US3508277A - Coaxial horns with cross-polarized feeds of different frequencies - Google Patents

Coaxial horns with cross-polarized feeds of different frequencies Download PDF

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US3508277A
US3508277A US636440A US3508277DA US3508277A US 3508277 A US3508277 A US 3508277A US 636440 A US636440 A US 636440A US 3508277D A US3508277D A US 3508277DA US 3508277 A US3508277 A US 3508277A
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waveguide
waveguides
signals
frequency band
circular
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David George Ware
Graham Leslie Bartholomew
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STC PLC
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International Standard Electric Corp
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/08Radiating ends of two-conductor microwave transmission lines, e.g. of coaxial lines, of microstrip lines
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01PWAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P1/00Auxiliary devices
    • H01P1/16Auxiliary devices for mode selection, e.g. mode suppression or mode promotion; for mode conversion
    • H01P1/161Auxiliary devices for mode selection, e.g. mode suppression or mode promotion; for mode conversion sustaining two independent orthogonal modes, e.g. orthomode transducer
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01PWAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P1/00Auxiliary devices
    • H01P1/20Frequency-selective devices, e.g. filters
    • H01P1/213Frequency-selective devices, e.g. filters combining or separating two or more different frequencies
    • H01P1/2138Frequency-selective devices, e.g. filters combining or separating two or more different frequencies using hollow waveguide filters
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/02Waveguide horns
    • H01Q13/025Multimode horn antennas; Horns using higher mode of propagation
    • H01Q13/0258Orthomode horns
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q5/00Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements
    • H01Q5/40Imbricated or interleaved structures; Combined or electromagnetically coupled arrangements, e.g. comprising two or more non-connected fed radiating elements
    • H01Q5/45Imbricated or interleaved structures; Combined or electromagnetically coupled arrangements, e.g. comprising two or more non-connected fed radiating elements using two or more feeds in association with a common reflecting, diffracting or refracting device

Definitions

  • Two circular Waveguides are mounted coaxially with respect to each other and two signals lying in an upper frequency band and having orthogonal planes of polarization are fed into the inner waveguide.
  • Two mode converters are coupled to the outer waveguide to convert two respective input signals lying in a lower frequency band into two H coaxial mode signals having orthogonal planes of polarization.
  • the two lower frequency band signals are transmitted between the two waveguides.
  • Horns are provided at the ends of the waveguides for feeding to a common load, such as an antenna.
  • This invention relates to waveguide junctions, and more particularly to a waveguide junction for combining a plurality of independent microwave signals and feeding them to a common load, such as a microwave antenna.
  • Microwave antennae and towers to support them are generally large and expensive structures. It is therefore desirable to reduce the number of antennae on a given radio link route to a minimum.
  • One method reducing the number of antennae on a given radio link is to use a single antenna to radiate or receive two or more microwave signals occupying separate frequency bands. This type of system is well known in the art.
  • a parabolic reflector can be used which can accommodate signals lying in a given frequency band, but having mutually perpendicular planes of polarization.
  • the main object of this invention is to provide a waveguide junction for combining more than two independent microwave signals and for feeding them to a common load, such as a microwave antenna.
  • a waveguide junction for the transmission of up to four multiplex microwave signals, two of said signals lying in an upper frequency band and two of said signals lying in a lower frequency band, the two signals in each of said bands having mutually perpendicular planes of polarization.
  • the junction comprises an inner circular waveguide for transmission of the signals in the upper frequency band and an outer circular waveguide for transmission of the signals in the lower frequency band, the two waveguides forming a coaxial structure.
  • Apparatus is coupled to the outer waveguide for converting the lower frequency signals into respective H coaxial mode signals having 1 mutually perpendicular planes of polarization and for launching said H coaxial mode signals within the outer circular waveguide.
  • FIG. 1 is a partly sectioned perspective view of the junction according to the invention.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 are transverse and axial sections through one of the mode converters of the junctions.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic view of a clamp
  • FIG. 5 is a partly sectioned perspective view of a portion of the junction of FIG. 1 which is modified according to the invention.
  • a central waveguide 1 of circular cross section is located inside an outer waveguide 2, also of circular cross section, and is axially aligned with the latter.
  • the outer waveguide 2 has a non-reflecting termination 3 at one end thereof.
  • Two rectangular waveguides, 4 and 5, having their larger dimension parallel to the longitudinal axis of the coaxial structure are joined to the outer waveguide 2.
  • the longitudinal axes of these rectangular waveguides 4 and 5 are normal to each other and also to the common axis ofthe coaxial waveguide structure.
  • the wall of the outer waveguide 2 is provided with a rectangular aperture 6 having dimensions smaller than the corresponding dimensions of the broad and narrow walls of the Waveguides 4 and 5.
  • These apertures 6 form resonant irises in the rectangular waveguides.
  • the aperture for waveguide 5 is not shown in the drawings for the sake of clarity and it is pointed out here that it is similar to the aperture shown for waveguide 4.
  • each junction of the rectangular waveguides 4 and 5 and the outer circular waveguide 2 are two conducting planes or septa 7, 8, 9 and 10, of which only 7 and 9 are visible in FIG. 1.
  • Septum 8 is visible in FIG. 2.
