US3352787A - Inhibition of plastic crazing - Google Patents
Inhibition of plastic crazing Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3352787A US3352787A US329878A US32987863A US3352787A US 3352787 A US3352787 A US 3352787A US 329878 A US329878 A US 329878A US 32987863 A US32987863 A US 32987863A US 3352787 A US3352787 A US 3352787A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- crazing
- water
- ionic surfactant
- triton
- stressed
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 title description 7
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 title description 6
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 title description 2
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000002563 ionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- -1 DIISOBUTYL PHENOXY ETHOXY DIMETHYL BENZYL Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000004996 alkyl benzenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfite Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- ZZXDRXVIRVJQBT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Xylenesulfonate Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC(S([O-])(=O)=O)=C1C ZZXDRXVIRVJQBT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 229940071104 xylenesulfonate Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 17
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 11
- GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N triton Chemical compound [3H+] GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003093 cationic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 5
- SNQQPOLDUKLAAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonylphenol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1O SNQQPOLDUKLAAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003784 tall oil Substances 0.000 description 4
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 3
- IGFHQQFPSIBGKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nonylphenol Natural products CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IGFHQQFPSIBGKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000008186 active pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 3
- LQZZUXJYWNFBMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCO LQZZUXJYWNFBMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920005372 Plexiglas® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013504 Triton X-100 Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920004890 Triton X-100 Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920004892 Triton X-102 Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920004893 Triton X-165 Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000001301 ethoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 2
- RAAANUQXVARIFR-UHFFFAOYSA-M ethoxy-dimethyl-[3-methyl-1-[2-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl]-1-phenoxybutyl]azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C=1C=CC=C(CC(C)C)C=1C(CC(C)C)([N+](C)(C)OCC)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RAAANUQXVARIFR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 150000004686 pentahydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920005552 sodium lignosulfonate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000019795 sodium metasilicate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000019832 sodium triphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003871 sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- AEQDJSLRWYMAQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,9,10-tetramethoxy-6,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-5H-isoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinoline Chemical compound C1CN2CC(C(=C(OC)C=C3)OC)=C3CC2C2=C1C=C(OC)C(OC)=C2 AEQDJSLRWYMAQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XSXWOBXNYNULJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)phenol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)CC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1O XSXWOBXNYNULJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KEZYHIPQRGTUDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[dithiocarboxy(methyl)amino]acetic acid Chemical compound SC(=S)N(C)CC(O)=O KEZYHIPQRGTUDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Abietic-Saeure Natural products C12CCC(C(C)C)=CC2=CCC2C1(C)CCCC2(C)C(O)=O RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002972 Acrylic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001732 Lignosulfonate Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 241000158728 Meliaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000388 Polyphosphate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-HUOMCSJISA-N Rosin Natural products O(C/C=C/c1ccccc1)[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-HUOMCSJISA-N 0.000 description 1
- DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium laurylsulphate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920004894 Triton X-305 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920004897 Triton X-45 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002877 alkyl aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000008055 alkyl aryl sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920005601 base polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940077388 benzenesulfonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- XKXHCNPAFAXVRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzylazanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[NH3+]CC1=CC=CC=C1 XKXHCNPAFAXVRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011538 cleaning material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002939 deleterious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-J diphosphate(4-) Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 235000011180 diphosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- YDEXUEFDPVHGHE-GGMCWBHBSA-L disodium;(2r)-3-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-[2-methoxy-4-(3-sulfonatopropyl)phenoxy]propane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].COC1=CC=CC(C[C@H](CS([O-])(=O)=O)OC=2C(=CC(CCCS([O-])(=O)=O)=CC=2)OC)=C1O