US2986488A - Method of sizing paper - Google Patents
Method of sizing paper Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2986488A US2986488A US642650A US64265057A US2986488A US 2986488 A US2986488 A US 2986488A US 642650 A US642650 A US 642650A US 64265057 A US64265057 A US 64265057A US 2986488 A US2986488 A US 2986488A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- pulp
- aqueous
- ammonium chloride
- ketene dimer
- paper
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 title claims description 21
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 16
- WASQWSOJHCZDFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diketene Chemical compound C=C1CC(=O)O1 WASQWSOJHCZDFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- -1 benzyl ketene dimer Chemical compound 0.000 description 23
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 14
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 14
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 12
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000000539 dimer Substances 0.000 description 9
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 8
- 150000002561 ketenes Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- SFVFIFLLYFPGHH-UHFFFAOYSA-M stearalkonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 SFVFIFLLYFPGHH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 125000002877 alkyl aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002655 kraft paper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dodecane Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCC SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940037003 alum Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- YZXBAPSDXZZRGB-DOFZRALJSA-N arachidonic acid Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCC(O)=O YZXBAPSDXZZRGB-DOFZRALJSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- NXQZAIRGRWDONB-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzyl-ethyl-methyl-octadecylazanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(CC)CC1=CC=CC=C1 NXQZAIRGRWDONB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003240 coconut oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019864 coconut oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 125000003438 dodecyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000001421 myristyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- UTOPWMOLSKOLTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N octacosanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O UTOPWMOLSKOLTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000021313 oleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- SECPZKHBENQXJG-FPLPWBNLSA-N palmitoleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O SECPZKHBENQXJG-FPLPWBNLSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000913 palmityl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- CNVZJPUDSLNTQU-SEYXRHQNSA-N petroselinic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCC(O)=O CNVZJPUDSLNTQU-SEYXRHQNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001044 red dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004079 stearyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- GWHCXVQVJPWHRF-KTKRTIGZSA-N (15Z)-tetracosenoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O GWHCXVQVJPWHRF-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYOCYIVCDUMYAL-VFQQELCFSA-N (2r,3r,4r,5s)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol;oxirane Chemical compound C1CO1.OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO RYOCYIVCDUMYAL-VFQQELCFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRLNNHWMCCZZOO-LNVKXUELSA-N (4z)-3-decyl-4-undecylideneoxetan-2-one Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC\C=C1/OC(=O)C1CCCCCCCCCC GRLNNHWMCCZZOO-LNVKXUELSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DTRGDWOPRCXRET-UHFFFAOYSA-N (9Z,11E,13E)-4-Oxo-9,11,13-octadecatrienoic acid Natural products CCCCC=CC=CC=CCCCCC(=O)CCC(O)=O DTRGDWOPRCXRET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-NTGFUMLPSA-N (9Z,12Z)-9,10,12,13-tetratritiooctadeca-9,12-dienoic acid Chemical compound C(CCCCCCC\C(=C(/C\C(=C(/CCCCC)\[3H])\[3H])\[3H])\[3H])(=O)O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-NTGFUMLPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DTRGDWOPRCXRET-SUTYWZMXSA-N (9e,11e,13e)-4-oxooctadeca-9,11,13-trienoic acid Chemical compound CCCC\C=C\C=C\C=C\CCCCC(=O)CCC(O)=O DTRGDWOPRCXRET-SUTYWZMXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OXEDXHIBHVMDST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 12Z-octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O OXEDXHIBHVMDST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RZGZTQYTDRQOEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenylethenone Chemical class O=C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 RZGZTQYTDRQOEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HNNQYHFROJDYHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(4-ethylcyclohexyl)propanoic acid 3-(3-ethylcyclopentyl)propanoic acid Chemical compound CCC1CCC(CCC(O)=O)C1.CCC1CCC(CCC(O)=O)CC1 HNNQYHFROJDYHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DPUOLQHDNGRHBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Brassidinsaeure Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O DPUOLQHDNGRHBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003043 Cellulose fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000283153 Cetacea Species 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- URXZXNYJPAJJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Erucic acid Natural products CCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O URXZXNYJPAJJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021578 Iron(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019482 Palm oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021319 Palmitoleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019483 Peanut oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CNVZJPUDSLNTQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Petroselaidic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCC(O)=O CNVZJPUDSLNTQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001214 Polysorbate 60 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004147 Sorbitan trioleate Substances 0.000 description 1
- PRXRUNOAOLTIEF-ADSICKODSA-N Sorbitan trioleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC PRXRUNOAOLTIEF-ADSICKODSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- UWHZIFQPPBDJPM-FPLPWBNLSA-M Vaccenic acid Natural products CCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O UWHZIFQPPBDJPM-FPLPWBNLSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000021322 Vaccenic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- RKZXQQPEDGMHBJ-LIGJGSPWSA-N [(2s,3r,4r,5r)-2,3,4,5,6-pentakis[[(z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy]hexyl] (z)-octadec-9-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC)[C@@H](OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC)[C@H](OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC)[C@@H](OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC)COC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC RKZXQQPEDGMHBJ-LIGJGSPWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FCVHVRIHTBZJDN-UHFFFAOYSA-M [Cl-].C(C)[N+](CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)(CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)CCC Chemical compound [Cl-].C(C)[N+](CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)(CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)CCC FCVHVRIHTBZJDN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- IJFYIHNWMQZAFE-UHFFFAOYSA-M [Cl-].C(CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)[N+](C)(CCC)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC Chemical compound [Cl-].C(CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)[N+](C)(CCC)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC IJFYIHNWMQZAFE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- BUBPXUXJCJLFRA-UHFFFAOYSA-M [Cl-].C[N+](CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)(CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)CC Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)(CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)CC BUBPXUXJCJLFRA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-PDBXOOCHSA-N alpha-linolenic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-PDBXOOCHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000020661 alpha-linolenic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940114079 arachidonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000021342 arachidonic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000001204 arachidyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000010480 babassu oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015278 beef Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000002511 behenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- KXHPPCXNWTUNSB-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzyl(trimethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 KXHPPCXNWTUNSB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- BFIYZKWIVOMSNE-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzyl-diethyl-octadecylazanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](CC)(CC)CC1=CC=CC=C1 BFIYZKWIVOMSNE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ABLXPYMIPKKTHB-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzyl-octadecyl-dipropylazanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](CCC)(CCC)CC1=CC=CC=C1 ABLXPYMIPKKTHB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- KJDZDTDNIULJBE-QXMHVHEDSA-N cetoleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O KJDZDTDNIULJBE-QXMHVHEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- SECPZKHBENQXJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N cis-palmitoleic acid Natural products CCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O SECPZKHBENQXJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013065 commercial product Substances 0.000 description 1