  • the two septa associated with a particular rectangular waveguide interconnect the outer and inner circular waveguides, both said septa lying in a plane which includes the axis of the inner Waveguide, but is normal to the axis of the associated rectangular waveguide.
  • the exact axial position of the septa is determined by experiment, but in general the narrow edges of the septa nearest to the horns '11 and 12 will approximately coincide with a narrow edge of the resonant iris which is furthest from the horns 1.1 and 12 at the right end of the coaxial waveguides.
  • the approximate position of the septa relative to the resonant iris of a mode converter is indicated by the dashed line 13 in FIG. 3.
  • the axial length of each septum is substantially equal to one half wavelength of the mean frequency of the signals
  • the inner and outer circular wave-guides, 1 and 2 terminate in horns 11 and 12 which. radiate energy from the circular waveguides to a microwave aerial, not shown.
  • the inner and outer waveguides 1 and 2 near the horns are kept in coaxial alignment by a separator 13 made of insulating material.
  • the separation of these second two waves is based on the use of waves having planes of polarization which are normal to each other.
  • These two waves are derived from two H waves transmitted in rectangular waveguides (not shown) which are connected to rectangular waveguides 4 and 5.
  • the orientation of these not shown waveguides is such that the direction of the vector representing the electric field is normal to the axis of the circular waveguides 1 and 2.
  • the resonant irises at the junctions of the rectangular waveguides 4 and 5 and outer circular waveguide 2 compensate for any impedance irregularities introduced by .the junction and reduce reflections.
  • capacitive trimmer screws 14 are provided on both rectangular waveguides. For clarity, only the tirmmer screws 14 associated with waveguide 4 are shown in FIG. 1. If required additional screws may be used on the circular waveguide, the axis of these screws lying in the plane of the E vector.
  • the H coaxial mode wave launched in the outer circular waveguide 2 would normally propagate in both directions. Since propagation is desired only in the direction towards the horns 11 and 12, two metal septa 7, 8 and 9, are placed in the space between the two circular waveguides 1 and 2 and behind the wall aperture 6 forming the resonant iris. The plane in which the septa 7, 8 and 9, 10 lie is parallel to the direction of the electrical field of the signal. The septa are in electrical contact with both circular waveguides 1 and 2 and present an effective short circuit to the H coaxial mode wave propagating to the left. See FIGS. 2 and 3 for more detailed cross-sectional views of the construction of a typical Waveguide junction in the vicinity of rectangular waveguide 4.
  • the axial length of the septa is chosen to be approximately equal to M2 of the wave corresponding to the mean frequency of the signal.
  • the wave is .thus reflected by the septa towards the horns 11 and 12 and the propagation of the wave in the opposite direction is prevented.
  • the second wave in the lower frequency band is launched in a similar manner as the first wave in the lower frequency band, except that the rectangular waveguide, the iris and the septa are circumferentially displaced by 90 relative to the first mode converter. It should be noted that this H coaxial mode wave propagates past the septa of the first converter substantially without attenuation, since the plane of the septa of the first converter is normal to the direction of the electric field of the wave launched by the second converter.
  • the axial separation of the two rectangular waveguides 4 and 5 is not critical, but interaction between the two waves in the lower frequency band is reduced if this separation is not less than a wavelength of the signal.
  • a nonreflecting termination 3 is provided to absorb these unwanted Waves.
  • each of the rectangular waveguides 5 and 6 and the resonant irises were turned round their axes through 90, so that the direction of the electrical vector is parallel to the axis of the circular Waveguide.
  • the plane containing each pair of septa is also rotated round the axis of the circuclar waveguide through 90.
  • the circular waveguides 1 and 2 are terminated in horns 11 and 12, which are designed by known methods to give the desired pattern of radiation and impedance match.
  • the two coaxial horns 11 and 12 are separated by an insert 13 made of insulating material having low dielectric losses. The axial position of separator 13 is chosen to satisfy two separate requirements.
  • the first of these requirements is that the reflection caused by separator 13 should substantially reduce the reflection caused by the impedance discontinuity at the mouth of the horn.
  • the optimum axial length and position of separator 13 are therefore determined by experiment.
  • the second requirement for the separator 13 is that while it must transmit freely waves lying in the lower frequency band, it must reflect waves lying in the upper frequency band. This requirement arises from the need to reduce crosstalk between channels radiated by the inner horn into the outer horns. For this reason the separator 13 must have a transmission characteristic corresponding to a lowpass filter. This type of characteristic is obtained by placing a number of dielectric obstacles 19, 20 and 21 (see FIG.
  • the separator 13 as shown in FIG. 1 will therefore in practice he replaced by a plurality of insulating washers 19, 20, 21 as illustrated in FIG. 5.
  • the disc shaped obstacles 19, 20 and 21 would only perform the filter function, the reflection compensating function being performed by other and independent means, for example obstacles made of conducting material.
  • a dielectric obstacle 22 may also be placed in the central waveguide 1 in the vicinity of born 12. In this case, however, its sole function is to compensate for unwanted reflections generated at the mouth of horn 12. As will become apparent later, the filter function of the obstacle 22 in this case is not required.
  • the obstacles in both waveguides 1 and 2 perform a further important function of sealing the overall waveguide structure against atmospheric influences.
  • the minimum and maximum frequencies defining the lower frequency band are designated by and f and the minimum and maximum frequencies defining the upper frequency band are designated by f and respectively, then the following considerations apply for the choice of diameters of the inner and outer circular waveguides, 1 and 2, respectively.