YDEXUEFDPVHGHE-GGMCWBHBSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003018 phosphorus compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920001983 poloxamer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000193 polymethacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001205 polyphosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011176 polyphosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012260 resinous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003352 sequestering agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000176 sodium gluconate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012207 sodium gluconate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940005574 sodium gluconate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940048842 sodium xylenesulfonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QUCDWLYKDRVKMI-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;3,4-dimethylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].CC1=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C1C QUCDWLYKDRVKMI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- RYCLIXPGLDDLTM-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetrapotassium;phosphonato phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O RYCLIXPGLDDLTM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-cinnamyl beta-D-glucopyranoside Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OCC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- GDJZZWYLFXAGFH-UHFFFAOYSA-M xylenesulfonate group Chemical class C1(C(C=CC=C1)C)(C)S(=O)(=O)[O-] GDJZZWYLFXAGFH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
- C11D1/72—Ethers of polyoxyalkylene glycols
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
- C11D1/83—Mixtures of non-ionic with anionic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
- C11D1/835—Mixtures of non-ionic with cationic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/02—Anionic compounds
- C11D1/12—Sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid esters; Salts thereof
- C11D1/14—Sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid esters; Salts thereof derived from aliphatic hydrocarbons or mono-alcohols
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/02—Anionic compounds
- C11D1/12—Sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid esters; Salts thereof
- C11D1/22—Sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid esters; Salts thereof derived from aromatic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/02—Anionic compounds
- C11D1/12—Sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid esters; Salts thereof
- C11D1/30—Sulfonation products derived from lignin
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/38—Cationic compounds
- C11D1/62—Quaternary ammonium compounds
Definitions
- the present invention relates to improvements in the field of cleaners, and more specifically, to the cleaning of resinous materials which are subject to crazing.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an improved composition for cleaning stressed acrylic base materials utilizing non-ionic surfactants without providing crazing of the surfaces.
- a further object of the invention is to provide an improved cleaning composition adapted for cleaning transparent plastic surfaces including relatively large amounts of an inexpensive, non-ionic surfactant.
- Still another object of the invention is to provide a method for cleaning stressed acrylic base surfaces without presenting the problem of crazing.
- compositions and method of the present invention are applicable to various physical forms of acrylic base plastics, including sheet material, filaments, fabrics and the like.
- the cleaning compositions and method of the present invention are applicable to all types of light transmitting acrylic base polymers including polyacrylates and polymethacrylates.
- the invention has particular utility in connection with the cleaning of polymethyl methacrylate Plexiglas, a commercially available material which usually has a light transmission of 91 to 92%, a refractive index of about 1.49, a density of about 1.18, and a tensile strength of 7,000 to 9,000 p.s.i.
- Non-ionic surfactant materials pose particularly troublesome crazing problems when applied to light transmitting, stressed acrylic based polymers.
- Triton which are non-ionic surface active agents prepared by the reaction of t-octylphenol or nonylphenol with ethylene oxide.
- These products are commercially described as alkyl aryl polyether alcohols or alkyl phenol ethers of polyethylene glycol.
- the number of ethylene oxide groups in the molecule may vary from about 1 to 30 and typically may contain 9 to 10 ethylene oxide groups (Triton X-l), or 12 to 13 ethylene oxide groups (Tn'ton X-l02).
- nonionic surfactants which present corresponding ethylene oxide contents in crazing problems are those known commercially as Igepal, these being polyoxyethylated nonylphenols produced by the chemical reaction of nonylphenol with varying amounts of ethylene oxide ranging from 1% to 30 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of nonylphenol. The the final product range from about 23 to 86%.
- Pluronics which are block polymers consisting of a polyoxypropylene hydrophobic base and hydrophilic polyoxyethylene chains attached thereto.
- any anionic surfactant or any cationic surfactant material when added in proper amounts is capable of neutralizing the tendency of the non-ionic materials to cause crazing of the light transmitting acrylic surface.
- Derivatives of carboxylic acids, including rosin and tall oil acids are useful as are sulphuric esters derived from olefins and alcohols. Alkane sulfonates with and without intermediate linkages can also be employed. Mahogany and petroleum sulfonates, as well as other anionic surfactants such as phosphorus compounds, lignin derivatives, and the like can also be used. Particularly good results are obtained through the use of an alkyl aryl sulfonate (in the form of a sodium salt), the alkyl group containing from about 6 to 20 carbon atoms.