- OXGUSHVFNQIABV-UHFFFAOYSA-M cyclohexyl(trimethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)C1CCCCC1 OXGUSHVFNQIABV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000002704 decyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- BZSWJGHEQUOKIP-UHFFFAOYSA-M didodecyl(diethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](CC)(CC)CCCCCCCCCCCC BZSWJGHEQUOKIP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WLCFKPHMRNPAFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M didodecyl(dimethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CCCCCCCCCCCC WLCFKPHMRNPAFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VCNDVOWTFJUPBS-UHFFFAOYSA-M didodecyl(dipropyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](CCC)(CCC)CCCCCCCCCCCC VCNDVOWTFJUPBS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- IJEYGIPXWVMWQY-UHFFFAOYSA-M didodecyl-ethyl-methylazanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(CC)CCCCCCCCCCCC IJEYGIPXWVMWQY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- HPDYVEVTJANPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-M diethyl(dihexadecyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](CC)(CC)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC HPDYVEVTJANPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- AQUCOCCZWYJKFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M diethyl(dioctadecyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](CC)(CC)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC AQUCOCCZWYJKFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- TUNCWQIQJVUWGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M diethyl-di(tetradecyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](CC)(CC)CCCCCCCCCCCCCC TUNCWQIQJVUWGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- BZEWKZZTCVTWPK-UHFFFAOYSA-M diethyl-octadecyl-phenylazanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](CC)(CC)C1=CC=CC=C1 BZEWKZZTCVTWPK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZCPCLAPUXMZUCD-UHFFFAOYSA-M dihexadecyl(dimethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC ZCPCLAPUXMZUCD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- IYHPJFDEWUGJSI-UHFFFAOYSA-M dihexadecyl(dipropyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](CCC)(CCC)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC IYHPJFDEWUGJSI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000000118 dimethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- RSHHCURRBLAGFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M dimethyl-di(tetradecyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CCCCCCCCCCCCCC RSHHCURRBLAGFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- MTOZOOJYFHKBKK-UHFFFAOYSA-M dimethyl-octadecyl-phenylazanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 MTOZOOJYFHKBKK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- REZZEXDLIUJMMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M dimethyldioctadecylammonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC REZZEXDLIUJMMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- HQTJLDLWAUEBPM-UHFFFAOYSA-M dioctadecyl(dipropyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](CCC)(CCC)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC HQTJLDLWAUEBPM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- JFDGCKUIXHGQRC-UHFFFAOYSA-M dipropyl-di(tetradecyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](CCC)(CCC)CCCCCCCCCCCCCC JFDGCKUIXHGQRC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- MPVXINJRXRIDDB-VCDGYCQFSA-N dodecanoic acid;(2r,3r,4r,5s)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO.CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O MPVXINJRXRIDDB-VCDGYCQFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DPUOLQHDNGRHBS-KTKRTIGZSA-N erucic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O DPUOLQHDNGRHBS-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CCGKOQOJPYTBIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenone Chemical compound C=C=O CCGKOQOJPYTBIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SYCIVTTUFRJEBB-UHFFFAOYSA-M ethyl-dihexadecyl-methylazanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(CC)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC SYCIVTTUFRJEBB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 210000003746 feather Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-QXMHVHEDSA-N gadoleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-QXMHVHEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940070765 laurate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000002463 lignoceryl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229960004488 linolenic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KQQKGWQCNNTQJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N linolenic acid Natural products CC=CCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O KQQKGWQCNNTQJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FDLVCUOMIAFXNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl(propyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound Cl.CCCNC FDLVCUOMIAFXNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012875 nonionic emulsifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002889 oleic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004006 olive oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000008390 olive oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003346 palm kernel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019865 palm kernel oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002540 palm oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000312 peanut oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000136 polysorbate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010499 rapseed oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WBHHMMIMDMUBKC-XLNAKTSKSA-N ricinelaidic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC[C@@H](O)C\C=C\CCCCCCCC(O)=O WBHHMMIMDMUBKC-XLNAKTSKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003656 ricinoleic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- FEUQNCSVHBHROZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ricinoleic acid Natural products CCCCCCC(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC FEUQNCSVHBHROZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960000391 sorbitan trioleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019337 sorbitan trioleate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 description 1
- GVZXZHWIIXHZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tariric acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC#CCCCCC(O)=O GVZXZHWIIXHZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GDBJCCBRRCYCEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N tariric acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCC#CCCCC(O)=O GDBJCCBRRCYCEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Ti](Cl)(Cl)Cl XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- AQWHMKSIVLSRNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-Octadec-5-ensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCC(O)=O AQWHMKSIVLSRNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UWHZIFQPPBDJPM-BQYQJAHWSA-N trans-vaccenic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC\C=C\CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O UWHZIFQPPBDJPM-BQYQJAHWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MQAYPFVXSPHGJM-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl(phenyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 MQAYPFVXSPHGJM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N triton Chemical compound [3H+] GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZXAUZSQITFJWPS-UHFFFAOYSA-J zirconium(4+);disulfate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O ZXAUZSQITFJWPS-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
- D21H17/03—Non-macromolecular organic compounds
- D21H17/05—Non-macromolecular organic compounds containing elements other than carbon and hydrogen only
- D21H17/17—Ketenes, e.g. ketene dimers
Definitions
- This invention relates to improvements in the internal sizing of paper with aqueous ketene dimer emulsions.
