US3603221A - Multilayered structure - Google Patents
Multilayered structure Download PDFInfo
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- US3603221A US3603221A US771993A US3603221DA US3603221A US 3603221 A US3603221 A US 3603221A US 771993 A US771993 A US 771993A US 3603221D A US3603221D A US 3603221DA US 3603221 A US3603221 A US 3603221A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- membrane
- multilayered structure
- ethylene
- parts
- propylene
- Prior art date
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- Expired - Lifetime
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- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 19
- HQQADJVZYDDRJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethene;prop-1-ene Chemical group C=C.CC=C HQQADJVZYDDRJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- -1 ethylene, propylene Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920006255 plastic film Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- PRBHEGAFLDMLAL-GQCTYLIASA-N (4e)-hexa-1,4-diene Chemical compound C\C=C\CC=C PRBHEGAFLDMLAL-GQCTYLIASA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 9
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229920002943 EPDM rubber Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920001084 poly(chloroprene) Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000019241 carbon black Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 5
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 3
- YACLQRRMGMJLJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloroprene Chemical compound ClC(=C)C=C YACLQRRMGMJLJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010525 oxidative degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003335 secondary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- HECLRDQVFMWTQS-RGOKHQFPSA-N 1755-01-7 Chemical compound C1[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC=C[C@@H]3[C@@H]1C=C2 HECLRDQVFMWTQS-RGOKHQFPSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYPKRALMXUUNKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Hexene Natural products CCCC=CC RYPKRALMXUUNKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000043261 Hevea brasiliensis Species 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910001588 amesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013536 elastomeric material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001038 ethylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- DPUXQWOMYBMHRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexa-2,3-diene Chemical compound CCC=C=CC DPUXQWOMYBMHRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920003052 natural elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001194 natural rubber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- AQSJGOWTSHOLKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphite(3-) Chemical class [O-]P([O-])[O-] AQSJGOWTSHOLKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011338 soft pitch Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 2
- OJOWICOBYCXEKR-APPZFPTMSA-N (1S,4R)-5-ethylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene Chemical compound CC=C1C[C@@H]2C[C@@H]1C=C2 OJOWICOBYCXEKR-APPZFPTMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LBBVUHNMASXJAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-ethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene Chemical compound C1C2C(CC)=CC1C=C2 LBBVUHNMASXJAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutene Chemical group CC(C)=C VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000276489 Merlangius merlangus Species 0.000 description 1
- KEQFTVQCIQJIQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Phenyl-2-naphthylamine Chemical class C=1C=C2C=CC=CC2=CC=1NC1=CC=CC=C1 KEQFTVQCIQJIQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Perchloroethylene Chemical group ClC(Cl)=C(Cl)Cl CYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005062 Polybutadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000000386 athletic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium oxide Chemical compound [Ba]=O QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001864 baryta Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002802 bituminous coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 1
- MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N butadiene-styrene rubber Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005549 butyl rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003818 cinder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011294 coal tar pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012967 coordination catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001198 elastomeric copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035876 healing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229920002681 hypalon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000012994 industrial processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009940 knitting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005395 methacrylic acid group Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-decene Natural products CCCCCCCCC=C AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- VCAFTIGPOYBOIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenyl dihydrogen phosphite Chemical class OP(O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 VCAFTIGPOYBOIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010734 process oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004901 spalling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229950011008 tetrachloroethylene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
- E01D19/00—Structural or constructional details of bridges
- E01D19/08—Damp-proof or other insulating layers; Drainage arrangements or devices ; Bridge deck surfacings
- E01D19/083—Waterproofing of bridge decks; Other insulations for bridges, e.g. thermal ; Bridge deck surfacings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/01—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients characterized by their specific function
- C08K3/013—Fillers, pigments or reinforcing additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/02—Elements
- C08K3/04—Carbon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
- C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
- C08K3/22—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
- C08K5/09—Carboxylic acids; Metal salts thereof; Anhydrides thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/16—Elastomeric ethene-propene or ethene-propene-diene copolymers, e.g. EPR and EPDM rubbers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L91/00—Compositions of oils, fats or waxes; Compositions of derivatives thereof
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C7/00—Coherent pavings made in situ
- E01C7/08—Coherent pavings made in situ made of road-metal and binders
- E01C7/32—Coherent pavings made in situ made of road-metal and binders of courses of different kind made in situ
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C7/00—Coherent pavings made in situ
- E01C7/08—Coherent pavings made in situ made of road-metal and binders
- E01C7/32—Coherent pavings made in situ made of road-metal and binders of courses of different kind made in situ
- E01C7/325—Joining different layers, e.g. by adhesive layers; Intermediate layers, e.g. for the escape of water vapour, for spreading stresses
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2666/00—Composition of polymers characterized by a further compound in the blend, being organic macromolecular compounds, natural resins, waxes or and bituminous materials, non-macromolecular organic substances, inorganic substances or characterized by their function in the composition
- C08L2666/02—Organic macromolecular compounds, natural resins, waxes or and bituminous materials
Abstract
A multilayered structure comprising a base support, an unvulcanized elastomeric membrane at least 0.05 inch thick overcoated with an exposed cover layer. This structure is useful in roadway construction with particular application to bridge decks where vibration tends to accelerate crack formation allowing water to penetrate the roadbed where it freezes and thaws resulting in structural damage to conventional roadways. The membrane prevents water from penetrating the roadbed. As a bridge deck the base support is normally Portland cement concrete, the intermediate layer is the elastomeric membrane and the exposed cover layer is asphaltic concrete.