- the cationic surfactants may be either nonquaternary material such as nitriles, amines, or other nitrogen bases, as Well as the better known quaternary cationic materials.
- compositions embodying the improvements of the present invention will be found in a succeeding portion of this description.
- the usable anionic and cationic surfactants are not limited by the examples, but can be any of the materials which fall into these designations.
- the invention contemplates that two or more anionic agents or two or more cationic agents can be used simultaneously.
- anionic sur factants, and methods for their preparation will be found in the book, Surface Active Agents and Detergents, volume 2., by Schwartz, Perry and Berch (Interscience Publishers, 1958), pages 25 to 102.
- a similar discussion of cationic surfactants will be found in the same work, at pages 103 to 119.
- any cleaning composition embodying the combination of non-ionic and ionic surfactants may also include alkali metal tripolyphosph'ates and other polyphosphates, builders, sequestering agents, and the like.
- the government approved test for stress crazing of acrylic base plastics requires that three specimens of sheet acrylic plastic be annealed by suspending in an oven maintained at :2 C. for 2 hours. At the end of the annealing period, the temperature of the specimens is reduced to room temperature at a maximum rate of 27i5 C. per hour. The annealed specimens are conditioned at room temperature for at least 7 days before use.
- The'three specimens are then set up in cantilever fashion and carefully stressed to 3,000 lbs. per sq. in. outer fiber stress. After 10 minutes, the specimens are examined to insure that no crazing has occurred prior to the application of the cleaning compound. When the specimens are still under stress, an absorbent cotton swatch approximately inch square is placed on the tension side of the are rinsed with tap water and re-exarnined for crazing,-
- Igepal CO 880 (30 ethylene oxide 5 group Triton N-128 (12-13 ethylene oxide 5 groups).
- Triton X-l02 (12-13 ethylene oxide 5 groups).
- Igepal CO 730 (15 ethylene oxide 5 groups).
- Triton X-205" (20 ethylene oxide 5 groups).
- Igepal CO 850 (20 ethylene oxide 5 groups).
- Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate 3 (TKPP Sodium metasllicate pentahydrate 5 Sodium gluconate 2 Triton X-l02 5 5 Sodium gluconate 2 Triton X102" 5 Butyl Cellosolve 2 14 Water 85 Do.
- Triton X-45 (5 ethylene oxide 5 groups).
- Triton X- "Duponol ME” Liauryl alcohol sulfate
- compositions of the present invention eliminate the crazing problem which occurs when many non-ionic surfactants are applied in solution over a surface of a stressed, light transmitting acrylic base resin. It should also be noted that this crazing inhibition persists even though the compositions may also contain diverse materials such as phosphates, silicates, and salts of organic acids.
- the method of washing a stressed acrylic base sheet which comprises applying thereto an aqueous solution of a polyethoxylated non-ionic surfactant which normally exhibits crazing properties when applied to stressed acrylic base sheets and from to 5 times the weight of the nonionic surfactant, of a water-soluble ionic surfactant selected from the group consisting of alkyl benzene sulfonates having from 6 to 20 carbons in the alkyl group, Xylene sulfonates, lignosulfonates, tall oil salts, petroleum sulfonates, lauryl alcohol sulfate, and diisobutyl phenoxy ethoxy dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride.
- a water-soluble ionic surfactant selected from the group consisting of alkyl benzene sulfonates having from 6 to 20 carbons in the alkyl group, Xylene sulfonates, lignosulfonates, tall oil salts, petroleum
- non-ionic surfactant is a polyethoxylated alkyl phenol having from 8 to 9 carbons in the alkyl group and from 1 to 30 ethoxy groups.
- non-ionic surfactant is a p0lyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymer.
- the ionic surfactant is an alkyl benzene sulfonate having from 6 to 20 carbons in the alkyl group.