- ketene dimers are effective sizing agents for paper. These materials, as such, are insoluble in water and, in order to facilitate their use in the paper industry, they have been mixed with emulsifying agents which make them readily dispersible in water for the formation of aqueous emulsions. These emulsions, however, are usually nonionic and when used for the internal sizing of paper, the retention of the ketene dimer by the cellulose fibers is not complete, with the result that some of the material goes to waste with the discarded white water.
- a principal object of the present invention is the provision of a process for the internal sizing of paper with aqueous emulsions of ketene dimers wherein improved retention of the ketene dimer by the paper fibers is obtained with resultant economies in operation.
- the aqueous emulsion of ketene dimer containing the quaternary ammonium salt admixed therewith is added to an aqueous pulp suspension, as in the beater of a papermaking system and the pulp then formed into sheets or webs in the conventional manner.
- the aqueous suspension is maintained at a pH within the range from about 4.5 to about 8 and preferably within the range from about 4.5 to about 5.5.
- the quaternary ammonium salt is preferably added to the aqueous emulsion of ketene dimer in the form of an aqueous solution or dispersion and just prior to the introduction of same into the aqueous suspension of papermaking fibers.
- the addition should, of course, be accompanied with sufficient agitation or stirring to insure thorough admixture of the salt solution or dispersion with the aqueous emulsion.
- the aqueous emulsion of ketene dimer and quaternary ammonium salt may be added before, after or along with the aqueous ketene dimer emulsion.
- the sheet may be cured by heating to a relatively elevated temperature, say about C., for a short period of time such as about 10 or 15 minutes. However, this is not necessary as adequate sizing develops on mere standing or storage at room temperature for a day or two.
- EXAMPLE 1 Ten parts of alkylketene dimer, prepared from a mixture of approximately equal parts of stearic and oleic acids by forming the acid chlorides thereof and then reacting the acid chlorides with a tertiary amine, were mixed with 2 parts of Atlox G1096 (sorbitol-ethylene oxide condensate), a product of the Atlas Powder Company, the mixture heated to about 130 F., and then poured slowly into 488 parts of water at 130 F. to form an aqueous emulsion.
- Atlox G1096 sorbitol-ethylene oxide condensate
- ketene dimer emulsion A portion of the ketene dimer emulsion was mixed with Arquad 2C (dicocodimethyl ammonium chloride), a commercial product of Armour and Co., which had been diluted with water, and the mixture of ketene dimer emulsion and Arquad 2C added to an unbleached kraft pulp, the proportions of ingredients being such as to provide 0.2% of the ketene dimer based on the pulp and 0.04% of dicocodimethyl ammonium chloride based on the pulp.
- the unbleached kraft pulp had been beaten to 750 SR freeness and then diluted in the proportioner of a Noble and Wood handsheet machine to a concentration of 0.25%.
- One thousand parts of the thus-treated pulp were diluted to 10,000 parts in the deckle box of the handsheet machine and then formed into 8 x 8 handsheets having a basis weight of 40 lb. (24 x 36--500).
- a series of 12 sheets was made in this manner and with the exception of the first sheet, each successive sheet was diluted with white water drained away from the preceding sheet.
- Example 2-5 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that the amount of quaternary ammonium salt was varied.
- Example 6-10 The procedure of Example 1 was followed except that varying amounts of Triton X-400 (stearyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) were substituted for the Arquad 2C.
- Triton X-400 is a quaternary ammonium salt sold by Rohm & Haas Company. The results are set forth in Table 11 below.
- Sheets were prepared and tested in the same manner as those in Examples 6-10 except that the amount of Triton X-400 was so small as to have little or no beneficial effect on sizing.
- the maximum sizing obtained was with sheet 11 which was sized to the extent of about 100 seconds.
