US3003351A - Non destructive process for ascertaining the tensile strength of grey iron castings - Google Patents
Non destructive process for ascertaining the tensile strength of grey iron castings Download PDFInfo
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- US3003351A US3003351A US677421A US67742157A US3003351A US 3003351 A US3003351 A US 3003351A US 677421 A US677421 A US 677421A US 67742157 A US67742157 A US 67742157A US 3003351 A US3003351 A US 3003351A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
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- Tensile strength is one of the most important properties of castings as it is the basis for designing the dimensions of the same. In the case of grey iron castings the tensile strength does not only depend on the chemical composition but also largely on the wall thickness and the cooling conditions. It is therefore extremely ditdcult' to ascertain the tensile strength of grey iron castings at certain areas of the respective pieces.
- Colland has developed a new process for finding out the tensile strength of a casting in an indirect manner.
- a test bar of about 30 mm. in diameter is cast out of the same charge from which the casting is to be made. This test bar is used to ascertain the tensile strength of the casting by standard pulling methods. Because of the varying wall thickness of grey iron castings the value obtained on the test bar is not identical with that of the casting itself. Colland requires that in addition the Brinell hardness of the casting area and the test bar be ascertained.
- the tensile strength at the respective area of the casting may then be calculated according to the following formula:
- TS tensile strength at the area in question of the casting.
- TS tensile strength of the separately cast test bar.
- HB Brinell hardness of the casting at the point in question.
- HB Brinell hardness of the test bar separately cast.
- the present invention provides a simple and exact oper. ating method for ascertaining tensile strength of grey iron castings-
- the vertical leg of the graph is a projection of the tensile strength of the same test bars as determined by pulling them in a standard tensile testing machine.
- the straight line indicates the relationship between the variables on the horizontal and vertical lines of the graph.
- the invention it has been found that there exists a certain relationship between the speed of ultrasonic impulses through grey iron castings and the tensile strength existing at the same area of the casting. Therefore the determination of the speed of the ultra-sonic impulses in the part of the casting being tested for tensile strength can be easily read from an empirically arranged graph which will have been established for solidified grey iron castings whose metal was melted in the same type of melting equipment. The invention will determine the tensile strength values ranging between 12 and 32 kilograms per square millimeter.
- the invention employs a standard ultra-sonic impulse instrument, such as a Sperry refiectoscope, which is usually employed for ascertaining flaws in metals.
- This instrument is additionally provided with a device for measuring the wall thickness of metal and which has been calibrated to the speed of ultrasonic impulses in steel. The speed of ultrasonic impulses in steel is used as a constant.
- the wall thickness of the grey iron casting under investigation is ascertained at the area selected.
- the thickness so determined does not agree with the actual wall thickness of a grey iron casting at the selected area as the instrument used is calibrated for steel whereas grey iron castings have a different ultra-sonic impulse speed.
- the wall thickness ascertained in this manner is therefore designated as apparent wall thickness.
- the real wall thickness of the area in question of the grey iron castings is determined mechanically for instance by means of a calipers.
- the relationship of the speed of ultra-sonic impulses in the grey iron casting being tested and the speed of ultra-sonic impulses in steel equals the relationship between the actual thickness of such grey iron casting as determined by calipers or other mechanical means and the apparent thickness of such casting as determined by the speed of the ultrasonic impulses in such casting as measured by an instrument calibrated for the speed of ultra-sonic impulses in steel. This relationship may be expressed by the following formula:
- test bars were cut out and 3 their tensile strength measured.
- the test bars used in this connection had the following chemical composition:
- the tensile strength of cast iron does not only depend on the carbon content but also on the content of the silicon and the phosphorus.
- the influence of these three elements is ascertained by way of the so-called saturation or carbon equivalent value which is computed according to the'following formula:
- the relation of the tensile strength 7 to the relative speed of the ultra-sonic impulse can be shown as a straight line as indicated on the graph. This is thenused as a determination for future measurements of tensile strength.
