US3127107A - Generation of ice-nucleating crystal - Google Patents
Generation of ice-nucleating crystal Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3127107A US3127107A US3127107DA US3127107A US 3127107 A US3127107 A US 3127107A US 3127107D A US3127107D A US 3127107DA US 3127107 A US3127107 A US 3127107A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- ice
- core
- fuse
- clouds
- crystals
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- MSFPLIAKTHOCQP-UHFFFAOYSA-M Silver iodide Chemical compound I[Ag] MSFPLIAKTHOCQP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 42
- 229940045105 silver iodide Drugs 0.000 claims description 42
- TZRXHJWUDPFEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentaerythritol Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)OCC(CO[N+]([O-])=O)(CO[N+]([O-])=O)CO[N+]([O-])=O TZRXHJWUDPFEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 229960004321 Pentaerithrityl tetranitrate Drugs 0.000 claims description 16
- 229960000968 Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Drugs 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000026 Pentaerythritol tetranitrate Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000001681 protective Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000005474 detonation Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 8
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 6
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002633 protecting Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004078 waterproofing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000015842 Hesperis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000012633 Iberis amara Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000004804 Iberis amara Species 0.000 description 2
- RQQRAHKHDFPBMC-UHFFFAOYSA-L Lead(II) iodide Chemical compound I[Pb]I RQQRAHKHDFPBMC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 210000004940 Nucleus Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229910052586 apatite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000001174 ascending Effects 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004027 cells Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002178 crystalline material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010434 nepheline Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052664 nepheline Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002965 rope Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004642 transportation engineering Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G15/00—Devices or methods for influencing weather conditions
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S149/00—Explosive and thermic compositions or charges
- Y10S149/117—Smoke or weather composition contains resin
Definitions
- Ice-nucleating crystals in particular silver iodide crystals, have heretofore been generated for introduction into clouds by means of special generators located on the ground or attached to aircraft.
- the ice-nucleating materials are placed in a zone maintained at a temperature at which they have an appreciable vapour pressure, which in the case of silver iodide is at least 1500 C., and are thus vapourized into the atmosphere where they recrystallize upon contact with the coolor
- the crystals are carried aloft by ascending air currents whereas aircraft generators produce the crystals within or in the near vicinity of the clouds.
- Typical generators are devices where a solution of silver iodide in acetone is injected or sprayed into a propane, oxyapropane or hydrogen flame or where coke impregnated with silver iodide is burned in an air-blown crucible furnace or where a rope or wick impregnated with silver iodide is burned in an open flame or in an air-propane blast turnace.
- Another object or" this invention is to provide a new device for the aforesaid generation of crystals, the said device being simpler, more versatile and cheaper than the generators of the prior art and having'a much greateroutput rate than such generators.
- the new process of this invention comprises detonating contiguously to the clouds a detonating fuse whose core of high explosive contains from about 3.5% to about 20% by weight of an ice-nucleating material.
- a detonating fuse is an elongated cord-like material consisting of a core of high explosive contained within a waterproof covering and reinforced with various countering materials and has a velocity of detonation of the order or" 20,000 feet per second.
- a typical fuse comprises a core of pentaerythritol tetran-itrate, a textile sheath surrounding said core to contain the same, an asphalt layer surrounding said sheath to waterproof it and prevent said core from sifting, a braided textile layer protecting said asphalt layer, a tape covering for said textile layer to provide for the water proofing and flexibility, a second textile sheath surrounding said tape covering to protect it, and a waterproofing layer of 'Wax or plastic surrounding said second textile sheath.
- the new ice-nucleating crystal generator of this invention thus consists of a detonatin-g fuse having a core of high explosive containing from about 3.5% to about 3 20% by weight of an ice-nucleating material.
- the 20% upper limit .on the concentration of ice-nucleating material in the explosive core of the fuse is set by the fact that the efiiciency of the fuse decreases as the said concentration increases.
- the new fuse of this invention is of: simpler and cheaper construction and requires no upkeep and it is also more versatile in that it can be easily transported and detonated on the ground or can be carried aloft by small balloons, aircraft or rockets cfor detonation in the air.
- Another advantage of the fuse is that its ice-nucleating material content being known, the amount of ice-nucleating material to be released in the atmosphere is simply determined and controlled by the length of fuse detonated.
- the fuse can be detonated by ordinary means, viz by safety fuse and blasting cap or by electric blasting cap. It can also be initiated by a time tuse when carried by a balloon provided that the rate of ascent of the balloon is known.
- a desensitizer such as glycerol must be incorporated with the explosive for safety purposes.
- Total AgI part1cles N 100 where N is the number of crystals produced in the cold chamber by the syringe sample.
- a device for generating crystals of ice-nucleating materials for introduction of the same into supercooled atmospheric clouds which comprises a detonating fuse which is an elongated, cord-like material having a core of desensitized pentaerythri-tol tetranitrate and a protective sheath about said core, said core also containing from about 3.5% to about 20% by weight of silver iodide.
