly along the tube I22 to the header l I I, upwardly through this header to the left hand end of the tube E23, and along this tube I23 to the header H2.
  • the refrigerant again passes upwardly through a short section of the header l I2, enters the right hand end of the top tube I2d, and flows leftwardly through it, this time not to the header Hi, but to the end of a conduit it which conveys the refrigerant downwardly to a point in the header Hi just below the'partition Iti.
  • the refrigerant enters the end of the tube H25, which is the next tube below the tube H25.
  • the refrigerant flows through the tube E25 to the header 5 it, down through this header to the next tube I26, leftwardly through the tube I26 to the header Hi, and so on successively through the tubes l2? to 932, finally issuing from the left hand end of the tube E32 into the bottom of the header I I I, and then into the outlet connection M91
  • This outlet connection is provided with a suitable back pressure valve use and the inlet connection Mil is provided with an inlet valve I55 which may be controlled automatically by' a temperature control including the heat responsive element 855 adjacent the outlet M8.
  • the interior construction of the tubes in this form. of cooler may be the same, or substantially the same as that previously described'in connection with the previous embodiment.
  • the first two tubes I2I and I22 may both be provided with filler rods 56$ around which wires it! and I62 are wound spirally or helically, with gradually increasing pitch, in a manner similar to the wires 85 and 86 in the previous embodiment.
  • the next twd tubes I 23 and I24 may be provided with smaller filler. rods I84, wound with larger wires 565 and I66 of gradually increasing pitch similar to the wires 81 and 88 previously described.
  • baffle means or deflecting means for causing spiral or rotary swirling of the refrigerant passing through these tubes.
  • This baflle or deflecting means may be in the form of a spirally wound wire or small rod like the wires or rods 90 in the previous embodiment, or may be in the form of spirally twisted strips IIII.
  • by-pass means may or may not be employed, according to the judgment of the designing engineer. If by-passes are desired, there may be a by-pass "2 between the tubes I21 and :28, and a by-pass I14 between the tubes I28 and
  • the milk, water, or other liquid to be cooled may be caused to flow over all or any suitable part of the surface of the tubes I2I to I22 inclusive.
  • a tank or hopper may discharge liquid onto the top of the uppermost tube I24, and after the liquid has flowed down the sides of the tube a fin I depending from the bottom edge of the tube may direct the liquid onto the top of the next lower tube I23.
  • Similar fins I80 may be provided on the bottom edges of each of the tubes so that the liquid to be cooled flows in succession from each tube down its fin into the top of the tube below, the cooled liquid finally being caught in a suitable receptacle or trough beneath the bottom of the last tube I22.
  • This surface type of cooling unit may be either open or enclosed in a suitable housing. Its internal operation is substantially the same as that previously described in connecticz with the first the inventive idea may be carried out in a number of ways. This application is therefore not to be limited to the precise details described, but is intended to cover all variations and modifications thereof falling within the spirit of the invention or the scope of the appended claims.
  • Refrigerating apparatus comprising conduit means forming a passageway for flow of a refrigerating agent having a tendency to pass from liquid phase to gaseous phase as heat is absorbed, said passageway having filler means therein of less cross sectional area than the area of said passageway, deflecting means arranged generally spirally around said filler means, and means for supplying a refrigerating agent at least partially in liquid phase to said passageway at one end thereof at a pressure substantially higher than that existing at the other end of said passageway so that said refrigerating agent will flow rapidly along said passageway and that part thereof which remains in liquid phase will be deflected during its flow, by said deflecting means, so as to spread over substantially the entire perimeter of said passageway.
  • Refrigerating apparatus for use with a refrigerating agent having a tendency to pass from liquid phase to gaseous phase as heat is absorbed, said apparatus comprising means forming a circuitous passageway having a plurality of convolutions through which said refrigerating agent flows, means for supplying said refrigerating agent at least partly in liquid phase to one end of said passageway at a pressure sufiiciently higher than that existing at the other end of said passageway so that said agent will flow relatively rapidly through said passageway. and by-pass means of restricted cross sectional area for bypassing a portion of said refrigerating agent in liquid phase past one of said convolutions so that it may be effective to pass into vapor phase and absorb heat in a subsequent convolution.
  • Refrigerating apparatus for use with a refrigerating agent having a tendency to pass from liquid phase to gaseous phase as heat is absorbed, said apparatus comprising means forming a circuitous passageway having a plurality of convolutions through which said refrigerating agent flows, means for supplying refrigerating agent at least partly 'in liquid phase to one end of said passageway at a pressure sufficiently higher than that existing at the other end of said passagewav so that said agent will flow relatively rapidly through said passageway, by-pass means of one cross sectional area for by-passing a portion of said refrigerating agent partly in liquid phase past one of said convolutions.
  • conduit means within said container for carrying fluid in heat exchanging relationship to liquid in said container, said conduit means including a plurality of sections arranged approximately parallel to each other and grouped around a central free space, and propeller agitating means within said container and beyond one end of said grouped sections and approximately alined with said central free space to tend to drive liquid within said container in a general direction through said free space and along said conduit sections.
  • bracket means adjacent the opposite end of said coil from said header means and connecting said opposite end of said coil to a wall of said container to support said opposite end 0f said coil, said bracket means being relatively flexible in a direction lengthwise of said coil and relatively inflexible in a direction transversely of said coil.
  • Cooling means comprising a series of conduit sections extending substantially horizontally and arranged one above another in a substantially vertical plane, means for supplying a cooling agent to one end of one of said sections at an intermediate height in the series of sections, means connecting that section to the sections above it so that the supplied cooling agent flows successively through that section and the sections above it to the topmost section, means connecting the discharge end of the topmost section to one end of the section next beneath the one to which the cooling agent was initially supplied, and means for connecting said next beneath section to the sections below it "so that said cooling agent will flow from said topmost section to said section next beneath the one to which the coolvaporization point at the pressure of the inletv end, said conduit having a substantially uniform external size throughout a portion of its length, means in said conduit cooperating with the walls thereof to form a channel of a cross-sectional area increasing in the-direction of flow throughout said same portion of the length of the conduit, and means for flowing the refrigerant through the conduit at high velocity throughout substantially its entire length.
  • a conduit constituting part of the low pressure side of said circuit into which the refrigerant is 1 passed from the high pressure side, means for vaporizing a portion of the refrigerant adjacent the inlet end of the conduit to cool the refrigerant in liquid phase down substantially to the vaporization point at the pressure of the inlet end, said conduit having a substantially uniform external size throughout a portion of its length, means in said conduit cooperating with the walls thereof to form a channel of a cross-sectional area increasing in the direction of flow throughout said same portion of the length of the conduit, means for flowing the refrigerant through the conduit at high velocity throughout substantially its entire length, and means in said conduit for v causing the refrigerant to flow therethrough in intimate contact with substantially the entire inner wall thereof throughout said same portion of the length of the conduit.
  • a conduit constituting part of the low pressure side of said circuit into which the refrigerant is passed from the high pressure side, means for vaporizing a portion of the refrigerant adjacent the inlet end of the conduit to cool the refrigerant in liquid phase down substantially to the vaporization point at the pressure of the inlet end, said conduit having a substantially uniform external size throughout a portion of its length, means in said conduit cooperating with the walls thereof to form a channel of a crosssectional area increasing in the direction of fiow throughout said same portion of the length of the conduit, means for flowing the refrigerant through the conduit at high velocity throughout substantially its entire length, and means in said conduit for causing the refrigerant in liquid phase to flow through said same portion of the length of the conduit with a whirling motion in intimate contact with substantially the entire inner wall thereof.