  • the inner diameter d of the inner waveguide 1 is chosen so that signals lying in the upper frequency band will propagate, but that signals lying in the lower frequency band cannot be propagated in it. In practice d would be chosen to satisfy the inequality:
  • A is the wavelength at frequency f and A is the wavelength at frequency f
  • al be the external diameter of the inner waveguide 1 and d be the internal diameter of the outer waveguide 2.
  • d and d would, in practice, be chosen to permit propagation in the H mode between the frequencies i and f and to suppress propagation of all other waveguide modes. Therefore d and d are chosen to satisfy the inequality:
  • A is the wavelength at frequency f and A is the wavelength at frequency f,,.
  • polarization crosstalk is compensated for by providing distorting means to introduce deliberate geometrical distortion at one point along the axis of at least one of the circular waveguides.
  • the purpose of the distorting means is to cause a signal to be generated within the waveguide which has a magnitude and phase angle opposite to that of the spurious signals generated in the waveguide due to the inherent geometrical distortions of the waveguide.
  • the magnitude of the introduced geometric distortion and the circumferential position of the distorting means determines the magnitride and phase of the signal which is being introduced to cancel out the spurious signals generated due to irregularities in the waveguide.
  • FIG. 4 A simple clamp meeting these requirements is shown in FIG. 4. It comprises two semicircular clamps 15 and 16 each having a radius of curvature slightly larger than the radius of the waveguide 2 with which it is to be used. The two clamps 15 and 16 are pressed against the waveguide by means of screws 17 and 18.
  • the clamp of FIG. 4 may also be provided for waveguide 1, but that this may easily be designed by one ordinarily skilled in the art within the spirit of this invention and is therefore not illustrated or described in detail herein.
  • the four independent channels provided by the junction can be used either for transmission or for reception. In general however they will be used to provide two bidirectiorial communication channels.
  • a waveguide junction for transmitting a plurality of microwave signals, two of said signals lying in an upper frequency band and two of said signals lying in a lower frequency band, the two signals in each of said bands having mutually perpendicular planes of polarization, said junction comprising:
  • means for applying said signals in said lower frequency band to said waveguide junction including means coupled to said outer waveguide for converting said lower frequency signals into respective H coaxial mode signals having mutually perpendicular planes of polarization;
  • filter means coupled between said outer and inner waveguides for transmitting signals lying in said lower frequency band annd for substantially reflecting signals lying in said upper frequency band.
  • a waveguide junction according to claim 1 wherein said means for applying said lower frequency signals includes first and second mode converting means coupled to said outer waveguide, each said mode converting means being adapted to convert respective H coaxial mode microwave signals in rectangular waveguides into respectice H coaxial mode signals having mutually perpendicular planes of polarization.
  • a waveguide junction according to claim 3 further comprising a nonreflecting termination coupled to said outer waveguide at the end thereof opposite to said horn.
  • a waveguide junction according to claim 1 further comprising means coupled to said waveguide to compensate for undesired signals having a spurious plane of polarization within said circular waveguides.
  • a waveguide junction according to claim 2 wherein said first and Second mode converting means includes first and second rectangular waveguide sections, respectively, coupled to said outer waveguide.
  • a waveguide junction according to claim 6 further comprising:
  • a first resonant iris formed by a first aperture in the wall of said outer waveguide for matching the impedance of said first rectangular waveguide to said outer circular waveguide;
  • a second resonant iris formed by a second aperture in the wall of said outer waveguide for matching the impedance of said second rectangular waveguide to said outer circular waveguide.
  • a waveguide junction according to claim 1 further comprising means coupled to said waveguides for causing each of said two H coaxial mode signals to be transmitted substantially in only one direction within said outer waveguide.
  • a waveguide junction according to claim 9, wherein said means for causing said signals to be transmitted substantially in only one direction includes:
  • a first conducting septum coupled to said waveguides and extending in a plane parallel to the plane of the vector of the electric field of one of said lower frequency signals;
  • a second conducting septum coupled to said waveguides and extending in a plane parallel to the plane of the vector of the electric field of the other of said lower frequency signals.
  • a waveguide junction according to claim 13 wherein said filter means comprises a plurality of dielectric washers mounted between said inner and outer circular waveguides, said washers having an axial separation from each other substantially equal to one half the wavelength at the midband frequency of the upper frequency band, said filter further providing a mechanical support between the inner and outer circular waveguides.
  • a waveguide junction according to claim 5 wherein said compensating means comprises:
  • each said distorting means includes:
  • a Waveguide junction according to claim 3 further comprising a dielectric means mounted between said first 8 and second waveguides in the vicinity of said horns for maintaining the coaxial relationship between said waveguides.