- the straight line corresponds to the following equation:
- test bars used for this purpose were produced under utterly difierent conditions from those which had been employed for establishing the straight line of the graph. For example, some of the test bars were cast in shell moulds and the following table shows the relationship of the tensiles obtained:
- a non-destructive testing method for determining the tensile strength of a grey iron casting which comprises the steps of subjecting a plurality of grey iron test castings of varying chemical composition to ultrasonic impulses induced by a machine calibrated for steel to determine the apparent thickness of each of said castings, rupturing each of said test castings to determine the tensile strength of each, producing a graph by plotting the quotient obtained by dividing the actual thickness of each of said test castings as determined by mechanical means by the respective apparent thickness of said castings against thetensile strength thereof and thereafter drawing a substantially straight line through the plotted points, and subjecting a grey iron casting of unknown tensile strength to ultrasonic impulses inducedby a machine calibrated for steel to determine the apparent thickness of said casting, said apparent thickness being divided into the actual thickness of said casting and the resulting quotient located on said graph to establish the tensile strength of said casting.
- a non-destructive method for determining the tensile strength of a grey iron casting which comprises the steps of subjecting a series of grey iron test specimens of varying chemical composition and of known Wall thicknesses to ultrasonic impuises to determine the velocity of propagation of said impulses through each of said specimens, rupturing each of said grey iron test speci mens to ascertain the tensile strength thereof, producing a graph by plotting the quotients obtained by dividing the velocity of propagation of said impulses through each of said grey iron test specimens by the velocity of propagation of ultrasonic impulses through a steel test specimen having an actual wall thickness equal to that of the correspinding grey iron 'test specimens against the tensile strength of the respective grey iron test specimens and in the material.
- -A non-destructive testing method for determining the tensile strength of a grey iron casting in any given area which comprises the steps of subjecting a series of grey iron test castings of varying chemical composition to ultrasonic impulses induced by a machine calibrated to a constant to determine the apparent thickness of each of said castings, rupturing each of said grey iron test castings to-determinethe tensile strength of'each, producing an empi ical relationship between the tensile strength of said test castings and the quotient obtained by dividing the actual thickness of each of said test castings as determined by mechanical means by the apparent thickness of said castings, and subjecting a given area of a grey iron casting of unknown tensile strength to ultrasonic impulses induced by a machine calibrated to a constant to determine the apparent thickness of said area of said casting, the actual thickness of Said area then being divided by the apparent thickness and the resultant quotient employed in the previously determined empirical relationship to determine the tensile strength of the said area of the casting
Description
nos
R. ZIEGLER EIAI. 3,003,351
moms FOR ASCEHAINDI; ms
51mm}! 0? GREY IRON CASTIIGS Filed Aug. 12, 1%?
o MEAN VALUE FROM 2 MEASUREMENTS 0 SINGLE MEASUREMENT Veg .74 -5 19 oao 132v? WENTORS ROLF ZIEGLER RICHARD GERSTNER flunk, 9M 3% A TTORNEYS United States Patent Ofiice 3,003,351 Patented Oct. 10, 1961 NON DESTRUCTIVE PROCESS FOR ASCERTAIN- ING THE TENSILE STRENGTH F GREY IRON CASTINGS Rolf Ziegler and Richard Gerstner, both of Parkstrasse 21,
Leoben, Styria, Austria Filed Aug. 12, 1957, Ser. No. 677,421
- 3 Claims. (Cl. 73-675) Tensile strength is one of the most important properties of castings as it is the basis for designing the dimensions of the same. In the case of grey iron castings the tensile strength does not only depend on the chemical composition but also largely on the wall thickness and the cooling conditions. It is therefore extremely ditdcult' to ascertain the tensile strength of grey iron castings at certain areas of the respective pieces.
For verifying the tensile strength of grey iron castings it is therefore not suflicient in general to ascertain the strength on separately cast test bars but it would be necessary to cut out from a casting itself at the area where the strength is to be measured a test bar which can be ruptured by well known test bar pulling devices. This method is complicated, costly and time-wasting as it causes considerable expense in the workshop and besides entails destruction of the casting.