- the ionic surfactant is a sodium lignosulfonate.
- aqueous solution contains about one weight percent sodium tripolyphosphate, about 5 weight percent sodium metasilicate, from about 1.5 to 2 weight percent of sodium salts of tall oil, from about 1 to 2.5 weight percent sodium g1uconate, and from about 5 to 5.5 weight percent of a polyethoxylated alkyl phenol having from 8 to 9 carbons in the alkyl group and from 12 to 13 ethoxy groups.
Description
United States Patent Ofiice 3,352,787 Patented Nov. 14, 1967 The present invention relates to improvements in the field of cleaners, and more specifically, to the cleaning of resinous materials which are subject to crazing.
Specifications for cleaning compounds, whether liquid or powder, frequently require that the cleaning material provide no deleterious effect on plastics. For example, government specifications for cleaning aircraft surfaces require that the cleaner shall be nonreactive with respect to Plexiglas surfaces such as those of the Windshields of aircraft. In fact, the government has issued a specific stress-crazing test which a material must meet in order to be acceptable.
In formulating cleaners for various purposes, including the cleaning of transparent acrylic base plastics, it would be highly desirable to include a significant amount of a non-ionic surfactant because of the excellent detergent properties of the non-ionic materials, and their relatively low cost. However, it was found that the use of many non-ionic surfactants created a crazing problem when applied to a stressed acrylic base plastic material.
I have now found that the crazing properties of these non-ionic surfactants can be overcome by the inclusion of ionic (anionic o1- cationic) surfactants in the same composition. These materials have the ability to not only inhibit the crazing tendencies characteristic of the nonionic surfactant but also improve the detergency.
An object of the present invention is to provide an improved composition for cleaning stressed acrylic base materials utilizing non-ionic surfactants without providing crazing of the surfaces.
A further object of the invention is to provide an improved cleaning composition adapted for cleaning transparent plastic surfaces including relatively large amounts of an inexpensive, non-ionic surfactant.
Still another object of the invention is to provide a method for cleaning stressed acrylic base surfaces without presenting the problem of crazing.
The compositions and method of the present invention are applicable to various physical forms of acrylic base plastics, including sheet material, filaments, fabrics and the like.
The cleaning compositions and method of the present invention are applicable to all types of light transmitting acrylic base polymers including polyacrylates and polymethacrylates. The invention has particular utility in connection with the cleaning of polymethyl methacrylate Plexiglas, a commercially available material which usually has a light transmission of 91 to 92%, a refractive index of about 1.49, a density of about 1.18, and a tensile strength of 7,000 to 9,000 p.s.i.
Certain non-ionic surfactant materials pose particularly troublesome crazing problems when applied to light transmitting, stressed acrylic based polymers. Among these are the materials known commercially as Triton which are non-ionic surface active agents prepared by the reaction of t-octylphenol or nonylphenol with ethylene oxide. These products are commercially described as alkyl aryl polyether alcohols or alkyl phenol ethers of polyethylene glycol. The number of ethylene oxide groups in the molecule may vary from about 1 to 30 and typically may contain 9 to 10 ethylene oxide groups (Triton X-l), or 12 to 13 ethylene oxide groups (Tn'ton X-l02).
Another series of nonionic surfactants which present corresponding ethylene oxide contents in crazing problems are those known commercially as Igepal, these being polyoxyethylated nonylphenols produced by the chemical reaction of nonylphenol with varying amounts of ethylene oxide ranging from 1% to 30 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of nonylphenol. The the final product range from about 23 to 86%. I
Still another class of materials which exhibit crazing problems in this connection are certain Pluronics which are block polymers consisting of a polyoxypropylene hydrophobic base and hydrophilic polyoxyethylene chains attached thereto.
