US2801948A - Method of bonding attachments to flexible sheet plastics - Google Patents

Method of bonding attachments to flexible sheet plastics Download PDF

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US2801948A
US2801948A US532914A US53291455A US2801948A US 2801948 A US2801948 A US 2801948A US 532914 A US532914 A US 532914A US 53291455 A US53291455 A US 53291455A US 2801948 A US2801948 A US 2801948A
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plastic
thermo
sheet
textile material
flexible sheet
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US532914A
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Walker Derek William Ross
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/47—Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A41—WEARING APPAREL
    • A41H—APPLIANCES OR METHODS FOR MAKING CLOTHES, e.g. FOR DRESS-MAKING OR FOR TAILORING, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • A41H37/00—Machines, appliances or methods for setting fastener-elements on garments
    • A41H37/001—Methods
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/112—Single lapped joints
    • B29C66/1122—Single lap to lap joints, i.e. overlap joints
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/47—Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/474—Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces said single elements being substantially non-flat
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7392—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/721—Fibre-reinforced materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/729—Textile or other fibrous material made from plastics
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
    • B29L2031/709—Articles shaped in a closed loop, e.g. conveyor belts
    • B29L2031/7096—Rings or ring-like articles
    • B29L2031/71—Eyelets
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T156/00—Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture
    • Y10T156/10—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor
    • Y10T156/1002—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor with permanent bending or reshaping or surface deformation of self sustaining lamina
    • Y10T156/1034—Overedge bending of lamina about edges of sheetlike base
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T24/00—Buckles, buttons, clasps, etc.
    • Y10T24/45—Separable-fastener or required component thereof [e.g., projection and cavity to complete interlock]
    • Y10T24/45225—Separable-fastener or required component thereof [e.g., projection and cavity to complete interlock] including member having distinct formations and mating member selectively interlocking therewith
    • Y10T24/4588—Means for mounting projection or cavity portion
    • Y10T24/45906—Means for mounting projection or cavity portion having component of means permanently deformed during mounting operation
    • Y10T24/45911—Means for mounting projection or cavity portion having component of means permanently deformed during mounting operation and formed from or fixedly attached to projection or cavity portion
    • Y10T24/45916—Cooperates with detached component of means

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an improved method of attaching eyelets, hooks, buttons, handles and the like to flexible sheet plastics.
  • Plastic sheet may also be chaper and lighter for a given area than a textile and is completely impervious to moisture. Also, it does not support combustion and may be more resistant to chemicals.
  • the chief aim of my invention is to provide a method of reinforcing flexible plastic sheet at any desired points in a particularly effective and permanent manner.
  • an area of textile material is applied to one or both sides of the plastic which is then fused at least partially into the textile material.
  • the textile material is preferably applied to both sides of the plastic sheet, and, where a number of spaced attachments are to be applied near the edge of the sheet, a continuous strip of textile material may be folded longitudinally over the edge.
  • the effect of the textile material is to receive the concentrated stress from the attachment and distribute it over a relatively Wide area.
  • Figure 1 shows a part of a plastic tarpaulin with a number of eyelets spaced round the edge
  • Figure 2 is a section on the line 2-2 of Figure 1 to a larger scale.
  • thermo-plastic synthetic materials may be used, but polythene has been found preferable as it softens at a relatively high temperature, considerably higher than any. likely to bev encountered in service, whereas it remains pliant and tough down to very low temperatures. It also has the added advantage of being transparent, so that stores contained within a tarpaulin of this material can be checked visually from outside, and in a troopcarrying vehicle employing such a tarpaulin as the canopy, the troops can see outside, and also, of course, light is admitted to the interior of the vehicle.
  • the plastic should not be fused too far through the hessian.
  • the plastic has a relatively low co-eflicient of friction, whereas the hessian has a high coefficient, and the distribution of stress is only effective in so far as the two sides of the eyelet have a frictional engagement with the hessian. Accordingly the outer surface of the hessian should be free from the plastic.
  • attachments such as hooks or handles, could be riveted through the reinforced parts of the plastic in a similar manner, the stress being distributed over a wide area of the plastic through the fibres of the Woven hessian.
  • canvas could be used in place of the hessian and if necessary the entire tarpaulin could use two or more thicknesses of flexible plastic instead of one.
  • the reinforcing textile will be correspondingly lighter, and may be linen or cotton, or, in fact, any other suitable natural or synthetic fibre.
  • a method of attaching an eyelet to an article of flexible thermo-plastic sheet material comprising the step of applying a piece of textile material to a surface of said thermo-plastic material and heating the thermoplastic material whilst applying pressure to both materials, thereby fusing the thermo-plastic material partially into the textile material so that the surface of said textile material remote from said surface of said thermoplastic material remains substantially free from the latter, and subsequently passing the eyelet through the resultant reinforced area and riveting it over.
  • thermo-plastic material in the region of a point of stress concentration, comprising the step of applying a piece of textile material to a surface of said thermo-plastic material and partially fusing the thermo-plastic material into the textile material so that the surface of said textile material remote from said surface of said thermo-plastic material remains substantially free from the latter.
  • thermoplastic sheet material A method of reinforcing an article of flexible thermoplastic sheet material, according to claim 2, wherein said textile material is applied to both sides of said thermoplastic material.
  • thermoplastic material serves as the reinforce'm'e'nt forlboth sides.

