US3037122A - Multiple photocells - Google Patents

Multiple photocells Download PDF

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US3037122A
US3037122A US10769A US1076960A US3037122A US 3037122 A US3037122 A US 3037122A US 10769 A US10769 A US 10769A US 1076960 A US1076960 A US 1076960A US 3037122 A US3037122 A US 3037122A
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rod
photocells
grooves
photocell
coating
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US10769A
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Fred P Strother
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WEST PONT Manufacturing Co
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WEST PONT Manufacturing Co
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/08—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof in which radiation controls flow of current through the device, e.g. photoresistors

Definitions

  • the principal object of the invention is the provision of multiple photocells of relatively small size suitable for use in automation, data reduction, process control, and the like where operation or control by means of a number of closely spaced photocells may be desirable.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a compact photocell unit made up of a substantial number of closely spaced photocells.
  • a further object includes the provision of a unique and relatively easy method of preparing multiple photocells of the type referred to above.
  • Another object of the invention is the provision of novel means for connecting to the cells. Other objects will also be apparent from the following detailed description of the invention.
  • the method of preparing multiple photocells involves the steps of applying a relatively wide strip coating of photosensitive material along the length of a threaded, or otherwise transversely grooved, dielectric rod or the like; then masking a longitudinal strip of the coating somewhat narrower than the wide strip of photosensitive material and applying a metallic conductive overcoating on the photosensitive coating while maintaining the masked strip; then removing the mask and masking the grooves of the rod, preferably by winding a round rubber core or the like about the rod, followed by Sandblasting 0r otherwise removing all of the metallic overcoa-ting and photosensitive coating on the rod except for that masked in the grooves and then removing the mask from the grooves.
  • the present method gives a highly useful photocell unit comprising a plurality of small photocells positioned in the bottom of the grooves of the rod. It will be appreciated that the method makes it possible to provide a photocell unit having a large number of photocells over a small unit of length, the relative distance between the cells being dependent upon the spacing of the threads or grooves in the rod. Typically, it is possible to provide as many as 32 photocells, or even 67-70 cells or more, per inch of rod length by means of the instant invention.
  • FIGURES l to 14 illustrate the various steps of the process and more specifically:
  • FIG-URE 1 shows the rod coated with photosensitive material
  • FIGURE 2 is a section taken along lines 2 2 of FIG- URE 1;
  • FIGURE 3 shows thc masking of a narrow strip of photosensitive material
  • FIGURE 4 is a section taken along lines 4 4 of FIG- URE 3;
  • FIGURE 5 shows the metal overcoated rod
  • FIGURE 6 is a section taken along lines 6 6 of FIG- URE 5;
  • FIGURE 7 illustrates the removal of the mask and the metallic coating above it
  • FIGURE 8 is a section taken along lines 8 8 of FIGURE 7;
  • FIGURE 9 illustrates the masking of the grooves of the rod
  • FIGURE l0 is a section taken along lines 10 10 ⁇ of FIGURE 9;
  • FIGURE 1l shows the removal of the coatings on the raised positions of the rod
  • FIGURE l2 is a section taken along lines 12 12 of FIGURE 1l;
  • FIGURE 13 shows the finished photocell
  • FIGURE 14 is a section taken along lines 14 14 of FIGURE 13;
  • FIGURE l5 is a front view looking toward the photocell and showing electrical contact with the photocell;
  • FIGURE 16 is a plan view corresponding to FIGURE l5 and;
  • FIGURE 17 is a section along lines 17 17 of FIG- URE 16.
  • a threaded, or otherwise annularly grooved, rod 2 of Suitable dielectric material e.g., a ceramic such as porcelain
  • a threaded, or otherwise annularly grooved, rod 2 of Suitable dielectric material e.g., a ceramic such as porcelain
  • the material may be applied to rod 2 in any conventional fashion, eg., by aqueous Suspension, evaporation, silk screen, etc.
  • the coated rod is then suitably treated, eg., hea-ted at sufficiently high temperature to sinter the photosensitive material.
  • the material may be sensitized at this point also by any of several known methods, e.g., with halogens and copper salts.
  • a relatively narrower strip of the photosensitive coating is then masked over the entire length of the coating. This may be done in a variety of ways, as for example by applying a removable tape or masking strip 5 as shown in FIGURES 3 and 4 along the length of the coating. masking is accomplished by placing the rod in a jig in such a way as to cover a longitudinal strip of the photosensitive coating. In any case, after the Strip of coating 4 is masked, a layer 6 of conductive metal such as gold, silver, indium, etc., is applied over all of the coating 4, as shown in FIGURES 5 and 6 except for that covered by the mask.