Description
United States Patent [111 3,603,221
[72] Inventors Robert Hill B81100 2,294,247 8/1942 Smith 94/24 Rldgewood, N..].; 2,347,233 4/1944 Abernathy r 94/9 X Martin Luther Brown, Elkton. Md.; 2,672,793 3/ l 954 Rowe r r r 94/3 Andrew Mitchell, Newark, Del. 3,000,276 9/1961 Foulger '1 94/10 [21] Appl. No. 771,993 3,168,019 2/1965 Lynn 94/9X 12 1 Filed 1968 FOREIGN PATENTS 1451 Paemed Sept 739217 10 1955 G t8 1 947 [731 Assignee E. Ldu Pontde Nemours and Company I ma n am wfl i m Dd, Primary Examiner-Jacob L, Nackenoff Attorney-Louis Del Vecchio [54] MULTILAYERED STRUCTURE ABSTRACT: A multilayered structure com risin a base su m 1 Drawing port, an unvulcanized elastomeric membrzne a t least 0.55
U.S. inch [higk overcoated with an expbged cover layer; Struc- 94/7 94/22 ture is useful in roadway construction with particular applica- 1 Cl Eolc 7/18 tion to bridge decks where vibration tends to accelerate crack [50] Field of Search 94/7,9, l0, formation anowing water to penetrate the roadbed where it 3 A 3; 14/73 freezes and thaws resulting in structural damage to conventional roadways. The membrane prevents water from 1 1 References cued penetrating the roadbed. As a bridge deck the base support is UNITED T T PATENTS normally Portland cement concrete, the intermediate layer is 1,862,0ll 6/1932 Gage 94/24 the elastomeric membrane and the exposed cover layer is 2,210,252 8/ 1940 Neeld 14/73 asphaltic concrete.
PATENTEUSEP Hm 3.603221 INVENTORS ROBERT HALL BARRON MARTIN LUTHER BROWN ANDREW MITCHELL MULTILAYERED STRUCTURE FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to the use of elastomers in a multilayered structure particularly useful in highway and bridge construction.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In the construction and maintenance of bridge decks and roadways, one problem that exists is cracking and spalling of the structure due to water penetration into the roadbed. The water freezes, expands and causes cracking then thaws leaving a damaged roadbed.
Another situation that is damaging to a roadbed is heaving of the soil below the roadbed caused by water penetrating the roadbed into the soil below the roadbed followed by freezing of the water. The resultant expansion often breaks the roadbed.
Some methods of alleviating these problems are disclosed in the art. U.S. Pat. No. 1,512,125 discloses a process of making a monolithic roadbed by cleaning, drying and heating the substratum, covering the substratum with a film of soft pitch and laying down a wearing surface over the soft pitch thereby effecting a knitting together of three layers into one monolithic mass.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,183,253 discloses a method of road construction wherein the grade line is established, a water soluble electrolyte is mixed into the soil below the grade line to constitute a subbase with waterproof material to prevent escape of the electrolyte and thereafter overcoating with a wearing surface.
In Restoring Salt-Damaged Highway Bridges," by R. J. Walsh, Civil Engineering, May 1967, the following process of bridge restoration is disclosed: The damaged wearing surface of the bridge is removed exposing the subsurface. The subsurface is then primed and coated with a layer of coal tar pitch emulsion. Into the emulsion is placed a layer of a glass-fibered cloth called Fiberglas, a trademark of Owens-Corning Fiherglas Corp. This forms a waterproofed membrane which is then overcoated with a wearing surface.