Description

April 21, 1970 Filed may 5. 1967 D. G. WARE ET AL COAXIAL HORNS WITH CROSS-POLARIZED FEEDS OF DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES 2 Sheets-Sheet i Inventors DAV/O G. WARE GRAHAM L-AMr/IOLOflN By gf A gen f D. G. WARE ET AL COAXIAL HORNS WITH GROSS-POLARIZED FEEDS April 2 1, 1970 OF DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed May 5, 1967 70 HOE/V6 yaw Agent I. O n Mumm n R I A 8 DMV. wAB AM on .G
United States Patent O 3,508,277 COAXIAL HORNS WITH CROSS-POLARIZED FEEDS OF DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES David George Ware, Bexley, and Graham Leslie Bartholomew, London, England, assignors to International Standard Electric Corporation, New York, N.Y., a corporation of Delaware Filed May 5, 1967, Ser. No. 636,440 Claims priority, application Great Britain, May 27, 1966, 23,912/ 66 Int. Cl. H01q 13/00 US. Cl. 343-776 17 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A waveguide junction for combining four independent microwave signals and feeding them to a common load. Two circular Waveguides are mounted coaxially with respect to each other and two signals lying in an upper frequency band and having orthogonal planes of polarization are fed into the inner waveguide. Two mode converters are coupled to the outer waveguide to convert two respective input signals lying in a lower frequency band into two H coaxial mode signals having orthogonal planes of polarization. The two lower frequency band signals are transmitted between the two waveguides. Horns are provided at the ends of the waveguides for feeding to a common load, such as an antenna.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to waveguide junctions, and more particularly to a waveguide junction for combining a plurality of independent microwave signals and feeding them to a common load, such as a microwave antenna.
Microwave antennae and towers to support them are generally large and expensive structures. It is therefore desirable to reduce the number of antennae on a given radio link route to a minimum. One method reducing the number of antennae on a given radio link is to use a single antenna to radiate or receive two or more microwave signals occupying separate frequency bands. This type of system is well known in the art. Furthermore, a parabolic reflector can be used which can accommodate signals lying in a given frequency band, but having mutually perpendicular planes of polarization.
Therefore, the main object of this invention is to provide a waveguide junction for combining more than two independent microwave signals and for feeding them to a common load, such as a microwave antenna.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the invention there is provided a waveguide junction for the transmission of up to four multiplex microwave signals, two of said signals lying in an upper frequency band and two of said signals lying in a lower frequency band, the two signals in each of said bands having mutually perpendicular planes of polarization. The junction comprises an inner circular waveguide for transmission of the signals in the upper frequency band and an outer circular waveguide for transmission of the signals in the lower frequency band, the two waveguides forming a coaxial structure. Apparatus is coupled to the outer waveguide for converting the lower frequency signals into respective H coaxial mode signals having 1 mutually perpendicular planes of polarization and for launching said H coaxial mode signals within the outer circular waveguide.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a partly sectioned perspective view of the junction according to the invention;
3,508,277 Patented Apr. 21, 1970 FIGS. 2 and 3 are transverse and axial sections through one of the mode converters of the junctions; and
FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic view of a clamp; and
FIG. 5 is a partly sectioned perspective view of a portion of the junction of FIG. 1 which is modified according to the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring to FIG. 1, a central waveguide 1 of circular cross section is located inside an outer waveguide 2, also of circular cross section, and is axially aligned with the latter. The outer waveguide 2 has a non-reflecting termination 3 at one end thereof.
Two rectangular waveguides, 4 and 5, having their larger dimension parallel to the longitudinal axis of the coaxial structure are joined to the outer waveguide 2. The longitudinal axes of these rectangular waveguides 4 and 5 are normal to each other and also to the common axis ofthe coaxial waveguide structure. At each junction of one of the rectangular waveguides with waveguide 2, the wall of the outer waveguide 2 is provided with a rectangular aperture 6 having dimensions smaller than the corresponding dimensions of the broad and narrow walls of the Waveguides 4 and 5. These apertures 6 form resonant irises in the rectangular waveguides. The aperture for waveguide 5 is not shown in the drawings for the sake of clarity and it is pointed out here that it is similar to the aperture shown for waveguide 4.
Associated with each junction of the rectangular waveguides 4 and 5 and the outer circular waveguide 2 are two conducting planes or septa 7, 8, 9 and 10, of which only 7 and 9 are visible in FIG. 1. Septum 8 is visible in FIG. 2. The two septa associated with a particular rectangular waveguide interconnect the outer and inner circular waveguides, both said septa lying in a plane which includes the axis of the inner Waveguide, but is normal to the axis of the associated rectangular waveguide. The exact axial position of the septa is determined by experiment, but in general the narrow edges of the septa nearest to the horns '11 and 12 will approximately coincide with a narrow edge of the resonant iris which is furthest from the horns 1.1 and 12 at the right end of the coaxial waveguides. The approximate position of the septa relative to the resonant iris of a mode converter is indicated by the dashed line 13 in FIG. 3. The axial length of each septum is substantially equal to one half wavelength of the mean frequency of the signals lying in the lower band.
The inner and outer circular wave-guides, 1 and 2, respectively, terminate in horns 11 and 12 which. radiate energy from the circular waveguides to a microwave aerial, not shown. The inner and outer waveguides 1 and 2 near the horns are kept in coaxial alignment by a separator 13 made of insulating material.
The operation of the junction will now be described.
Two signals, representing two respective communication channels, lying in an upper frequency band are transmitted through the central, circular Waveguide 1. Each of these signals is propagated as a H circularly polarized wave, but the planes of polarization of these waves are normal to each other. These-two waves are derived from two separate H waves by well known mode conversion means, not shown, which are connected to .the central waveguide 1 at the end opposite to the born 12.