  • a refrigerant is circulated through a refrigeration circuit having a high pressure and a low pressure side, a conduit constituting part of the low pressure side of said circuit into which the refrigerant is passed from the high pressure side, means for vaporizing a portion of the refrigerant adjacent the inlet end of the conduit to cool the refrigerant in liquid phase down substantially to the vaporization point at the pressure of the inlet end, said conduit having two tubular portions through which the refrigerant successively flows, both of said portions being of the same cross-sectional dimensions, filler means of substantially different cross-sectional dimensions within said two portions cooperating with the walls thereof to form channels, the filler means in the second portion being of substantially smaller cross-sectional dimensions than the filler means of the first portion to allow a larger crosssectional space for flow of said refrigerant through said second portion than through said first portion, deflecting means extending generally spirally around the fillermeans in at least one flow of a cooling agent therethrough, said coil including
  • the method of operating a refrigerating system having a section of a cooling coil including the steps of maintaining the refrigerant under a substantial pressure to maintain the refrigerant in liquid phase, passing the refrigerant into said coil section with an appreciable drop in pressure to thereby vaporize a portion of the refrigerant and cool the refrigerant in liquid phase to substantially its vaporization point at the pressure of the inlet end of the coil section, restricting the cross-sectional area of the stream of the refrigerant at the inlet end of the coil section so that a relatively rapid rate of flow is maintained at said inlet end to thereby avoid stagnant pools of refrigerant adjacent said inlet end, maintaining such a high rate of flow of refrigerant throughout the coil section as to prevent the formation of stagnant pools of liquid refrigerant therein, causing the liquid component of the stream to flow through a large portion of the coil section in contact with substantially the full circumference of the inner wall of such portion, and increasing the cross-sectional area of the stream substantially
  • the method of operating a refrigerating system having a section of a cooling coil including the steps of maintaining the refrigerant under a substantial pressure to maintain the refrigerant in liquid phase, passing the refrigerant into said coil section with an appre ciable drop in pressure to thereby vaporize a portion of the refrigerant and cool the refrigerant in liquid phase to substantially its vaporization point at the pressure of the inlet end of the coil section, maintaining such a high rate of flow of refrigerant throughout the coil section as to prevent the formation of stagnant pools of liquid refrigerant therein,”causing the liquid stream of refrigerant to flow through at least a portion of the coil section at said high rate with a whirling motion so that the portion of the stream of refrigerant in liquid phase is maintained adjacent substantially the full circumferenceof the inner side walls of the .coil in intimate contact therewith by centrifugal action, and increasing the cross-sectional area of the stream substantially uniformly and progressively in the directional flow throughout a

Description

Aug. 6, 1940. o. w. GREENE 2.210.031
I REFRIGERATING APPARATUS AND METHQD Filed Aug. 2 1936 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 -%z.'$ ATTORNEYS 6, 1940- 'o. w. GREENE 2.210,031
, REFRIGERATING APPARATUS AND METHOD Filed Aug. 28, 1936 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 .E i INVENTOR.
(Greene ATTORNEYS Aug. 6, 1940.
GREENE 2.210.031 I REFRIGERATING APPARATUS AND METHOD Filed Aug. 28, 1936 INVENTOR.
reene -zi6 ATTORNEYS REFRIGERATING APPARATUS AND METHOD Filed Aug. 28, 1936 4Sheets-$heet 4 LI X {170 140 j; I a I: l x i N All; a T170 26 X I l J1 I X :50 )id E I 1L5" E -.:z70 1/430 rm H:
Y -.Z70 123 J 140 INVENTOR. 0% WGrGcnc ATTORNEYS Patented Aug. 6, 1940 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE Otto W. Greene, Elyria, Ohio, assignor to The Pfaudler 00., Rochester, N. Y., a corporation of New York Application August 28, 1936, Serial No. 98,332
14 Claims.
This invention relates to a method of and apparatus for refrigeration. An object of the invention is the provision of generally improved and more satisfactory cooling apparatus of the above mentioned type.
Another object is the provision of cooling apparatus so designed and constructed that the cooling fluid will be moved effectively through the passageway or conduit in which it is placed,
Another object is the provision of a passageway or conduit for the cooling fluid, so designed and constructed that substantially the entire inner surface of such passageway or conduit will be kept continuously covered with unvaporized cooling liquid.
Still another object is the provision of a pas- I sageway or conduit for the cooling fluid so designed as to have a cross sectional area increasing in the direction of flow of the fluid in rough proportion to the increase in volume of the fluid caused by passage of part thereof from liquid phase to vapor phase.
Still another object is the provision of a passageway or conduit for the cooling fluid, so designed that any substantial bodies of liquid passing therethrough will be atomized or broken up into a spray of particles at certain points in the passageway.
A further object of the invention is the provision of cooling apparatus so constructed that it may be cleaned with great case so as to vbe especially suitable for use in connection with food productsh where sanitation is important.
A further object is the provision of cooling apparatus so designed that expansion and contraction stresses resulting from temperature changes may be readily accommodated without causing leakage at joints or other damage to the A still further object is the provision of cooling apparatus so designed and constructed that it may be readily placed within a closed tank or container through a relatively small manhole.
My invention further contemplates a method or increasing the emciency of a cooling coil by causing the refrigerant, particularly that portion of the refrigerant in liquid phase, to flow at high velocity in intimate contact with the walls of the coil.
To these and other ends the invention resides in certain improvements and combinations of parts, all as will be hereinafter more fully described, the novel features being pointed out in the claims at the cadet the specification.
In the drawings:
Fig. 1 is an end view of a fragment of a tank equipped with one form of cooling apparatus according to the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a section taken substantially on the line 2-2 of Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 is a vertical section taken longitudinally through the tank of Fig. 1;
Fig. 4 is a vertical section taken substantially on the line -4 of Fig. 3;
Fig. 5 is a view of one form of conduit which may be used in the cooling apparatus;
Fig. 6 is a similar view of an alternative form of conduit;
Fig. 7 is a developed diagrammatic view of the conduits through which the cooling fluid flows, in one form of construction;
' Fig. 8 is'a vertical section through the header to which certain other conduit sections are con nected, this section being taken substantially on the line 8-8 of Fig. 3, and
Fig. 9 is a vertical section through an alternative form of apparatus.
The same reference numerals throughout the several views indicate the same parts.
The present invention may be embodied in apparatus of the surface cooling type, providing a cooling surface over which the milk or other liquid to be cooled may flow, such a construction being illustrated in Fig. 9, or it may be embodied preferably in apparatus of the immersion type, in which the conduits, passageways or coils carrying the cooling fluid are immersed in a body of the liquid to be cooled, which body of liquid is held in a suitable tank or container. This preferred form of construction is indicated in Figs. 1 to 8 inclusive, tmwhichreierence will now be made.
