US3759009A - Composite load bearing panels - Google Patents
Composite load bearing panels Download PDFInfo
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- US3759009A US3759009A US00110409A US3759009DA US3759009A US 3759009 A US3759009 A US 3759009A US 00110409 A US00110409 A US 00110409A US 3759009D A US3759009D A US 3759009DA US 3759009 A US3759009 A US 3759009A
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- panel
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- face
- core material
- cementatious
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
- E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
- E04C2/26—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups
- E04C2/28—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups combinations of materials fully covered by groups E04C2/04 and E04C2/08
Definitions
- FRANK F. RANSOME 1 COMPOSITE LOAD BEARING PANELS My invention relates to composite panels and, more particularly, to load bearing panels having thin metal faces and a cementatious core material therebetween.
- Load bearing panels often require considerations beyond the primary requisite of sufficient strength to support a given load. These additional properties can be any or all of fire resistance, sound absorption, easy fastenability to various support members and the ability to interlock with adjacent panels to form a complete load bearing structure. Metal products such as steel plates possess some of these properties, but others such as sound absorption and fastenability are lacking. In addition, the weight of the plates often create handling problems and the cost of such plates may be prohibitive. On the other hand, various types of cementatious materials qualify for many of the secondary considerations, but because of their inherent low tensile strength, they cannot be satisfactorily used in and of themselves as load bearing panels subjected to beam type loading.
- the panel is lightweight, highly fire resistant and can be easily made sound absorbing. Further, the panels may be easily fastened to various support members and may be.
- My invention is a composite load bearing-panel in which light gauge sheet metal, preferably mild steel, form the panel faces which are separated by a cementations core material.
- a plurality of mechanical keys are pressed at an angle from the face of the sheets to form a mechanical bond between the core material and the sheets.
- the keys extend beyond 50 per cent of the thickness of the core material and are preferably alternately spaced in rows with respect to keys of the same face, as well as the opposing face to maximize the reinforcement of the panel.
- FIG. 1 is an isometric of my composite panel
- FIG. 2 is a section taken along section lines II-II FIG. 1;
- FIG. 3 is a section taken along of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 4 shows the interlocking of adjacent panels.
- My composite load bearing panel generally designated 10, includes a top face 11 and a bottom face 12 made from a metal such as mild steel and having a cementatious core material 13 therebetween, see FIG. 1.
- the sides 19 and 20 of the panel are merely extensions of the faces 11 and 12 and will be described in detail hereinafter.
- top and bottom faces 11 and 12, respectively, are mechanically bonded to the cementatious core material 13 by means of a plurality of keys 14 which are integral with their respective faces and which depend outwardly therefrom at an angle into the cementatious core 13.
- These keys 14 play a vital role in the overall performance of the load bearing panel 10, for they not only anchor the composite panel in assembled relationship by mechanical bonding, but they act as'reinforcers for the panel so that the panel has substantial strength in tension and compression.
- the load condition will be light or in one direction only, the angularity of the keys may varyfrom but, of course, the 90 angularity provides an added safety factor.
- the depth of the keys 14 with regard to the thickness of the cementatious core 13 is also very critical and should be greater than 50 per cent of that depth so that the keys 14 of the top and bottom faces 11 and 12 overlap. Then it is not possible to have a straight shear plane through the core material since any shear plane would be continually disrupted by the keys 14 of either or both the top and bottom sheets 11 and 12, respectively.
- the keys 14 should be staggered to optimize the reinforcing effects and the mechanical bond strength. I have found that satisfactory conditions are achieved when'the keys 14 of the top face 11 and bottom face 12 are staggered and alternated in directions crosswise, as well as lengthwise of the panel 10. For example, such a crosswise plane is shown in FIG. 2 where the keys 14 of the bottom face 12 alternate with the keys 14 of the top face 11. The same type of alternating relationship between the keys of the top face 11 and the keys of the bottom face 12 is shown in FIG. 3 for a-plane extending lengthwise of the panel 10. This staggering of the keys 14 is easily achieved by pressing the keys 14 to form rows. The keys of one row are staggered with respect to keys of adjacent rows, see FIG. 1. Therefore, keys of every other row are not traversed by a straight lengthwise plane passing therethrough, see FIG. 3 where the rows containing untraversed keys are shown dotted.
