US3377264A - Coated abrasives for electrolytic grinding - Google Patents
Coated abrasives for electrolytic grinding Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3377264A US3377264A US408521A US40852164A US3377264A US 3377264 A US3377264 A US 3377264A US 408521 A US408521 A US 408521A US 40852164 A US40852164 A US 40852164A US 3377264 A US3377264 A US 3377264A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- abrasive
- coated
- front surface
- backing
- electrolytic grinding
- Prior art date
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- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 title description 44
- 239000003082 abrasive agent Substances 0.000 title description 21
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 37
- 239000006061 abrasive grain Substances 0.000 description 34
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 34
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- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
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- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- WYHIICXRPHEJKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trientine hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.Cl.NCCNCCNCCN WYHIICXRPHEJKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 2
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- -1 e.g. Substances 0.000 description 2
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- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001315 Tool steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003190 augmentative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010285 flame spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
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- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
- B24D3/00—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents
- B24D3/001—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as supporting member
- B24D3/002—Flexible supporting members, e.g. paper, woven, plastic materials
- B24D3/004—Flexible supporting members, e.g. paper, woven, plastic materials with special coatings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23H—WORKING OF METAL BY THE ACTION OF A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON A WORKPIECE USING AN ELECTRODE WHICH TAKES THE PLACE OF A TOOL; SUCH WORKING COMBINED WITH OTHER FORMS OF WORKING OF METAL
- B23H5/00—Combined machining
- B23H5/06—Electrochemical machining combined with mechanical working, e.g. grinding or honing
- B23H5/08—Electrolytic grinding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
- B24D11/00—Constructional features of flexible abrasive materials; Special features in the manufacture of such materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
- B24D7/00—Bonded abrasive wheels, or wheels with inserted abrasive blocks, designed for acting otherwise than only by their periphery, e.g. by the front face; Bushings or mountings therefor
Definitions
- a coated abrasive product having a non-conductive backing carrying a plurality of adhesively-bonded, nonconductive abrasive grains on one face and an overlying conductive layer on top of said abrasive grains. When used in electrolytic grinding, the abrasive grains protrude through the electrically conductive layer.
- the present invention relates generally to coated abrasives and more specifically to coated abrasives in the form of discs, belts or the like especially adapted for use in electrolytic grinding operations.
- Electrolytic grinding or the electrolytic removal of material from an electrically conductive workpiece augmented by contact between the workpiece and an abrasive grinding tool has long been a recognized area of use for metal-bonded abrasive wheels. Only very recently have efforts been made to supplant the bonded wheel by a coated abrasive disc or belt in order to gain the advantages of the coated products ability to conform to irregular surfaces and the increased abrasive area of a belt as contrasted to a wheel. Metal-bonded wheels have been quite limited as to both shape and size, keeping the electrolytic grinding process in consequence limited to a relatively small area of the metal grinding field.
- Another object of the invention is the provision of coated abrasive articles for electrolytic grinding having improved conductivity over those known to the art.
- FIGURE 1 shows a cross-section of a coated abrasive belt formed in accordance with the present invention.
- FIGURE 2 illustrates a cross-section of a coated abrasive disc made in accordance with this invention.
- the present invention contemplates the use in an electrolytic grinding abrasive of a water-resistant, non-conductive backing, preferably in the form of woven textile fibres, to which backing, in any manner well known in the coated abrasive art is firmly anchored a plurality of non-conductive abrasive grains.
- the adhesive or adhesives used in anchoring the grains to the backing are non-conducting electrically and are designed to give maximum anchorage between the abrasive grains and the backing during wet grinding operations.
- Laminated or bonded to the abrasive coated face of the non-conductive backing is a layer of conductive material through which the tips of the abrasive grains protrude.
- a conventional coated abrasive belt, disc or the like is made on a woven textile backing using a good water-resistant maker adhesive, e.g., phenolic resin and a good size adhesive, e.g., phenolic resin, as has been heretofore known in the art the resultant belt or disc has the requisite life and grain adhesion required for good performance.
- a good water-resistant maker adhesive e.g., phenolic resin and a good size adhesive, e.g., phenolic resin
- Such belt or disc may be converted for electrolytic grinding by forming a conductive layer on the front surface only thereof (with the non-conductive abrasive grains protruding through the front conductive layer) and providing means in the grinding machine on which such belt or disc is to be used for conducting electric current to such front conductive layer.
- the resultant belt or disc will compare favorably for flex life and operating life with a conventional abrasive belt or disc and will give excellent results in electrolytic grinding operations.
- the front conductive layer is either a laminated foil or a coating of metal applied directly to the abrasive surface as by metal spray, vacuum metallizing, electroplating or the like.
- care must be taken before actual electrolytic grinding commences that the abrasive grain tips (which are non-conductive) do, in fact, protrude from the film or metal coating layer. This may be accomplished by mechanical abrasion or by deplating, i.e., mounting the metallized coated abrasive article in the electrolytic grinding machine and reversing the current flow to plate the metal from the tips of the grain onto a dummy workpiece. Since the abrasive tips are the highest point in the plane of the abrasive article,
- FIGURE 1 illustrates a cross-section of an abrasive belt 10 composed of a non-conductive woven backing member 11 having a front surface 12 and a back surface 13.
- a layer of abrasive grains 14 is bonded to the front surface 12 of belt 10 by a water-resistant adhesive 15, such adhesive 15 and abrasive 14 being applied in the form of a strip 16 along the length direction of belt 10.