The tank or container for holding the liquid to be cooled is indicated in general at l 2, and may comprise an inner metallic wall l3 covered by a layer H of insulating material and an outer jacket I! of thin sheet metal or other suitable material. A manhole cover l6 closes a manhole ll of standard or usual size. Preferably, but not necessarily, the tank or container is of generally cylindrical shape, with its axis arranged approximately horizontally, as shown, and the manhole is in one end wall of the tank.
Within this tank is an immersion cooling unit comprising a header section 2| and a series 01' conduit sections 2| to 34 inclusive, forming loops or passes. The header section 20 may be straight, curved, or of any other desired shape, but in the preferred form of the invention this header is formed of a tube bent to a somewhat elliptical outline as indicated in Figures 1, 4 and 8, with the ends of the tube joined to each other at as by welding or the like. The partition 4| is preferably secured in the tube, as by welding, adjacent the joint 40, and the inlet is just to one side of this partition and the outlet just to the other side thereof, so that the cooling fluid entering at the inlet must fiow around the entire elliptical outline of the header before reaching the outlet.
The conduit sections 2| to 34 inclusive may extend from the header section 20 to a second header section, or they may simply be connected to each other in pairs or formed integrally with each other so as to constitute return bends or coil sections. For instance, as shown in Fig. 6, two of the adjacent conduit sections 2| and 22 may be formed integrally with each other or formed of two sections welded to each other to provide. an approximately semi-circular connecting bend at the ends of the sections 2| and 22 remote from the header 25. Such a semicircular return bend is quite satisfactory in many instances, but for greatest efliciency within the cooling unit, and for least resistance to flow of liquid past the cooling unit, it is preferred to use sharp angular connections instead of the semi-circular bends shown in Fig. 6. Such sharp angular connections are indicated in Figures 3 and 5. Each two adjacent conduit sections 2| and 22 constituting one pair of sections are connected to each other at their outer ends, remote from the header 20, by bending the ends angularly toward each other as indicated at 46, and welding them to each .other at the joint 41, so that where the two sections meet they make an acute angle bend, changing the direction of flow abruptly by substantially more than ninety degrees. Thus any concentrated masses of liquid passing through the tubes or conduit sections at relatively high velocity are broken up into a spray, or somewhat atomized when they hit these sharp angular comers. Moreover, the sharp angle presented exteriorly of the tubes reduces the resistance to flow of surrounding liquid in a direction along the tubes.
The tubes extend substantially parallel to each other throughout the major portions of their length, as shown in Fig. 3, and their ends opposite'to the header 2!! are supported by posts welded or otherwise suitably secured to the tubes, and connecting each tube of one pair ,or pass to the-adjacent tube ofthe next pair or pass. These posts 50 are of small cross section and relatively flexible, so that expansion or contraction of the'tubes caused by differences in temperature will simply bend the posts 50 without distorting the tuhes themselves. A. post 5| secured to the tank wall l3 and extending inwardly therefrom is connected to one of the members 50, as shown especially in Figs; 3 and 4, to support one end of the tube assembly or cooling 'unit in spaced relation to the tank. This post 5| is relatively broad in a. direction transverse to the length of the cooling unit, as seen from Fig. 4,
so as to have substantial resistance to deformation in this direction. In the direction of the length of the cooling unit, however, the post 5| is relatively thin as seen from Fig. 3, so that it offers only slightresistance to bending by forces exerted in a direction lengthwise of the cooling unit. Thus expansion and contraction of the cooling unit in a lengthwise direction does not damage the unit or the tank, since the post 5| simply bends to accommodate the relative movement between the tank and the end of the cooling unit.
The opposite ends of the tubes or conduit sections 2| to 34, inclusive, or left hand ends when viewed as in Figs. 3 and '7, may be joined to the header 20 in any suitable manner. Preferably all of the tubes 2| to 34 are of the same external diameter, and the header 20 is formed of a tube having an internal diameter substantially equal to the external diameter of the tubes. The ends of the tubes 2| to 34 extend through openings in the header tube 201 and project into the header, and are cut obliquely at approximately forty-five degrees, so that they form partitions in the header as shown. The tubes are preferably welded to the header where they enter it.
An inlet conduit and an outlet conduit 56 extend from the header, at points on opposite sides -of the partition 4|, out through a small opening in the end wall of the tank l3. A plate 58, surrounding the conduits 55 and 56 and welded to them to form a fluid tight joint therewith, forms a closure for the tank opening and a support for supporting the inlet and outlet conduits which, in turn, form the support for the header 20 and its end of the whole cooling unit. Two plates 59 are fitted around the conduits 55 and 56 externally of the tank, and bolts connected to the plate 58 extend through the plates 59 and have nuts bearing against the plates 59, to draw the plate 58 firmly into fluidtight engagement with the tank. A volatile or low-boiling refrigerating liquid of any suitable kind, such as ammonia, methylchloride, sulphur dioxide, Freon, etc., is supplied to the inlet conduit 55 through a conduit 60 (Fig. 1), and after flowing through the cooling unit, the refrigerant, now mainly avapor, but possibly including some liquid, comes out through the outlet conduit 56 and its external outlet connection 62.
Any number of tubes or conduit sections may be employed, to provide any. number of loops or passes in the cooling unit, depending upon the required cooling capacity and other characteristics desired. The inlet and outlet connections may be at any desired points with respect to the several tubes. In the embodiment here illustrated as a preferred example of the invention, fourteen tubes or conduit sections are employed, connected in pairs to provide seven loops or passes. Each tube is preferably straight, except for the bend at at one end where it is connected to the other tube of the same pair, and the tubes are all substantially parallel to each other and to the axis of the tank, which is substantially horizontal. In the preferred. example, the inlet and outlet are near the low point of the elliptical header 20, and so placed that the refrigerant flows up hill through about the first three oops .and downwardly through the remainder of theloops intervening header portions, then flows and intervening header portions, to the outlet.
It will be readily seen from Fig. '7 that the ends of the tubes which project into the header 20 form partitions therein in such manner as thereof, then back through the tube 22 to the header, then along the header a short distance to the open end of the tube 23, along this tube to the remote end thereof, back to the header through the tube 24, and so on, passing successively through the tubes 25 to 34, inclusive, in the direction of the arrows in Fig. 7, finally emerging from the header through the outlet 56.
Preferably an agitator 10 (Figs. 3 and 4), of the impeller or propeller type is mounted within the tank l3 on a shaft H extending through the end wall of the tank remote from the header 20, and is driven by a suitable motor and gearing within the housing 12. In the preferred form, the shaft H is alined substantially with the long axis of the cooling unit through the center of the elliptical cross section thereof, so that when the agitator is in operation it tends to force a stream of the liquid within the tank lengthwise through the cooling unit. The cooling unit offers only slight resistance to the flow of the liquid in this direction, since the flow is lengthwise of the tubesnot across them, and this resistance is still further reduced if the sharp angular connections 46, 41 between the two tubes of each pass are used, as indicated in Figs. 3-
and 5, rather than the return bends of Fig. 6. Hence extremely satisfactory and rapid cooling results from this arrangement, with the expenditure of a relatively low amount of power for agitation.