The prior art does not provide a method of protecting roadways and bridges that is economical, easy to construct, and durable over a long period of time while subjected to varied weather conditions and constant use.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention provides a multilayered roadway comprising essentially;
a. a base support,
b. an intermediate unvulcanized elastomeric membrane at least 0.05-inch thick, resistant to oxygen degradation and having a brittle point temperature of about C. or less, and
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The drawing shows a typical embodiment of this invention in which an uncured elastomeric membrane is sandwiched between a base layer and a traffic-bearing layer of concrete.
DETAILS OF THE INVENTION The multistructure element of this invention comprises a base support, an elastomeric membrane, and a traffic-bearing layer.
The attached drawing shows a typical embodiment of this invention in which the base support 1 is Portland cement concrete and intermediate layer 2 is an uncured elastomeric membrane and the trafiic-bearing layer 3 is asphalt cement concrete.
The base support can be any flat surface such as a concrete bridge deck or roadbed that has been leveled by a roller. In the case of a roadway the base support can be asphalt, gravel,
broken stone where the voids are filled with sand, a bituminous concrete base course, or an already existing road. In the case of a bridge, the base support is generally Portland cement concrete either precast or poured in place.
The elastomeric membranes of this invention should exhibit the following characteristics. The membrane must not become so brittle that in cold weather it will crack and fail. The term cold weather" is meant to include the winter conditions found in the North and South Temperate Zones. Accordingly, the desired brittle point of the membrane should be 0 C. or less as measured by the solenoid brittle point test described in ASTM The thickness of the membrane should be at least 0.05 inch to provide the necessary structural integrity for installation. The maximum thickness is a matter of economics and it has been found to be uneconomical and unnecessary to use a membrane more than 0.5-inch thick. Membranes 0.10 to 0.25 inch are preferred since they provide the best balance between economics and structural integrity.
The membrane should be self-healing. This is accomplished by preparing and using the membrane is an unvulcanized state. Therefore, no sulfur or other vulcanizing agents are used in the mix, nor any agent that might cross-link the polymers. The membrane should desirably be very resistant to oxidative degradation. This is accomplished by using an elastomeric material that in itself is practically immune to oxidative degradation or an elastomeric material subject to oxidative degradation compounded with an antioxidant.
Elastomers which best meet the above requirements are the saturated and low unsaturated elastomers such as ethylene/propylene (EP) copolymers, ethylene/propylene/diene (EPDM) terpolymers, butyl rubber, chlorinated polyethylenes, and the like. Natural rubber, styrene/butadiene rubber and the neoprenes can be employed when compounded with antioxidants. For economy and maximum resistance to degradation, the EP 01' EPDM elastomers are preferred.
EP elastomeric copolymers useable in this invention are those having at least one a-monoolefin with the structure R CH=CHz where R is H or C -C alkyl. Representative copolymers include; ethylene/propylene, which is preferred; ethylene] l -butene; propylene/ l-butene; ethylene/5,5- dimethyll -octene; l-hexene/l-decene, ethylene/propylene} l octadene; propylene/S-methyl-1-heptene; and l-hexne/ldodecene. The ethylene copolymers should contain about 25 to 75 weight percent ethylene monomer units. I
Representative procedures for making such copolymers are given in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,000,867 and 2,975,159.
EPDM terpolymers that are useful are made from at least one a-rnonoolefin and at least one nonconjugated diene having only one polymerizable double bond. The a-monooletins have the structure R- CH=CH where R is H or C C alkyl and are preferably straight-chained. Representative nonconjugated hydrocarbon dienes include: open-chain C,,-C dienes having the structure Ra Ra CH =CH-R1-QfQ BA wherein R, is an alkylene radical; R, is H; R R indepe n dently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl radicals; dicyclopentadiene; S-methyleneQ-norbdrnene; 5-ethylidene2-norbornene; 5-alkenyl-2-norbornene; 2-alkyl- 2,5-norbornadiene; cyclopentadietie; and l,5-cyclooctadiene. EPDM terpolymers and procedures for making them are 'given in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,933,480; 3,000,866; 3,063,973; 3,093,620; 3,093,621; 3,260,708 and French Pat. No. 1521,726. when cyclic nonconjugated dienes are employed, it is preferred that the resultant copolymer contain ethylene and at least one other a-monoolefin, e.g., propylene. The ethylene copolymers should contain about 20 to 70 weight percent ethylene monomer units.