Description

1957' j D.'W. R. WALKER 2,801,948
METHOD OF BONDING ATTACHMENTS TO FLEXIBLE SHEET PLASTICS Filed Sept. "7, 1955 l nvenior M mmWw/wm A ttorn e 1 United States Patent METHOD OF BONDING ATTACHMENTS TO FLEXIBLE SHEET PLASTICS Derek William Ross Walker, Barnt Green, England Application September 7, 1955, Serial No. 532,914
5 Claims. (Cl. 154---116) This invention relates to an improved method of attaching eyelets, hooks, buttons, handles and the like to flexible sheet plastics.
Since flexible sheet plastics were first introduced, attempts have been made to use them as a substitute for, or rather an improvement over, textiles, for use as tarpaulins, tents, vehicle hoods, portable water tanks and so on, in fact where heavy fabrics such as canvas have been used hitherto. Plastics have also been tried in place of textiles in the manufacture of bags and other containers for powdered or granular material, bags for toilet articles, and even of garments. Plastics have a number of obvious advantages over textiles for such applications, in particular where exposed to the Weather. For example, they are rot-proof, and are unaffected by attack from insects, and furthermore, if a transparent plastic is used, stores contained under a tarpaulin, or in a covered vehicle, can be checked visually without the necessity for exposing them. Plastic sheet may also be chaper and lighter for a given area than a textile and is completely impervious to moisture. Also, it does not support combustion and may be more resistant to chemicals.
The greatest drawback that has prevented the wider introduction of plastics for these purposes hitherto has been their proneness to tear at points of stress concentration such as eyelets. Attempts have been made to thicken the material by folding it over at these points, or by the introduction of strain-taking bands of webbing woven through slots in the material, or enclosed in a folded-over seam, but these have not proved entirely effective, or they are wasteful of material.
The chief aim of my invention is to provide a method of reinforcing flexible plastic sheet at any desired points in a particularly effective and permanent manner.
According to my invention, at each point where an attachment is to be made for an eyelet, hook, button, handle or the like passing through the sheet, an area of textile material is applied to one or both sides of the plastic which is then fused at least partially into the textile material.
The textile material is preferably applied to both sides of the plastic sheet, and, where a number of spaced attachments are to be applied near the edge of the sheet, a continuous strip of textile material may be folded longitudinally over the edge.
The effect of the textile material is to receive the concentrated stress from the attachment and distribute it over a relatively Wide area.
An example of the application of my invention to the attachment of eyelets will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 shows a part of a plastic tarpaulin with a number of eyelets spaced round the edge; and
Figure 2 is a section on the line 2-2 of Figure 1 to a larger scale.
A tarpaulin 1 for use in covering goods exposed to the weather, such as in stores dumps, or on lorries, or for 2,801,948 Patented Aug. 6, 1957 the canopy, for example, of a troop-carrying vehicle, is made of a flexible sheet plastic, such as polythene.
Other thermo-plastic synthetic materials: may be used, but polythene has been found preferable as it softens at a relatively high temperature, considerably higher than any. likely to bev encountered in service, whereas it remains pliant and tough down to very low temperatures. It also has the added advantage of being transparent, so that stores contained within a tarpaulin of this material can be checked visually from outside, and in a troopcarrying vehicle employing such a tarpaulin as the canopy, the troops can see outside, and also, of course, light is admitted to the interior of the vehicle.