The elliptical outline of the header 20 is preferably slightly smaller than the similar elliptical outline of the manhole l1. At no point do any of the tubes 2| to 34, inclusive, as a group have any cross sectional outline larger than the elliptical outline of the header 20. Hence the entire tube assembly and header may be inserted endwise into the tank in completely assembled condition throughthe standard manhole I1. After the unit is inserted, it is placed in proper position with the inlet and outlet connections 55 and 56 extending through the small connection hole in the tank, and with the plate 58, which has been previously welded to the connections 55 and 56, in position to close this opening, as shown in Fig. 2. Then the outer plates 59 are put in position at the outer end of the connection hole, and the nuts are applied to and tightened on the bolts previously secured to the plate 58. The supporting post 5| is connected to the cooling unit to support the end thereof remote from the header 20, and the necessary conduit connections are made, externally of the tank, to the inlet and outlet of the unit, and this completes the installation of the cooling apparatus. It is seen that only aslight amount of work is required within the tank, and no parts whatever have to be assembled within the tank except the connection of the supporting post 5| to the tank and to the cooling unit, all other assembling operations being done exteriorly of the tank.
Another feature of the present invention is that the cooling unit is not mounted directly along the center line of the tank, but is mounted a little to one side of a vertical plane passing through the longitudinal axis of the tank, as indicated in Fig. 1. Hence, when it is necessary to clean the interior of the tank and the exterior of the cooling unit, a man may enter the tank, and may stand directly on the lowest part of the bottom thereof at the point where this bottom is approximately level, instead of being forced to stand on the more sloping part of the bottom, to one side of the central plane, as would be the case if the cooling unit were mounted directly along the central plane. Moreover, the tubes 28 and 29 are preferably spaced from each other a little farther apart than the other tubes, as indicated in Figs. 1, 4, and 8, to allow ample room between those tubes so that a person standing within the tank may insert a brush or other suitable implement through the space between these tubes to clean those sides of the tubes which are faced toward the center of the elliptical assembly.
Another important feature of the present invention is the interior construction of the tubes or conduits of the cooling unit. In cooling units of the type which obtain the cooling effect by boiling or volatilizing a liquid refrigerant, it has heretofore been generally believed that there should be only a very slight difference between the inlet pressure and the outlet pressure in order to obtain greatest efliciency. According to the present invention, however, greater efficiency may be attained if greater pressure differences are used, and if the internal construction of the passageway, tubes, or conduits is such that the refrigerant passes through them with relatively high velocity and keeps the inner surfaces of the tubes or passageways substantially completely or very largely covered by a film of unvaporized refrigerant in liquid phase. It is highly desirable to have relatively high velocity of flow even at or near the inlet end of the cooling unit. Yet, if the tubes forming the passageway or conduit be made sufficiently small to obtain the desired velocity of flow in the first part of the cooling unit, it is apparent that, with the conventional construction, tubes of the same size would be much too small at a further advanced point in the cooling unit, where the volume of refrigerant was much greater due to passage of a portion thereof from liquid phase to vapor phase. As formation of vapor continues, and the volume of the refrigerant very greatly increases, the velocity of flow would rise to excessive heights, if the cross sectional size of the passageway remained constant. Or, if the tubes were made large enough to accommodate the required volume of refrigerant at the outlet end of the unit, tubes of this same size would be much too large near the inlet end of the unit, resulting in sluggish and inefficient flow in this part of the unit.
One way of overcoming this difficulty, according to the present invention, is to provide successive tube sections of increasing size. Such an arrangement is not preferred under most circumstances, however, ,.because usually it is desirable to have the various tubes of the cooling unit all of the same or approximately the same external diameter.
Hence, according to the preferred form of the present invention, the first few tubes are provided with what may be termed fillers inside the tubes, to reduce the cross sectional area of the passageway area available for flow of the refrigerant. For example, the two tubes 2| and 22 of the first pass or loop are provided with rods 8| of an external diameter slightly smaller than the internal diameter of these tubes. The next two tubes 23 and 24 constituting the second pass, are provided with rods 82 slightly smaller than the rods 8| so that a somewhat greater cross sectional area is available for flow of the refrigerant. The desired tapering effect, or increasing cross section of flow passageway, may be obtained even more smoothly and satisfactorily by winding these rods 8! and 82 with spirally arranged wires of gradually increasing pitch. Around the rod 8| in the tube 2| is wound a wire, 85 of such size that it touches, or substantially touches, the inner wall of the tube 2|; Thus the refrigerant cannot flow directly along the tube, but must flow spirally around and around the annular space between the rod and the tube, along the passageway defined by the wire. As shown plainly in Fig. I, the wire starts off with a relatively small pitch, and this pitch gradually increases throughout the length of the rod 81, so that the cross sectional area of the passageway defined by the wire gradually increases throughout the length of this tube. Similarly, a wire 86 wound around the rod 8! of the tube 22 starts with a pitch about equal to the final pitch of the wire 85 at the discharge end of the tube 2|, and the wire 86 gradually increases in pitch in the direction of flow, so that the cross sectional area of the flow passageway is gradually increased throughout the length of the second tube 22.
In the third tube 23, since the rod 82 is smaller, a larger wire 81 isused in order to fill the space between the rod and the tube. This wire Bl starts out with a relatively small pitch as shown in the drawings, which pitch gradually increases in the direction of-flow. The wire 88 around the rod 82 in the tube 24 likewise has a pitch increasing in thedirection of flow.
The wires 85, 86, 81, and 88 may be welded either continuously or at spaced intervals to the rods on which they are wound, before the rods are inserted in' the ends of the tubes. Then the rods with the wires wound on them are put in the ends of the tubes before the tubes are set into and welded to the header 28.
v This same construction, using smaller and smaller rods in the successive loops or passes, and
wires of increasing pitch wound around the rods in each loop, may be used throughout all or any desired number ofthe loops or passes. If used throughout substantially all of the. loops, however, this construction would usually result in tubes of undesirably large diameter, whereas it is usually preferred to employ tubes of relatively small diameter, which are much less expensive, especially when made of high priced materials such as stainless steel. Hence, in the preferred embodiment, the rod and spiral wire construction is employed only in the first two loops or passes of a total of seven loops, and a different construction is provided in the remaining loops.
The tubes 25 and 26 of the third pass or loop are preferably provided with deflecting means or baffle means to give the fiuid a somewhat swirling or rotary action within the tubes as it flows along them, but without substantially decreasing the cross sectional area of the fiow passageway. This baflle means or deflecting means is preferably in the form of a wire or small rod 90 wound spirally or helically and lying against the inner surface of the tube or conduit, to form, in effect, a spiral or helical ridge or fin projecting inwardly from'the inner surface. fin does not substantially decrease the available cross sectional area for flow of fluid through the tube, but it does offer just enough resistance to the flow of the fluid so that the fluid is caused to rotate or swirl in a spiral manner as it flows longitudinally through the conduit. Thus, as the refrigerant flows through the conduit, that part of the refrigerant which is in vapor phase,
This ridge or swirling around and around the inner circumference of the conduit, carries along with it that part of the refrigerant which is in liquid phase, keeping substantially the entire inner surface of the conduit coated with a film of liquid at all times. Were this deflecting bafile means not provided, the liquid refrigerant might run along the bottom part of the tube or conduit and only gas or vapor with substantially no liquid might be in contact with the upper part of the walls of the tube, with consequent reduction in efiiciency.
The deflecting or baffle means might also be in the form of a strip of sheet metal or the like twisted spirally and placed within the tube or conduit, such spirally twisted strips being indicated in the alternative construction shown in Fig. 9 of the drawings. Usually, however, it is preferred to use a spirally extending wire or small rod, rather than a spirally twisted strip, because the wire or rod does not reduce the cross sectional area of the conduit to quite so great an extent, and does not increase the frictional resistance to flow to quite such an extent.