- the result of the key overlap is to prevent a straight shear plane from passing through the panel.
- the plurality of staggered keys balances the applied load since when any two adjacent tabs are in tension, the adjacent tabs thereto are in compression.
- a very satisfactory key is one in which the sides 15 and 16 of the key 14 angle toward each other away from the metal face and terminate in a flange 17 to form a somewhat T-shaped section, see FIG. 2. As illustrated, the flanges 17 from the keys 14 of opposing faces 11 and 12 are in overlapping relationship.
- Mechanical bonding is further increased by punching a plurality of holes 18 in both the flange l7 and the area between the sides 15 and 16 of the keys 14. The cementatious core material 13 fills these holes 18 as it is poured into the space formed by the metal periphery, and after solidification, the mechanical bonding is substantially increased.
- the voids 25 formed in the faces 11 and 12 by the pressing out of keys 14 can be used for connecting the panel 10 with joists or other structural members utilized to support it.
- the metal faces of the panel are preferably made out of mild steel sheets having an ultimate strength in the range of 30,000 psi and having a thickness between 22 and 30 gauge, inclusive. This provides adequate strength for the panel and at the same time permits easy pressing out of the keys and forming for the panel sides.
- the cementatious core material 13 is preferably somewhat cellular. This reduces the weight of the resistance and at the same time, minimizes the cost. Al'- though I prefer to keep the density of the cementatious core below 20 lbs./cu.ft., the density can go as high as S lbs./cu.ft. and still be reasonable in termsof overall panel weight. While more dense material such as concrete can be employed, I prefer the lighter cementartious materials, of which there are many, since all the desirable properties can be achieved by the use thereof. Generally speaking, the thickness of the composite panel will vary between one-half and 3 inches, depending upon the span and the load requirements of the panel.
- the panels can be easily interlocked with each other along the panel sides with the space therebetween filled with a grout of the core material to present a uniform surface and an equal sound and fire rating, see FIG. 4. This can be accomplished by double bending the top metal face to form the side having an upwardly extending free end 21. An adjacent panel having a side 19 with a downwardly depending free end 22 is interlocked therewith and the space therebetween is filled with core material 23.
- a composite load bearing panel comprising two thin metal faces having a cementatious core material therebetween, each metal face having a plurality of integ raljkey's positioned substantially 90 outward therefrom toextend into the core material to a depth of greater than 50 per cent of the core material thickness, the keys including a web portion extending from the metal face andterminating in a flange portion, at least one of the web portion and flange portion having a plurality of holes extending therethrough, said keys of one face being alternately spaced in relation to the keys of ,-.the other fa'c'eand being in overlapping relationship'so as to prevent failure by a straight shear plane, said'k'eys acting both as a mechanical bond between the faces and the core material and as reinforcement of the panel giving said pane] substantial strength in both tension and compression.
- each metal face extends outwardly at along at least one edge thereof to form pane] sides to encapsulate the cementatious core.
Abstract
Composite, load bearing panels comprising two thin metal sheets, preferably mild steel, having a low density cementatious core material therebetween. Each metal sheet has a plurality of integral keys pressed angularly outward the refrom to extend into the cementatious core material. The keys of one sheet, which extend to a depth greater than 50 per cent of the thickness of the core material, are alternately spaced in relation to the keys of the other sheet and act both as a mechanical bond for the sheets and the core material and as reinforcement to the panel giving it substantial strength in both tension and compression.
Description
Unite States Patent 1191 Ransome 1 1 Sept. 18, 1973 [54] COMPOSITE LOAD BEARING PANELS 1,213,564 12/1959 France 52/378 [75] Inventor: Frank F. Ransome, Livingston, NJ. OTHER PUBLICATIONS [73] Assignee: Gordon T. Kinder, Martins Ferry, ()hi Text: International Congress on Lightweight Concrete, Vol. I, May 1968, pages 78, 194, William Clowes and [22] 1971 Sons, Ltd., London Scientific Library Call No. TP884, 21 Appl. No.: 110,409 L515, 1968.