- EXAMPLE 11 This example is based on data obtained from actual mill tests utilizing Weyerhaeuser bleached kraft pulp.
- An aqueous nonionic emulsion of alkylketene dimer containing a known amount of oil soluble red dye was added to the paper machine chest at the rate of 12 pounds per ton of dry fiber.
- a sheet having a basis weight of 40 pounds was made in the usual manner.
- a second test was conducted in which an aqueous nonionic emulsion of alkylketene dimer containing a known amount of oil soluble red dye was added to the machine chest at the rate of pounds per ton of dry fiber and Arquad 20 was added at the fan pump at the rate of 2 pounds per ton of dry pulp. In this case the paper was made in the usual manner at pH 5.
- the amounts of ketene dimer retained by the sheets in each case were then determined by extracting the sheets with solvent to remove the dye and then comparing spectrophotometrically the dye in the extract with the dye in solutions of known concentration. The results obtained showed that the retention of ketene dimer in the second test was more than twice that in the first test.
- R is a hydrocarbon radical, such as alkyl having at least 8 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl having at least 6 carbon atoms, aryl,varalkyl .and alkaryl.
- R is a hydrocarbon radical, such as alkyl having at least 8 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl having at least 6 carbon atoms, aryl,varalkyl .and alkaryl.
- R is a hydrocarbon radical, such as alkyl having at least 8 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl having at least 6 carbon atoms, aryl,varalkyl .and alkaryl.
- R is a hydrocarbon radical, such as alkyl having at least 8 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl having at least 6 carbon atoms, aryl,varalkyl .and alkaryl.
- ketene dimers whose emulsions may be used in the process of the instant invention include octyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl, eicosyl, docosyl, tetracosyl, phenyl, benzyl, fl-naphthyl and cyclohexyl ketene dimers, as well as the ketene dimers prepared from montanic acid, naphthenic acid, A -decylenic acid, A -dodecylenic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, ricinoleic acid, petroselinic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, eleostearc acid, licanic acid, pa-
- Aqueous emulsions of alkylketene dimers suitable for use in the process of the present invention are fully described in US. Patent No. 2,627,477 to William Downey. However, particularly preferred are those emulsions which are prepared using a nonionic emulsifier.
- those nonionic emulsifiers which have been found to be particularly useful include polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate, sold by the Atlas Powder Company under the name Tween polyoxyethylene sorbitol hexaoleate, sold by the Atlas Powder Company under the trade name Atlox 1086; polyoxyethylene sorbitol laurate, sold by the Atlas Powder Company under the trade name Atlox 1045; and polyoxyethylene sorbitol oleate-laurate, sold by the Atlas Powder Company under the trade name Atlox 1045A.
- the aqueous emulsions and/or suspensions are added to the paper pulp in amounts such as to produce a concentration of the ketene dimer in the aqueous pulp suspension of from about 0.01% to about 1% by weight based on the weight of dry pulp.
- the preferred concentration is from about 0.1% to about 0.5 by weight based on the weight of dry pulp.
- Any of the cationic water-soluble or water-dispersible quaternary ammonium salts may be utilized in the process of the present invention.
- Preferred compounds of this class are those having the following formulas:
- R is a small alkyl radical having from about 1 to 4 carbon atoms and R and R are selected from the group consisting of larger alkyl radicals having from about 10 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl, aralkyl and alkaryl radicals. Particularly preferred are the compounds represented by Formula 2.
- Typical compounds of this type are: (a) Arquad 2C in which R is methyl and R R is a mixture of alkyl groups obtained from the acids of coconut oil and contain predominantly dodecyl, tetradecyl and hexadecyl groups, and (b) Triton X- 400 in which R is octadecyl, R is benzyl and R is methyl.
- water-soluble or waterdispersible quaternary ammonium salts which may be used are dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, dioctadecyl methyl ethyl ammonium chloride, dioctadecyl diethyl ammonium chloride, dioctadecyl propyl methyl ammonium chloride, dioctadecyl propyl ethyl ammonium chloride, dioctadecyl dipropyl ammonium chloride, dihexadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, dihexadecyl methyl ethyl ammonium chloride, dihexadecyl diethyl ammonium chloride, dihexadecyl propyl methyl ammonium chloride, dihexadecyl propyl ethyl ammonium chloride, dihexadecyl dipropyl ammonium chlor
- benzyl octadecyl propyl ethyl ammonium chloride benzyl octadecyl dipropyl ammonium chloride, phenyl octadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, phenyl octadecyl methyl ethyl ammonium chloride, phenyl octadecyl diethyl ammonium chloride, phenyl octadecyl propyl methyl ammonium chloride, phenyl octadecyl propyl ethyl ammonium chloride, phenyl octadecyl clipropyl ammonium chloride, phenyl ethyl octadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, phenyl ethyl octadecyl methyl ethyl ammonium chloride, phenyl
- the aqueous pulp suspension to which the ketene dimer emulsion and quaternary ammonium salt are added contains a small amount, i.e., from about 0.2% to about 4% by weight based on the weight of pulp, of an acid salt.
- the invention contemplates the prior addition to the aqueous pulp suspension of from about 0.2% to about 4%, and preferably from about 0.5% to about 2%, based on the weight of pulp, of an acid salt.