Two signals, representing two other respective communication channels, occupy a lower frequency band and are transmitted as H coaxial mode waves in the annular space between the two waveguides 1 and 2. The separation of these second two waves is based on the use of waves having planes of polarization which are normal to each other. These two waves are derived from two H waves transmitted in rectangular waveguides (not shown) which are connected to rectangular waveguides 4 and 5. The orientation of these not shown waveguides is such that the direction of the vector representing the electric field is normal to the axis of the circular waveguides 1 and 2. The resonant irises at the junctions of the rectangular waveguides 4 and 5 and outer circular waveguide 2 compensate for any impedance irregularities introduced by .the junction and reduce reflections. To correct for residual discontinuities, capacitive trimmer screws 14 are provided on both rectangular waveguides. For clarity, only the tirmmer screws 14 associated with waveguide 4 are shown in FIG. 1. If required additional screws may be used on the circular waveguide, the axis of these screws lying in the plane of the E vector.
The H coaxial mode wave launched in the outer circular waveguide 2 would normally propagate in both directions. Since propagation is desired only in the direction towards the horns 11 and 12, two metal septa 7, 8 and 9, are placed in the space between the two circular waveguides 1 and 2 and behind the wall aperture 6 forming the resonant iris. The plane in which the septa 7, 8 and 9, 10 lie is parallel to the direction of the electrical field of the signal. The septa are in electrical contact with both circular waveguides 1 and 2 and present an effective short circuit to the H coaxial mode wave propagating to the left. See FIGS. 2 and 3 for more detailed cross-sectional views of the construction of a typical Waveguide junction in the vicinity of rectangular waveguide 4. For optimum performance the axial length of the septa is chosen to be approximately equal to M2 of the wave corresponding to the mean frequency of the signal. The wave is .thus reflected by the septa towards the horns 11 and 12 and the propagation of the wave in the opposite direction is prevented.
The second wave in the lower frequency band is launched in a similar manner as the first wave in the lower frequency band, except that the rectangular waveguide, the iris and the septa are circumferentially displaced by 90 relative to the first mode converter. It should be noted that this H coaxial mode wave propagates past the septa of the first converter substantially without attenuation, since the plane of the septa of the first converter is normal to the direction of the electric field of the wave launched by the second converter.
The axial separation of the two rectangular waveguides 4 and 5 is not critical, but interaction between the two waves in the lower frequency band is reduced if this separation is not less than a wavelength of the signal.
In order to reduce or eliminate distortions which might arise due to reflections of waves propagated in the outer waveguide in the unwanted direction past the septa, a nonreflecting termination 3 is provided to absorb these unwanted Waves.
In the mode converters described with reference to FIG. 1 the direction of the electrical vectors in each of the rectangular waveguides 4 and 5 was normal to the axis of the circular waveguide. It is however, also possible to achieve the same results if each of the rectangular waveguides 5 and 6 and the resonant irises are turned round their axes through 90, so that the direction of the electrical vector is parallel to the axis of the circular Waveguide. In this case however the plane containing each pair of septa is also rotated round the axis of the circuclar waveguide through 90.
In order to improve the coupling between the coaxial waveguides and the microwave antenna used for radiating or receiving the signals, the circular waveguides 1 and 2 are terminated in horns 11 and 12, which are designed by known methods to give the desired pattern of radiation and impedance match. In order to provide rigidity, and to maintain the coaxial relationship of waveguides 1 and 2, the two coaxial horns 11 and 12 are separated by an insert 13 made of insulating material having low dielectric losses. The axial position of separator 13 is chosen to satisfy two separate requirements.
The first of these requirements is that the reflection caused by separator 13 should substantially reduce the reflection caused by the impedance discontinuity at the mouth of the horn. The optimum axial length and position of separator 13 are therefore determined by experiment. The second requirement for the separator 13 is that while it must transmit freely waves lying in the lower frequency band, it must reflect waves lying in the upper frequency band. This requirement arises from the need to reduce crosstalk between channels radiated by the inner horn into the outer horns. For this reason the separator 13 must have a transmission characteristic corresponding to a lowpass filter. This type of characteristic is obtained by placing a number of dielectric obstacles 19, 20 and 21 (see FIG. 5) in the space between the waveguides 1 and 2, the separation between two adjacent obstacles being substantially equal to one quarter wavelength at the frequency of the signal to be passed, and half a wavelength of the frequency of the signal to be stopped. The separator 13 as shown in FIG. 1 will therefore in practice he replaced by a plurality of insulating washers 19, 20, 21 as illustrated in FIG. 5. Of course it is possible to simplify the design by separating the filter and reflection compensating functions referred to above. In this case the disc shaped obstacles 19, 20 and 21 would only perform the filter function, the reflection compensating function being performed by other and independent means, for example obstacles made of conducting material.
A dielectric obstacle 22 may also be placed in the central waveguide 1 in the vicinity of born 12. In this case, however, its sole function is to compensate for unwanted reflections generated at the mouth of horn 12. As will become apparent later, the filter function of the obstacle 22 in this case is not required. The obstacles in both waveguides 1 and 2 perform a further important function of sealing the overall waveguide structure against atmospheric influences.