All of the tubes 25 to 34 inclusive of the remaining passes are preferably provided with spirally or helically arranged baflle or deflecting means such as above described, preferably in the form of the above mentioned spiral wire or small rod, although some may be of the spirally twisted strip form and others may be of wire or small rod form, if desired. For instance, if it is preferred to reduce the cross sectional area of the conduits of the third pass to some extent, but not to so great an extent as by the use of a filler rod 82, then the tubes or conduits of the third pass could be provided with the .spirally twisted strips abovev mentioned, while the conduits or tubes of the fourth and succeeding flow substantially slower through the first part of the conduit 25 than through the conduit 24, gradually increasing its rate of flow through the conduits 25 and 26 asadditional liquid boils away and forms an increased volume of vapor. At the end of the third pass, that is, at the left hand end of the tube 26 when viewed as in Fig. '7, the velocity of flow has preferably been brought up to about the velocity obtaining at the end of the tube 24. The velocity of flow will be further increased in the next or fourth pass made up of the conduits-21 and 28, and in each succeeding pass, due to boiling off of additional refrigerant from liquid phase to vapor phase, unless means is provided for counteracting this tendencyj 0f the velocity to increase. Such means may or-may not be provided, depending on the results'desired. When such means is desired, it mayltake the place of by-pass openings across the ends of the passes so that more or less of the refrigerant will be bypassed along the header 28 instead of flowing through the full length of each pass.
Such bypass openings across'the fourth loop or pass formed of the tubes 21 and 28, are shown at 93 in Fig. '7. These openings 93 are formed,
in the partition-like ends of the tubes 21 and 28 within the header 28, so that part of the refrigtube 21, thence a short distance along the header 28, and through the opening 93 in the next tube erant may pass through the opening 93 in the respective passes.
28, to meet the other portion of refrigerant which has flowed around the full length of the pass Similar by-pass openings 95 may be formed in the tubes 29 and 30 of the fifth pass, and similar openings 91 may be formed in the ends of the tube 3| and 32 of the sixth pass.
The sizes of the respective by-pass openings will depend upon the conditions desired. If it is preferred to have the velocities of flow at the ends of the fourth, fifth, and sixth passes approximately equal to each other and approximately equal to the velocity of flow at the end of the third pass, then the respective by- pass openings 93, 95, and 91 should be of such sizes as to by-pass just enough of the refrigerant to compensate for the increasing volume of refrigerant through these If it is desired to have the velocity of flow decrease progressively, so that it is slower at the end of the sixth pass than at the end of the fifth, and slower'at the end of the fifth than at the end of the fourth, etc., then the by-pass openings would be still larger than the sizes required to compensate for the increasing volumes of refrigerant. Such a decrease in velocity from one pass to another is seldom desired.
If it is desired to have the velocity of flow increase somewhat from the end of one pass to the end of the next, so that at the end of the fourth pass the velocity is greater than at the end of the third pass, and at the end of the fifth pass greater than at the end of the fourth, etc., then the by-, pass openings either would be omitted entirely, as is frequently permissible, especially in small cooling units, or would be made somewhat smaller than the size required to compensate fully for the increasing volume of refrigerant. The judgment of the designing engineer, rather than any set rule or formula, should be the guide in determining whether or not to use any by-passes, and in determining the sizes of the by-passes to be used. If by-passes are used, the determination of the sizes of the by-pass openings must take into account the greater friction caused by flow throughout the entire length of one pass or loop, than the friction of flow through the much shorter by-pass path across the end of the pass or loop.
With a cooling unit having passes or loops of one certain size and length, it is found that bypass openings having a cross sectional area about 15% of the total cross sectional area of the pass or loop will approximately compensate for the increase in velocity which would otherwise be caused by boiling off of refrigerant within that pass or loop. With this particular size of pass, the by-pass openings 93 might have an area of about 15% of the area of the tubes 21 and 28, the by-pass openings 95 might have an area of about 30% of such tube area, and the by-pass openings 91 might have an area of about 45% of such tube area, and the velocity of flow in the latter part of the tube 32, just before reaching the header 2!), would then be about equal to the velocity of flow at the end of the tube 26. These same areas of by-pass openings would give difierent results, however, with tubes of different length or characteristics, and hence they must be taken merely as an illustration of one particular embodiment of the invention, rather than as a limitation or as a definite guide for constructing other ,embodiments.
By-pass openings 99 may also be provided, if
desired, through the ends of the tubes 33 and 34,
constituting the last or seventh pass or loop. The sizes of these by-pass openings would again depend upon the judgment of the designing engineer and the results which he wishes to obtain. Frequently it is preferred to use no by-pass at all across the last loop, even through by-passes may be used across some of the preceding loops, because a by-pass across the last loop will frequently allow some liquid refrigerant to pass through this by-pass, so that the refrigerant will not be completely vaporized in the unit. Greater efliciency of vaporation would be attained, therefore, by using no by-pass across the last loop. But this greater efficiency of vaporation would be at the expense of perhaps slightly less efiiciency of cooling, because there would be greater back pressure if no by-pass were provided, with consequent slower velocity of flow through the unit. Frequently it is desirable to use a relatively small by-pass across the last loop or pass, smaller than the size which would theoretically be used at this point, in order to increase somewhat the rate of flow without letting too much liquid refrigerant pass through the by-pass. If no by-pass is used,
practically all of the remaining liquid refrigerant I will usually be vaporized in the last pass.
With the foregoing construction a highly satisfactory cooling unit is provided. The high rate of flow in comparison to the very sluggish flow of refrigerant through conventional cooling units greatly increases the cooling capacity by raising the rate at which heat may be transferred through the conduit or tube walls to the refrigerant. A high rate of flow has the further and important advantage that the liquid refrigerant is carried along with the gas or vapor by reason of the rapid movement of the latter so that the liquid does not form concentrated masses nor remain stagnant in the lowest part of the system, but is positively forced or carried along at all times.
If any oil becomes mixed with the refrigerant, it
does not collect and remain in the system, blanking off the heat exchanging area thereof and reducing the efiiciency of the cooler, but the oil, like the liquid refrigerant, is carried along through the apparatus by the rapid flow of gas or vapor.
Due to. the spiral or helical construction, both around the filler rods 8| and 82 and around the inner surfaces of those conduits or tubes which do not have filler rods, the rapidly flowing gas swirls around in such manner that the liquid refrigerant is constantly carried over the entire inner surface of the tubes, at the top sides as well as bottom sides thereof, so that a layer of liquid refrigerant coats substantially the entire inner surface of the tubes at all times, promoting a maximum degree of cooling. The spiral or swirling action helps to keep the liquid broken up into more or less of a spray of small particles, but if any substantial masses or concentrations of the liquid should form, notwithstanding the swirling action, these bodies of liquid would be quickly broken up into a spray, or into much smaller bodies, by the sharp corners or bends with which they would come into violent contact. The sharp corners formed at the junction of the two tubes at their ends remote from the header are particerably about 400 feet per minute, in the first tube of the first pass or loop, and this should be raised to a vapor speed of not less than about 2000 feet per minute and preferably a speed of about 3600' feet per minute at the end of the last tube of the last loop.