- Alum is particularly preferred for this purpose although other acid salts such as ferric chloride, titanium tetrachloride, zirconium sulfate and the like may be used.
- mixtures and/or additives herein disclosed may be used in combination with various additives conventionally used in papermaking such as wet-strength resins, fillers and pigments, adhesives and the like.
- R is an alkyl group having from about 1 to 4 carbon atoms and R and R are selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals having from about 10 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl, aralkyl and alkaryl.
Description
METHOD 9F SIZlNG PAPER Cyrus A. Weisgerher, Chadds Ford, Pa., and James W. Davis, Wilmington, Del., assignors to Hercules Powder Company, Wilmington, Del., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Filed Feb. 27, 1957, Ser. No. 642,650
3 Claims. (Cl. 162158) This invention relates to improvements in the internal sizing of paper with aqueous ketene dimer emulsions.
It is known that ketene dimers are effective sizing agents for paper. These materials, as such, are insoluble in water and, in order to facilitate their use in the paper industry, they have been mixed with emulsifying agents which make them readily dispersible in water for the formation of aqueous emulsions. These emulsions, however, are usually nonionic and when used for the internal sizing of paper, the retention of the ketene dimer by the cellulose fibers is not complete, with the result that some of the material goes to waste with the discarded white water.
A principal object of the present invention is the provision of a process for the internal sizing of paper with aqueous emulsions of ketene dimers wherein improved retention of the ketene dimer by the paper fibers is obtained with resultant economies in operation.
In accordance with the invention, it has been found that in the internal sizing of paper with ketene dimers, wherein an aqueous emulsion of ketene dimer is added to a dilute aqueous pulp suspension and the pulp then sheeted and dried, improved retention of the dimer by the paper fibers may be obtained by incorporating in the aqueous pulp suspension from about 0.01% to about 1%, and preferably from about 0.04% to about 0.1% by weight, based on the weight of pulp, of a water-dispersible quaternary ammonium salt. By virtue of this increased retention, it is possible to obtain a greater degree of sizing with the same concentration of ketene dimer or an equivalent degree of sizing utilizing a smaller concentration of ketene dimer. Moreover, a smaller amount of ketent dimer is lost with the discarded white water.
In a preferred procedure for carrying out the invention, the aqueous emulsion of ketene dimer containing the quaternary ammonium salt admixed therewith, is added to an aqueous pulp suspension, as in the beater of a papermaking system and the pulp then formed into sheets or webs in the conventional manner. Optimum results are obtained if, during sheet formation, the aqueous suspension is maintained at a pH within the range from about 4.5 to about 8 and preferably within the range from about 4.5 to about 5.5.
The quaternary ammonium salt is preferably added to the aqueous emulsion of ketene dimer in the form of an aqueous solution or dispersion and just prior to the introduction of same into the aqueous suspension of papermaking fibers. The addition should, of course, be accompanied with sufficient agitation or stirring to insure thorough admixture of the salt solution or dispersion with the aqueous emulsion.
While it is preferred, as indicated, to add the aqueous emulsion of ketene dimer and quaternary ammonium salt to the aqueous suspension of pulp in admixture with each other, it is also possible to add the two separately. Thus, the quaternary ammonium salt, preferably in the form of an aqueous solution or dispersion, may be added before, after or along with the aqueous ketene dimer emulsion.
Patented May 30, 1961 1 ice As in the case of the preferred procedure, optimum results are obtained if the pH of the aqueous pulp suspension is maintained within the indicated range.
Some sizing of the paper by the ketene dimer will usually be developed during drying of the paper web in accordance with conventional drying procedures utilized in the art. If desired, the sheet may be cured by heating to a relatively elevated temperature, say about C., for a short period of time such as about 10 or 15 minutes. However, this is not necessary as adequate sizing develops on mere standing or storage at room temperature for a day or two.
Having described the invention generally, the following examples are given in illustration but not in limitation of the invention. All parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise specified.
EXAMPLE 1 Ten parts of alkylketene dimer, prepared from a mixture of approximately equal parts of stearic and oleic acids by forming the acid chlorides thereof and then reacting the acid chlorides with a tertiary amine, were mixed with 2 parts of Atlox G1096 (sorbitol-ethylene oxide condensate), a product of the Atlas Powder Company, the mixture heated to about 130 F., and then poured slowly into 488 parts of water at 130 F. to form an aqueous emulsion.
A portion of the ketene dimer emulsion was mixed with Arquad 2C (dicocodimethyl ammonium chloride), a commercial product of Armour and Co., which had been diluted with water, and the mixture of ketene dimer emulsion and Arquad 2C added to an unbleached kraft pulp, the proportions of ingredients being such as to provide 0.2% of the ketene dimer based on the pulp and 0.04% of dicocodimethyl ammonium chloride based on the pulp. The unbleached kraft pulp had been beaten to 750 SR freeness and then diluted in the proportioner of a Noble and Wood handsheet machine to a concentration of 0.25%.
One thousand parts of the thus-treated pulp were diluted to 10,000 parts in the deckle box of the handsheet machine and then formed into 8 x 8 handsheets having a basis weight of 40 lb. (24 x 36--500). A series of 12 sheets was made in this manner and with the exception of the first sheet, each successive sheet was diluted with white water drained away from the preceding sheet.