  • This coating of metal preferably gold
  • metal may be applied in any convenient manner, eg., by painting, dipping, spraying or the like.
  • the metal is applied by evaporation in a high vacuum. This insures a uniform conductive metal overcoating on all of the photosensitive surface except that covered by the jig or otherwise masked.
  • the gold or other metal overcoa-ting may be applied only on that portion of -the rod that has been coated with the material 4.
  • the overcoating may be extended beyond the photosensitive material 4 to facilitate connecting the cells, as described hereinafter.
  • the strip mask 5 is removed together with the portion of the conductive metal coating above the strip 5, leaving the longitudinal strip of photosensitive material 4 shown in FIGURE 2.
  • the application of metal coating 6 in the manner described above effectively forms a photocell extending the full length of the rod with a relatively short distance, i.e. the width of the masked strip, separating the electrodes.
  • the bottom portion of the grooves of rod 2 are then masked, preferably by winding a round rubber cord 8 or the like under constant tension, into the threads or grooves in the manner shown in FIGURES 9 and 10.
  • the size of the rubber cord or other masking means 8 should be chosen to fit within the grooves and effectively mask the metallic overcoating 6 and photosensitive layer 4 in the bottom part of the grooves.
  • the amount of In a preferred method, the' masking can be regulated by the tension of the rubber during the winding operations. Typically suitable winding tensions may be, for example, 4 to 6 oz. for rubber cord 1/32 in diameter.
  • the thus-masked rod is then sandblasted, or otherwise treated as shown in FIGURES 11 and l2, to remove all of the photosensitive material and conductive metal overcoating not masked by masking means 8 and lying on the raised portion of the treated rod 2.
  • the masking means '8 are then removed from the rod to leave a series of individual photocells, i.e. one photocell in the bottom of each group, along the full length of the threaded rod.
  • Each of these photocells as shown in FIGURES 13 and 14 comprises spaced electrode portions formed by the metallic overcoating 6 with the exposed photosensitive layer 4 therebetween.
  • all of the cells may be provided With a common connection along one side of the assembly. This may be accomplished by, for example, the application of Silver paint or other suitable conducting means connecting all of the cells along one side.
  • FIGURES 15 to 17 also show a preferred arrangement for making contact with individual cells.
  • the arrange ment includes a wire comb made up of a series of highly conductive spring Wires 10, typically beryllium/copper Wire having a silver overcoat, embedded in a block 12 of suitable non-conducting plastic such as polymethylmethacrylate or the like.
  • Each of the wires 10 is adapted to rest in the bottom of a groove for contact with one of the electrodes 6 of the photocell.
  • Such -contact is preferably completed by means of additional conductive metal, e.g., silver paint, representing an extension 14 for each electrode.
  • This extension may be provided for during the overcoating operation, as indicated heretofore, or by the application of silver paint or the like after the overcoating. Subsequent Sandblasting removes all of such additional metal except for the masked extensions in the bottom of the grooves.
  • the extension may be formed by suit- ,ably painting the grooves With silver or the like after the Sandblasting operation.
  • the opposite free ends of the wires are so formed as to permit making connections with auxiliary equipment. It will be recognized that this arrangement makes it possible to have individual contacts for practically any number of photocells, regardless of how closely spaced the cells may be, since the free ends of wires 10 can be bent or deformed as desired to make Whatever auxiliary connections are necessary.
  • ionic bombardment it is particularly desirable in practicing the method described herein to subject the rod coated with photosensitive material to ionic bombardment prior to application of the overcoating metal.
  • bombardment may be carried out for a period of about 30 seconds to 2 minutes using a pressure of the order of 1 mm. of mercury.
  • Other conditions normally employed in carrying out ionic bombardment may also be used.
  • Such bombardment allows considerable control and modification of the final electrical characteristics of the photocells described herein. For instance, it has been found that ionic bombardment reduces the light-on resista-nce of the photocells by a factor of 10 over the untreated cells and does not seriously aifect the dark resistance.
  • a multiple photocell unit comprising a ceramic rod having a plurality of transverse grooves extending the length thereof and an individual photocell in the bottom of eac'n of said grooves, each photocell being electrically insulated from adjoining photocells and comprising a layer of photosensitive material and a pair of closely and transversely spaced opposed conductive metal layers overlying at least a portion of the photosensitive material layer.