[52] US. Cl 52/598, 52/588, 52/598, Prir nary ExaminerFrank L. Abbott 52/599, 52/725, 52/735 Assistant Examiner-James L. Ridgill, Jr. [51] 'Int. Cl. E04b 5/04, E04c 2/26 AttorneyWebb, Burden, Robinson & Webb [58] Field of Search ..52/596-599, 724, 725, 727, 425, 612, 334,
569, 430, 574, 436, 588 57 ST CT [56] References C ted Composite, load bearing panels comprising two thin UNITED STATES PATENTS metal sheets, preferably mild steel, having a low density 3 518 801 7 1970 Redey 52/425 cementum maerial herebetwem Each metal Z 6/191 1 Lewen 52/593 sheet has a plurality of integral keys pressed angularly 1,590,650 6/1926 s h k 52 2 outward the refrom to extend into the cementatious 1,837,451 12/1931 Lee 52/599 core material. The keys of one sheet, which extend to 1,956,354 4/1934 Junkers.... 521378 a depth greater than 50 per cent of the thickness of the 2,023,452 1935 =g 52/5'97 core material, are alternately spaced in relation to the 2,064,910 12/1936 Harper 5 k s of the other sheet and act both as a mechanical s bond for the sheets and the core material and as rein- 1,988,613 1/1935 TenorQlQ: 1:: 52/378 m the Panel l Substantial strength in both tension and compression. FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 957,742 5/ 1964 Great Britain 52/597 7 Claims, 4 Drawing Figures PATENTEB SEPI 8 I975 Fig. 3
INVENTOR.
FRANK F. RANSOME 1 COMPOSITE LOAD BEARING PANELS My invention relates to composite panels and, more particularly, to load bearing panels having thin metal faces and a cementatious core material therebetween.
Load bearing panels often require considerations beyond the primary requisite of sufficient strength to support a given load. These additional properties can be any or all of fire resistance, sound absorption, easy fastenability to various support members and the ability to interlock with adjacent panels to form a complete load bearing structure. Metal products such as steel plates possess some of these properties, but others such as sound absorption and fastenability are lacking. In addition, the weight of the plates often create handling problems and the cost of such plates may be prohibitive. On the other hand, various types of cementatious materials qualify for many of the secondary considerations, but because of their inherent low tensile strength, they cannot be satisfactorily used in and of themselves as load bearing panels subjected to beam type loading.
To overcome-these individual problems, I have utilized the advantageous attributes of both the metals and the cementatious materials to achieve a composite panel which is structurally sound. At the same time, the panel is lightweight, highly fire resistant and can be easily made sound absorbing. Further, the panels may be easily fastened to various support members and may be.
interlocked with each other to form the desired structural member.
My invention is a composite load bearing-panel in which light gauge sheet metal, preferably mild steel, form the panel faces which are separated by a cementations core material. A plurality of mechanical keys are pressed at an angle from the face of the sheets to form a mechanical bond between the core material and the sheets. The keys extend beyond 50 per cent of the thickness of the core material and are preferably alternately spaced in rows with respect to keys of the same face, as well as the opposing face to maximize the reinforcement of the panel.
In the accompanying drawings, I have shown my presently preferred embodiments in which:
FIG. 1 is an isometric of my composite panel;
FIG. 2 is a section taken along section lines II-II FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a section taken along of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 4 shows the interlocking of adjacent panels.
My composite load bearing panel, generally designated 10, includes a top face 11 and a bottom face 12 made from a metal such as mild steel and having a cementatious core material 13 therebetween, see FIG. 1. The sides 19 and 20 of the panel are merely extensions of the faces 11 and 12 and will be described in detail hereinafter.
The top and bottom faces 11 and 12, respectively, are mechanically bonded to the cementatious core material 13 by means of a plurality of keys 14 which are integral with their respective faces and which depend outwardly therefrom at an angle into the cementatious core 13. These keys 14 play a vital role in the overall performance of the load bearing panel 10, for they not only anchor the composite panel in assembled relationship by mechanical bonding, but they act as'reinforcers for the panel so that the panel has substantial strength in tension and compression.
section lines III-III movement of the faces in either direction under load conditions. Where'the load condition will be light or in one direction only, the angularity of the keys may varyfrom but, of course, the 90 angularity provides an added safety factor.
The depth of the keys 14 with regard to the thickness of the cementatious core 13 is also very critical and should be greater than 50 per cent of that depth so that the keys 14 of the top and bottom faces 11 and 12 overlap. Then it is not possible to have a straight shear plane through the core material since any shear plane would be continually disrupted by the keys 14 of either or both the top and bottom sheets 11 and 12, respectively.