- a water-resistant adhesive 15 and abrasive 14 being applied in the form of a strip 16 along the length direction of belt 10.
- an electrically conductive foil 17 Over the entire front surface 12 including abrasive grains 14 is applied an electrically conductive foil 17.
- This foil 17 is adhered to the abrasive-coated strip 16 and to the non-abrasive edges 18 of front surface 12 by a suitable adhesive 19 as is more fully described below. It will be noted that the abrasive grain.
- the foil 14 is shown protruding through the foil 17. This may be accomplished in the laminating procedure but if not can be done by deplating or mechanical abrading as described above.
- the foil may be any conductive metal foil such as aluminum, copper, tin, lead or the like and has been used in thicknesses ranging from .00065" to .005 in thickness. Heavier foils can be used if desired although the range given above appears to be adequate.
- the foil is applied to the front or abrasive side 12 only of the woven non-conductive backing strip 11 after lightly sizing the abrasive coated strip 16 and the non-abrasive coated edges 18 with a suitable Water-resistant adhesive 19.
- the specific adhesive is not critical and one which has been found effective is a blend of epoxy ester and polyamide resin in methyl ethyl ketone solvent. These materials are commercially available as Epon 1001-X- and Versamid 140. A 1:1 blend of these components with 15% methyl ethyl ketone solvent added produces a good laminating adhesive. After placing the foil on the adhesivecoated surface the laminate is run through a set of pressure rolls, one steel and the other rubber (Shore A-2 hardness45) with the abrasive surface towards the rubber roll. Air operated pistons supply a pressure of 15 pounds per inch of roll width to force the foil into intimate contact with the adhesive-coated surface.
- the material Following laminating the material is wound on a core of not less than 16" diameter with the abrasive-foil surface convex to insure no separation of foil will occur. The material is then cured for 16 hours at 135 F. followed by /2 hour at 175 F., /2 hour at 200' F., /2 hour at 225 F. and a final /2 hour at 250 F.
- Extending through the belt in the area of the abrasive coated strip 16 are a plurality of perforations 20 to provide adequate electrolyte flow through the belt when in use. These may vary in size and number as desired, but preferably are of 4;" diameter and are arranged in a staggered pattern offset from the web direction in order to prevent marking the workpiece with a pattern when the belt is used in electrolytic grinding.
- FIGURE 2 shows another modification wherein a disc is formed from a non-conductive woven textile backing 31 with a layer of non-conductive abrasive grain 32 bonded to the front surface 31 thereof by a nonconductive, water-resistant adhesive 33.
- a conductive layer on the front surface only of the disc 30 is provided in this modification by the application over the adhesive 33 and grain 32 of a metal coating to form a layer of metal 34 adhered thereto.
- various techniques i known to the art of metal application may be used including flame spraying, vacuum metallizing, plasma are or the like.
- flame spraying vacuum metallizing, plasma are or the like.
- a conductive layer of metal has sufiicient adhesion to prevent metal shedding when the coated discs are run wet on a conventional grinding machine under 80 psi. workpiece pressure.
- Copper has been found to be the preferred metal since the adhesion is much higher than that of sprayed zinc or aluminum.
- the thickness of the sprayed metal layer should range from about .005" to 0.02". Good results have been achieved using a coating of 0.008 on the front surface of electrolytic grinding discs.
- the spray-applied metal must be removed from the tips of the non-conductive abrasive particles before use in an electrolytic grinding process and, as described above, this may be done by deplating or mechanical abra
- One or more holes such as illustrated by reference numeral 35 are provided in the disc to permit passage therethrough of a spindle or mounting bolt (not shown) which will conduct the electrical current to the front metal coated surface 34 of disc 30.
- a conductive washer of copper or the like around such bolt and held to the face of disc 30 by a nut on the bolt is usually used to transmit the current.
- the disc is mounted on a steel flange which is substituted for the usual grinding wheel in a conventional electrolytic grinding unit.
- the bolt or bolts holding such flange in place on the wheel spindle are preferably used to transmit the current to the face of the disc.
- the disc 30 may be perforated for coolant flow, generally it is not and the coolant is applied to the abrasive side only.
- Example 1 Belts according to the construction illustrated in FIG- URE l were prepared by taking; conventional, resinbonded, water-resistant coated abrasive materials (Grit 60, Speed-Wet Metalite Cloth) which were made on X weight cotton, desized drills cloth using a phenolic resin maker and size adhesive. The material coated was 4' in width and the maker adhesive, abrasive grain and size adhesive was applied in a 1 /2" wide strip running lengthwise of the 4" wide backing. Laminated to the entire coated side of the 4" material was a layer of .001" 1235ODry aluminum foil, applied as described in connection with FIGURE 1.
- conventional, resinbonded, water-resistant coated abrasive materials (Grit 60, Speed-Wet Metalite Cloth) which were made on X weight cotton, desized drills cloth using a phenolic resin maker and size adhesive.
- the material coated was 4' in width and the maker adhesive, abrasive grain and size adhesive was applied in a 1 /2" wide strip running lengthwise of the
- the center coated area only was then perforated with a pattern of A5" holes on centers, in staggered array, off-set 4 from the web direction to prevent ridging or patterning of the workpiece.
- Belts measuring 4" x 107" were cut from this material and joined by cutting the ends at angle and adhering such ends to each other to form a single skive adhesive joint in conventional fashion.
- FIGURE 2 Flame-sprayed metal coated discs as illustrated in FIGURE 2 were made by first applying a layer of pressure sensitive adhesive to the back surface of conventional Grit Speed-Wet Metalite Cloth abrasive material followed by the application of a release-coated paper liner to such adhesive surface.