  • a multiple photocell unit including means ⁇ for contacting said cells, said means comprising a non-conductive block having a plurality of conductive metal Wires connected thereto and each of said wires contacting one of said photocells.

Description

May 29, 1962 Original Filed July 23, 1958 F. F. STROTHER MULTIPLE PHOTOCELLS 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 /2 1N VENTOR /Tkfp p Srno rf/ER BM Vga/1%# Mw) ATTORNEYS United States Patent O" 3,037,122 MULTIPLE PHOTOCELLS Fred P. Strother, Shawmut, Ala., assiguor t West Point Manufacturing Company, West Point, Ga., a corporation of Georgia Original application July 23, 1958, Ser. No. 750,496, now Patent No. 2,960,417, dated Nov. 15, 1960. Divided and this application Feb. 24, 1960, Ser. No. 10,769
3 Claims. (Cl. 250-211) The present invention relates to photocells and novel methods of making same. This application is a division of my copending application Serial No. 750,496, filed July 23, 1958, now Patent No. 2,960,417.
The principal object of the invention is the provision of multiple photocells of relatively small size suitable for use in automation, data reduction, process control, and the like where operation or control by means of a number of closely spaced photocells may be desirable. Another object of the invention is to provide a compact photocell unit made up of a substantial number of closely spaced photocells. A further object includes the provision of a unique and relatively easy method of preparing multiple photocells of the type referred to above. Another object of the invention is the provision of novel means for connecting to the cells. Other objects will also be apparent from the following detailed description of the invention.
Broadly stated, the method of preparing multiple photocells according to the present invention involves the steps of applying a relatively wide strip coating of photosensitive material along the length of a threaded, or otherwise transversely grooved, dielectric rod or the like; then masking a longitudinal strip of the coating somewhat narrower than the wide strip of photosensitive material and applying a metallic conductive overcoating on the photosensitive coating while maintaining the masked strip; then removing the mask and masking the grooves of the rod, preferably by winding a round rubber core or the like about the rod, followed by Sandblasting 0r otherwise removing all of the metallic overcoa-ting and photosensitive coating on the rod except for that masked in the grooves and then removing the mask from the grooves.
The present method, as briefly described above, gives a highly useful photocell unit comprising a plurality of small photocells positioned in the bottom of the grooves of the rod. It will be appreciated that the method makes it possible to provide a photocell unit having a large number of photocells over a small unit of length, the relative distance between the cells being dependent upon the spacing of the threads or grooves in the rod. Typically, it is possible to provide as many as 32 photocells, or even 67-70 cells or more, per inch of rod length by means of the instant invention.
The invention will be more fully understood by reference to the following detailed description thereof in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIGURES l to 14 illustrate the various steps of the process and more specifically:
FIG-URE 1 shows the rod coated with photosensitive material;
FIGURE 2 is a section taken along lines 2 2 of FIG- URE 1;
FIGURE 3 shows thc masking of a narrow strip of photosensitive material;
FIGURE 4 is a section taken along lines 4 4 of FIG- URE 3;
FIGURE 5 shows the metal overcoated rod;
FIGURE 6 is a section taken along lines 6 6 of FIG- URE 5;
FIGURE 7 illustrates the removal of the mask and the metallic coating above it;
3,037,122 Patented May 29, 1962 FIGURE 8 is a section taken along lines 8 8 of FIGURE 7;
FIGURE 9 illustrates the masking of the grooves of the rod;
FIGURE l0 is a section taken along lines 10 10` of FIGURE 9;
FIGURE 1l shows the removal of the coatings on the raised positions of the rod;
FIGURE l2 is a section taken along lines 12 12 of FIGURE 1l;
FIGURE 13 shows the finished photocell;
FIGURE 14 is a section taken along lines 14 14 of FIGURE 13;
FIGURE l5 is a front view looking toward the photocell and showing electrical contact with the photocell;
FIGURE 16 is a plan view corresponding to FIGURE l5 and;
FIGURE 17 is a section along lines 17 17 of FIG- URE 16.
