US2690394A

US2690394A - Electrophotography

Info

Publication number: US2690394A
Application number: US166411A
Authority: US
Inventors: Chester F Carlson
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1943-08-27
Filing date: 1950-06-06
Publication date: 1954-09-28
Anticipated expiration: 1971-09-28

Description

Sept. 28, 1954 c. F. CARLSON 2,690,394

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY Filed June 6, 1950 4,@ 6g 7, 70: ab# 1572 www patented Sept. 28, 1.95.4Y

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 2,690,394 ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY Chester F. Carlson, Fairport, N. Y.

original application August 27,1943, svfisl N6.

500,207. Divided and this application Jun'e, 1950, Serial-N0. 166,411

Claims. l

This invention relates to electrophotography. This is a division of my copending application Serial No. 500,207, filed August 27, 1943, now Patent Number 2,551,582, granted May 8, 1951. An object of the invention is to improve the electrophotographic apparatus used therein.

Other objects Will appear from the following description and the claims.

In the drawings:

Figure 1 illustrates an electrophoto cameral device; and

Figure 2 is a circuit diagram therefor.

Electrophotography is described in my Patent 2,297,691 issued October 6, 1942. The process in its preferred form uses a plate rcarrying a coating of photoconductive insulating material on its surface. The coating is usually given a uniform electrostatic charge over its surface and the plate is then exposed in a camera or by other means to the picture to be copied.

The light falling on the coating discharges the electrostatic charge in proportion to the quantity of light reaching each part of the plate so that an electrostatic latent image is left on the plate. The highest charge will be retained on the areas receiving the least light and vice versa. The image is then developed by depositing a nely divided material on the plate. The material is attracted to the latent image in proportion to the strength of the residual charge. If the finely divided material is a dark colored powder the image is made visible immediately upon dusting the plate. The powder can be transferred and anixed to a sheet of paper to produce the final copy.

In my co-pending application, Serial No. 365,- 888, filed November 16, 1940, now Patent 2,357,- 809 issued September 12, 1944, of which this, through Serial No. 500,207, is a continuation-inpart, an electro-photographic apparatus is shown for performing the above process automatically.

Another process of electrical photographyis described in my Patent No. 2,221,776, issued November 19, 1940.

The present invention contemplates improvements in the above apparatus including means for producing a liquid mist, spray or fog for developing the image. electrostatic image plate of an auxiliary electrode to control development is also a feature.

Figure l illustrates an electrophoto camerafor producing a complete finished print. The electrophoto plate is an endless belt of conductive material such as metal foilv coated on the outer surfacewith athriflayerV 2-'I of `photo- The combination with Aany 2 conductive insulating material, for example sulfur or anthraeene. The b'elt is mounted to run on four

insulating rollers

22, 23', 24, and `25. Roller 24 is arranged to kbe driven at relatively slow speed by a worm 26 driven by an electric: motor to advance the belt clockwise around itsv circuit, under control of an electric switch.

A rotary brush 2'1 is' mounted adjacent roller 22 to 'brushagainst the surface of coating 2| to apply an electrostatic charge to its surface.

The brush is enclosed Vin a metal shield 28, which voir 33 at its bottom and a row of atomizers 34 at spaced intervals along the edge of the reservoir. The atomizers 34 are fed with a liquid from reservoir 33 and air from aA pressure pump 35 through tube 36 and header 31. Immediately above this reservoir is a baille chamber 38 provided With a series' of staggered baiiies 39 for removing large droplets from the mist produced by the atomizers. The top of the bafe chamber communicates by a slot, the walls of which serve as feed guidesY with a vertical passage 40 bounded by the coated side of belt 20 and by a plane metal electrode 4I. The upper end of passage Y4,0 communicates with a receiving slot 42 from which the air is led back to the pump by tube 43. Pump 35 may be a rotary positive compression pump, a reciprocating pistonrpump or other type adapted to deliver air under sufficient pressure to the atomizers.