As far as I have been able to determine, any anionic surfactant or any cationic surfactant material, when added in proper amounts is capable of neutralizing the tendency of the non-ionic materials to cause crazing of the light transmitting acrylic surface. Derivatives of carboxylic acids, including rosin and tall oil acids, are useful as are sulphuric esters derived from olefins and alcohols. Alkane sulfonates with and without intermediate linkages can also be employed. Mahogany and petroleum sulfonates, as well as other anionic surfactants such as phosphorus compounds, lignin derivatives, and the like can also be used. Particularly good results are obtained through the use of an alkyl aryl sulfonate (in the form of a sodium salt), the alkyl group containing from about 6 to 20 carbon atoms.
Similarly, the cationic surfactants may be either nonquaternary material such as nitriles, amines, or other nitrogen bases, as Well as the better known quaternary cationic materials.
Specific: examples of compositions embodying the improvements of the present invention will be found in a succeeding portion of this description. However, it should be recognized that the usable anionic and cationic surfactants are not limited by the examples, but can be any of the materials which fall into these designations. The invention contemplates that two or more anionic agents or two or more cationic agents can be used simultaneously. A more comprehensive discussion of anionic sur factants, and methods for their preparation will be found in the book, Surface Active Agents and Detergents, volume 2., by Schwartz, Perry and Berch (Interscience Publishers, 1958), pages 25 to 102. A similar discussion of cationic surfactants will be found in the same work, at pages 103 to 119.
While the proportions between the non-ionic and the ionic surfactant will vary over a wide range depending on the particular composition, it has been found that for most purposes, the amount of added anionic or cationic agent should be from to 5 times the amount of non-ionic surfactant present, and preferably from /5 to 2 times. It should be recognized, of course, that any cleaning composition embodying the combination of non-ionic and ionic surfactants may also include alkali metal tripolyphosph'ates and other polyphosphates, builders, sequestering agents, and the like.
The government approved test for stress crazing of acrylic base plastics requires that three specimens of sheet acrylic plastic be annealed by suspending in an oven maintained at :2 C. for 2 hours. At the end of the annealing period, the temperature of the specimens is reduced to room temperature at a maximum rate of 27i5 C. per hour. The annealed specimens are conditioned at room temperature for at least 7 days before use.
The'three specimens are then set up in cantilever fashion and carefully stressed to 3,000 lbs. per sq. in. outer fiber stress. After 10 minutes, the specimens are examined to insure that no crazing has occurred prior to the application of the cleaning compound. When the specimens are still under stress, an absorbent cotton swatch approximately inch square is placed on the tension side of the are rinsed with tap water and re-exarnined for crazing,-
cracking, or other attack.
Using this standard test, the following compositions, all containing a non-ionic surfactant and various amounts of. other materials were found to cause crazing:
Solution Percent Results 1 Water 90 Crazed.
Igepal CO 880 (30 ethylene oxide 5 group Triton N-128 (12-13 ethylene oxide 5 groups).
2 Water 95 Do.
Triton X-l02" (12-13 ethylene oxide 5 groups).
3 Water 95 Do.
Triton N-l28" 5 4 Water 95 Do.
Igepal CO 730" (15 ethylene oxide 5 groups).
5 Water 95 Do.
Triton (DI-l" 6 Water 95 D0.
Pluronlc L44 5 7 Water-.. 95 D0.
Pluroni P-75 5 8 Water 95 Do.
"Triton X 165 (16 ethylene oxide 5 groups).
9 Water 95 D0.
Triton X-205" (20 ethylene oxide 5 groups).
10 Water 95 Do.
"Triton X-305" (30 ethylene oxide 5 groups).
11 Water 95 Do.
Igepal CO 850" (20 ethylene oxide 5 groups).
12 Water 85 Do.
Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate 3 (TKPP Sodium metasllicate pentahydrate 5 Sodium gluconate 2 Triton X-l02 5 5 Sodium gluconate 2 Triton X102" 5 Butyl Cellosolve 2 14 Water 85 Do.
P 3 5 Triton X-165 7 15 #2fueloil 95 Do.
Triton X-45" (5 ethylene oxide 5 groups).