Around the edge of the sheet 1 is folded a strip of hessian 2, and heat and pressure are applied until the plastic fuses partially into the material of the hessian on each side. Brass eyelets of a known kind are applied at any convenient spacing, through holes punched in the composite material, each eyelet in the example shown being made up of two parts, a main body 3i and a closing disc 4 into which the shank of the body 3 is expanded.
To achieve maximum benefit from the invention, it is important that the plastic should not be fused too far through the hessian. The plastic has a relatively low co-eflicient of friction, whereas the hessian has a high coefficient, and the distribution of stress is only effective in so far as the two sides of the eyelet have a frictional engagement with the hessian. Accordingly the outer surface of the hessian should be free from the plastic.
It will be understood other attachments, such as hooks or handles, could be riveted through the reinforced parts of the plastic in a similar manner, the stress being distributed over a wide area of the plastic through the fibres of the Woven hessian. Where higher stresses are involved, canvas could be used in place of the hessian and if necessary the entire tarpaulin could use two or more thicknesses of flexible plastic instead of one.
In tests carried out with flexible polythene sheet, it was found that a given eyelet tore out the plain sheet under a load of approximately 40 lbs., whereas, when the sheet was reinforced with hessian in the region of the eyelet in the manner described, the same type of eyelet withstood a load of well over lbs.
Where the plastic is of lighter gauge, for example, in the application of the invention to bags for toilet articles, the reinforcing textile will be correspondingly lighter, and may be linen or cotton, or, in fact, any other suitable natural or synthetic fibre.
I claim:
1. A method of attaching an eyelet to an article of flexible thermo-plastic sheet material, comprising the step of applying a piece of textile material to a surface of said thermo-plastic material and heating the thermoplastic material whilst applying pressure to both materials, thereby fusing the thermo-plastic material partially into the textile material so that the surface of said textile material remote from said surface of said thermoplastic material remains substantially free from the latter, and subsequently passing the eyelet through the resultant reinforced area and riveting it over.
2. A method of reinforcing an article of flexible thermo plastic sheet material, in the region of a point of stress concentration, comprising the step of applying a piece of textile material to a surface of said thermo-plastic material and partially fusing the thermo-plastic material into the textile material so that the surface of said textile material remote from said surface of said thermo-plastic material remains substantially free from the latter.
3. A method of reinforcing an article of flexible thermoplastic sheet material, according to claim 2, wherein said textile material is applied to both sides of said thermoplastic material.
. 3 I 4 A methodof reinforcing an article of flexible thermointo each piece of textile material so that the surfaces of plastic sheet material according to claim 3, in which a said textile material remote from said sides of said single piece of textile material is folded over the edge thermo-plastic material remain free from the latter.
of the thermoplastic material and serves as the reinforce'm'e'nt forlboth sides. 5 References Cited in the file of this patent 5.,Am1etho d of reinforcing an article of flexible thermo- UNITED STATES PATENTS plastic sheet material in the region of 'a point of stress concentration, comprising the step of applying a piece of 35 ii textile material to each side of the said thermo-plastic man material and partially fusing the therrno-plastic material 10

Claims (1)