- Six inch diameter (1%.” center hole) discs were stamped from this material and, using a separate die set-up, four mounting holes of diameter were punched through the discs on 2%" centers about a circle of 1 /8" radius from the disc center holes.
- the abrasive surfaces of the discs were sandblasted using a Vacu-Blast Jr. sandblasting unit and aluminum oxide grain. Sandblasting was continued only long enough to de-lustre the material.
- the front surface only of the abrasive material was flame-sprayed with copper using a Metco Type 4-E metallizing gun.
- the gun was hand held and was directed at the surfaces of the discs in a manner similar to that used for manual paint spraying.
- These discs were run on a EGD-7 machine.
- a steel flange was mounted on the wheel spindle of this machine and after the discs were aligned with the mounting holes on the wheel flange, they were anchored in place by the pressure sensitive adhesive back coating (the liner being first removed).
- Electrolyte NaCl, 2#/gal. applied to front of disc Air cylinder feed: v
- the abrasive grain, abrasive grain binders and backings used in the present invention may be selected from any of the many known types used in the coated abrasive art. As indicated above, these components of 'the abrasive articles of the present invention or at least the front surfaces thereof must, however, be electrically nonconductive.
- the backing is preferably a woven structure but nonconductive films such as Mylar or the like, nonwoven backings, etc., may be used. While a flexible or semi-flexible backing is generally contemplated, it may be desirable in some instances to use a relatively rigid backing member, as for example a phenolic tube or the like.
- the various constructions specifically described herein are preferred, obviously different electrically conductive coatings may be used as desired as can various widths, dimensions, perforations and other non-critical variations.
- the usual and preferred shape of the finished abrasive article is that of a flat disc or endless belt, but other shapes such as tubes, cylinders, sheets, blocks and the like can be used if desired.
- a coated abrasive material especially adapted for electrolytic grinding which comprises:
- a coated abrasive material especially adapted for electrolytic grinding which comprises:
- a coated abrasive material especially adapted for electrolytic grinding which comprises:
- a coated abrasive material especially adapted for electrolytic grinding which comprises:
- a coated abrasive material especially adapted for electrolytic grinding which comprises:
- a coated abrasive material as in claim 9 Wherein said material is in the form of an endless belt.
- a coated abrasive material especially adapted for electrolytic grinding which comprises:
- a coated abrasive material especially adapted for electrolytic grinding which comprises:
- a coated abrasive material especially adapted for electrolytic grinding which comprises:
- A An electrically nonconductive flexible woven backing having a front surface and a back surface;
- B A plurality of electrically nonconductive abrasive grains adhesively bonded to the front surface of said backing material;
- An electrolytic grinding belt which comprises:
Description
April 9, 1968 B. w. DUKE ET A 3,377,264
COATED ABRASIVES FOR ELECTROLYTIC GRINDING Filed Nov. 5, 1964 ML r 3/ 35 BRUCE [NV 93%: CH RL s \KLBARSHALL ATTORNEY Uiffi SE ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A coated abrasive product having a non-conductive backing carrying a plurality of adhesively-bonded, nonconductive abrasive grains on one face and an overlying conductive layer on top of said abrasive grains. When used in electrolytic grinding, the abrasive grains protrude through the electrically conductive layer.
The present invention relates generally to coated abrasives and more specifically to coated abrasives in the form of discs, belts or the like especially adapted for use in electrolytic grinding operations.
Electrolytic grinding, or the electrolytic removal of material from an electrically conductive workpiece augmented by contact between the workpiece and an abrasive grinding tool has long been a recognized area of use for metal-bonded abrasive wheels. Only very recently have efforts been made to supplant the bonded wheel by a coated abrasive disc or belt in order to gain the advantages of the coated products ability to conform to irregular surfaces and the increased abrasive area of a belt as contrasted to a wheel. Metal-bonded wheels have been quite limited as to both shape and size, keeping the electrolytic grinding process in consequence limited to a relatively small area of the metal grinding field.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a coated abrasive construction suitable for use in electrolytic grinding.
Another object of the invention is the provision of coated abrasive articles for electrolytic grinding having improved conductivity over those known to the art.
Additional objects, if not specifically set forth herein will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art from the following detailed description of the invention.
In the drawings FIGURE 1 shows a cross-section of a coated abrasive belt formed in accordance with the present invention.
FIGURE 2 illustrates a cross-section of a coated abrasive disc made in accordance with this invention.
Generally, the present invention contemplates the use in an electrolytic grinding abrasive of a water-resistant, non-conductive backing, preferably in the form of woven textile fibres, to which backing, in any manner well known in the coated abrasive art is firmly anchored a plurality of non-conductive abrasive grains. The adhesive or adhesives used in anchoring the grains to the backing are non-conducting electrically and are designed to give maximum anchorage between the abrasive grains and the backing during wet grinding operations. Laminated or bonded to the abrasive coated face of the non-conductive backing is a layer of conductive material through which the tips of the abrasive grains protrude.
The prior art has suggested the use of relatively inflexible woven or perforated metal backings, i.e., completely conductive backings which have very poor life when subjected to the flexing inherent in their use, for example, as an abrasive belt. The use of conductive adhesives has also been suggested. In this type of adhesive tes Patent the holding power of the adhesive is weakened in order to obtain conductivity and the resultant abrasive product is a poor compromise which will not hold up well in use. An improved, but still complicated, type of electrolytic grinding material in the form of a coated abrasive is described and claimed in the copending application of Dyer et al., Ser. No. 392,741, filed Aug. 28, 1964, now Patent No. 3,334,041.