A `paper feed plate 44 is mounted above d eveloping chamber 32 and a rubber pressure roller 45 is mounted to roll against the belt 20 where it passes over the roller 24. A suitable paper feed mechanism, such as a pusher 46, is` prov vided tof introduce .the leading edge of a sheet of paper 41 under roller 45 at the appropriate moment;

A paper Vremoval guide plate 48 is supported at' the right of Vroller 24 to remove the sheet Illas' For example: aniline blue. methyl violet, crystal violet,

nigrosene or other dye may be dissolved in alcohol or higher boiling solvents and a sheet ofi paper may be saturated in the solution and allowed to dry after which it is wrapped around roller 49. Or a binder such as Vinsol resin, zein, ethyl cellulose, other resins and waxes or the like may be added and the solution applied to a sheet of paper as a coating or directly to the roller and allowed to dry. Insoluble pigments may also be added. A series of pressure rollers 5| are mounted adjacent roller 45 to apply pressure to the paper as it passes over the roller. Finally completed copy tray 52 is provided to receive the sheet as it leaves roller 49.

Roller 25 is covered with a cloth or felt layer |25 which engages the coated side of belt 20. A pair of

partitions

53 and 54 form a partly enclosed passage |54 through which heated air can be circulated by a blower for drying the excess solvent from belt 20, roller 49 and the nished prints which are deposited in tray 52. A hot plate 55 is mounted adjacent the belt 20 for further drying effect.

A pair of infra-red lamps 56 are mounted inside the camera for infra-red flooding of the plate when required. A iine wire grid electrode 51 is supported inside the camera a sufficient distance in front of belt 20 so that no distinct shadows are produced on the plate by light passing through the lens. A flood lamp 58 is also mounted within the camera to discharge the layer 2| when desired. Baiile channels 59 and El) are provided at the edges of the camera Where the belt 20 enters and leaves, to collect particles of dust or liquid and prevent their entry into the camera.

Figure 2 shows the electrical circuits for the machine. Motor 6| for driving worm 26 and motor G2 for rotating brush 21 and hot air blower 63 for sending drying air through chamber |54 are all connected to the house current supply under control of switch 64. Air pump 35 is separately driven from the electric supply under control of switch 65.

A high voltage generator 66, such as a transformer-rectiiler system capable of supplying a small current at a potential of 1000 to several thousand volts is connected to the electric supply through switch 01, and feeds a high resistance voltage divider 68 connected across its output terminals. The mid-point of the resistance is grounded, shield 28 and grid 51 are connected to the negative terminal of the high voltage supply. Metal belt 20 can be connected to a tap 69, normally near the positive end of resistance 68, by contact spring 10 and switch 1|. A terminal 12 is in contact with the liquid in reservoir 33 and is connected to a tap 13 normally on the positive side of the center tap of the resistance 58. A terminal 14 is mounted in each atomizer opposite the aperture of the liquid jet and is connected to tap 15 on the negative side of the center tap. Electrode 4| is connected by Conductor 16 to tap 11 which will normally be set to a positive potential.

Operation- In the operation of the camera the belt is first rotated in a clockwise direction by motor 6| while brush 21 is rotated to frictionally apply a uniform charge to the surface of photoconductive insulating layer 2|. If the layer is sulfur or anthracene the charge Will normally be negative as these materials are near the negative and of the tribcelectric series and acquire a negative charge when brought into contact with most materials such as the bristles of the brush.

4 During charging the high voltage generator may be operated to negatively charge shield 28 which thus acts to remove the positive charge received by the brush from layer 2|.

When a charged section of the belt has been advanced into the camera the motor 6| is stopped.

The lens 30 of the camera is focussed on the subject, for example a sheet of drawings or documentary material spread on a table below the camera, or a three dimensional object to be photographed. The shutter 3| is opened for the desired exposure period and then closed. The optical image which is focussed on layer 2| renders the layer conductive in proportion to the quantity of light falling on it, so that during the exposure the electrostatic charge will be discharged from the illuminated areas in proportion to the quantity of light they receive. The remaining charge on the layer 2| will then comprise an electrostatic latent image corresponding to the optical image.