The sheets were dried on a steam roll and then cured at C. for about 10 minutes and sheets 1, 5, 10, 11 and 12 were tested for sizing by noting the time in seconds for about 50% penetration of a sheet floating on Standard Feather Ink. The sizing in each case was in excess of 600 seconds. Similar tests made on sheets which had been prepared in the same manner except for the dicocodimethyl ammonium chloride gave substantially lower sizing results, thus indicating a lower degree of retention.
EXAMPLES 2-5 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that the amount of quaternary ammonium salt was varied.
The results are set forth in Table I below.
Table I Alkyl- Arquad Sizing Example ketene 20, No. Dimer, Per- Pcrcent Sheet Sheet Sheet Sheet Sheet cent 1 5 10 11 12 Sheets prepared and tested in the same manner except that no Arquad 2C is used gi-ve substantially lower sizing results thus indicating a lower degree of retention.
EXAMPLES 6-10 The procedure of Example 1 was followed except that varying amounts of Triton X-400 (stearyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) were substituted for the Arquad 2C. Triton X-400 is a quaternary ammonium salt sold by Rohm & Haas Company. The results are set forth in Table 11 below.
Sheets were prepared and tested in the same manner as those in Examples 6-10 except that the amount of Triton X-400 was so small as to have little or no beneficial effect on sizing. The maximum sizing obtained was with sheet 11 which was sized to the extent of about 100 seconds.
EXAMPLE 11 This example is based on data obtained from actual mill tests utilizing Weyerhaeuser bleached kraft pulp. An aqueous nonionic emulsion of alkylketene dimer containing a known amount of oil soluble red dye was added to the paper machine chest at the rate of 12 pounds per ton of dry fiber. A sheet having a basis weight of 40 pounds was made in the usual manner. A second test was conducted in which an aqueous nonionic emulsion of alkylketene dimer containing a known amount of oil soluble red dye was added to the machine chest at the rate of pounds per ton of dry fiber and Arquad 20 was added at the fan pump at the rate of 2 pounds per ton of dry pulp. In this case the paper was made in the usual manner at pH 5. I
The amounts of ketene dimer retained by the sheets in each case were then determined by extracting the sheets with solvent to remove the dye and then comparing spectrophotometrically the dye in the extract with the dye in solutions of known concentration. The results obtained showed that the retention of ketene dimer in the second test was more than twice that in the first test.
The ketene dimers which are particularly useful in the process of the present invention are dimers having the formula [RCH=C-=O] .where R is a hydrocarbon radical, such as alkyl having at least 8 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl having at least 6 carbon atoms, aryl,varalkyl .and alkaryl. In naming ketene dimers, the radical R is named followed by ketene dimer. Thus, phenyl ketene dimer is benzyl ketene dimer is:
and decyl ketene dimer is: [C H --CH=C:O] Representative ketene dimers whose emulsions may be used in the process of the instant invention include octyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl, eicosyl, docosyl, tetracosyl, phenyl, benzyl, fl-naphthyl and cyclohexyl ketene dimers, as well as the ketene dimers prepared from montanic acid, naphthenic acid, A -decylenic acid, A -dodecylenic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, ricinoleic acid, petroselinic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, eleostearc acid, licanic acid, pa- Iinaric acid, tariric acid, gadoleic acid, arachidonic acid, cetoleic acid, erucic acid and selacholeic acid, as well as ketene dimers prepared from naturally occurring mixtures of fatty acids, such as those mixtures found in coconut oil, babassu oil, palm kernel oil, palm oil, olive oil, peanut oil, rape oil, beef tallow, lard (leaf) and whale blubber. Mixtures of any of the above-named fatty acids with each other may also be used.
Aqueous emulsions of alkylketene dimers suitable for use in the process of the present invention are fully described in US. Patent No. 2,627,477 to William Downey. However, particularly preferred are those emulsions which are prepared using a nonionic emulsifier. In addition to the nonionic emulsifiers specifically disclosed by Downey, those nonionic emulsifiers which have been found to be particularly useful include polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate, sold by the Atlas Powder Company under the name Tween polyoxyethylene sorbitol hexaoleate, sold by the Atlas Powder Company under the trade name Atlox 1086; polyoxyethylene sorbitol laurate, sold by the Atlas Powder Company under the trade name Atlox 1045; and polyoxyethylene sorbitol oleate-laurate, sold by the Atlas Powder Company under the trade name Atlox 1045A.
The aqueous emulsions and/or suspensions are added to the paper pulp in amounts such as to produce a concentration of the ketene dimer in the aqueous pulp suspension of from about 0.01% to about 1% by weight based on the weight of dry pulp. The preferred concentration is from about 0.1% to about 0.5 by weight based on the weight of dry pulp.