More specifically it has now been found that if a conventional coated abrasive belt, disc or the like is made on a woven textile backing using a good water-resistant maker adhesive, e.g., phenolic resin and a good size adhesive, e.g., phenolic resin, as has been heretofore known in the art the resultant belt or disc has the requisite life and grain adhesion required for good performance. Such belt or disc may be converted for electrolytic grinding by forming a conductive layer on the front surface only thereof (with the non-conductive abrasive grains protruding through the front conductive layer) and providing means in the grinding machine on which such belt or disc is to be used for conducting electric current to such front conductive layer. The resultant belt or disc will compare favorably for flex life and operating life with a conventional abrasive belt or disc and will give excellent results in electrolytic grinding operations.
Generally, the front conductive layer is either a laminated foil or a coating of metal applied directly to the abrasive surface as by metal spray, vacuum metallizing, electroplating or the like. In any instance, care must be taken before actual electrolytic grinding commences that the abrasive grain tips (which are non-conductive) do, in fact, protrude from the film or metal coating layer. This may be accomplished by mechanical abrasion or by deplating, i.e., mounting the metallized coated abrasive article in the electrolytic grinding machine and reversing the current flow to plate the metal from the tips of the grain onto a dummy workpiece. Since the abrasive tips are the highest point in the plane of the abrasive article,
this step of clearing the tips is relatively uncomplicated.
Referring now to the drawings, FIGURE 1 illustrates a cross-section of an abrasive belt 10 composed of a non-conductive woven backing member 11 having a front surface 12 and a back surface 13. A layer of abrasive grains 14 is bonded to the front surface 12 of belt 10 by a water-resistant adhesive 15, such adhesive 15 and abrasive 14 being applied in the form of a strip 16 along the length direction of belt 10. Over the entire front surface 12 including abrasive grains 14 is applied an electrically conductive foil 17. This foil 17 is adhered to the abrasive-coated strip 16 and to the non-abrasive edges 18 of front surface 12 by a suitable adhesive 19 as is more fully described below. It will be noted that the abrasive grain. 14 is shown protruding through the foil 17. This may be accomplished in the laminating procedure but if not can be done by deplating or mechanical abrading as described above. The foil may be any conductive metal foil such as aluminum, copper, tin, lead or the like and has been used in thicknesses ranging from .00065" to .005 in thickness. Heavier foils can be used if desired although the range given above appears to be adequate. The foil is applied to the front or abrasive side 12 only of the woven non-conductive backing strip 11 after lightly sizing the abrasive coated strip 16 and the non-abrasive coated edges 18 with a suitable Water-resistant adhesive 19. The specific adhesive is not critical and one which has been found effective is a blend of epoxy ester and polyamide resin in methyl ethyl ketone solvent. These materials are commercially available as Epon 1001-X- and Versamid 140. A 1:1 blend of these components with 15% methyl ethyl ketone solvent added produces a good laminating adhesive. After placing the foil on the adhesivecoated surface the laminate is run through a set of pressure rolls, one steel and the other rubber (Shore A-2 hardness45) with the abrasive surface towards the rubber roll. Air operated pistons supply a pressure of 15 pounds per inch of roll width to force the foil into intimate contact with the adhesive-coated surface. Following laminating the material is wound on a core of not less than 16" diameter with the abrasive-foil surface convex to insure no separation of foil will occur. The material is then cured for 16 hours at 135 F. followed by /2 hour at 175 F., /2 hour at 200' F., /2 hour at 225 F. and a final /2 hour at 250 F.
Extending through the belt in the area of the abrasive coated strip 16 are a plurality of perforations 20 to provide adequate electrolyte flow through the belt when in use. These may vary in size and number as desired, but preferably are of 4;" diameter and are arranged in a staggered pattern offset from the web direction in order to prevent marking the workpiece with a pattern when the belt is used in electrolytic grinding.
FIGURE 2 shows another modification wherein a disc is formed from a non-conductive woven textile backing 31 with a layer of non-conductive abrasive grain 32 bonded to the front surface 31 thereof by a nonconductive, water-resistant adhesive 33. A conductive layer on the front surface only of the disc 30 is provided in this modification by the application over the adhesive 33 and grain 32 of a metal coating to form a layer of metal 34 adhered thereto.
In applying the metal coating various techniques i known to the art of metal application may be used including flame spraying, vacuum metallizing, plasma are or the like. Generally it is desirable to sandblast or otherwise roughen and clean the surface of the disc before applying the metal to insure proper adhesion. It has been found that a conductive layer of metal has sufiicient adhesion to prevent metal shedding when the coated discs are run wet on a conventional grinding machine under 80 psi. workpiece pressure. Copper has been found to be the preferred metal since the adhesion is much higher than that of sprayed zinc or aluminum. The thickness of the sprayed metal layer should range from about .005" to 0.02". Good results have been achieved using a coating of 0.008 on the front surface of electrolytic grinding discs. The spray-applied metal must be removed from the tips of the non-conductive abrasive particles before use in an electrolytic grinding process and, as described above, this may be done by deplating or mechanical abrasion.