Fine wire grid 51 which is charged to a negative voltage accelerates the discharge of the layer by increasing the intensity of the electric field tending to move electrons in the layer toward plate 20. In fact, if exposure is continued long enough a reversal of charge will be produced on the most highly illuminated areas so that they will acquire a positive charge while the darker areas will retain their negative charge. In some cases it is desirable to accentuate the charge reversal still further and ior this purpose switch 1| is closed to apply a positive voltage to belt 20.

Some photoconductive materials exhibit a higher photoconductivity when radiated with infrared radiation simultaneously with exposure to the photoelectrically active wave lengths and for this purpose a pair of infra-red lamps 56 are mounted within the camera to flood the layer 2| with infra-red rays during exposure. This radiation is not itself photoelectrically active but merely increase the photoelectric effect of the optical image entering through the camera lens.

Exposure having been completed motor 6| is started to advance the electrostatic image area past the mist developing chamber 32. At the same time air pump 35 is started to supply a current of liquid mist 18. The liquid in reservoir 33 which creates the mist is a solvent or solvent mixture. A slowly volatile solvent such as one boiling at 10G-150 C., is preferred, for example amyl acetate, amyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, Cellosolve, toluene or mixtures, although less volatile materials such as cyclohexanol acetate and more volatile materials such as ethyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, alcohol-water mixtures and mixtures of high and low boiling solvents may be used in some cases.

As the liquid jet in each atomizer emerges from the fine liquid tube into each atomizer air jet positive charges are induced on each droplet by the negatively charged electrode 14. The quantity of this charge on each droplet can be controlled by adjusting taps 13 and 'i5 on voltage divider resistance. I'he charged mist 18 produced by atomizers 34 passes up around baflles 39 while the larger droplets are precipitated. A ne mist emerges at the top of the baiile chamber where it passes into the space 40 between belt 20 and electrode 4|. The positively charged (-1-) mist droplets are strongly attracted to the negatively charged parts of the electrostatic latent image and deposit on layer 2| in a configuration corresponding to the image, and substantially in proportion to the degree of charge.

At the top of space 40 ,the mist enters slot 42 acca-394 and returns via header 19 and tube `43 --topump 35. -Electrode-4| isvmovable tofvarythe space 40 between the electrode Iand plate 20 to adjust the linear velocity of the upwar-dly moving stream of mist. This velocity should be low enough to permit capture of a substantial-number of mist droplets by the yelectrically charged areas of the image on the coating 2 By adjusting the position of tap -1'| on the voltage divider the positive potential of electrode 4| canfebe regulated to produce an electric eld between the electr-ode and plate 20 to drive a greater or lesser number of -droplets toward the layer 2|. It is thus possible to control the intensity and contrast of the developed image.

lf exposure-hasbeen suil-ciently long to give a charge reversal in lthe brightly illuminated areas so ythat these are positivelyK-H charged the positive areas of the image -will repel the droplets and permit the contrast to be further improved. Swtch'll may also -be left closed during development if desired to repel the particles from the belt except where negative .charges remain on the layer.

When the leading edge ofthe image area approaches roller 45 a sheet of paper 4'1 is advanced under roller 45' and as the liquid image is rolled against the paper most of the liquid is absorbed by the surface of the paper.

The paper is moved to the right and as it leaves the roller it is fed :by plate 48 against the surface of roller 49 which has a surface layer 50 of dye which is soluble in the solvent liquid. Rollers 5| roll the paper rmly against surface 50. The liquid distributed on the paper in the conguration of the photographic image dissolves a small quantity of the dye as it pas-ses over roller 49 to produce a visible dye image on the paper. The nished print is deposited in tray 52 ready for use. The solvent is slowly Volatile so as to be retained on the paper until Ithis stage. However, it soon dries leaving the permanent dye image on the sheet. Since the paper absorbs most of the liquid very little is left on layers 2l or 50. Such solvent as remains is volatilized in the air stream flowing through passage |54. The coated belt 2D is thus returned to the camera ready for reuse.

Instead of using a pure solvent or solvent miX- ture an ink vor dye solution may sometimes be used so that the image produced on the -plate coating :by the electrostatic precipitation of the mist becomes immediately Visible. In some cases .an ink containing vsuspended pigmentmay also be used in place of or supplementary to the dye solution. A dissolved binder can also be added.