As previously stated, the inlet and outlet connections of the header 2d are arranged so that through about the first three loops or passes the refrigerant flows in an uphill direction, and thereafter the refrigerant fiows in a downhill direction. This is advantageous because, with this arrangement, some of the unvaporized or liquid refrigerant will be constantly running for ward through the by-passes 93, t5, and $7 to supply adequate liquid refrigerant to the last few passes.
The outlet of the cooling unit is preferably connected to a back pressure valve set for a pressure of about forty-five pounds to the square inch. The inlet is provided with either a hand.
operated or automatically operated inlet valve arranged to give maximum cooling capacity. Usually the refrigerant will be supplied under a pressure of, say ninety to one hundred and fifty pounds to the square inch. The above mentioned pressures and velocities are those found most satisfactory when ammonia is used as the refrigerant, and some readjustment of pressures and velocities may be desirable if other volatile refrigerants are used, such as methylchloride, sulphur dioxide, Freon, etc.
The preferred embodiment illustrated by way of example in Figs. 1 to 8, inclusive, is an embodiment in which the cooling unit is intended to be immersed in the milk, water, or other-liquid which is to be cooled. As previously stated,
the principles of the present invention may be applied equally well to a cooler of the surface type rather than the immersion type, and such a surface cooler may be of the form illustrated by way of example in Fig. 9. Here, two substantially vertical headers III and H2 are employed. Any desired number of tubes or conduits may be used, twelve being here shown, numbered from I2I to I32 inclusive. Each of these tubes extends ap proximately horizontally and has one end connected to one header and the other end connected to the other header. As in the previous embodiment, the connection may conveniently be made by providing holes in the headers of the proper size to receive the tubes, the exterior diameters of the tubes being approximately equal to the internal diameters of the headers. The ends of the tubes projecting into the headers, are cut diagonally, as shown, so that these prpjecting ends of the tubes form partitions in the headers.
The refrigerant may pass through the various tubes in any desired order, but preferably starts at a tube somewhatbelow the top of theunit, flows upwardly to the top, and then downwardly through the remaining tubes. For example, the inlet I40 may enter the header III near the end of the tube I2 I, which is the fourth tube from the top. A partition I II in the header III just below the inlet prevents the refrigerant from escaping downwardly in the header, while the end of the tube I2I itself forms a partition preventing the refrigerant from escaping upwardly. Hence the refrigerant must flow into and through the tube I2I. From the right hand end of the tube I2I, when viewed as in Fig. 9, the refrigerant flows into the header II2, up this header a short distance into the right hand end of the tube I22, then leftwardly along the tube I22 to the header l I I, upwardly through this header to the left hand end of the tube E23, and along this tube I23 to the header H2. Here, the refrigerant again passes upwardly through a short section of the header l I2, enters the right hand end of the top tube I2d, and flows leftwardly through it, this time not to the header Hi, but to the end of a conduit it which conveys the refrigerant downwardly to a point in the header Hi just below the'partition Iti. Here, the refrigerant enters the end of the tube H25, which is the next tube below the tube H25. Then the refrigerant flows through the tube E25 to the header 5 it, down through this header to the next tube I26, leftwardly through the tube I26 to the header Hi, and so on successively through the tubes l2? to 932, finally issuing from the left hand end of the tube E32 into the bottom of the header I I I, and then into the outlet connection M91 This outlet connection is provided with a suitable back pressure valve use and the inlet connection Mil is provided with an inlet valve I55 which may be controlled automatically by' a temperature control including the heat responsive element 855 adjacent the outlet M8.
The interior construction of the tubes in this form. of cooler may be the same, or substantially the same as that previously described'in connection with the previous embodiment. For example, the first two tubes I2I and I22 may both be provided with filler rods 56$ around which wires it! and I62 are wound spirally or helically, with gradually increasing pitch, in a manner similar to the wires 85 and 86 in the previous embodiment. The next twd tubes I 23 and I24 may be provided with smaller filler. rods I84, wound with larger wires 565 and I66 of gradually increasing pitch similar to the wires 81 and 88 previously described. The other tubes I25 to I32, inclusive,
may omit the filler rods, but preferably are provided with baffle means or deflecting means for causing spiral or rotary swirling of the refrigerant passing through these tubes. This baflle or deflecting means may be in the form of a spirally wound wire or small rod like the wires or rods 90 in the previous embodiment, or may be in the form of spirally twisted strips IIII.
As before, by-pass means may or may not be employed, according to the judgment of the designing engineer. If by-passes are desired, there may be a by-pass "2 between the tubes I21 and :28, and a by-pass I14 between the tubes I28 and The milk, water, or other liquid to be cooled may be caused to flow over all or any suitable part of the surface of the tubes I2I to I22 inclusive. For instance, a tank or hopper may discharge liquid onto the top of the uppermost tube I24, and after the liquid has flowed down the sides of the tube a fin I depending from the bottom edge of the tube may direct the liquid onto the top of the next lower tube I23. Similar fins I80 may beprovided on the bottom edges of each of the tubes so that the liquid to be cooled flows in succession from each tube down its fin into the top of the tube below, the cooled liquid finally being caught in a suitable receptacle or trough beneath the bottom of the last tube I22.
This surface type of cooling unit may be either open or enclosed in a suitable housing. Its internal operation is substantially the same as that previously described in connecticz with the first the inventive idea may be carried out in a number of ways. This application is therefore not to be limited to the precise details described, but is intended to cover all variations and modifications thereof falling within the spirit of the invention or the scope of the appended claims.
I claim:
1. Refrigerating apparatus comprising conduit means forming a passageway for flow of a refrigerating agent having a tendency to pass from liquid phase to gaseous phase as heat is absorbed, said passageway having filler means therein of less cross sectional area than the area of said passageway, deflecting means arranged generally spirally around said filler means, and means for supplying a refrigerating agent at least partially in liquid phase to said passageway at one end thereof at a pressure substantially higher than that existing at the other end of said passageway so that said refrigerating agent will flow rapidly along said passageway and that part thereof which remains in liquid phase will be deflected during its flow, by said deflecting means, so as to spread over substantially the entire perimeter of said passageway.
2. Refrigerating apparatus for use with a refrigerating agent having a tendency to pass from liquid phase to gaseous phase as heat is absorbed, said apparatus comprising means forming a circuitous passageway having a plurality of convolutions through which said refrigerating agent flows, means for supplying said refrigerating agent at least partly in liquid phase to one end of said passageway at a pressure sufiiciently higher than that existing at the other end of said passageway so that said agent will flow relatively rapidly through said passageway. and by-pass means of restricted cross sectional area for bypassing a portion of said refrigerating agent in liquid phase past one of said convolutions so that it may be effective to pass into vapor phase and absorb heat in a subsequent convolution.