One or more holes such as illustrated by reference numeral 35 are provided in the disc to permit passage therethrough of a spindle or mounting bolt (not shown) which will conduct the electrical current to the front metal coated surface 34 of disc 30. A conductive washer of copper or the like around such bolt and held to the face of disc 30 by a nut on the bolt is usually used to transmit the current. In use the disc is mounted on a steel flange which is substituted for the usual grinding wheel in a conventional electrolytic grinding unit. The bolt or bolts holding such flange in place on the wheel spindle are preferably used to transmit the current to the face of the disc. In addition, while the disc 30 may be perforated for coolant flow, generally it is not and the coolant is applied to the abrasive side only.
The following specific examples are illustrative of the performance in electrolytic grinding operations of belts and discs made in accordance with the present invention:
Example 1 Belts according to the construction illustrated in FIG- URE l were prepared by taking; conventional, resinbonded, water-resistant coated abrasive materials (Grit 60, Speed-Wet Metalite Cloth) which were made on X weight cotton, desized drills cloth using a phenolic resin maker and size adhesive. The material coated was 4' in width and the maker adhesive, abrasive grain and size adhesive was applied in a 1 /2" wide strip running lengthwise of the 4" wide backing. Laminated to the entire coated side of the 4" material Was a layer of .001" 1235ODry aluminum foil, applied as described in connection with FIGURE 1. The center coated area only was then perforated with a pattern of A5" holes on centers, in staggered array, off-set 4 from the web direction to prevent ridging or patterning of the workpiece. Belts measuring 4" x 107" were cut from this material and joined by cutting the ends at angle and adhering such ends to each other to form a single skive adhesive joint in conventional fashion.
These belts were used in electrolytic grinding of V2" square stock M-2 Star-MO High Speed Steel workpiece, hardened to Rockwell C65, using an electrolytic belt grinding machine. This equipment generally is of the type disclosed in U.S. Letters Patent No. 2,997,- 437 to Richard A. Whitaker and more specifically as disclosed in Canadian letters Patent No. 689,815. The belt tension in each case was 45 the belt speed was 1150 surface feet per minute and the voltage was 7.0 volts DC. The electrolyte was #SO90, 2#/ gal. solution delivered at the rate of 5 gallons per minute filtered. Electrical cont-act to the conductive edges of the belt Was provided by brushes in contact with the foil. The following results were achieved:
Flame-sprayed metal coated discs as illustrated in FIGURE 2 were made by first applying a layer of pressure sensitive adhesive to the back surface of conventional Grit Speed-Wet Metalite Cloth abrasive material followed by the application of a release-coated paper liner to such adhesive surface. Six inch diameter (1%." center hole) discs were stamped from this material and, using a separate die set-up, four mounting holes of diameter were punched through the discs on 2%" centers about a circle of 1 /8" radius from the disc center holes. The abrasive surfaces of the discs were sandblasted using a Vacu-Blast Jr. sandblasting unit and aluminum oxide grain. Sandblasting was continued only long enough to de-lustre the material. Then the front surface only of the abrasive material was flame-sprayed with copper using a Metco Type 4-E metallizing gun. The gun was hand held and was directed at the surfaces of the discs in a manner similar to that used for manual paint spraying. These discs were run on a EGD-7 machine. A steel flange was mounted on the wheel spindle of this machine and after the discs were aligned with the mounting holes on the wheel flange, they were anchored in place by the pressure sensitive adhesive back coating (the liner being first removed). Electrical contact with the surface layer of sprayed metal was obtained by the use of soft copper washers under the heads of the mounting screws, providing a current path through the Wheel spindle to the wheel flange and then through the mounting screws and copper washers to the sprayed metal surface. Test results were as follows:
Room temperature: 74 F.
Workpiece: /2 square (.25 in?) Circle C Tool Steel Power supply: 7.5 v.; Spark suppress40 Deplating: 7.5 v.', Spark suppress40 Machine speed: 5500 s.f.p.m.
Electrolyte: NaCl, 2#/gal. applied to front of disc Air cylinder feed: v
Time (min) Avg. Current; Linear Mils Metal Removed (amps) Removed (111.
. 5 200 50 1 5 225 (it) l2 5 200 50 l 5 200 50 l 5 225 50 1 5 200 50 l 5 2-25 50 l 5 225 50 I 5 225 50 l 5 225 50 1 1 Adjusted [010110 minute on l in test bar. 2 Same as A except here the wheel was oscillated.
The abrasive grain, abrasive grain binders and backings used in the present invention may be selected from any of the many known types used in the coated abrasive art. As indicated above, these components of 'the abrasive articles of the present invention or at least the front surfaces thereof must, however, be electrically nonconductive. The backing is preferably a woven structure but nonconductive films such as Mylar or the like, nonwoven backings, etc., may be used. While a flexible or semi-flexible backing is generally contemplated, it may be desirable in some instances to use a relatively rigid backing member, as for example a phenolic tube or the like. Likewise, while directed primarily to backing materials which are nonconductive throughout, circumstances might indicate the use of a conductive material covered in whole or in part with a nonconductive layer, as for example a steel shaft with a built-up section of nonconductive resin thereon. All such variations are contemplated within the scope of the present invention.
While the various constructions specifically described herein are preferred, obviously different electrically conductive coatings may be used as desired as can various widths, dimensions, perforations and other non-critical variations. The usual and preferred shape of the finished abrasive article is that of a flat disc or endless belt, but other shapes such as tubes, cylinders, sheets, blocks and the like can be used if desired.
Obviously, many variations and modifications can be made Without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention described herein, so that only such limitations should be imposed as are contained in the appended claims.