In addition, the keys 14 should be staggered to optimize the reinforcing effects and the mechanical bond strength. I have found that satisfactory conditions are achieved when'the keys 14 of the top face 11 and bottom face 12 are staggered and alternated in directions crosswise, as well as lengthwise of the panel 10. For example, such a crosswise plane is shown in FIG. 2 where the keys 14 of the bottom face 12 alternate with the keys 14 of the top face 11. The same type of alternating relationship between the keys of the top face 11 and the keys of the bottom face 12 is shown in FIG. 3 for a-plane extending lengthwise of the panel 10. This staggering of the keys 14 is easily achieved by pressing the keys 14 to form rows. The keys of one row are staggered with respect to keys of adjacent rows, see FIG. 1. Therefore, keys of every other row are not traversed by a straight lengthwise plane passing therethrough, see FIG. 3 where the rows containing untraversed keys are shown dotted.
As stated earlier, the result of the key overlap is to prevent a straight shear plane from passing through the panel. In addition, the plurality of staggered keys balances the applied load since when any two adjacent tabs are in tension, the adjacent tabs thereto are in compression.
A very satisfactory key, both for purposes of mechanical bonding and reinforcing, is one in which the sides 15 and 16 of the key 14 angle toward each other away from the metal face and terminate in a flange 17 to form a somewhat T-shaped section, see FIG. 2. As illustrated, the flanges 17 from the keys 14 of opposing faces 11 and 12 are in overlapping relationship. Mechanical bonding is further increased by punching a plurality of holes 18 in both the flange l7 and the area between the sides 15 and 16 of the keys 14. The cementatious core material 13 fills these holes 18 as it is poured into the space formed by the metal periphery, and after solidification, the mechanical bonding is substantially increased.
The voids 25 formed in the faces 11 and 12 by the pressing out of keys 14 can be used for connecting the panel 10 with joists or other structural members utilized to support it.
The metal faces of the panel are preferably made out of mild steel sheets having an ultimate strength in the range of 30,000 psi and having a thickness between 22 and 30 gauge, inclusive. This provides adequate strength for the panel and at the same time permits easy pressing out of the keys and forming for the panel sides.
The cementatious core material 13 is preferably somewhat cellular. This reduces the weight of the resistance and at the same time, minimizes the cost. Al'- though I prefer to keep the density of the cementatious core below 20 lbs./cu.ft., the density can go as high as S lbs./cu.ft. and still be reasonable in termsof overall panel weight. While more dense material such as concrete can be employed, I prefer the lighter cementartious materials, of which there are many, since all the desirable properties can be achieved by the use thereof. Generally speaking, the thickness of the composite panel will vary between one-half and 3 inches, depending upon the span and the load requirements of the panel.
The panels can be easily interlocked with each other along the panel sides with the space therebetween filled with a grout of the core material to present a uniform surface and an equal sound and fire rating, see FIG. 4. This can be accomplished by double bending the top metal face to form the side having an upwardly extending free end 21. An adjacent panel having a side 19 with a downwardly depending free end 22 is interlocked therewith and the space therebetween is filled with core material 23.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that within the framework of thefabove specification, the key depth and spacing, as well as the face gauges, core materials and densities may be varied to accommodate almost any load over any given span condition.
I claim: I
l. A composite load bearing panel comprising two thin metal faces having a cementatious core material therebetween, each metal face having a plurality of integ raljkey's positioned substantially 90 outward therefrom toextend into the core material to a depth of greater than 50 per cent of the core material thickness, the keys including a web portion extending from the metal face andterminating in a flange portion, at least one of the web portion and flange portion having a plurality of holes extending therethrough, said keys of one face being alternately spaced in relation to the keys of ,-.the other fa'c'eand being in overlapping relationship'so as to prevent failure by a straight shear plane, said'k'eys acting both as a mechanical bond between the faces and the core material and as reinforcement of the panel giving said pane] substantial strength in both tension and compression.
2. The panel of claim 1 wherein the webs of said keys of each sheet have sides which angle toward each other away from the metal face and terminate in the flange to define a substantially T-shaped key.