- a process for generating crystals of ice-nucleating materials for introduction of the same into supercooled atmospheric clouds which comprises detonating contiguously to the clouds a detonating fuse which is an elongated, cord-like material having a core of desensitized pentaerytbritol tetranitrate and a protective sheath about said core, said core also containing from about 3.5% to about 20% by weight of silver iodide.
Description
United States Patent "cc 3,127,107 GENERATION 0F ICE-NUCLEATENG CRYSTALS John Patrick Merryweather, New Castle, Pa., assign'or to Canadian Safety Fuse Company Limited, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, a corporation of Canada No Drawing. Filed May 29, 1961, Ser. No. 113,063 4 Claims. (Cl. 239-2) This invention pertains to the art of cloud seeding. It relates to a new process and a new device for generating crystals of ice-nucleating materials for introduction of the same into supercooled atmospheric clouds.
The seeding of clouds, i.e. the introduction into supercooled atmospheric clouds of materials which cause the formation of ice crystals in the clouds, has been practised for a number of years for the purpose of controlling or modifying weather conditions. One method of cloud seeding is described in United States Patent No. 2,570,867 issued on October 9, 1951, to V. J. Schaefer, and consists of introducing into the clouds particles of solid carbon dioxide, the latter producing within the clouds zones of low temperature at which ice crystals form spontaneously. A preferred method, however, is that disclosed in United States Patent No. 2,527,231 issued on October 24', 1950, to V. J. Schaefer and B. Vonnegut, and consists of introducing into the clouds crystals of materials foreign with respect to the clouds and having a space group and unit cell dimensions closely approximating those of ice crystals, the said foreign crystals acting as nuclei for the formation of ice crystals the clouds. Such foreign crystalline materials are known in the art as ice-nucleate ing materials and include chemical substances such as silver iodide, lead iodide, cupric sulphide, etc., as Well as natural minerals such as zincite, nephelite and apatite, A list of ice-nucleating materials is given at page 227 of Physics of Precipitation, Publication No. 746 (1960) of the American Geophysical Union of the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. It is with the latter preferred method that the present invention is concerned. 7
Ice-nucleating crystals, in particular silver iodide crystals, have heretofore been generated for introduction into clouds by means of special generators located on the ground or attached to aircraft. In these generators, the ice-nucleating materials are placed in a zone maintained at a temperature at which they have an appreciable vapour pressure, which in the case of silver iodide is at least 1500 C., and are thus vapourized into the atmosphere where they recrystallize upon contact with the coolor In the case of generators located on the ground, the crystals are carried aloft by ascending air currents whereas aircraft generators produce the crystals within or in the near vicinity of the clouds. Typical generators are devices where a solution of silver iodide in acetone is injected or sprayed into a propane, oxyapropane or hydrogen flame or where coke impregnated with silver iodide is burned in an air-blown crucible furnace or where a rope or wick impregnated with silver iodide is burned in an open flame or in an air-propane blast turnace.
3,127,17 Patented Mar. 31, 1964 Although the efficiency of such generators, i.e. the number of crystals thereby produced per gram of silver iodide consumed, is satisfactory in that it varies from 10 to 10 their output rate, i.e. the number of crystals produced per second, varies trom 10 to 3x10 and is thus relatively low. This is particularly undesirable in the case of ground generators since the crystal must ascend to considerable heights before reaching clouds and are thus subject to greater diffusion during their ascent. In addition, the use of such generators is expensive due to their cost of manufacture, transportation and upkeep. It is an object of this invention to provide a process for generating crystals of ice-nucleating materials tor introduction of the same into supercooled atmospheric clouds, which process constitutes a complete departure from the prior art.
Another object or" this invention is to provide a new device for the aforesaid generation of crystals, the said device being simpler, more versatile and cheaper than the generators of the prior art and having'a much greateroutput rate than such generators.
Additional objects of the invention will appear hereinafter.
. Broadly speaking, the new process of this invention comprises detonating contiguously to the clouds a detonating fuse whose core of high explosive contains from about 3.5% to about 20% by weight of an ice-nucleating material.
As is Well known, a detonating fuse is an elongated cord-like material consisting of a core of high explosive contained within a waterproof covering and reinforced with various countering materials and has a velocity of detonation of the order or" 20,000 feet per second. A typical fuse comprises a core of pentaerythritol tetran-itrate, a textile sheath surrounding said core to contain the same, an asphalt layer surrounding said sheath to waterproof it and prevent said core from sifting, a braided textile layer protecting said asphalt layer, a tape covering for said textile layer to provide for the water proofing and flexibility, a second textile sheath surrounding said tape covering to protect it, and a waterproofing layer of 'Wax or plastic surrounding said second textile sheath.