Colland has developed a new process for finding out the tensile strength of a casting in an indirect manner. According to the Colland process a test bar of about 30 mm. in diameter is cast out of the same charge from which the casting is to be made. This test bar is used to ascertain the tensile strength of the casting by standard pulling methods. Because of the varying wall thickness of grey iron castings the value obtained on the test bar is not identical with that of the casting itself. Colland requires that in addition the Brinell hardness of the casting area and the test bar be ascertained. The tensile strength at the respective area of the casting may then be calculated according to the following formula:
TS =tensile strength at the area in question of the casting.
TS =tensile strength of the separately cast test bar.
HB =Brinell hardness of the casting at the point in question.
HB =Brinell hardness of the test bar separately cast.
The advantage of this method is that the casting need not be destroyed. It presupposes however that the casting is perfectly faultless at the area in question and that it does not have at such area segregations, piping, blisters and other faults due to inhomogeneousness. Besides this method is also intricate and time-wasting. Finally it is diflicult in some cases to measure the Brinell hardness on the castings themselves unless special presses are available for this purpose.
The evaluation of the tensile strength of the casting from the chemical composition and the wall thickness by means of suitable graphs can onlyv yield approximate figures and will never provide exact measurements.
The uncertainty of the true tensile strength of castings due to the difficulties described above results in castings which are in many cases designed overstrength, thus increasing the costs considerably and unnecessarily.
The present invention provides a simple and exact oper. ating method for ascertaining tensile strength of grey iron castings- In the single figure of the drawing there is shown a graph on the horizontal leg of which is shown the projection of results obtained from first measuring the actual thickness of a plurality of test bars by mechanical means and dividing such thickness by the apparent thickness as indicated by the speed of an ultra-sonic impulse. The vertical leg of the graph is a projection of the tensile strength of the same test bars as determined by pulling them in a standard tensile testing machine. The straight line indicates the relationship between the variables on the horizontal and vertical lines of the graph.
According to the invention it has been found that there exists a certain relationship between the speed of ultrasonic impulses through grey iron castings and the tensile strength existing at the same area of the casting. Therefore the determination of the speed of the ultra-sonic impulses in the part of the casting being tested for tensile strength can be easily read from an empirically arranged graph which will have been established for solidified grey iron castings whose metal was melted in the same type of melting equipment. The invention will determine the tensile strength values ranging between 12 and 32 kilograms per square millimeter.
It is not absolutely necessary to measure the absolute value of the ultra-sonic impulses. Usually it is sufiicient to ascertain simply the relationship between the sound speed of the ultra-sonic impulses through the casting to be tested and the speed of the ultra-sonic impulses in steel.
By way of example of such a process for determining the tensile strength of grey iron castings there is now described in detail a method which has been developed on the basis of a great number of experiments.
The invention employs a standard ultra-sonic impulse instrument, such as a Sperry refiectoscope, which is usually employed for ascertaining flaws in metals. This instrument is additionally provided with a device for measuring the wall thickness of metal and which has been calibrated to the speed of ultrasonic impulses in steel. The speed of ultrasonic impulses in steel is used as a constant.
By means of this device for measuring the wall thickness the wall thickness of the grey iron casting under investigation is ascertained at the area selected. However the thickness so determined does not agree with the actual wall thickness of a grey iron casting at the selected area as the instrument used is calibrated for steel whereas grey iron castings have a different ultra-sonic impulse speed. The wall thickness ascertained in this manner is therefore designated as apparent wall thickness. At the same time the real wall thickness of the area in question of the grey iron castings is determined mechanically for instance by means of a calipers. The relationship of the speed of ultra-sonic impulses in the grey iron casting being tested and the speed of ultra-sonic impulses in steel equals the relationship between the actual thickness of such grey iron casting as determined by calipers or other mechanical means and the apparent thickness of such casting as determined by the speed of the ultrasonic impulses in such casting as measured by an instrument calibrated for the speed of ultra-sonic impulses in steel. This relationship may be expressed by the following formula:
Gg real s:
apparent.