While one type of mist generator is shown and described it is contemplated that other atomizers, nebulizers, mist and fog generators can be used togenerate the ne mist for development. For example, where an insulating liquid is used the liquid may acquire a charge by friction (contact potential) when issuing from the nozzle. Other suitable atomizers are shown and described in Freeman Patent 2,302,021; Campbell Patent 2,302,185 and Bramston-Cook Patent 2,302,289. It is also contemplated that in some cases an uncharged mist may be used.

By applying a negative or positive charge to the mist 18 produced by the atomizers it is possible to produce a negative or a positive reproduction. In one case the negative mist will deposit on the Iposi-tively charged parts of the image and in the other case the positive mist deposits on the negative parts.

6 The walls of developing' chamber 32 are rof insulating material with the exception of 'electrode'4 so that any c-harged mist'which deposits on them will vproduce a chargedsurface which will repel further charged particles and tend to keep them in suspension inthe-air stream.

It is ofbvious that Ithe liquid development methods described herein are also applicable to the development of electrostatic latent images produced-on insulating layers byother methods, suc-h as those described in my Patent No. 2,221,776.

While ythe invention has been described-asy carried out in specific embodiments it is intended to cover the invention broadlywithinthe spirit and scope of the appended claims.

Wha't is claimed is:

1. In electrophotographlc apparatus, the combination wi-th'an electrophotographic vplate consisting of a conductive base and a layer of photoconductive insulating material supported by said base and in contact therewith throughout an image area, of a conductive electrode in spaced parallel relation to the face of said layer in said image area, -means to introduce charged particles between said layer and said electrode to develop said electrostatic latent image, and a potential source connected between said conductive base and said electrode.

2. An electrophotographic apparatus comprising, in combination, an electrophotographic'plate having a coating of photoconductive insulating material on a conductive'backing, an electrode overlying said plate coating in substantially parallel spaced relation thereto, a cloud generator for-producing an `air suspension Vof finely-divided charged particles and projecting said air suspension between said electrode and plate coating, and a potential source connected between said electro-de and the conductive backing of said electrophotographic plate.

3. An electrophotographic apparatus as claimed in claim 2 in which said cloud generator co-mprises a liquid a'tomizer having a liquid passage, means for creating an -air stream past the mouth of said passage to detach liquid droplets from a liquid column in said passage, a liquid-charging electrode opposing the mouth of said passage and a second potential source connected to said liquid-charging electrode to induce electric c harges on said droplets.

4. An electrophotographic apparatus comprising, in combination, an electrophotographic plate having a coating of photoconductive insulating material lon a conductive backing, an electrode overlying said plate coating in substantially parallel spaced relation thereto, a rst potential source Yand means to connect said source between said elec-trede and conductive backing, a liquid atomizer for projecting a liquid mist between said electrode and said coating, said a'tomizer comprising a liquid passage means for creating an air stream past the mouth of said passage to detach liquid droplets from a liquid column in said passage, a liquid-charging electrode opposing the mouth of said liquid passage and a second potential source connected to said liquidcharging electrode to induce electric charges on said droplets, and means to adjust the potential of said source to vary the intensity of charge applied to said droplets.

5. Apparatus for producing visible images from electrostatic images, comprising, in combination, a conductive base, an insulating layer overlying said base for holding an electrostatic charge pattern to be developed, a conductive electrode having a substantially smooth surface spaced parallel to the face of said insulating layer over an area having a Width greater than the spacing between said electrode and said layer, means for introducing finely-divided particles between said electrode and said layer, a source of electric potential, a voltage divider connected across said source, and a pair of terminals connected to said voltage divider and to said conductive electrode and said conductive base, respectively, at least one of said terminals being movable to adjust the potential difference between said electrode and said base.