Referring more specifically to the drawings, a threaded, or otherwise annularly grooved, rod 2 of Suitable dielectric material, e.g., a ceramic such as porcelain, is coated on one side, in the manner shown in FIGURES l and 2, with a relatively wide Strip of cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide or other photosensitive material 4. The material may be applied to rod 2 in any conventional fashion, eg., by aqueous Suspension, evaporation, silk screen, etc. The coated rod is then suitably treated, eg., hea-ted at sufficiently high temperature to sinter the photosensitive material. The material may be sensitized at this point also by any of several known methods, e.g., with halogens and copper salts. A relatively narrower strip of the photosensitive coating is then masked over the entire length of the coating. This may be done in a variety of ways, as for example by applying a removable tape or masking strip 5 as shown in FIGURES 3 and 4 along the length of the coating. masking is accomplished by placing the rod in a jig in such a way as to cover a longitudinal strip of the photosensitive coating. In any case, after the Strip of coating 4 is masked, a layer 6 of conductive metal such as gold, silver, indium, etc., is applied over all of the coating 4, as shown in FIGURES 5 and 6 except for that covered by the mask. This coating of metal, preferably gold, may be applied in any convenient manner, eg., by painting, dipping, spraying or the like. Preferably, however, the metal is applied by evaporation in a high vacuum. This insures a uniform conductive metal overcoating on all of the photosensitive surface except that covered by the jig or otherwise masked. The gold or other metal overcoa-ting may be applied only on that portion of -the rod that has been coated with the material 4. As an alternative, the overcoating may be extended beyond the photosensitive material 4 to facilitate connecting the cells, as described hereinafter.
Following the application of the metal overcoating, the strip mask 5 is removed together with the portion of the conductive metal coating above the strip 5, leaving the longitudinal strip of photosensitive material 4 shown in FIGURE 2. As will be appreciated, the application of metal coating 6 in the manner described above effectively forms a photocell extending the full length of the rod with a relatively short distance, i.e. the width of the masked strip, separating the electrodes.
The bottom portion of the grooves of rod 2 are then masked, preferably by winding a round rubber cord 8 or the like under constant tension, into the threads or grooves in the manner shown in FIGURES 9 and 10. The size of the rubber cord or other masking means 8 should be chosen to fit within the grooves and effectively mask the metallic overcoating 6 and photosensitive layer 4 in the bottom part of the grooves. The amount of In a preferred method, the' masking can be regulated by the tension of the rubber during the winding operations. Typically suitable winding tensions may be, for example, 4 to 6 oz. for rubber cord 1/32 in diameter.
The thus-masked rod is then sandblasted, or otherwise treated as shown in FIGURES 11 and l2, to remove all of the photosensitive material and conductive metal overcoating not masked by masking means 8 and lying on the raised portion of the treated rod 2. The masking means '8 are then removed from the rod to leave a series of individual photocells, i.e. one photocell in the bottom of each group, along the full length of the threaded rod. Each of these photocells as shown in FIGURES 13 and 14 comprises spaced electrode portions formed by the metallic overcoating 6 with the exposed photosensitive layer 4 therebetween.
If desired, all of the cells may be provided With a common connection along one side of the assembly. This may be accomplished by, for example, the application of Silver paint or other suitable conducting means connecting all of the cells along one side.
FIGURES 15 to 17 also show a preferred arrangement for making contact with individual cells. The arrange ment, as illustrated, includes a wire comb made up of a series of highly conductive spring Wires 10, typically beryllium/copper Wire having a silver overcoat, embedded in a block 12 of suitable non-conducting plastic such as polymethylmethacrylate or the like. Each of the wires 10 is adapted to rest in the bottom of a groove for contact with one of the electrodes 6 of the photocell. Such -contact is preferably completed by means of additional conductive metal, e.g., silver paint, representing an extension 14 for each electrode. This extension may be provided for during the overcoating operation, as indicated heretofore, or by the application of silver paint or the like after the overcoating. Subsequent Sandblasting removes all of such additional metal except for the masked extensions in the bottom of the grooves. As a further alternative, the extension may be formed by suit- ,ably painting the grooves With silver or the like after the Sandblasting operation.
As shown, the opposite free ends of the wires are so formed as to permit making connections with auxiliary equipment. It will be recognized that this arrangement makes it possible to have individual contacts for practically any number of photocells, regardless of how closely spaced the cells may be, since the free ends of wires 10 can be bent or deformed as desired to make Whatever auxiliary connections are necessary.
It is particularly desirable in practicing the method described herein to subject the rod coated with photosensitive material to ionic bombardment prior to application of the overcoating metal. Typically, such bombardment may be carried out for a period of about 30 seconds to 2 minutes using a pressure of the order of 1 mm. of mercury. Other conditions normally employed in carrying out ionic bombardment may also be used. Such bombardment allows considerable control and modification of the final electrical characteristics of the photocells described herein. For instance, it has been found that ionic bombardment reduces the light-on resista-nce of the photocells by a factor of 10 over the untreated cells and does not seriously aifect the dark resistance.