It has been found that by incorporating the aforesaid amount of ice-nucleating material into the high explosive core of detonating fuse, an enormous instantaneous rate of ice-nucleating crystal generation is obtained upon detonation of the fuse which cannot be matched by any other known process and/or device. Thus it has been found that a detonating fuse whose core contains 10 grains per foot of silver iodide and 50 grains per foot of pentaerythritol tetranitrate releases on detonation 10 crystals of silver iodide per 18" length while detonating at the rate of 20,000 feet per second. The efliciency of such a fuse is lower than that of prior art generators in that it ranges from 32x10 to 1.7)(10 but is very largely offset by its high output rate.
The new ice-nucleating crystal generator of this invention thus consists of a detonatin-g fuse having a core of high explosive containing from about 3.5% to about 3 20% by weight of an ice-nucleating material. The 20% upper limit .on the concentration of ice-nucleating material in the explosive core of the fuse is set by the fact that the efiiciency of the fuse decreases as the said concentration increases.
In addition to being superior to prior art crystal generators from the standpoint of output rate as mentioned above, the new fuse of this invention is of: simpler and cheaper construction and requires no upkeep and it is also more versatile in that it can be easily transported and detonated on the ground or can be carried aloft by small balloons, aircraft or rockets cfor detonation in the air. Another advantage of the fuse is that its ice-nucleating material content being known, the amount of ice-nucleating material to be released in the atmosphere is simply determined and controlled by the length of fuse detonated.
The fuse can be detonated by ordinary means, viz by safety fuse and blasting cap or by electric blasting cap. It can also be initiated by a time tuse when carried by a balloon provided that the rate of ascent of the balloon is known.
When the nature of the ice-nuoleating material is such as to sensitize the high explosive which constitutes the core of the fuse, as is the case of silver iodide with pentaerythritol tetranitrate, a desensitizer such as glycerol must be incorporated with the explosive for safety purposes.
The invention will be more fully illustrated by the following example which is not intended to limit its scope in any way.
EXAMPLE Samples of detonating fuse containing various proportions of silver iodide (Agl) in their glycerol-desensitized pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) core were detonated in a test hut having a capacity of 300 cubic feet (85x10 00.). The resulting smoke cloud was then sampled with a 100 cc. glass syringe and the syringe sample was injected into a cold chamber having a capacity of 2000 cc. maintained at temperatures of from 8.5 C. to -19 C. The number of ice crystals produced in the chamber by the silver iodide particles was estimated visually with a 300 watt projector light source and the total number of silver iodide particles produced in the hut established by the following formula:
Total AgI part1cles=N 100 where N is the number of crystals produced in the cold chamber by the syringe sample.
The results are given in the following table.
4 TABLE Fuse core in Total AgI partigrains/foot Cold chamber cles produced per temperature gram of Ag]: in AgI PETN C.) fuse core 5.0 12 1. 3X10 5.0 45 -13 1. 3X10 5.0 45 ---13 2. 0X10 5. 0 45 13 3. 6X10 5.0 45 -13 2X10 10. 0 8. 5 3. 2X10 10. 0 50 8. 5 8. 5x10 10.0 50 12 8.5 10 10. 0 50 12 1.7)(19 10.0 50 12 5.1X10 10. 0 50 12 1. 3X10 10. 0 50 15 8. 5X10 10. 0 50 15 1.7X10 10. 0 50 17 1.7)(10 It is seen from the above table that the amount of silver iodide particles produced per gram of silver iodide in the fuse core decreases with the increasing ratio of silver iodide to pentaerythritol tetranitrate in the core.
What I claim is:
l. A device for generating crystals of ice-nucleating materials for introduction of the same into supercooled atmospheric clouds which comprises a detonating fuse which is an elongated, cord-like material having a core of desensitized pentaerythri-tol tetranitrate and a protective sheath about said core, said core also containing from about 3.5% to about 20% by weight of silver iodide.
2. A device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the silver iodide is present in the core in a concentnation of from about 4.0% to about 17% by weight.
3. A process for generating crystals of ice-nucleating materials for introduction of the same into supercooled atmospheric clouds which comprises detonating contiguously to the clouds a detonating fuse which is an elongated, cord-like material having a core of desensitized pentaerytbritol tetranitrate and a protective sheath about said core, said core also containing from about 3.5% to about 20% by weight of silver iodide.
4. A process as claimed in claim 3 wherein the silver iodide in the fuse core is present in a concentration of from about 4.0% to about 17% by weight.