Any of the cationic water-soluble or water-dispersible quaternary ammonium salts may be utilized in the process of the present invention. Preferred compounds of this class are those having the following formulas:
where X is halogen, R is a small alkyl radical having from about 1 to 4 carbon atoms and R and R are selected from the group consisting of larger alkyl radicals having from about 10 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl, aralkyl and alkaryl radicals. Particularly preferred are the compounds represented by Formula 2. Typical compounds of this type are: (a) Arquad 2C in which R is methyl and R R is a mixture of alkyl groups obtained from the acids of coconut oil and contain predominantly dodecyl, tetradecyl and hexadecyl groups, and (b) Triton X- 400 in which R is octadecyl, R is benzyl and R is methyl. Representative of other water-soluble or waterdispersible quaternary ammonium salts which may be used are dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, dioctadecyl methyl ethyl ammonium chloride, dioctadecyl diethyl ammonium chloride, dioctadecyl propyl methyl ammonium chloride, dioctadecyl propyl ethyl ammonium chloride, dioctadecyl dipropyl ammonium chloride, dihexadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, dihexadecyl methyl ethyl ammonium chloride, dihexadecyl diethyl ammonium chloride, dihexadecyl propyl methyl ammonium chloride, dihexadecyl propyl ethyl ammonium chloride, dihexadecyl dipropyl ammonium chloride, ditetradecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, ditetradecyl methyl ethyl ammonium chloride, ditetradecyl diethyl ammonium chloride, dietetradecyl propyl methyl ammonium chloride, ditetradecyl propyl ethyl ammonium chloride, ditetradecyl dipropyl ammonium chloride, didodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, didodecyl methyl ethyl ammonium chloride, didodecyl diethyl ammonium chloride, didodecyl propyl methyl ammonium chloride, didodecyl propyl ethyl ammonium chloride, didodecyl dipropyl ammonium chloride, benzyl octadecyl dimethyl ammoniurn chloride, benzyl octadecyl methyl ethyl ammonium chloride, benzyl octadecyl diethyl ammonium chloride, benzyl octadecyl propyl methyl ammonium chloride,
benzyl octadecyl propyl ethyl ammonium chloride, benzyl octadecyl dipropyl ammonium chloride, phenyl octadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, phenyl octadecyl methyl ethyl ammonium chloride, phenyl octadecyl diethyl ammonium chloride, phenyl octadecyl propyl methyl ammonium chloride, phenyl octadecyl propyl ethyl ammonium chloride, phenyl octadecyl clipropyl ammonium chloride, phenyl ethyl octadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, phenyl ethyl octadecyl methyl ethyl ammonium chloride, phenyl ethyl octadecyl diethyl ammonium chloride, phenyl ethyl octadecyl propyl methyl ammonium chloride, phenyl ethyl octadecyl propyl ethyl ammonium chloride, phenyl ethyl octadecyl dipropyl ammonium chloride, benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, cyclohexyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and phenyl trimethyl ammonium chloride.
In the practice of the invention, still further improvements in retention and sizing may be obtained if the aqueous pulp suspension to which the ketene dimer emulsion and quaternary ammonium salt are added contains a small amount, i.e., from about 0.2% to about 4% by weight based on the weight of pulp, of an acid salt. The invention, therefore, contemplates the prior addition to the aqueous pulp suspension of from about 0.2% to about 4%, and preferably from about 0.5% to about 2%, based on the weight of pulp, of an acid salt. Alum is particularly preferred for this purpose although other acid salts such as ferric chloride, titanium tetrachloride, zirconium sulfate and the like may be used.
The mixtures and/or additives herein disclosed may be used in combination with various additives conventionally used in papermaking such as wet-strength resins, fillers and pigments, adhesives and the like.
It will thus be seen that the process of the present invention provides improvements in the internal sizing of paper with aqueous ketene dimer emulsions. While preferred embodiments of the invention have been disclosed, the invention is not to be construed as limited by the specific details described except as they may be included in the following claims.
What we claim and desire to protect by Letters Patent is:
1. The process of sizing paper which comprises forming an aqueous suspension of paper pulp, admixing with th aqueous suspension of paper pulp a preformed aqueou ketene dimer emulsion to which has been added after formation of the emulsion a cationic water-dispersible quaternary ammonium salt, the aqueous ketene dimer emulsion being added in an amount such that the concentration of ketene dimer in the aqueous suspension of paper pulp is from about 0.01% to about 1% based on the dry weight of pulp, the concentration of quaternary ammonium salt in the aqueous pulp suspension being from about 0.01% to about 1% based on the dry weight of pulp, the ketene dimer having the formula [RCH=C=O] where R is a hydrocarbon radical selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups having at least 8 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl having at least 6 carbon atoms, aryl, aralkyl and alkaryl groups, and the quaternary ammonium salt being selected from those having the following formulas:
where X is halogen, R is an alkyl group having from about 1 to 4 carbon atoms and R and R are selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals having from about 10 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl, aralkyl and alkaryl.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein from about 0.2% to about 4% by weight, based on the weight of pulp, of an acid salt is added to the aqueous suspension of paper pulp prior to the addition thereto of the alkylketene dimer emulsion and the quaternary ammonium salt.
3. The process of claim 2 wherein the acid salt is alum.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,433,802 West Dec. 30, 1947 2,654,729 Price Oct. 6, 1953 2,765,228 Jordon Oct. 2, 1956 2,785,067 Osberg Mar. 12, 1957 2,838,397 Gruntfest et al June 10, 1958 OTHER REFERENCES Zimmerman and Lavine: Handbook of Material Trade Names, Industrial Research Service, Dover, NH. (1953), pages and 66 relied on.