Inclusion of varying amounts of anionic and cationic surfactants in these compositions eliminated the crazing problem, as evidenced from the following examples:
benzyl ammonium chloride).
Solution Percent Results Water Do.
Triton X- "Duponol ME" (Lauryl alcohol sulfate).
Water Triton X-100" Sodium xylene sulfonate Water Marasperse N" (sodium lignosulfonate) no [O @0201 TKPP Sodium metasllicate pentahydrate. "Ultrawet DS Triton X-" drate. Ultrawet DS" Triton X-102" Waten.
omen COO c1100 09v 010 Q Ocn ow runicate pentahydrate. Ultrawet DS Triton X-100 Water Tetlr asgdium pyrophosphate PP Sodium metasilicate penta y- Dresinate T Sodium gluconate. "Triton X-lOO Water Sodium tripolyphosphate. Sodium metasilicate pentahydrate. Dresinate TX" Sodium glucouate. Triton X-102 By comparison of Example 2 with Examples 16 and 17, it will be noted that the substitution of the anionic agent for the corresponding amount of non-ionic agent entirely eliminated the crazing. .Similarly, by comparing Example 14 with Example 22 it will be seen that the substitution of a portion of the non-ionic surfactant with an anionic surfactant, all other things being constant, eliminated the crazing problem.
From the foregoing, it will be seen that compositions of the present invention eliminate the crazing problem which occurs when many non-ionic surfactants are applied in solution over a surface of a stressed, light transmitting acrylic base resin. It should also be noted that this crazing inhibition persists even though the compositions may also contain diverse materials such as phosphates, silicates, and salts of organic acids.
It should also .be evident that various modifications can be made to the described embodiments without departing from the scope of the present invention.
I claim as my invention:
1. The method of washing a stressed acrylic base sheet which comprises applying thereto an aqueous solution of a polyethoxylated non-ionic surfactant which normally exhibits crazing properties when applied to stressed acrylic base sheets and from to 5 times the weight of the nonionic surfactant, of a water-soluble ionic surfactant selected from the group consisting of alkyl benzene sulfonates having from 6 to 20 carbons in the alkyl group, Xylene sulfonates, lignosulfonates, tall oil salts, petroleum sulfonates, lauryl alcohol sulfate, and diisobutyl phenoxy ethoxy dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the non-ionic surfactant is a polyethoxylated alkyl phenol having from 8 to 9 carbons in the alkyl group and from 1 to 30 ethoxy groups.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the non-ionic surfactant is a p0lyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymer.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the ionic surfactant is an alkyl benzene sulfonate having from 6 to 20 carbons in the alkyl group.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the ionic surfactant is a sodium lignosulfonate.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the ionic surfactant is a sodium salt of tall oil.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the ionic surfactant is a petroleum sulfonate.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the ionic surfactant is lauryl alcohol sulfate.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the ionic surfactant is diisobutyl phenoxy ethoxy dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein said aqueous solution contains about one weight percent sodium tripolyphosphate, about 5 weight percent sodium metasilicate, from about 1.5 to 2 weight percent of sodium salts of tall oil, from about 1 to 2.5 weight percent sodium g1uconate, and from about 5 to 5.5 weight percent of a polyethoxylated alkyl phenol having from 8 to 9 carbons in the alkyl group and from 12 to 13 ethoxy groups.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,292,097 8/1942 Vollmer 106-13 2,353,978 7/1944 Weber 10613 2,372,171 3/1945 Bennett 10613 2,726,962 12/1955 Iorio 106-43 2,878,188 3/1959 Callahan 252136 2,948,625 8/ 1960 MacKenzie 106-13 FOREIGN PATENTS 654,005 12/1962 Canada. 808,805 2/ 1959 Great Britain.