It will be appreciated that the photocells described herein have a variety of uses. Typically, the present photocell units are useful in the textile industry `for the purpose of regulating or controlling the feed of fabric undergoing treatment. It will also be understood that various modiiications may be made in the invention described herein without deviating from the scope thereof as set forth in the following claims, wherein I claim:
l. A multiple photocell unit comprising a ceramic rod having a plurality of transverse grooves extending the length thereof and an individual photocell in the bottom of eac'n of said grooves, each photocell being electrically insulated from adjoining photocells and comprising a layer of photosensitive material and a pair of closely and transversely spaced opposed conductive metal layers overlying at least a portion of the photosensitive material layer.
2. A multiple photocell unit according to claim 1 wherein said grooved rod is a threaded rod.
3. A multiple photocell unit according to claim l including means `for contacting said cells, said means comprising a non-conductive block having a plurality of conductive metal Wires connected thereto and each of said wires contacting one of said photocells.
References Cited in the tile of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 235,497 Ben et a1. Dec. 14, l1880 1,156,524 COX Oct. 12, 1915 1,767,715 Stoekle June 24, 1930 2,243,132 Soller May 27, 1941 2,432,303 Fox Dec. 9, 1947 2,839,646 Hester s June 17, 1958 FOREIGN PATENTS 216,492 Great Britain June 4, 1924
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US20030188776A1 (en) * 2002-01-25 2003-10-09 Konarka Technologies, Inc. Photovoltaic powered multimedia greeting cards and smart cards
US20030188777A1 (en) * 2002-01-25 2003-10-09 Konarka Technologies, Inc. Co-sensitizers for dye sensitized solar cells
US20030189402A1 (en) * 2002-01-25 2003-10-09 Konarka Technologies, Inc. Displays with integrated photovoltaic cells
US20030192585A1 (en) * 2002-01-25 2003-10-16 Konarka Technologies, Inc. Photovoltaic cells incorporating rigid substrates
US20030192584A1 (en) * 2002-01-25 2003-10-16 Konarka Technologies, Inc. Flexible photovoltaic cells and modules formed using foils
US20030192583A1 (en) * 2002-01-25 2003-10-16 Konarka Technologies, Inc. Ultrasonic slitting of photovoltaic cells and modules
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US20050067006A1 (en) * 2002-01-25 2005-03-31 Konarka Technologies, Inc. Wire interconnects for fabricating interconnected photovoltaic cells
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US20050039790A1 (en) * 2002-01-25 2005-02-24 Konarka Technologies, Inc. Gel electrolytes for dye sensitized solar cells
US20050040374A1 (en) * 2002-01-25 2005-02-24 Konarka Technologies, Inc. Photovoltaic fibers
US20050067006A1 (en) * 2002-01-25 2005-03-31 Konarka Technologies, Inc. Wire interconnects for fabricating interconnected photovoltaic cells
US6900382B2 (en) 2002-01-25 2005-05-31 Konarka Technologies, Inc. Gel electrolytes for dye sensitized solar cells
US6913713B2 (en) 2002-01-25 2005-07-05 Konarka Technologies, Inc. Photovoltaic fibers
US20030192584A1 (en) * 2002-01-25 2003-10-16 Konarka Technologies, Inc. Flexible photovoltaic cells and modules formed using foils
US8581096B2 (en) 2002-01-25 2013-11-12 Merck Patent Gmbh Gel electrolytes for dye sensitized solar cells
US20030192585A1 (en) * 2002-01-25 2003-10-16 Konarka Technologies, Inc. Photovoltaic cells incorporating rigid substrates
US20030189402A1 (en) * 2002-01-25 2003-10-09 Konarka Technologies, Inc. Displays with integrated photovoltaic cells
US7094441B2 (en) 2002-01-25 2006-08-22 Konarka Technologies, Inc. Low temperature interconnection of nanoparticles
US7186911B2 (en) 2002-01-25 2007-03-06 Konarka Technologies, Inc. Methods of scoring for fabricating interconnected photovoltaic cells
US8071874B2 (en) 2002-01-25 2011-12-06 Konarka Technologies, Inc. Photovoltaic cells incorporating rigid substrates
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