6. In an electrostatic image producing and developing apparatus, the combination with a conductive layer having an insulating coating on at least part of its surface, of moving support means to move said layer from an image-forming station to a position facing an image-developing space, means at said image-forming station for forming an electrostatic image of a rst polarity on said insulating coating, an electrode overlying a substantial part or" said image developing space, means for injecting a finely-divided electrically charged material into said developing space, and an electric potential source connected between said electrode and said conductive layer and having its terminal oi said first polarity connected to said electrode.

7. in electrophotographic apparatus, the combination with an electrophotographic plate of drive means to move said plate from a charging station through an exposure station to a developing position facing a developing space, a charging device at said charging station for applying a charge of a first polarity to the photoconductive coating of said electrophotographic plate, exposure means at said exposure station for exposing said plate to a radiation pattern to be recorded to discharge portions of said Plate and leave an electrostatic image thereon, an electrode overlying said developing space and spaced substantially parallel to said plate when said plate is in said developing position, means for injecting finely-divided charged particles into said developing space, and a potential source connected between said electrode and said electrophotographic plate with its terminal which is at said first polarity connected to said electrode,

' whereby the portions of said plate which are discharged during exposure present a polarity to said developing space opposite from the polarity presented by said latent image.

8. In electrophotographic apparatus, the combination with an electrophotographic plate comprising a conductive base layer and a photoconductive insulating layer overlying said base layer for supporting an electrostatic latent image, of a conductive electrode in closely-spaced parallel relation to said coating and held at a predetermined potential with respect to said conductive base layer, and means to introduce finely-divided electrically charged particles into the space between said electrode and said coating to develop an image on said coating.

9. In electrophctographic apparatus, the combination with an electrophotographic plate coinprising a layer of photoconductve insulating material on a conductive base, of means for charging and exposing said layer to produce an electrostatic latent image thereon, means for moving the face of said layer into closely-spaced parallel relation to a conductive electrode, means to introduce finely-divided charged particles into the space between said electrode and said coating to develop an image on said coating, and means to maintain said electrode at a predetermined potential in relation to said conductive base.

10. In electrophotographic apparatus, the combination 'with an electrophotographic plate of drive means to move said plate from a charging station through an exposure station to a developing position facing a developing space, a charging device at said charging station for applying an electrostatic charge to the photoconductive coating of said electrophotographic plate, exposure means at said exposure station for exposing said plate to a radiation pattern to be recorded to discharge portions ci said plate and leave an electrostatic image thereon, a substantially smooth development electrode overlying said developing space in spaced parallel relation to said plate coating when said plate is in developing position, means for injecting finelydvicled charged particles into said developing space between said photoconductive coating and said development electrode, and means to maintain said development electrode at a predetermined reference potential in relation to the backing of said electrophotographic plate.

References Cited in the tile of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,958,406 Darrah May l5, 1934 2,168,027 Gladding Aug. l, 1939 2,191,827 Benner et al. Feb. 27, 1940 2,215,145 Clayton Sept. 17, 1940 2,221,776 Carlson Nov. 19, 1940 2,224,391 Huebner Dec. 10, 1940 2,233,037 Smith Feb. 25, 1941 2,281,638 Sukumlyn May 5, 1,942 2,297,691 Carlson Oct. 6, 1942 2,357,354 Penney Sept. 5, 1944 2,426,016 Gustin et al. Aug. 19, 1947 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 634,192 `Germany Aug. 20, 1936 605,979 Great Britain Aug. 4, 1948

Claims

1. IN ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS, THE COMBINATION WITH AN ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PLATE CONSISTING OF A CONDUCTIVE BASE AND A LAYER OF PHOTOCONDUCTIVE INSULATING MATERIAL SUPPORTED BY SAID BASE AND IN CONTACT THEREWITH THROUGHOUT AN IMAGE AREA, OF A CONDUCTIVE ELECTRODE IN SPACED PARALLEL RELATION TO THE FACE OF SAID LAYER IN SAID IMAGE AREA, MEANS TO INTRODUCE CHARGED PARTICLES BETWEEN SAID LAYER AND SAID ELECTRODE TO DEVELOP SAID ELECTROSTATIC LATENT IMAGE, AND A POTENTIAL SOURCE CONNECTED BETWEEN SAID CONDUCTIVE BASE AND SAID ELECTRODE.