Representative EPDM copoly'mers include: ethylene/1,4- hexadiene; ethylene/propylene] l ,4-hexadiene; ethylene/propylene/dicyclopentadiene; ethylene/propylene/S- methyiene-2-norbornene; ethylene/propylene/2-ethyl-2,5- norbornadiene; ethylene/propylene/ethylidine-2-norbornene; and ethylene/propylene/ l ,S-cyclooctadiene.
Elastomers that are useful, provided they are compounded with an antioxidant, are neoprenes and SBR (styrene(butodiene) rubber. Neoprenes are polymers and copolymers of chloroprene. These are well known and fully described in many U.S. Patents and various texts such as Introduction to Rubber Technology, edited by M. Morton, Reinhold Publishing Corp. New York, 1959, and The Neoprenes, R. M. Murray and D. C. Thompson, published by E. l. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Wilmington, Delaware, 1963. Chlorosulfonated saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon polymers are best exemplified by chlorosulfonated polyethylenes. These elastomeric materials are well known and can be prepared in a number of ways as shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,212,786; 2,586,363; 2,879,251 and 2,982,759. These chlorosulfonated polymers contain at least percent chlorine and at least 0.5 percent sulfur by weight. Representative preferred polymers contain about 20 to 40 percent chlorine and about i to 1.5 percent sulfur by weight. The polyethylene before chlorosulfonation is frequently a linear type having a density greater than 0.94 and a melt index of about 0.2 to 200.
Neoprenes can be made by polymerizing chloroprene or copolymerizing chloroprene with up to about 50 percent of another ethyienically unsaturated copolymerizable monomer, e.g.,'acrylonitrile, styrene, acrylic and methacrylic acids and esters, l,3-butadiene isoprene and 2,3-dichlorobutadiene-l,3. These are also useable.
SBR rubbers which can be used are characterized in the publication entitled Rubber: Natural and Synthetic by H. J. Stern, second edition, 1967.
Antioxidants, to be compounded with SBR rubber, neoprenes and natural rubber fall into three (1) secondary amines, (2) phenols, and (3) phosphites. Useable amines are phenyl-alphaand phenyl-beta-naphthylamines; useable phenols are those alkylated with isobutylene; and useable phosphites are those of the alkylated phenol phosphite class. These antioxidants are well known to the art.
The elastomeric composition can contain relatively large proportions of filler which should be of the type that has a limited tendency to absorb water. Carbon black, whiting (calcium carbonate) and baryta (barium sulfate) are suitable fillers. At least 100 parts of filler per 100 parts of elastomeric is suggested for use. However, as much as 500 parts can be used. Preferably 200 to 400 parts are used to give the best workable consistency to the membrane.
Although not necessary for obtaining the benefits provided by the present invention, a petroleum oil is usually included in the present elastomeric membrane composition in order to lower the materials cost and to improve the ease of processing. Plasticizing oils can be used at concentrations of 100 to 300 phr (parts per hundred parts of elastomer by weight). These oils should be a permanent nonvolatile type compatible with the particular elastomer used. Aromatic and naphthenic petroleum oils have been found useful.
Stabilizing agents such as metal oxides, or extrusion aids such as waxes and stearic acid can be employed if desired.
In the manufacture of the elastomers of this invention, industrial processing internal mixers such as Banbury mixers are frequently used to compound the elastomer and a membrane is formed by conventional calendering or extrusion techniques. When it has an inherently sticky nature, the membrane must be protected by a release paper or plastic film if it is to be stored or transported. The plastic film may be polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene or the: like. It is sometimes desirable to leave the plastic film in place as part of the finished structure. During construction it can be used as a walking surface for workmen and it protects the membrane until the cover layer is applied. For large scale installations it is practical to extrude the membrane directly into the base layer of the roadway or bridge during construction.
The trafiic-bearing layer can be any of the conventional types known to the art of highway and bridge construction. Some examples are sheet asphalt, a dense mix of bituminous concrete or Portland cement concrete pavement The traffic bearing layer is applied over the membrane by conventional methods known in the art of highway and bridge construction. y it is sometimes necessary to roll or compress the trafficbearing layer particularly when it is asphalt. During the compression operation aggregate may be forced into the membrane and perhaps rupture it. Due to the self-Healing qualities of the membrane it seals around the aggregate maintaining its protective shield.