Claims (1)
- 3. A PROCESS FOR GENERATING CRYSTALS OF CIE-NUCLEATING MATERIALS FOR INTRODUCTION OF THE SAME INTO SUPERCOOLED ATMOSPHERIC CLOUDS WHICH COMPRISES DETONATING CONTIGUOUSLY TO THE CLOUDS A DETONATING FUSE WHICH IS AN ELONGATED, CORD-LIKE MATERIAL HAVING A CORE OF DESENSITIZED PENTAERYTHRITOL TETRANITRATE AND A PROTECTIVE SHEATH ABOUT SAID CORE, SAID CORE ALSO CONTAINING FROM ABOUT 3.5% TO ABOUT 20% BY WEIGHT OF SILVER IODIDE.
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3127107A true US3127107A (en) | 1964-03-31 |
Family
ID=3456132
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US3127107D Expired - Lifetime US3127107A (en) | Generation of ice-nucleating crystal |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3127107A (en) |
Cited By (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3272434A (en) * | 1963-06-03 | 1966-09-13 | Albert C Zettlemoyer | Nucleating process |
| US3375148A (en) * | 1967-01-17 | 1968-03-26 | Navy Usa | Pyrotechnics comprising silver iodate, ammonium nitrate, nitrocellulose and nitrate esters |
| US3441214A (en) * | 1967-01-09 | 1969-04-29 | Weather Eng Corp Of Canada Ltd | Method and apparatus for seeding clouds |
| US3567117A (en) * | 1969-08-29 | 1971-03-02 | Hedco | Ice nuclei formation |
| US3703991A (en) * | 1971-07-23 | 1972-11-28 | Hedco | Snow precipitator |
| US3877642A (en) * | 1974-08-09 | 1975-04-15 | Us Navy | Freezing nucleant |
| US3915379A (en) * | 1968-10-10 | 1975-10-28 | Us Navy | Method of controlling weather |
| US4191125A (en) * | 1978-07-03 | 1980-03-04 | Akzona Incorporated | Freeze indicator |
| US5174498A (en) * | 1990-01-15 | 1992-12-29 | Yeda Research And Development Co. Ltd. | Cloud seeding |
| WO1994008096A1 (en) * | 1992-10-02 | 1994-04-14 | Kjoelseth Paul | A system for dissipation or dispelling of fog |
| US5357865A (en) * | 1991-02-22 | 1994-10-25 | Water Research Commission | Method of cloud seeding |
| US5441200A (en) * | 1993-08-20 | 1995-08-15 | Rovella, Ii; Ernest J. | Tropical cyclone disruption |
| US7290722B1 (en) | 2003-12-16 | 2007-11-06 | Snow Machines, Inc. | Method and apparatus for making snow |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2257360A (en) * | 1940-02-08 | 1941-09-30 | Trojan Powder Co | Desensitized pentaerythritol tetranitrate explosive |
| FR1010878A (en) * | 1950-02-06 | 1952-06-16 | Improved rocket or hail bomb |
-
0
- US US3127107D patent/US3127107A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2257360A (en) * | 1940-02-08 | 1941-09-30 | Trojan Powder Co | Desensitized pentaerythritol tetranitrate explosive |
| FR1010878A (en) * | 1950-02-06 | 1952-06-16 | Improved rocket or hail bomb |
Cited By (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3272434A (en) * | 1963-06-03 | 1966-09-13 | Albert C Zettlemoyer | Nucleating process |
| US3441214A (en) * | 1967-01-09 | 1969-04-29 | Weather Eng Corp Of Canada Ltd | Method and apparatus for seeding clouds |
| US3375148A (en) * | 1967-01-17 | 1968-03-26 | Navy Usa | Pyrotechnics comprising silver iodate, ammonium nitrate, nitrocellulose and nitrate esters |
| US3915379A (en) * | 1968-10-10 | 1975-10-28 | Us Navy | Method of controlling weather |
| US3567117A (en) * | 1969-08-29 | 1971-03-02 | Hedco | Ice nuclei formation |
| US3703991A (en) * | 1971-07-23 | 1972-11-28 | Hedco | Snow precipitator |
| US3877642A (en) * | 1974-08-09 | 1975-04-15 | Us Navy | Freezing nucleant |
| US4191125A (en) * | 1978-07-03 | 1980-03-04 | Akzona Incorporated | Freeze indicator |
| US5174498A (en) * | 1990-01-15 | 1992-12-29 | Yeda Research And Development Co. Ltd. | Cloud seeding |
| US5357865A (en) * | 1991-02-22 | 1994-10-25 | Water Research Commission | Method of cloud seeding |
| WO1994008096A1 (en) * | 1992-10-02 | 1994-04-14 | Kjoelseth Paul | A system for dissipation or dispelling of fog |
| US5441200A (en) * | 1993-08-20 | 1995-08-15 | Rovella, Ii; Ernest J. | Tropical cyclone disruption |
| US7290722B1 (en) | 2003-12-16 | 2007-11-06 | Snow Machines, Inc. | Method and apparatus for making snow |
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