3. Refrigerating apparatus for use with a refrigerating agent having a tendency to pass from liquid phase to gaseous phase as heat is absorbed, said apparatus comprising means forming a circuitous passageway having a plurality of convolutions through which said refrigerating agent flows, means for supplying refrigerating agent at least partly 'in liquid phase to one end of said passageway at a pressure sufficiently higher than that existing at the other end of said passagewav so that said agent will flow relatively rapidly through said passageway, by-pass means of one cross sectional area for by-passing a portion of said refrigerating agent partly in liquid phase past one of said convolutions. and by-pass means of a substantially different cross sectional area for by-passing a portion of said refrigating agent partly in liquid phase past another of said convolutions so that the portion of the by-passed agent which is in liquid phase may-be effective to pass into vapor phase and absorb'heat in a subsequent convolution beyond the one past which it is bypassed. I Y
4. The combination with a liquid container, of conduit means within said container for carrying fluid in heat exchanging relationship to liquid in said container, said conduit means including a plurality of sections arranged approximately parallel to each other and grouped around a central free space, and propeller agitating means within said container and beyond one end of said grouped sections and approximately alined with said central free space to tend to drive liquid within said container in a general direction through said free space and along said conduit sections.
5. The combination with a container, of an serving also to support one end of said coil, and
supporting bracket means adjacent the opposite end of said coil from said header means and connecting said opposite end of said coil to a wall of said container to support said opposite end 0f said coil, said bracket means being relatively flexible in a direction lengthwise of said coil and relatively inflexible in a direction transversely of said coil.
6. The combination with a container having an approximately cylindrical portion arranged with its axis approximately horizontal, of elongated coil means mounted within said container adjacent the bottom thereof and with the long dimension of said coil means extending approximately parallel to said axis, said coil means being formed of a plurality of conduit sections extending approximately parallel to each other through .the major portion of the length of said coil means and grouped around a central free space, at least two of said conduit sections being laterally spaced sufficiently far from each other so that lateral access may be readily obtained to said central space for cleaning those exterior surfaces of said conduit sections which are faced toward said central space, said coil means being offset laterally from a vertical plane passing through said axis so that a person may, without substantial interference from said coil means, stand within said container at the lowest point of the bottom thereof to clean said container or said coil means.
7. Cooling means comprising a series of conduit sections extending substantially horizontally and arranged one above another in a substantially vertical plane, means for supplying a cooling agent to one end of one of said sections at an intermediate height in the series of sections, means connecting that section to the sections above it so that the supplied cooling agent flows successively through that section and the sections above it to the topmost section, means connecting the discharge end of the topmost section to one end of the section next beneath the one to which the cooling agent was initially supplied, and means for connecting said next beneath section to the sections below it "so that said cooling agent will flow from said topmost section to said section next beneath the one to which the coolvaporization point at the pressure of the inletv end, said conduit having a substantially uniform external size throughout a portion of its length, means in said conduit cooperating with the walls thereof to form a channel of a cross-sectional area increasing in the-direction of flow throughout said same portion of the length of the conduit, and means for flowing the refrigerant through the conduit at high velocity throughout substantially its entire length.
9. In refrigerating apparatus wherein a refrigerant is circulated through a refrigeration circuit having a high pressure and low pressure side, a conduit constituting part of the low pressure side of said circuit into which the refrigerant is 1 passed from the high pressure side, means for vaporizing a portion of the refrigerant adjacent the inlet end of the conduit to cool the refrigerant in liquid phase down substantially to the vaporization point at the pressure of the inlet end, said conduit having a substantially uniform external size throughout a portion of its length, means in said conduit cooperating with the walls thereof to form a channel of a cross-sectional area increasing in the direction of flow throughout said same portion of the length of the conduit, means for flowing the refrigerant through the conduit at high velocity throughout substantially its entire length, and means in said conduit for v causing the refrigerant to flow therethrough in intimate contact with substantially the entire inner wall thereof throughout said same portion of the length of the conduit.
10. In refrigerating apparatus wherein a refrigerant is circulated through a refrigeration circuit having a high pressure and low pressure side, a conduit constituting part of the low pressure side of said circuit into which the refrigerant is passed from the high pressure side, means for vaporizing a portion of the refrigerant adjacent the inlet end of the conduit to cool the refrigerant in liquid phase down substantially to the vaporization point at the pressure of the inlet end, said conduit having a substantially uniform external size throughout a portion of its length, means in said conduit cooperating with the walls thereof to form a channel of a crosssectional area increasing in the direction of fiow throughout said same portion of the length of the conduit, means for flowing the refrigerant through the conduit at high velocity throughout substantially its entire length, and means in said conduit for causing the refrigerant in liquid phase to flow through said same portion of the length of the conduit with a whirling motion in intimate contact with substantially the entire inner wall thereof. i
11. In refrigerating apparatus wherein a refrigerant is circulated through a refrigeration circuit having a high pressure and a low pressure side, a conduit constituting part of the low pressure side of said circuit into which the refrigerant is passed from the high pressure side, means for vaporizing a portion of the refrigerant adjacent the inlet end of the conduit to cool the refrigerant in liquid phase down substantially to the vaporization point at the pressure of the inlet end, said conduit having two tubular portions through which the refrigerant successively flows, both of said portions being of the same cross-sectional dimensions, filler means of substantially different cross-sectional dimensions within said two portions cooperating with the walls thereof to form channels, the filler means in the second portion being of substantially smaller cross-sectional dimensions than the filler means of the first portion to allow a larger crosssectional space for flow of said refrigerant through said second portion than through said first portion, deflecting means extending generally spirally around the fillermeans in at least one flow of a cooling agent therethrough, said coil including a generally ring-shaped header tube having a series of openings therein, a series of tubes extending laterally with respect to said header tube and being approximately parallel to each other and grouped around a central free space, each of said tubes having an end extending into said header tube through one of said openings and forming a substantially fluid tight connection with said header tube around the opening through which the tube extends, and means operatively connecting said tubes to each other in pairs at points remote from said header tube.
13. The method of operating a refrigerating system having a section of a cooling coil, said method including the steps of maintaining the refrigerant under a substantial pressure to maintain the refrigerant in liquid phase, passing the refrigerant into said coil section with an appreciable drop in pressure to thereby vaporize a portion of the refrigerant and cool the refrigerant in liquid phase to substantially its vaporization point at the pressure of the inlet end of the coil section, restricting the cross-sectional area of the stream of the refrigerant at the inlet end of the coil section so that a relatively rapid rate of flow is maintained at said inlet end to thereby avoid stagnant pools of refrigerant adjacent said inlet end, maintaining such a high rate of flow of refrigerant throughout the coil section as to prevent the formation of stagnant pools of liquid refrigerant therein, causing the liquid component of the stream to flow through a large portion of the coil section in contact with substantially the full circumference of the inner wall of such portion, and increasing the cross-sectional area of the stream substantially uniformly and progressively in the directional flow throughout a substantial length of said section as the volume of refrigerant in vapor phase increases.
14. The method of operating a refrigerating system having a section of a cooling coil, said method including the steps of maintaining the refrigerant under a substantial pressure to maintain the refrigerant in liquid phase, passing the refrigerant into said coil section with an appre ciable drop in pressure to thereby vaporize a portion of the refrigerant and cool the refrigerant in liquid phase to substantially its vaporization point at the pressure of the inlet end of the coil section, maintaining such a high rate of flow of refrigerant throughout the coil section as to prevent the formation of stagnant pools of liquid refrigerant therein,"causing the liquid stream of refrigerant to flow through at least a portion of the coil section at said high rate with a whirling motion so that the portion of the stream of refrigerant in liquid phase is maintained adjacent substantially the full circumferenceof the inner side walls of the .coil in intimate contact therewith by centrifugal action, and increasing the cross-sectional area of the stream substantially uniformly and progressively in the directional flow throughout a substantial length of said section as the volume of refrigerant in vapor phase increases.