51: whereupon at the same areas test bars were cut out and 3 their tensile strength measured. The test bars used in this connection had the following chemical composition:
The tensile strength of cast iron does not only depend on the carbon content but also on the content of the silicon and the phosphorus. The influence of these three elements is ascertained by way of the so-called saturation or carbon equivalent value which is computed according to the'following formula:
We have used the above formula wherein S stands for the saturation value for calculating the saturation values of the given bars as follows:
Bar No.: 7 Saturation value 1103 0.81 1104 0.88 1105 0.89 .1106 0.93 .1158 0.92 1176 0.97 1196 1.05 1197 1.00'
shown in the drawing. The relation of the tensile strength 7 to the relative speed of the ultra-sonic impulse can be shown as a straight line as indicated on the graph. This is thenused as a determination for future measurements of tensile strength. The straight line corresponds to the following equation:
' TS :tensile strength in lip/mm.
j =.relative speed of ultra-sonic impulses as described "at b 7 The deviation of the individual points from the straight line drawn is found to be reasonable and results from segr'egations and other faults of homogeneity deficiency The test bars used for this purpose were produced under utterly difierent conditions from those which had been employed for establishing the straight line of the graph. For example, some of the test bars were cast in shell moulds and the following table shows the relationship of the tensiles obtained:
Tensile Strength Tensile Strength measured by ascertained by Deviations, means of rupture means of ultralip/mm. test, kp./nm1.= sound implement, a
' kpJmrn.
It appears that the deviations are within the domain of i2kp./mm.
Various embodiments of the invention may be employed within the scope of the accompanying claims.
What is claimed is I 1. A non-destructive testing method for determining the tensile strength of a grey iron casting, which comprises the steps of subjecting a plurality of grey iron test castings of varying chemical composition to ultrasonic impulses induced by a machine calibrated for steel to determine the apparent thickness of each of said castings, rupturing each of said test castings to determine the tensile strength of each, producing a graph by plotting the quotient obtained by dividing the actual thickness of each of said test castings as determined by mechanical means by the respective apparent thickness of said castings against thetensile strength thereof and thereafter drawing a substantially straight line through the plotted points, and subjecting a grey iron casting of unknown tensile strength to ultrasonic impulses inducedby a machine calibrated for steel to determine the apparent thickness of said casting, said apparent thickness being divided into the actual thickness of said casting and the resulting quotient located on said graph to establish the tensile strength of said casting.
2. A non-destructive method for determining the tensile strength of a grey iron casting, which comprises the steps of subjecting a series of grey iron test specimens of varying chemical composition and of known Wall thicknesses to ultrasonic impuises to determine the velocity of propagation of said impulses through each of said specimens, rupturing each of said grey iron test speci mens to ascertain the tensile strength thereof, producing a graph by plotting the quotients obtained by dividing the velocity of propagation of said impulses through each of said grey iron test specimens by the velocity of propagation of ultrasonic impulses through a steel test specimen having an actual wall thickness equal to that of the correspinding grey iron 'test specimens against the tensile strength of the respective grey iron test specimens and in the material. It is known that the results of rupturing tests originating from the same charge and being cast under the same conditions are subject to an error of about plus or minus. 2 kp/mmfi. In the case of the normal means of rupturing test bars irregularities have a greater effect as the volume on which the determination is based is very small. The measurements of the ultra-sonic instrument cover a much greater volume as the probe is large and covers a large area as compared to the wall thickness and the margin of error is reduced.
The straight line of the graph applies to cast ironof standard texture. But cast iron of a difierent textural formation, for instance, thatwith a different graphite arrangement, can be investigated by this method, although a separate graph would have to be developed.
thereafter drawing a substantially straight line through the plotted points, and subjecting a grey iron casting of unknown tensile strength to ultrasonic impulses to' determine the velocity of propagation of said impulses therethrough, said velocity of propagation of said impulses then being divided by the velocity of propagation of ultrasonic impulses through a steel test specimen of the same actual wall thickness and the" quotient obtained being used in connection with said graph to establish the tensile strength of said grey iron casting.