We claim:
1. A coated abrasive material especially adapted for electrolytic grinding which comprises:
(A) An electrically nonconductive backing material having a front surface and a back surface;
(B) A plurality of electrically nonconductive abrasive grains adhesively bonded to the front surface of said backing material; and
(C) An electrically conductive layer of material overlying said front surface only and bonded thereto, said abrasive grains protruding through and above said electrically conductive layer when electrolytic grinding is taking place.
2. A coated abrasive material as in claim 1 wherein said material is in the form of an endless belt.
3. A coated abrasive material as in claim 1 wherein said material is in the form of a flat disc.
4. A coated abrasive material especially adapted for electrolytic grinding which comprises:
(A) An electrically nonconductive flexible backing ma terial having a front surface and a back surface;
(B) A plurality of electrically nonconductive abrasive grains adhesively bonded to the front surface of said backing material; and
(C) An electrically conductive layer of material overlying said front surface only and bonded thereto, said abrasive grains protruding through and above said electrically conductive layer when electrolytic grinding is taking place.
5. A coated abrasive material as in claim 4 wherein said material is in the form of an endless belt.
6. A coated abrasive material as in claim 4 wherein said material is in the form of a flat disc.
7. A coated abrasive material especially adapted for electrolytic grinding which comprises:
(A) An electrically nonconductive flexible backing material having a front surface and a back surface;
' (B) A plurality of electrically nonconductive abrasive grains adhesively bonded to the front surface of said backing material; and
(C) An electrically conductive layer of metal overlying said front surface only and bonded thereto, said abrasive grains protruding through and above said electrically conductive layer when electrolytic grinding is taking place.
8. A coated abrasive material especially adapted for electrolytic grinding which comprises:
(A) An electrically nonconductive flexible backing material having a front surface and a back surface;
(B) A plurality of electrically nonconductive abrasive grains adhesively bonded to the front surface of said backing material; and
(C) An electrically conductive layer of foil overlying said front surface only and bonded thereto, said abrasive grains protruding through and above said electrically conductive foil when electrolytic grinding is taking place.
9. A coated abrasive material especially adapted for electrolytic grinding which comprises:
(A) An electrically nonconductive flexible woven backing having a front surface and a back surface;
(B) A plurality of electrically nonconductive abrasive grains adhesively bonded to the front surface of said backing material;
(C) An electrically conductive layer of material overlying said front surface only and bonded thereto, said abrasive grains protruding through and above said electrically conductive layer when electrolytic grinding is taking place; and
(D) A plurality of perforations extending through said electrically nonconductive backing and said electrically conductive layer bonded thereto.
10. A coated abrasive material as in claim 9 Wherein said material is in the form of an endless belt.
11. A coated abrasive material as in claim 9 wherein said material is in the form of a circular disc.
12. A coated abrasive material especially adapted for electrolytic grinding which comprises:
(A) An electrically nonconductive flexible woven backing having a front surface and a back surface;
(B) A plurality of electrically nonconductive abrasive grains adhesively bonded to the front surface of said backing material;
(C) An electrically conductive layer of foil overlying said front surface only and bonded thereto, said abrasive grains protruding through and above said electrically conductive foil when electrolytic grinding is taking place; and
(D) A plurality of perforations extending through said electrically nonconductive backing and said electrically conductive layer bonded thereto.
13. A coated abrasive material especially adapted for electrolytic grinding which comprises:
(A) An electrically nonconductive flexible woven backing having a front surface and a back surface;
(B) A plurality of electrically nonconductive abrasive grains adhesively bonded to the front surface of said backing material;
(C) An electrically conductive layer of sprayed metal overlying said front surface only and bonded thereto, said abrasive grains protruding through and above said electrically conductive layer when electrolytic grinding is taking place; and
(D) A plurality of perforations extending through said electrically nonconductive backing and said electrically conductive layer bonded thereto.
14. A coated abrasive material especially adapted for electrolytic grinding which comprises:
(A) An electrically nonconductive flexible woven backing having a front surface and a back surface; (B) A plurality of electrically nonconductive abrasive grains adhesively bonded to the front surface of said backing material;
(C) An electrically conductive layer of vacuum deposited metal overlying said front surface only and bonded thereto, said abrasive grains protruding through and above said electrically conductive layer when electrolytic grinding is taking place; and
(D) A plurality of perforations extending through said electrically nonconductive backing and said electrically conductive layer bonded thereto.
15. An electrolytic grinding belt which comprises:
(A) An endless band of electrically nonconductive flexible backing material having a front surface and a back surface;
(B) A plurality of electrically nonconductive abrasive grains adhesively bonded to the front surface of said backing material in the form of a strip centered along the median line of said endless band, leaving uncoated margins on said endless band; and
(C) An electrically conductive layer of material overlying said front surface only and bonded thereto, said layer covering said strip of abrasive grain and the uncoated margins of said endless band, said abrasive grains protruding through and above said electrically conductive layer when electrolytic grinding is taking place.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,820,746 1/1958 Keeleric 204-16 2,858,256 10/1958 Fahnoe et a1. 20416 XR 3,162,588 12/1964 Bell 204224 XR 3,317,416 5/1967 Warren 204-290 3,334,041 8/1967 Dyer et Ell. 204-284 JOHN H. MACK, Primary Examiner.
HOWARD S. WILLIAMS, Examiner.