The multilayered structure of this invention has been particularly defined in terms of its use as a roadway or bridgedeck. Nevertheless, with a few simple modifications it can be adapted to other uses. it can be used as a roof wherein the base layer is wood, plastic, paper, cloth, metal plating, etc.; the intermediate layer is the unvulcanized elastomeric membrane described above; and the exposure layer is conventional roofing such as pebbles, tile, etc. This membrane would keep water from penetrating the roof and should a crack develop, e. g., from settling of the structure or someone walking on the roof, the self-healing healing properties of the membrane would operate to seal itself and prevent leakage or damage from the weather.
Another use maybe weather guarding for basement walls where the base layer is cinder block, concrete, or brick; the intermediate layer is the membrane described above and the outer layer can be wood, sheet metal, gravel drain or the earth. Still other uses may be in sidewalls, racetracks or athletic fields.
This invention is illustrated by the following examples.
EXAMPLE I The following ingredients are compounded in a Banbury mixer:
Ingredients Parts by Weight EPDM copolymer lOO Zinc oxide 5 Stearic acid I 3 FEF carbon black I50 Austin Black I00 Sundex 790 I75 The EPDM copolymer is made by copolymerizing ethylene with propylene and 1,4-hexadiene in solution in tetrachloroethylene in the presence of a coordination catalyst in accordance with the general procedures of U.S. Pat. No. 2,933,480. Hydrogen modification is employed during the preparation in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 3,05 L690. This copolymer has a Mooney viscosity of about 45 (MM/250 F.) and contains about 0.33 g.-mol of ethylenic unsaturation per kilogram. The following monomer unit composition is present by weight: 63 percent ethylene, 33 percent propylene, 4 percent 1,4-hexadiene. The inherent viscosity is about 2.2.
FEF Carbon Black is characterized in the ASTM manual under Standard Specifications for Carbon Blacks Used in Rubber Products. This material is identified as ASTM: D-l 765-, Type PEP 30.
Austin Carbon Black is a finely pulverized bituminous coal of specific gravity 1.25, containing 77 percent carbon and 17 percent volatile components. It is commercially available from the Chemical Products Division of Slab Fork Coal Company, Slab Fork, West Virginia.
Sundex 790 is a process oil sold commercially by the Sun Oil Company. Its standard designation is ASTM D-2226, Type 102. This oil is characterized as follows: specific gravity at 60 F. of 0.9806; density 0.9769; molecular weight 37.5 and a viscosityZgravity constant of 0.932.
After mixing, the composition is calendered into a sheet 50 inches wide and 0.100-inch thick. It is installed as the sealing membrane on a heavily traveled bridge deck, over an 8-inch thick Portland cement concrete base, and under a l /-inch thick asphaltic concrete traffic bearing layer. After 6 months of service the membrane is intact and is giving full protection to the Portland cement concrete base layer. Core borings are taken and analyzed. The structural integrity of the roadway is as good as it was in the beginning.
EXAMPLE ii A multilayered structure comprising a base layer of Portland cement concrete, and intermediate layer of elastomeric membrane prepared as described in Example I and a top layer of amesite is constructed in the following manner. A concrete slab having a surface area of 8X16 inches is poured and curved according to conventional methods. An elastomeric membrane is placed on top of the concrete slab with the ends turned up to form a pan. Hot amesite, 2 inches thick, is placed in the pan and compressed under a 200 p.s.i. hydraulic press to complete the structure.
The structure is cracked in half, the pan formed by the elastomeric membrane is filled with salt solution and multilayered structure is placed on a vibrator to flex the joint. Electrodes are placed between the concrete slab and the elastomeric membrane. The sample is vibrated and if the crack causes rupture of the membrane to allow salt solution to reach the concrete the electrical resistance of the electrodes will drop. After one week of flexing the crack by continuous vibration, the electrical resistance of the electrodes remains the same indicating the self-healing elastomeric membrane is still containing the salt solution.
We claim: r
l. A multilayered structure consisting essentially of a. a base layer,
b. an intermediate unvulcanized elastomeric membrane at least 0.05-inch thick, resistant to oxygen degradation and having a brittle point of less than 0 C., said elastomer being a polymer from the group of ethylene/propylene copolymers and ethylene/propylene/diene terpolyrners,
c. an exposure layer.
2. A multilayered structure according to claim 1 wherein the base layer is Portland cement concrete.
3. A multilayered structure according to claim 1 wherein the exposure layer is asphalt.
4. A multilayered structure according to claim 1 wherein a plastic film is interposed between the unvulcanized membrane and the exposure layer.
5. A multilayered structure according to claim 1 wherein the elastomeric membrane has at least to 500 parts of filler per lOO parts of elastomer and at least 100 to 300 parts of plasticizing oil per 100 parts of elastomer.