'3. -A non-destructive testing method for determining the tensile strength of a grey iron casting in any given area, which comprises the steps of subjecting a series of grey iron test castings of varying chemical composition to ultrasonic impulses induced by a machine calibrated to a constant to determine the apparent thickness of each of said castings, rupturing each of said grey iron test castings to-determinethe tensile strength of'each, producing an empi ical relationship between the tensile strength of said test castings and the quotient obtained by dividing the actual thickness of each of said test castings as determined by mechanical means by the apparent thickness of said castings, and subjecting a given area of a grey iron casting of unknown tensile strength to ultrasonic impulses induced by a machine calibrated to a constant to determine the apparent thickness of said area of said casting, the actual thickness of Said area then being divided by the apparent thickness and the resultant quotient employed in the previously determined empirical relationship to determine the tensile strength of the said area of the casting.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Gunn Feb. 15, 1949 Arnold Sept. 16, 1958
Claims (1)
- 3. A NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF A GREY IRON CASTING IN ANY GIVEN AREA, WHICH COMPRISES THE STEPS OF SUBJECTING A SERIES OF GREY IRON TEST CASTINGS OF VARYING CHEMICAL COMPOSITION TO ULTRASONIC IMPULSES INDUCED BY A MACHINE CALIBRATED TO A CONSTANT TO DETERMINE THE APPARENT THICKNESS OF EACH OF SAID CASTINGS, RUPTURING EACH OF SAID GREY IRON TEST CASTING TO DETERMINE THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF EACH, PRODUCING AN EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF SAID TEST CASTINGS AND THE QUOTIENT OBTAINED BY DIVIDING THE ACTUAL THICKNESS OF EACH OF SAID TEST CASTINGS AS DETERMINED BY MECHANICAL MEANS BY THE APPARENT THICKNESS OF SAID CASTINGS, AND SUBJECTING A GIVEN AREA OF A GREY IRON INDUCED BY A MACHINE CALIBRATED TO A CONSTANT TO DETERMINE THE APPARENT THICKNESS OF SAID AREA OF SAID CASTING, THE ACTUAL THICKNESS OF SAID AREA THEN BEING DIVIDED BY THE APPARENT THICKNESS AND THE RESULTANT QUOTIENT EMPLOYED IN THE PREVIOUSLY DETERMINED EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIP TO DETERMINE THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF THE SAID AREA OF THE CASTING.
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| US677421A US3003351A (en) | 1957-08-12 | 1957-08-12 | Non destructive process for ascertaining the tensile strength of grey iron castings |
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Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3603136A (en) * | 1969-11-25 | 1971-09-07 | Gen Motors Corp | Ultrasonic measurement of material nodularity |
| US3690155A (en) * | 1970-10-30 | 1972-09-12 | Gen Motors Corp | Apparatus for measuring sound velocity in a workpiece |
| US3844163A (en) * | 1973-04-17 | 1974-10-29 | Automation Ind Inc | Ultrasonic velocity meter |
| US4081994A (en) * | 1975-10-20 | 1978-04-04 | Mitsubishi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Method of tension stress testing of rubber |
| US4398421A (en) * | 1981-12-23 | 1983-08-16 | Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection And Insurance Company | Ultrasonic thickness measuring apparatus and method |
| US4719583A (en) * | 1983-10-21 | 1988-01-12 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Method and apparatus of evaluating mechanical properties of steel |
| US5691481A (en) * | 1994-12-02 | 1997-11-25 | Sintokogio, Ltd. | Method and apparatus for obtaining data on the strain-stress relation of test pieces of green sand molds |
| US20050217388A1 (en) * | 2004-04-02 | 2005-10-06 | Luna Innovations Incorporated | Bond testing system, method, and apparatus |