D. R. JORDAN, Assistant Examiner.
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US408521A US3377264A (en) | 1964-11-03 | 1964-11-03 | Coated abrasives for electrolytic grinding |
GB39846/65A GB1119934A (en) | 1964-11-03 | 1965-09-17 | Coated abrasives |
FR31931A FR1447059A (en) | 1964-11-03 | 1965-09-20 | Abrasive product applied |
SE14080/65A SE305104B (en) | 1964-11-03 | 1965-11-01 | |
DE19651540990 DE1540990A1 (en) | 1964-11-03 | 1965-11-03 | Grinding tool |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US408521A US3377264A (en) | 1964-11-03 | 1964-11-03 | Coated abrasives for electrolytic grinding |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3377264A true US3377264A (en) | 1968-04-09 |
Family
ID=23616621
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US408521A Expired - Lifetime US3377264A (en) | 1964-11-03 | 1964-11-03 | Coated abrasives for electrolytic grinding |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3377264A (en) |
DE (1) | DE1540990A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB1119934A (en) |
SE (1) | SE305104B (en) |
Cited By (30)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3476677A (en) * | 1965-02-15 | 1969-11-04 | Carbond Corp | Electrolytic grinding tools |
US3619389A (en) * | 1969-10-03 | 1971-11-09 | Norton Co | Electrodeposition system |
US3619384A (en) * | 1968-04-03 | 1971-11-09 | Norton Co | Electrodeposition |
US3619391A (en) * | 1968-04-03 | 1971-11-09 | Norton Co | Electrochemical treatment of liquids |
US3619401A (en) * | 1968-04-03 | 1971-11-09 | Norton Co | Apparatus for electrodeposition |
US3871983A (en) * | 1972-07-31 | 1975-03-18 | Watts John Dawson | Surface finishing and plating apparatus |
US3873434A (en) * | 1971-08-23 | 1975-03-25 | Arthur S King | Corrosion control assembly |
US3876511A (en) * | 1973-09-17 | 1975-04-08 | Metalem Sa | Method of decorating visible parts of a watch |
US3959089A (en) * | 1972-07-31 | 1976-05-25 | Watts John Dawson | Surface finishing and plating method |
US3985521A (en) * | 1972-11-16 | 1976-10-12 | Ted Bildplatten Aktiengesellschaft | Method for producing a grinding foil |
US3992178A (en) * | 1973-04-17 | 1976-11-16 | Fabrika Ab Eka | Flexible coated abrasive with graphite outer layer |
US4256467A (en) * | 1978-12-12 | 1981-03-17 | Ian Gorsuch | A flexible abrasive coated article and method of making it |
US4369098A (en) * | 1980-08-12 | 1983-01-18 | Barristo, Ltd. | Method of manufacturing abrasive articles |
US4397325A (en) * | 1980-08-12 | 1983-08-09 | Barristo, Ltd. | Abrasive article |
US4497694A (en) * | 1984-04-17 | 1985-02-05 | Barristo, Ltd. | Method of manufacturing abrasive articles |
US4610698A (en) * | 1984-06-25 | 1986-09-09 | United Technologies Corporation | Abrasive surface coating process for superalloys |
US4744725A (en) * | 1984-06-25 | 1988-05-17 | United Technologies Corporation | Abrasive surfaced article for high temperature service |
US5137542A (en) * | 1990-08-08 | 1992-08-11 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Abrasive printed with an electrically conductive ink |
US5203884A (en) * | 1992-06-04 | 1993-04-20 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Abrasive article having vanadium oxide incorporated therein |
US5328716A (en) * | 1992-08-11 | 1994-07-12 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Method of making a coated abrasive article containing a conductive backing |
US5560753A (en) * | 1992-02-12 | 1996-10-01 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Coated abrasive article containing an electrically conductive backing |
US20030204007A1 (en) * | 2001-02-08 | 2003-10-30 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Coated abrasive articles containing graphite |
US20060251892A1 (en) * | 2002-12-04 | 2006-11-09 | Marc Husemann | Anti-static self-adhesive strip |
US20080047204A1 (en) * | 2006-07-10 | 2008-02-28 | Oy Kwh Mirka Ab | Method for manufacturing a flexible abrasive disc, and a flexible abrasive disc |
USD849067S1 (en) * | 2017-12-12 | 2019-05-21 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Coated abrasive disc |
USD849066S1 (en) * | 2017-12-12 | 2019-05-21 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Coated abrasive disc |
USD862538S1 (en) * | 2017-12-12 | 2019-10-08 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Coated abrasive disc |
USD870782S1 (en) * | 2017-12-12 | 2019-12-24 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Coated abrasive disc |
USD879164S1 (en) * | 2017-12-12 | 2020-03-24 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Coated abrasive disc |
CN111168173B (en) * | 2020-01-10 | 2021-05-14 | 安徽工业大学 | Positive flow type movable mould plate electrolytic grinding composite processing method and device |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2364095A1 (en) * | 1976-09-13 | 1978-04-07 | Gen Electric | Abrasive tools, esp. rotatable grinders - having diamond or boron nitride crystals embedded in metal layer bonded to support, and covered with resin |
GB8701553D0 (en) * | 1987-01-24 | 1987-02-25 | Interface Developments Ltd | Abrasive article |
SG158775A1 (en) * | 2008-07-28 | 2010-02-26 | Kinik Co | Grinding tool and method for fabricating the same |
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US2820746A (en) * | 1953-11-25 | 1958-01-21 | George F Keeleric | Method of making an abrasive tool |