If the minimum and maximum frequencies defining the lower frequency band are designated by and f and the minimum and maximum frequencies defining the upper frequency band are designated by f and respectively, then the following considerations apply for the choice of diameters of the inner and outer circular waveguides, 1 and 2, respectively. The inner diameter d of the inner waveguide 1 is chosen so that signals lying in the upper frequency band will propagate, but that signals lying in the lower frequency band cannot be propagated in it. In practice d would be chosen to satisfy the inequality:
where A is the wavelength at frequency f and A is the wavelength at frequency f Let al be the external diameter of the inner waveguide 1 and d be the internal diameter of the outer waveguide 2. d and d would, in practice, be chosen to permit propagation in the H mode between the frequencies i and f and to suppress propagation of all other waveguide modes. Therefore d and d are chosen to satisfy the inequality:
where A is the wavelength at frequency f and A is the wavelength at frequency f,,.
When imperfect circular waveguides are used to transmit waves in two orthogonal polarizations some conversion of signals of one polarization into the other will take place. Such signal conversion should be reduced to a minimum since it will introduce distortion into the signal channels. The most serious defect met with in circular waveguides is their departure from true circularity due to various causes. These geometrical distortions may vary in magnitude and direction along the length of the waveguide and it is impossible to correct them individually.
In the present junction, therefore, polarization crosstalk is compensated for by providing distorting means to introduce deliberate geometrical distortion at one point along the axis of at least one of the circular waveguides. The purpose of the distorting means is to cause a signal to be generated within the waveguide which has a magnitude and phase angle opposite to that of the spurious signals generated in the waveguide due to the inherent geometrical distortions of the waveguide. The magnitude of the introduced geometric distortion and the circumferential position of the distorting means determines the magnitride and phase of the signal which is being introduced to cancel out the spurious signals generated due to irregularities in the waveguide.
Any arrangement which will exert a compressive force acting along a diameter of the waveguide and will cause the cross section of the waveguide to become elliptical willbe satisfactory provided that the magnitude and direction of the deformation can be adjusted as required. A simple clamp meeting these requirements is shown in FIG. 4. It comprises two semicircular clamps 15 and 16 each having a radius of curvature slightly larger than the radius of the waveguide 2 with which it is to be used. The two clamps 15 and 16 are pressed against the waveguide by means of screws 17 and 18. The clamp of FIG. 4 may also be provided for waveguide 1, but that this may easily be designed by one ordinarily skilled in the art within the spirit of this invention and is therefore not illustrated or described in detail herein.
The four independent channels provided by the junction can be used either for transmission or for reception. In general however they will be used to provide two bidirectiorial communication channels.
It is to be understood that the foregoing description of specific examples of this invention is made by way of example only and is not to be considered as a limitation on its scope.
What we claim is:
1. A waveguide junction for transmitting a plurality of microwave signals, two of said signals lying in an upper frequency band and two of said signals lying in a lower frequency band, the two signals in each of said bands having mutually perpendicular planes of polarization, said junction comprising:
an inner circular waveguide for transmission of said signals in said upper frequency band;
an outer circular waveguide for transmission of said signals in said lower frequency band;
means for mounting said inner waveguide coaxially within said outer waveguide;
means for applying signals in said upper frequency band to said inner circular waveguide;
means for applying said signals in said lower frequency band to said waveguide junction including means coupled to said outer waveguide for converting said lower frequency signals into respective H coaxial mode signals having mutually perpendicular planes of polarization; and
filter means coupled between said outer and inner waveguides for transmitting signals lying in said lower frequency band annd for substantially reflecting signals lying in said upper frequency band.
2. A waveguide junction according to claim 1 wherein said means for applying said lower frequency signals includes first and second mode converting means coupled to said outer waveguide, each said mode converting means being adapted to convert respective H coaxial mode microwave signals in rectangular waveguides into respectice H coaxial mode signals having mutually perpendicular planes of polarization.
3. A waveguide junction according to claim 1 wherein said inner and outer waveguides each terminate in a horn at one end thereof for radiating said signals lying in said upper and lower frequency bands.
4. A waveguide junction according to claim 3 further comprising a nonreflecting termination coupled to said outer waveguide at the end thereof opposite to said horn.
5. A waveguide junction according to claim 1 further comprising means coupled to said waveguide to compensate for undesired signals having a spurious plane of polarization within said circular waveguides.
6. A waveguide junction according to claim 2 wherein said first and Second mode converting means includes first and second rectangular waveguide sections, respectively, coupled to said outer waveguide.
7. A waveguide junction according to claim 6 wherein the respective axes of each of said two rectangular waveguide sections are normal to the longitudinal axis of said circular waveguides and wherein said rectangular waveguide sections have a circumferential separation of on said outerwaveguide.
8. A waveguide junction according to claim 6 further comprising:
a first resonant iris formed by a first aperture in the wall of said outer waveguide for matching the impedance of said first rectangular waveguide to said outer circular waveguide; and
a second resonant iris formed by a second aperture in the wall of said outer waveguide for matching the impedance of said second rectangular waveguide to said outer circular waveguide.
9. A waveguide junction according to claim 1 further comprising means coupled to said waveguides for causing each of said two H coaxial mode signals to be transmitted substantially in only one direction within said outer waveguide.
10. A waveguide junction according to claim 9, wherein said means for causing said signals to be transmitted substantially in only one direction includes:
a first conducting septum coupled to said waveguides and extending in a plane parallel to the plane of the vector of the electric field of one of said lower frequency signals; and
a second conducting septum coupled to said waveguides and extending in a plane parallel to the plane of the vector of the electric field of the other of said lower frequency signals.