| FR2872906A1 (en) * | 2004-07-06 | 2006-01-13 | Rincent Btp Services Soc En Co | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR DETERMINING THE BREAKING EFFORT AT THE TRACTION OF AN ELEMENT FIXED TO A SUPPORT |
| US20100005864A1 (en) * | 2007-03-20 | 2010-01-14 | Karel Minnaar | Method To Measure Tearing Resistance |
| US20110046898A1 (en) * | 2009-08-20 | 2011-02-24 | Li Alfred C | Method for determining structural parameters of composite building panels |
| US20110192518A1 (en) * | 2009-08-20 | 2011-08-11 | Alfred Li | Method for determining structural parameters of composite building panels |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2461543A (en) * | 1941-02-01 | 1949-02-15 | Gunn Ross | Apparatus and method for studying wave propagation |
| US2851876A (en) * | 1955-03-11 | 1958-09-16 | James S Arnold | Ultrasonic apparatus for the nondestructive evaluation of structural bonds |
-
1957
- 1957-08-12 US US677421A patent/US3003351A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2461543A (en) * | 1941-02-01 | 1949-02-15 | Gunn Ross | Apparatus and method for studying wave propagation |
| US2851876A (en) * | 1955-03-11 | 1958-09-16 | James S Arnold | Ultrasonic apparatus for the nondestructive evaluation of structural bonds |
Cited By (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3603136A (en) * | 1969-11-25 | 1971-09-07 | Gen Motors Corp | Ultrasonic measurement of material nodularity |
| US3690155A (en) * | 1970-10-30 | 1972-09-12 | Gen Motors Corp | Apparatus for measuring sound velocity in a workpiece |
| US3844163A (en) * | 1973-04-17 | 1974-10-29 | Automation Ind Inc | Ultrasonic velocity meter |
| US4081994A (en) * | 1975-10-20 | 1978-04-04 | Mitsubishi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Method of tension stress testing of rubber |
| US4398421A (en) * | 1981-12-23 | 1983-08-16 | Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection And Insurance Company | Ultrasonic thickness measuring apparatus and method |
| US4719583A (en) * | 1983-10-21 | 1988-01-12 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Method and apparatus of evaluating mechanical properties of steel |
| US5691481A (en) * | 1994-12-02 | 1997-11-25 | Sintokogio, Ltd. | Method and apparatus for obtaining data on the strain-stress relation of test pieces of green sand molds |
| US7017422B2 (en) | 2004-04-02 | 2006-03-28 | Luna Innovations Incorporated | Bond testing system, method, and apparatus |
| US20050217388A1 (en) * | 2004-04-02 | 2005-10-06 | Luna Innovations Incorporated | Bond testing system, method, and apparatus |
| FR2872906A1 (en) * | 2004-07-06 | 2006-01-13 | Rincent Btp Services Soc En Co | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR DETERMINING THE BREAKING EFFORT AT THE TRACTION OF AN ELEMENT FIXED TO A SUPPORT |
| WO2006013280A1 (en) * | 2004-07-06 | 2006-02-09 | Rincent Btp Services | Method and device for determining the tensile breaking strength of an element fixed to a support |
| US20100005864A1 (en) * | 2007-03-20 | 2010-01-14 | Karel Minnaar | Method To Measure Tearing Resistance |
| US8229681B2 (en) * | 2007-03-20 | 2012-07-24 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Method to measure tearing resistance |
| US20110046898A1 (en) * | 2009-08-20 | 2011-02-24 | Li Alfred C | Method for determining structural parameters of composite building panels |
| US20110192518A1 (en) * | 2009-08-20 | 2011-08-11 | Alfred Li | Method for determining structural parameters of composite building panels |
| US8204698B2 (en) | 2009-08-20 | 2012-06-19 | United States Gypsum Company | Method for determining structural parameters of composite building panels |
| US8566041B2 (en) | 2009-08-20 | 2013-10-22 | United States Gypsum Company | Method for determining structural parameters of composite building panels |
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