US2858256A (en) * | 1953-10-26 | 1958-10-28 | Vitro Corp Of America | Electrophoretic method of making an abrasive article and article made thereby |
US3162588A (en) * | 1961-04-17 | 1964-12-22 | Hammond Machinery Builders Inc | Belt type electrolytic grinding machine |
US3317416A (en) * | 1964-04-14 | 1967-05-02 | Anton Smith & Co Inc | Electrolytic machining wheel |
US3334041A (en) * | 1964-08-28 | 1967-08-01 | Norton Co | Coated abrasives |
-
1964
- 1964-11-03 US US408521A patent/US3377264A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1965
- 1965-09-17 GB GB39846/65A patent/GB1119934A/en not_active Expired
- 1965-11-01 SE SE14080/65A patent/SE305104B/xx unknown
- 1965-11-03 DE DE19651540990 patent/DE1540990A1/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US2858256A (en) * | 1953-10-26 | 1958-10-28 | Vitro Corp Of America | Electrophoretic method of making an abrasive article and article made thereby |
US2820746A (en) * | 1953-11-25 | 1958-01-21 | George F Keeleric | Method of making an abrasive tool |
US3162588A (en) * | 1961-04-17 | 1964-12-22 | Hammond Machinery Builders Inc | Belt type electrolytic grinding machine |
US3317416A (en) * | 1964-04-14 | 1967-05-02 | Anton Smith & Co Inc | Electrolytic machining wheel |
US3334041A (en) * | 1964-08-28 | 1967-08-01 | Norton Co | Coated abrasives |
Cited By (32)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3476677A (en) * | 1965-02-15 | 1969-11-04 | Carbond Corp | Electrolytic grinding tools |
US3619384A (en) * | 1968-04-03 | 1971-11-09 | Norton Co | Electrodeposition |
US3619391A (en) * | 1968-04-03 | 1971-11-09 | Norton Co | Electrochemical treatment of liquids |
US3619401A (en) * | 1968-04-03 | 1971-11-09 | Norton Co | Apparatus for electrodeposition |
US3619389A (en) * | 1969-10-03 | 1971-11-09 | Norton Co | Electrodeposition system |
US3873434A (en) * | 1971-08-23 | 1975-03-25 | Arthur S King | Corrosion control assembly |
US3871983A (en) * | 1972-07-31 | 1975-03-18 | Watts John Dawson | Surface finishing and plating apparatus |
US3959089A (en) * | 1972-07-31 | 1976-05-25 | Watts John Dawson | Surface finishing and plating method |
US3985521A (en) * | 1972-11-16 | 1976-10-12 | Ted Bildplatten Aktiengesellschaft | Method for producing a grinding foil |
US3992178A (en) * | 1973-04-17 | 1976-11-16 | Fabrika Ab Eka | Flexible coated abrasive with graphite outer layer |
US3876511A (en) * | 1973-09-17 | 1975-04-08 | Metalem Sa | Method of decorating visible parts of a watch |
US4256467A (en) * | 1978-12-12 | 1981-03-17 | Ian Gorsuch | A flexible abrasive coated article and method of making it |
US4369098A (en) * | 1980-08-12 | 1983-01-18 | Barristo, Ltd. | Method of manufacturing abrasive articles |
US4397325A (en) * | 1980-08-12 | 1983-08-09 | Barristo, Ltd. | Abrasive article |
US4497694A (en) * | 1984-04-17 | 1985-02-05 | Barristo, Ltd. | Method of manufacturing abrasive articles |
US4744725A (en) * | 1984-06-25 | 1988-05-17 | United Technologies Corporation | Abrasive surfaced article for high temperature service |
US4610698A (en) * | 1984-06-25 | 1986-09-09 | United Technologies Corporation | Abrasive surface coating process for superalloys |
US5137542A (en) * | 1990-08-08 | 1992-08-11 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Abrasive printed with an electrically conductive ink |
US5560753A (en) * | 1992-02-12 | 1996-10-01 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Coated abrasive article containing an electrically conductive backing |
US5203884A (en) * | 1992-06-04 | 1993-04-20 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Abrasive article having vanadium oxide incorporated therein |
US5328716A (en) * | 1992-08-11 | 1994-07-12 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Method of making a coated abrasive article containing a conductive backing |
US20030204007A1 (en) * | 2001-02-08 | 2003-10-30 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Coated abrasive articles containing graphite |
US7294667B2 (en) | 2001-02-08 | 2007-11-13 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Coated abrasive articles containing graphite |
US20060251892A1 (en) * | 2002-12-04 | 2006-11-09 | Marc Husemann | Anti-static self-adhesive strip |
US20080047204A1 (en) * | 2006-07-10 | 2008-02-28 | Oy Kwh Mirka Ab | Method for manufacturing a flexible abrasive disc, and a flexible abrasive disc |
US8795036B2 (en) | 2006-07-10 | 2014-08-05 | Oy Kwh Mirka Ab | Method for manufacturing a flexible abrasive disc, and a flexible abrasive disc |
USD849067S1 (en) * | 2017-12-12 | 2019-05-21 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Coated abrasive disc |
USD849066S1 (en) * | 2017-12-12 | 2019-05-21 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Coated abrasive disc |
USD862538S1 (en) * | 2017-12-12 | 2019-10-08 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Coated abrasive disc |
USD870782S1 (en) * | 2017-12-12 | 2019-12-24 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Coated abrasive disc |
USD879164S1 (en) * | 2017-12-12 | 2020-03-24 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Coated abrasive disc |
CN111168173B (en) * | 2020-01-10 | 2021-05-14 | 安徽工业大学 | Positive flow type movable mould plate electrolytic grinding composite processing method and device |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
SE305104B (en) | 1968-10-14 |
GB1119934A (en) | 1968-07-17 |
DE1540990A1 (en) | 1970-01-29 |
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