11. A waveguide junction according to claim 10 wherein the axial lengths of said first septum are substantially equal to one half the wavelength of the mean frequency of one of said lower frequency signals and wherein the axial lengths of said second septum are substantially equal to one half the wavelength of the mean frequency of the other of said lower frequency signals.
12. A waveguide junction according to claim 1 wherein the inner diameter of said inner waveguide is dimensioned so that the cut-off frequency of said inner waveguide lies above the upper frequency of said lower frequency band.
13. A waveguide junction according to claim 1 wherein said filter means comprises a plurality of dielectric washers mounted between said inner and outer circular waveguides, said washers having an axial separation from each other substantially equal to one half the wavelength at the midband frequency of the upper frequency band, said filter further providing a mechanical support between the inner and outer circular waveguides.
14. A waveguide junction according to claim 1 wherein an obstacle is mounted within each of said two circular waveguides adjacent to said horns and in a position such that reflections caused by said obstacle substantially cancel reflections caused by the impedance discontinuities at the mouths of said horns.
15. A waveguide junction according to claim 5 wherein said compensating means comprises:
means coupled to at least one of said circular waveguides for distorting the circumferential shape thereof; and
means for adjusting said distorting means to vary the magnitude and angular position of the distortion provided by said distorting means; said distorting means causing a signal to be generated which will substantially cancel any spurious signals generated within said waveguides due to the inherent deviations from true circularity of said waveguides. 16. A waveguide junction according to claim 14 wherein each said distorting means includes:
first and second arcuate portions having respective radii of curvature larger than that of its associated circular waveguide; and means for coupling said first and second arcuate portions together and around the periphery of one of said waveguides. 17. A Waveguide junction according to claim 3 further comprising a dielectric means mounted between said first 8 and second waveguides in the vicinity of said horns for maintaining the coaxial relationship between said waveguides.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS ELI LIEBERMAN, Primary Examiner US. Cl. X.R.
US636440A 1966-05-27 1967-05-05 Coaxial horns with cross-polarized feeds of different frequencies Expired - Lifetime US3508277A (en)

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GB23912/66A GB1090790A (en) 1966-05-27 1966-05-27 Waveguide junction

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US3665481A (en) * 1970-05-12 1972-05-23 Nasa Multi-purpose antenna employing dish reflector with plural coaxial horn feeds
US3864687A (en) * 1973-06-18 1975-02-04 Cubic Corp Coaxial horn antenna
US4041499A (en) * 1975-11-07 1977-08-09 Texas Instruments Incorporated Coaxial waveguide antenna
EP0096461A2 (en) * 1982-06-04 1983-12-21 Andrew A.G. Microwave systems
US4443804A (en) * 1981-09-28 1984-04-17 Ford Aerospace & Communications Corporation Modified difference mode coaxial antenna with flared aperture
US4558290A (en) * 1984-04-11 1985-12-10 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force Compact broadband rectangular to coaxial waveguide junction
DE3626856A1 (en) * 1986-08-08 1988-02-11 Licentia Gmbh Antenna arrangement having horn radiating elements
US4819005A (en) * 1986-08-21 1989-04-04 Wilkes Brian J Concentric waveguides for a dual-band feed system
US4821046A (en) * 1986-08-21 1989-04-11 Wilkes Brian J Dual band feed system
US4870426A (en) * 1988-08-22 1989-09-26 The Boeing Company Dual band antenna element
US5041840A (en) * 1987-04-13 1991-08-20 Frank Cipolla Multiple frequency antenna feed
EP0443526A1 (en) * 1990-02-20 1991-08-28 Andrew A.G. A microwave coupling arrangement
US5103237A (en) * 1988-10-05 1992-04-07 Chaparral Communications Dual band signal receiver
US5255003A (en) * 1987-10-02 1993-10-19 Antenna Downlink, Inc. Multiple-frequency microwave feed assembly
US5461394A (en) * 1992-02-24 1995-10-24 Chaparral Communications Inc. Dual band signal receiver
US6031434A (en) * 1998-09-18 2000-02-29 Hughes Electronics Corporation Coaxially configured OMT-multiplexer assembly
WO2000024084A1 (en) * 1998-10-20 2000-04-27 Raytheon Company Coaxial cavity antenna
US6727776B2 (en) 2001-02-09 2004-04-27 Sarnoff Corporation Device for propagating radio frequency signals in planar circuits
EP1142062B1 (en) * 1999-01-08 2005-03-16 Channel Master Limited Multi-frequency antenna feed
US8686910B1 (en) * 2010-04-12 2014-04-01 Calabazas Creek Research, Inc. Low reflectance radio frequency load
EP2722926A3 (en) * 2012-10-17 2014-09-10 Honeywell International Inc. Waveguide-configuration adapters