OTTO W. GREENE.
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US2415243A (en) * 1943-10-20 1947-02-04 Bohn Aluminium & Brass Corp Refrigeration apparatus and method of making same
US2507387A (en) * 1946-02-25 1950-05-09 Stickelber & Sons Inc Water-cooling device
US2583769A (en) * 1946-11-26 1952-01-29 Gen Motors Corp Absorber for refrigerating apparatus
US2787445A (en) * 1948-02-24 1957-04-02 Fmc Corp Heat exchange shelf
US2855764A (en) * 1955-09-12 1958-10-14 Tranter Mfg Inc Truck plate corner structure
FR2484619A1 (en) * 1980-04-18 1981-12-18 Tech Thermiq Frigor Exploit Winemaking heat exchanger to heat or cool turbid liq. - contacts liq. on interior and exterior surfaces of pipe jacket circulating heat transfer fluid
US4641705A (en) * 1983-08-09 1987-02-10 Gorman Jeremy W Modification for heat exchangers incorporating a helically shaped blade and pin shaped support member
US5454429A (en) * 1992-05-23 1995-10-03 Neurauter; Peter Rods and mandrel turbulators for heat exchanger
US6681764B1 (en) * 1997-06-16 2004-01-27 Sequal Technologies, Inc. Methods and apparatus to generate liquid ambulatory oxygen from an oxygen concentrator
US20050269458A1 (en) * 2002-01-03 2005-12-08 Harman Jayden D Vortex ring generator
US20060102239A1 (en) * 2003-07-02 2006-05-18 Pax Scientific, Inc. Fluid flow control device
US20060263201A1 (en) * 2003-11-04 2006-11-23 Harman Jayden D Fluid circulation system
US20070025846A1 (en) * 2004-01-30 2007-02-01 Pax Scientific, Inc. Vortical flow rotor
US20080023188A1 (en) * 2002-01-03 2008-01-31 Harman Jayden D Heat Exchanger
US20080041474A1 (en) * 2002-01-03 2008-02-21 Harman Jayden D Fluid Flow Controller
US20080145230A1 (en) * 2006-09-29 2008-06-19 Pax Scientific, Inc. Axial flow fan
US20090308472A1 (en) * 2008-06-15 2009-12-17 Jayden David Harman Swirl Inducer
US20100132937A1 (en) * 2008-11-06 2010-06-03 Tinker Donald W Laminar Flow Tool
US20210293446A1 (en) * 2020-03-19 2021-09-23 Carrier Corporation Baffle for directing refrigerant leaks

Cited By (37)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2415243A (en) * 1943-10-20 1947-02-04 Bohn Aluminium & Brass Corp Refrigeration apparatus and method of making same
US2507387A (en) * 1946-02-25 1950-05-09 Stickelber & Sons Inc Water-cooling device
US2583769A (en) * 1946-11-26 1952-01-29 Gen Motors Corp Absorber for refrigerating apparatus
US2787445A (en) * 1948-02-24 1957-04-02 Fmc Corp Heat exchange shelf
US2855764A (en) * 1955-09-12 1958-10-14 Tranter Mfg Inc Truck plate corner structure
FR2484619A1 (en) * 1980-04-18 1981-12-18 Tech Thermiq Frigor Exploit Winemaking heat exchanger to heat or cool turbid liq. - contacts liq. on interior and exterior surfaces of pipe jacket circulating heat transfer fluid
US4641705A (en) * 1983-08-09 1987-02-10 Gorman Jeremy W Modification for heat exchangers incorporating a helically shaped blade and pin shaped support member
US5454429A (en) * 1992-05-23 1995-10-03 Neurauter; Peter Rods and mandrel turbulators for heat exchanger
US6681764B1 (en) * 1997-06-16 2004-01-27 Sequal Technologies, Inc. Methods and apparatus to generate liquid ambulatory oxygen from an oxygen concentrator
US6698423B1 (en) * 1997-06-16 2004-03-02 Sequal Technologies, Inc. Methods and apparatus to generate liquid ambulatory oxygen from an oxygen concentrator
USRE43398E1 (en) * 1997-06-16 2012-05-22 Respironics, Inc. Methods and apparatus to generate liquid ambulatory oxygen from an oxygen concentrator
US20110011463A1 (en) * 2002-01-03 2011-01-20 Jayden David Harman Reducing drag on a mobile body
US7814967B2 (en) * 2002-01-03 2010-10-19 New Pax, Inc. Heat exchanger
US8733497B2 (en) 2002-01-03 2014-05-27 Pax Scientific, Inc. Fluid flow controller
US20080023188A1 (en) * 2002-01-03 2008-01-31 Harman Jayden D Heat Exchanger
US20080041474A1 (en) * 2002-01-03 2008-02-21 Harman Jayden D Fluid Flow Controller
US8381870B2 (en) 2002-01-03 2013-02-26 Pax Scientific, Inc. Fluid flow controller
US20080265101A1 (en) * 2002-01-03 2008-10-30 Pax Scientific, Inc. Vortex ring generator
US20050269458A1 (en) * 2002-01-03 2005-12-08 Harman Jayden D Vortex ring generator
US7980271B2 (en) 2002-01-03 2011-07-19 Caitin, Inc. Fluid flow controller
US7644804B2 (en) 2002-01-03 2010-01-12 Pax Streamline, Inc. Sound attenuator
US7673834B2 (en) 2002-01-03 2010-03-09 Pax Streamline, Inc. Vortex ring generator
US7934686B2 (en) 2002-01-03 2011-05-03 Caitin, Inc. Reducing drag on a mobile body
US7766279B2 (en) 2002-01-03 2010-08-03 NewPax, Inc. Vortex ring generator
US7802583B2 (en) 2003-07-02 2010-09-28 New Pax, Inc. Fluid flow control device
US20060102239A1 (en) * 2003-07-02 2006-05-18 Pax Scientific, Inc. Fluid flow control device
US8631827B2 (en) 2003-07-02 2014-01-21 Pax Scientific, Inc. Fluid flow control device
US20060263201A1 (en) * 2003-11-04 2006-11-23 Harman Jayden D Fluid circulation system
US7862302B2 (en) 2003-11-04 2011-01-04 Pax Scientific, Inc. Fluid circulation system
US7488151B2 (en) 2004-01-30 2009-02-10 Pax Streamline, Inc. Vortical flow rotor
US20070025846A1 (en) * 2004-01-30 2007-02-01 Pax Scientific, Inc. Vortical flow rotor
US8328522B2 (en) 2006-09-29 2012-12-11 Pax Scientific, Inc. Axial flow fan
US20080145230A1 (en) * 2006-09-29 2008-06-19 Pax Scientific, Inc. Axial flow fan
US20090308472A1 (en) * 2008-06-15 2009-12-17 Jayden David Harman Swirl Inducer
US20100132937A1 (en) * 2008-11-06 2010-06-03 Tinker Donald W Laminar Flow Tool
US8281817B2 (en) * 2008-11-06 2012-10-09 Team Oil Tools, Lp Laminar flow tool
US20210293446A1 (en) * 2020-03-19 2021-09-23 Carrier Corporation Baffle for directing refrigerant leaks

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