OTHER REFERENCES Surface Active Agents and Detergents, vol. II, Schwartz 20 et al., Interscience Publishers, Inc., NY. 1958, pp. 210,
Claims (1)
1. THE METHOD OF WASHING A STRESSED ARCYLIC BASE SHEET WHICH COMPRISES APPLYING THERETO AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF A POLYETHOXYLANTED NON-IONIC SURFACTANT WHICH NORMALLY EXHIBITS CRAZING PROPERTIES WHEN APPLIED TO STRESSED ACRYLIC BASE SHEETS AND FROM 1/20 TO 5 TIMES THE WEIGHT OF THE NONIONIC SURFACTANT, OF A WATER-SOLUBLE IONIC SURFACTANT SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF ALKYL BENZENE SULFONATES HAVING FROM 6 TO 20 CARBONS IN THE ALKYL GROUP, XYLENE SULFONATE, LIGOSULFONATES, TALL OIL SALTS, PETROLEUM SULFONATES, LAURLY ALCOHOL SULFATE, AND DIISOBUTYL PHENOXY ETHOXY DIMETHYL BENZYL AMMONIUN CHLORIDE.
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US329878A US3352787A (en) | 1963-12-11 | 1963-12-11 | Inhibition of plastic crazing |
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US329878A US3352787A (en) | 1963-12-11 | 1963-12-11 | Inhibition of plastic crazing |
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Cited By (12)
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US4511489A (en) * | 1983-06-01 | 1985-04-16 | The Drackett Company | Composition for cleaning and imparting antistatic properties to plastics surfaces |
US4749411A (en) * | 1986-03-14 | 1988-06-07 | M. D. Stetson Company | Disinfecting and high-speed buffing composition comprising polyethylene glycol and quaternary ammonium germicide, and method of use |
US5352376A (en) * | 1993-02-19 | 1994-10-04 | Ecolab Inc. | Thermoplastic compatible conveyor lubricant |
US5441654A (en) * | 1988-07-14 | 1995-08-15 | Diversey Corp., A Corp. Of Canada | Composition for inhibiting stress cracks in plastic articles and methods of use therefor |
US5462681A (en) * | 1993-11-12 | 1995-10-31 | Ecolab, Inc. | Particulate suspending antimicrobial additives |
US5559087A (en) * | 1994-06-28 | 1996-09-24 | Ecolab Inc. | Thermoplastic compatible lubricant for plastic conveyor systems |
US6247478B1 (en) | 1996-11-15 | 2001-06-19 | Ecolab Inc. | Cleaning method for polyethylene terephthalate containers |
US6554005B1 (en) | 1996-11-15 | 2003-04-29 | Ecolab Inc. | Cleaning method for polyethylene terephthalate containers |
US20040053793A1 (en) * | 2002-02-11 | 2004-03-18 | Minyu Li | Lubricant composition with reduced sensitivity to low pH for conveyor system |
US20040102334A1 (en) * | 2002-11-27 | 2004-05-27 | Ecolab Inc. | Buffered lubricant for conveyor system |
US20050059564A1 (en) * | 2002-02-11 | 2005-03-17 | Ecolab Inc. | Lubricant for conveyor system |
US20100060984A1 (en) * | 2007-02-28 | 2010-03-11 | Corning Incorporated | Light-polarizing article and dye dispersion and method for making same |
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US4511489A (en) * | 1983-06-01 | 1985-04-16 | The Drackett Company | Composition for cleaning and imparting antistatic properties to plastics surfaces |
US4749411A (en) * | 1986-03-14 | 1988-06-07 | M. D. Stetson Company | Disinfecting and high-speed buffing composition comprising polyethylene glycol and quaternary ammonium germicide, and method of use |
US5441654A (en) * | 1988-07-14 | 1995-08-15 | Diversey Corp., A Corp. Of Canada | Composition for inhibiting stress cracks in plastic articles and methods of use therefor |
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US20100060984A1 (en) * | 2007-02-28 | 2010-03-11 | Corning Incorporated | Light-polarizing article and dye dispersion and method for making same |
US9194988B2 (en) * | 2007-02-28 | 2015-11-24 | Corning Incorporated | Light-polarizing article and dye dispersion and method for making same |
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