6. A multilayered structure according to claim 1 wherein the elastomeric membrane is made from a copolymer of ethylene, propylene and at least one nonconjugated diene having only one polymerizable double bond.
7. A multilayered structure according to claim I wherein the copolymer is ethylene/propylene.
8. A multilayered structure according to claim 6 wherein the copolymer is ethylene/propylene/ l ,4-hexadiene.
9. A multilayered roadway comprisingessentially a. a base layer of Portland cement concrete;
b. an intermediate unvulcanized elastomeric membrane at least 0.05-inch thick, resistant to oxygen degradation and having a brittle point of less then 0 C. wherein the elastomeric membrane is 100 parts ethylene/propylene copolymer, l00500 parts filler, and 100-300 parts plasticizing oil; and
e. an exposure layer of asphalt.
10. A multilayered roadway according to claim 9 wherein a plastic film is interposed between the unvulcanized membrane and the exposure layer of asphalt.
Claims (9)
- 2. A multilayered structure according to claim 1 wherein the base layer is Portland cement concrete.
- 3. A multilayered structure according to claim 1 wherein the exposure layer is asphalt.
- 4. A multilayered structure according to claim 1 wherein a plastic film is interposed between the unvulcanized membrane and the exposure layer.
- 5. A multilayered structure according to claim 1 wherein the elastomeric membrane has at least 100 to 500 parts of filler per 100 parts of elastomer and at least 100 to 300 parts of plasticizing oil per 100 parts of elastomer.
- 6. A multilayered structure according to claim 1 wherein the elastomeric membrane is made from a copolymer of ethylene, propylene and at least one nonconjugated diene having only one polymerizable double bond.
- 7. A multilayered structure according to claim 1 wherein the copolymer is ethylene/propylene.
- 8. A multilayered structure according to claim 6 wherein the copolymer is ethylene/propylene/1,4-hexadiene.
- 9. A multilayered roadway comprising essentially a. a base layer of Portland cement concrete; b. an intermediate unvulcanized elastomeric membrane at least 0.05-inch thick, resistant to oxygen degradation and having a brittle point of less then 0* C. wherein the elastomeric membrane is 100 parts ethylene/propylene copolymer, 100-500 parts filler, and 100- 300 parts plasticizing oil; and e. an exposure layer of asphalt.
- 10. A multilayered roadway according to claim 9 wherein a plastic film is interposed between the unvulcanized membrane and the exposure layer of asphalt.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US77199368A | 1968-10-30 | 1968-10-30 |
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US771993A Expired - Lifetime US3603221A (en) | 1968-10-30 | 1968-10-30 | Multilayered structure |
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US (1) | US3603221A (en) |
BR (1) | BR6913746D0 (en) |
DE (1) | DE1954482A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2021922A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB1296684A (en) |
NL (1) | NL6916298A (en) |
SE (1) | SE372046B (en) |
Cited By (25)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3707901A (en) * | 1970-12-22 | 1973-01-02 | Rubber Reclaiming Co Inc | Pavement and composition therefor |
US3850537A (en) * | 1972-10-31 | 1974-11-26 | D Bynum | Pavement construction |
US4118137A (en) * | 1976-12-06 | 1978-10-03 | U.S. Rubber Reclaiming Co., Inc. | Pavement and process of providing the same |
US4151025A (en) * | 1977-06-06 | 1979-04-24 | Triram Corporation | Method for waterproofing bridge decks and the like |
DE2854263A1 (en) * | 1977-12-14 | 1979-06-28 | Morris Richard Jeppson | PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENT FOR THE PROCESSING OF ROAD COVERINGS |
US4175885A (en) * | 1977-01-03 | 1979-11-27 | Giselle V. Laurmann | Methods for sealing and resealing concrete using microwave energy |
US4556338A (en) * | 1983-07-11 | 1985-12-03 | Tar Heel Technologies, Inc. | Method for reinforcing pavement |