  1. 2. A METHOD OF REINFORCING AN ARTICLE OF FLEXIBLE THERMOPLASTIC SHEET MATERIAL, IN THE REGION OF A POINT OF STRESS CONCENTRATION, COMPRISING THE STEP OF APPLYING A PIECE OF TEXTILE MATERIAL TO A SURFACE OF SAID THERMO-PLASTIC MATERIAL AND PARTIALLY FUSING THE THERMO-PLASTIC MATERIAL INTO THE TEXTILE MATERIAL SO THAT THE SURFACE OF SAID TEXTILE MATERIAL REMOTE FROM SAID SURFACE OF SAID THERMO-PLASTIC MATERIAL REMAINS SUBSTANTIALLY FREE FROM THE LATTER.
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Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2929665A (en) * 1957-10-04 1960-03-22 Sr William J Sockell Journal box lubricator pad
US3065680A (en) * 1957-09-10 1962-11-27 Sr George P Wiedman Surface bumper
US3109679A (en) * 1961-10-02 1963-11-05 Miller Herman Inc Pad for serating
US3140115A (en) * 1962-03-28 1964-07-07 Douglas E Biiss Detachable windshield protector
US3162920A (en) * 1963-08-30 1964-12-29 Charles Schwartz & Company Removable grommet attachment structure for sheet covers
US3172443A (en) * 1962-02-19 1965-03-09 Ausnit Steven Plastic fastener
US3200885A (en) * 1962-12-19 1965-08-17 Johnson Berniece Kuempel Method of making horseshoe with rubber-cushioned sole
US3412919A (en) * 1967-01-25 1968-11-26 Inland Container Corp Apertures for corrugated fiberboard containers
US4010519A (en) * 1975-11-24 1977-03-08 Shur-Lok Corporation Fastener structures utilizing a thermoplastic adhesive
US4579388A (en) * 1984-07-05 1986-04-01 Tachikawa Spring Co., Ltd. Seat
US4592118A (en) * 1983-11-18 1986-06-03 Barnhart Industries, Inc. Fasteners for apparel and methods of manufacturing them
US4606079A (en) * 1983-11-18 1986-08-19 Barnhart Industries, Inc. Fasteners for apparel and methods of manufacturing them
US4633565A (en) * 1983-11-18 1987-01-06 Barnhart Industries, Inc. Fasteners for apparel and methods of manufacturing them
US4735753A (en) * 1986-07-28 1988-04-05 Ackermann Walter T Method of making a fastener
US5429700A (en) * 1990-06-14 1995-07-04 The Splash Art Company Waterproof art
US10087984B2 (en) * 2015-06-30 2018-10-02 Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corporation Plain bearing

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2232975A (en) * 1941-02-25 Transparent filler unit for loose
US2401997A (en) * 1944-04-07 1946-06-11 Kendall & Co Cover for seed and plant beds

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2232975A (en) * 1941-02-25 Transparent filler unit for loose
US2401997A (en) * 1944-04-07 1946-06-11 Kendall & Co Cover for seed and plant beds

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3065680A (en) * 1957-09-10 1962-11-27 Sr George P Wiedman Surface bumper
US2929665A (en) * 1957-10-04 1960-03-22 Sr William J Sockell Journal box lubricator pad
US3109679A (en) * 1961-10-02 1963-11-05 Miller Herman Inc Pad for serating
US3172443A (en) * 1962-02-19 1965-03-09 Ausnit Steven Plastic fastener
US3140115A (en) * 1962-03-28 1964-07-07 Douglas E Biiss Detachable windshield protector
US3200885A (en) * 1962-12-19 1965-08-17 Johnson Berniece Kuempel Method of making horseshoe with rubber-cushioned sole
US3162920A (en) * 1963-08-30 1964-12-29 Charles Schwartz & Company Removable grommet attachment structure for sheet covers
US3412919A (en) * 1967-01-25 1968-11-26 Inland Container Corp Apertures for corrugated fiberboard containers
US4010519A (en) * 1975-11-24 1977-03-08 Shur-Lok Corporation Fastener structures utilizing a thermoplastic adhesive
US4592118A (en) * 1983-11-18 1986-06-03 Barnhart Industries, Inc. Fasteners for apparel and methods of manufacturing them
US4606079A (en) * 1983-11-18 1986-08-19 Barnhart Industries, Inc. Fasteners for apparel and methods of manufacturing them
US4633565A (en) * 1983-11-18 1987-01-06 Barnhart Industries, Inc. Fasteners for apparel and methods of manufacturing them
US4579388A (en) * 1984-07-05 1986-04-01 Tachikawa Spring Co., Ltd. Seat
US4735753A (en) * 1986-07-28 1988-04-05 Ackermann Walter T Method of making a fastener
US5429700A (en) * 1990-06-14 1995-07-04 The Splash Art Company Waterproof art
US10087984B2 (en) * 2015-06-30 2018-10-02 Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corporation Plain bearing

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