Claims (1)
1. THE PROCESS OF SIZING PAPER WHICH COMPRISES FORMING AN AQUEOUS SUSPENSION OF PAPER PULP, ADMIXING WITH THE AQUEOUS SUSPENSION OF PAPER PULP A PREFORMED AQUEOUS KETENE DIMER EMULSION TO WHICH HAS BEEN ADDED AFTER FORMATION OF THE EMULSION A CATIONIC WATER-DISPERSIBLE QUARTERNARY AMMONIUM SALT, THE AQUEOUS KETENE DIMER EMULSION BEING ADDED IN AN AMOUNT SUCH THAT THE CONCENTRATION OF KETENE DIMER IN THE AQUEOUS SUSPENSION OF PAPER PULP IS FROM ABOUT 0.01% TO ABOUT 1% BASED ON THE DRY WEIGHT OF PULP, THE CONCENTRATION OF QUARTERNARY AMMONIUM SALT IN THE AQUEOUS PULP SUSPENSION BEING FROM ABOUT 0.01% TO ABOUT 1% BASED ON THE DRY WEIGHT OF PULP, THE KETENE DIMER HAVING THE FORMULA (RCH=C=O)2 WHERE R IS A HYDROCARBON RADICAL SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF ALKYL GROUPS HAVING AT LEAST 8 CARBON ATOMS, CYCLOALKYL HAVING AT LEAST 6 CARBON ATAOMS, ARYL, ARALKYL AND ALKARYL GROUPS, AND THE QUARTERNARY AMMONIUM SALT BEING SELECTED FROM THOSE HAVING THE FOLLOWING FORMULAS:
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US642650A US2986488A (en) | 1957-02-27 | 1957-02-27 | Method of sizing paper |
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US642650A Expired - Lifetime US2986488A (en) | 1957-02-27 | 1957-02-27 | Method of sizing paper |
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US (1) | US2986488A (en) |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5458737A (en) * | 1993-07-27 | 1995-10-17 | Hoechst Celanese Corporation | Quaternary compounds as brightness enhancers |
US5560805A (en) * | 1993-07-27 | 1996-10-01 | Hoechst Celanese Corporation | Enhanced decolorization of waste paper with selected amines |
US5580422A (en) * | 1993-07-27 | 1996-12-03 | Hoechst Celanese Corporation | Brightening color dyed wastepaper with a bleaching agent and a quaternary compound |
US6027611A (en) * | 1996-04-26 | 2000-02-22 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Facial tissue with reduced moisture penetration |
US6165259A (en) * | 1997-02-05 | 2000-12-26 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Aqueous dispersions of hydrophobic material |
US20050112335A1 (en) * | 2003-11-26 | 2005-05-26 | M. Kaindl | Antistatic paper and panel |
US20070277949A1 (en) * | 2006-06-01 | 2007-12-06 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Sizing of paper |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2433802A (en) * | 1943-02-12 | 1947-12-30 | American Cyanamid Co | Quaternary ammonium salts of melamine-formaldehyde condensation products |
US2654729A (en) * | 1952-07-28 | 1953-10-06 | American Cyanamid Co | Polymerizable compositions comprising an unsaturated quaternary ammonium compound and polymerization products thereof |
US2765228A (en) * | 1955-03-03 | 1956-10-02 | Rohm & Haas | Cellulosic fibrous products and methods of producing them |
US2785067A (en) * | 1954-04-15 | 1957-03-12 | Hercules Powder Co Ltd | Beater sizing of paper with ketene dimers |
US2838397A (en) * | 1956-04-10 | 1958-06-10 | Rohm & Haas | Process for the preparation of mineralfilled papers |
-
1957
- 1957-02-27 US US642650A patent/US2986488A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2433802A (en) * | 1943-02-12 | 1947-12-30 | American Cyanamid Co | Quaternary ammonium salts of melamine-formaldehyde condensation products |
US2654729A (en) * | 1952-07-28 | 1953-10-06 | American Cyanamid Co | Polymerizable compositions comprising an unsaturated quaternary ammonium compound and polymerization products thereof |
US2785067A (en) * | 1954-04-15 | 1957-03-12 | Hercules Powder Co Ltd | Beater sizing of paper with ketene dimers |
US2765228A (en) * | 1955-03-03 | 1956-10-02 | Rohm & Haas | Cellulosic fibrous products and methods of producing them |
US2838397A (en) * | 1956-04-10 | 1958-06-10 | Rohm & Haas | Process for the preparation of mineralfilled papers |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5458737A (en) * | 1993-07-27 | 1995-10-17 | Hoechst Celanese Corporation | Quaternary compounds as brightness enhancers |
US5560805A (en) * | 1993-07-27 | 1996-10-01 | Hoechst Celanese Corporation | Enhanced decolorization of waste paper with selected amines |
US5580422A (en) * | 1993-07-27 | 1996-12-03 | Hoechst Celanese Corporation | Brightening color dyed wastepaper with a bleaching agent and a quaternary compound |
US6027611A (en) * | 1996-04-26 | 2000-02-22 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Facial tissue with reduced moisture penetration |
US6165259A (en) * | 1997-02-05 | 2000-12-26 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Aqueous dispersions of hydrophobic material |
US20050112335A1 (en) * | 2003-11-26 | 2005-05-26 | M. Kaindl | Antistatic paper and panel |
US20070269640A1 (en) * | 2003-11-26 | 2007-11-22 | M. Kaindl | Antistatic Paper And Panel |
US20070277949A1 (en) * | 2006-06-01 | 2007-12-06 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Sizing of paper |
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