US4594022A (en) * | 1984-05-23 | 1986-06-10 | Mp Materials Corporation | Paving method and pavement construction for concentrating microwave heating within pavement material |
US4849020A (en) * | 1987-04-20 | 1989-07-18 | The Titan Corporation | Asphalt compounds and method for asphalt reconditioning using microwave radiation |
US5051023A (en) * | 1987-07-14 | 1991-09-24 | Chichibu Cement Co., Ltd. | Fracture-free layered paving blocks |
US5455291A (en) * | 1994-02-14 | 1995-10-03 | U.S. Intec, Inc. | Coal-tar-pitch-based compositions |
US6187428B1 (en) | 1997-12-30 | 2001-02-13 | Colas S.A. | Wheel rut-resistant carriageway and process for obtaining such a carriageway |
US6500560B1 (en) | 1999-11-30 | 2002-12-31 | Elk Corporation Of Dallas | Asphalt coated structural article |
US20030040241A1 (en) * | 1999-11-30 | 2003-02-27 | Matti Kiik | Roofing system and roofing shingles |
US6578343B1 (en) * | 2001-11-12 | 2003-06-17 | Pipe Service, Inc. | Reinforced concrete deck structure for bridges and method of making same |
US6586353B1 (en) | 1999-11-30 | 2003-07-01 | Elk Corp. Of Dallas | Roofing underlayment |
US6673432B2 (en) | 1999-11-30 | 2004-01-06 | Elk Premium Building Products, Inc. | Water vapor barrier structural article |
US6872440B1 (en) | 1999-11-30 | 2005-03-29 | Elk Premium Building Products, Inc. | Heat reflective coated structural article |
US7169462B1 (en) | 2004-03-01 | 2007-01-30 | Laticrete International, Inc. | Waterproofing membrane |
US20070056228A1 (en) * | 2002-07-10 | 2007-03-15 | Penland Joe E Sr | Interlocking laminated support mat |
US7438499B1 (en) * | 2005-08-10 | 2008-10-21 | Unique Ideas Corp. | Method for protecting pavement borders during paving operations |
CN103774519A (en) * | 2011-12-31 | 2014-05-07 | 常熟古建园林建设集团有限公司 | Asphalt road construction method |
US20170166736A1 (en) * | 2015-02-26 | 2017-06-15 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Polymer blend, method for making the same and roofing membrane containing the same |
US20170292268A1 (en) * | 2016-04-07 | 2017-10-12 | Ductilcrete Slab Systems, Llc | Concrete slab system |
US10156045B2 (en) | 2016-07-29 | 2018-12-18 | Quality Mat Company | Panel mats connectable with interlocking and pinning elements |
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BE793133A (en) * | 1972-07-26 | 1973-04-16 | Villadsens Fab As Jens | SHEET PLASTIC MATERIAL AND ARTICLES CONTAINING SUCH MATERIAL |
AT362709B (en) * | 1977-03-07 | 1981-06-10 | Perlmooser Zementwerke Ag | CONNECTIVE, ESPECIALLY ADHESIVE, INTERMEDIATE LAYER AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF |
FR2508509A1 (en) * | 1981-06-26 | 1982-12-31 | Colas Sa | COMPOSITE STRUCTURE FOR PAVEMENTS AND ROADS |
FR2514045A1 (en) * | 1981-10-02 | 1983-04-08 | Couturier Jean | Improving properties of foundation materials for road construction - by incorporating aq. elastomer soln. emulsion or suspension, wetting agent and/or antifoam |
DE3150021C1 (en) * | 1981-12-17 | 1987-11-12 | Dynamit Nobel Ag, 5210 Troisdorf | Multi-layer sealing membrane made of elastomeric plastics and a reinforcement insert |
CA2961764C (en) * | 2016-04-07 | 2019-03-05 | Ductilcrete Slab Systems, Llc | Method of fabricating a concrete slab system |
CA2961765C (en) * | 2016-04-07 | 2019-03-12 | Ductilcrete Slab Systems, Llc | Concrete slab system |
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- 1969-10-29 FR FR6937120A patent/FR2021922A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1969-10-29 NL NL6916298A patent/NL6916298A/xx unknown
- 1969-10-29 DE DE19691954482 patent/DE1954482A1/en active Pending
- 1969-10-29 SE SE6914790A patent/SE372046B/xx unknown
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US1862011A (en) * | 1928-01-03 | 1932-06-07 | Robert B Gage | Concrete pavement and its construction |
US2210252A (en) * | 1938-07-23 | 1940-08-06 | Charles M Neeld | Bridge flooring |
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Cited By (32)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3707901A (en) * | 1970-12-22 | 1973-01-02 | Rubber Reclaiming Co Inc | Pavement and composition therefor |