JP2015144426A (en) * 2014-01-24 2015-08-06 ハネウェル・インターナショナル・インコーポレーテッド Matching and pattern control for dual band concentric antenna feed
US9466888B2 (en) 2013-08-26 2016-10-11 Honeywell International Inc. Suppressing modes in an antenna feed including a coaxial waveguide
US10964992B2 (en) * 2018-11-09 2021-03-30 Intel Corporation Electromagnetic wave launcher including an electromagnetic waveguide, wherein a millimeter wave signal and a lower frequency signal are respectively launched at different portions of the waveguide
US20210242587A1 (en) * 2018-04-27 2021-08-05 Nokia Shanghai Bell Co., Ltd. Multiband antenna feed
CN114188689A (en) * 2021-11-30 2022-03-15 中国电子科技集团公司第五十四研究所 Broadband receiving and transmitting shared coaxial waveguide duplexer
CN114188688A (en) * 2021-11-30 2022-03-15 中国电子科技集团公司第五十四研究所 Miniaturized coaxial waveguide orthogonal mode coupler
US20220200122A1 (en) * 2020-12-23 2022-06-23 Mti Wireless Edge, Ltd. Diplexer for antennas

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US2682610A (en) * 1951-12-06 1954-06-29 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Selective mode transducer
US3086203A (en) * 1961-03-07 1963-04-16 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Communication system using polarized waves and employing concentric waveguides to control transmitter-receiver interaction
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Cited By (31)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3665481A (en) * 1970-05-12 1972-05-23 Nasa Multi-purpose antenna employing dish reflector with plural coaxial horn feeds
US3864687A (en) * 1973-06-18 1975-02-04 Cubic Corp Coaxial horn antenna
US4041499A (en) * 1975-11-07 1977-08-09 Texas Instruments Incorporated Coaxial waveguide antenna
US4443804A (en) * 1981-09-28 1984-04-17 Ford Aerospace & Communications Corporation Modified difference mode coaxial antenna with flared aperture
EP0096461A2 (en) * 1982-06-04 1983-12-21 Andrew A.G. Microwave systems
EP0096461A3 (en) * 1982-06-04 1986-03-12 Andrew Corporation Microwave systems
US4558290A (en) * 1984-04-11 1985-12-10 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force Compact broadband rectangular to coaxial waveguide junction
DE3626856A1 (en) * 1986-08-08 1988-02-11 Licentia Gmbh Antenna arrangement having horn radiating elements
US4819005A (en) * 1986-08-21 1989-04-04 Wilkes Brian J Concentric waveguides for a dual-band feed system
US4821046A (en) * 1986-08-21 1989-04-11 Wilkes Brian J Dual band feed system
US5041840A (en) * 1987-04-13 1991-08-20 Frank Cipolla Multiple frequency antenna feed
US5255003A (en) * 1987-10-02 1993-10-19 Antenna Downlink, Inc. Multiple-frequency microwave feed assembly
US4870426A (en) * 1988-08-22 1989-09-26 The Boeing Company Dual band antenna element
US5103237A (en) * 1988-10-05 1992-04-07 Chaparral Communications Dual band signal receiver
EP0443526A1 (en) * 1990-02-20 1991-08-28 Andrew A.G. A microwave coupling arrangement
US5461394A (en) * 1992-02-24 1995-10-24 Chaparral Communications Inc. Dual band signal receiver
US6031434A (en) * 1998-09-18 2000-02-29 Hughes Electronics Corporation Coaxially configured OMT-multiplexer assembly
WO2000024084A1 (en) * 1998-10-20 2000-04-27 Raytheon Company Coaxial cavity antenna
US6356241B1 (en) 1998-10-20 2002-03-12 Raytheon Company Coaxial cavity antenna
EP1142062B1 (en) * 1999-01-08 2005-03-16 Channel Master Limited Multi-frequency antenna feed
US6727776B2 (en) 2001-02-09 2004-04-27 Sarnoff Corporation Device for propagating radio frequency signals in planar circuits
US8686910B1 (en) * 2010-04-12 2014-04-01 Calabazas Creek Research, Inc. Low reflectance radio frequency load
EP2722926A3 (en) * 2012-10-17 2014-09-10 Honeywell International Inc. Waveguide-configuration adapters
US9105952B2 (en) 2012-10-17 2015-08-11 Honeywell International Inc. Waveguide-configuration adapters
US9466888B2 (en) 2013-08-26 2016-10-11 Honeywell International Inc. Suppressing modes in an antenna feed including a coaxial waveguide
JP2015144426A (en) * 2014-01-24 2015-08-06 ハネウェル・インターナショナル・インコーポレーテッド Matching and pattern control for dual band concentric antenna feed
US20210242587A1 (en) * 2018-04-27 2021-08-05 Nokia Shanghai Bell Co., Ltd. Multiband antenna feed
US10964992B2 (en) * 2018-11-09 2021-03-30 Intel Corporation Electromagnetic wave launcher including an electromagnetic waveguide, wherein a millimeter wave signal and a lower frequency signal are respectively launched at different portions of the waveguide
US20220200122A1 (en) * 2020-12-23 2022-06-23 Mti Wireless Edge, Ltd. Diplexer for antennas
CN114188689A (en) * 2021-11-30 2022-03-15 中国电子科技集团公司第五十四研究所 Broadband receiving and transmitting shared coaxial waveguide duplexer
CN114188688A (en) * 2021-11-30 2022-03-15 中国电子科技集团公司第五十四研究所 Miniaturized coaxial waveguide orthogonal mode coupler

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GB1090790A (en) 1967-11-15
DE1591196A1 (en) 1970-10-29
ES341083A1 (en) 1968-06-16
CH465020A (en) 1968-11-15

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