US3850537A (en) * | 1972-10-31 | 1974-11-26 | D Bynum | Pavement construction |
US4118137A (en) * | 1976-12-06 | 1978-10-03 | U.S. Rubber Reclaiming Co., Inc. | Pavement and process of providing the same |
US4175885A (en) * | 1977-01-03 | 1979-11-27 | Giselle V. Laurmann | Methods for sealing and resealing concrete using microwave energy |
US4151025A (en) * | 1977-06-06 | 1979-04-24 | Triram Corporation | Method for waterproofing bridge decks and the like |
DE2854263A1 (en) * | 1977-12-14 | 1979-06-28 | Morris Richard Jeppson | PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENT FOR THE PROCESSING OF ROAD COVERINGS |
US4556338A (en) * | 1983-07-11 | 1985-12-03 | Tar Heel Technologies, Inc. | Method for reinforcing pavement |
US4594022A (en) * | 1984-05-23 | 1986-06-10 | Mp Materials Corporation | Paving method and pavement construction for concentrating microwave heating within pavement material |
US4849020A (en) * | 1987-04-20 | 1989-07-18 | The Titan Corporation | Asphalt compounds and method for asphalt reconditioning using microwave radiation |
US5051023A (en) * | 1987-07-14 | 1991-09-24 | Chichibu Cement Co., Ltd. | Fracture-free layered paving blocks |
US5455291A (en) * | 1994-02-14 | 1995-10-03 | U.S. Intec, Inc. | Coal-tar-pitch-based compositions |
US6187428B1 (en) | 1997-12-30 | 2001-02-13 | Colas S.A. | Wheel rut-resistant carriageway and process for obtaining such a carriageway |
US6673432B2 (en) | 1999-11-30 | 2004-01-06 | Elk Premium Building Products, Inc. | Water vapor barrier structural article |
US20030040241A1 (en) * | 1999-11-30 | 2003-02-27 | Matti Kiik | Roofing system and roofing shingles |
US6586353B1 (en) | 1999-11-30 | 2003-07-01 | Elk Corp. Of Dallas | Roofing underlayment |
US6500560B1 (en) | 1999-11-30 | 2002-12-31 | Elk Corporation Of Dallas | Asphalt coated structural article |
US6708456B2 (en) | 1999-11-30 | 2004-03-23 | Elk Premium Building Products, Inc. | Roofing composite |
US6872440B1 (en) | 1999-11-30 | 2005-03-29 | Elk Premium Building Products, Inc. | Heat reflective coated structural article |
US6990779B2 (en) | 1999-11-30 | 2006-01-31 | Elk Premium Building Products, Inc. | Roofing system and roofing shingles |
US6578343B1 (en) * | 2001-11-12 | 2003-06-17 | Pipe Service, Inc. | Reinforced concrete deck structure for bridges and method of making same |
US20070056228A1 (en) * | 2002-07-10 | 2007-03-15 | Penland Joe E Sr | Interlocking laminated support mat |
US7169462B1 (en) | 2004-03-01 | 2007-01-30 | Laticrete International, Inc. | Waterproofing membrane |
US7491426B1 (en) | 2004-03-01 | 2009-02-17 | Laticrete International, Inc. | Waterproofing membrane |
US7438499B1 (en) * | 2005-08-10 | 2008-10-21 | Unique Ideas Corp. | Method for protecting pavement borders during paving operations |
CN103774519A (en) * | 2011-12-31 | 2014-05-07 | 常熟古建园林建设集团有限公司 | Asphalt road construction method |
CN103774519B (en) * | 2011-12-31 | 2015-11-25 | 常熟古建园林建设集团有限公司 | Asphalt roads construction method |
US20170166736A1 (en) * | 2015-02-26 | 2017-06-15 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Polymer blend, method for making the same and roofing membrane containing the same |
US9683097B1 (en) * | 2015-02-26 | 2017-06-20 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Polymer blend, method for making the same and roofing membrane containing the same |
US20170292268A1 (en) * | 2016-04-07 | 2017-10-12 | Ductilcrete Slab Systems, Llc | Concrete slab system |
US9828768B2 (en) * | 2016-04-07 | 2017-11-28 | Ductilcrete Technologies, Llc | Concrete slab system |
US10156045B2 (en) | 2016-07-29 | 2018-12-18 | Quality Mat Company | Panel mats connectable with interlocking and pinning elements |
US10895044B2 (en) | 2016-07-29 | 2021-01-19 | Quality Mat Company | Lightweight universal panel mat |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2021922A1 (en) | 1970-07-24 |
GB1296684A (en) | 1972-11-15 |
NL6916298A (en) | 1970-05-04 |
SE372046B (en) | 1974-12-09 |
DE1954482A1 (en) | 1970-05-06 |
BR6913746D0 (en) | 1973-02-06 |
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