3. The panel of claim 1 wherein said keys of each face are positioned in rows crosswise of said face, the keys of a given row in each face being staggered in relation to the keys of an adjacent row, said rows of one face aligning with the rows of the other face in alternating key relationship.
4. The panel of claim 1 wherein each metal face extends outwardly at along at least one edge thereof to form pane] sides to encapsulate the cementatious core.
5. The panel of claim 4 wherein at least one side has a free end to accommodate a free end of an adjacent panel to form a space therebetween, said space being filled with grout.
6. The panel of claim lwherein the metal faces are mild steel sheets having a thickness between 22 and 30 gauge, inclusive.
7. The panel of claim 6 wherein the cementatious core material has a density less than 50 lbs./cu.ft. and preferably below 20 lbs./cu.ft.
Claims (7)
1. A composite load bearing panel comprising two thin metal faces having a cementatious core material therebetween, each metal face having a plurality of integral keys positioned substantially 90* outward therefrom to extend into the core material to a depth of greater than 50 per cent of the core material thickness, the keys including a web portion extending from the metal face and terminating in a flange portion, at least one of the web portion and flange portion having a plurality of holes extending therethrough, said keys of one face being alternately spaced in relation to the keys of the other face and being in overlapping relationship so as to prevent failure by a straight shear plane, said keys acting both as a mechanical bond between the faces and the core material and as reinforcement of the panel giving said panel substantial strength in both tension and compression.
2. The panel of claim 1 wherein the webs of said keys of each sheet have sides which angle toward each other away from the metal face and terminate in the flange to define a substantially T-shaped key.
3. The panel of claim 1 wherein said keys of each face are positioned in rows crosswise of said face, the keys of a given row in each face being staggered in relation to the keys of an adjacent row, said rows of one face aligning with the rows of the other face in alternating key relationship.
4. The panel of claim 1 wherein each metal face extends outwardly at 90* along at least one edge thereof to form panel sides to encapsulate the cementatious core.
5. The panel of claim 4 wherein at least one side has a free end to accommodate a free end of an adjacent panel to form a space therebetween, said space being filled with grout.
6. The panel of claim 1 wherein the metal faces are mild steel sheets having a thickness between 22 and 30 gauge, inclusive.
7. The panel of claim 6 wherein the cementatiouS core material has a density less than 50 lbs./cu.ft. and preferably below 20 lbs./cu.ft.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US11040971A | 1971-01-28 | 1971-01-28 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3759009A true US3759009A (en) | 1973-09-18 |
Family
ID=22332856
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US00110409A Expired - Lifetime US3759009A (en) | 1971-01-28 | 1971-01-28 | Composite load bearing panels |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3759009A (en) |
Cited By (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4606156A (en) * | 1983-08-04 | 1986-08-19 | C-Tec, Inc. | Access flooring panel |
| US4639204A (en) * | 1985-06-12 | 1987-01-27 | C-Tec, Inc. | Apparatus for centrifugally casting concrete panels |
| US4719727A (en) * | 1985-10-04 | 1988-01-19 | C-Tec, Inc. | Access floor panel |
| US4729859A (en) * | 1985-06-12 | 1988-03-08 | C-Tec, Inc. | Method for casting concrete panels |
| FR2615559A1 (en) * | 1987-05-22 | 1988-11-25 | Electricite De France | IMPROVED FIRE-RESISTANT DOORS |
| US4945701A (en) * | 1989-05-16 | 1990-08-07 | Tate Access Floors, Inc. | Composite concrete floor panel |
| US4967532A (en) * | 1988-11-14 | 1990-11-06 | Avco Corporation | Means for and method of making a cast structural fire proof panel assembly |
| US5031368A (en) * | 1987-04-29 | 1991-07-16 | Matthews Anthony W | Tiles for false floors |
| GB2245620A (en) * | 1990-07-06 | 1992-01-08 | Raphael Nicolaidis | Constructional element |
| US5596860A (en) * | 1994-09-09 | 1997-01-28 | Insu-Form Incorporated | Foamed cement insulated metal frame building system |
| US5632126A (en) * | 1995-03-22 | 1997-05-27 | Agsten; Carl F. | Wall system involving corrugated panels for making confinement cells |
| EP1327732A1 (en) * | 2001-12-24 | 2003-07-16 | System Albanese | Edge shuttering for concrete slabs |
| US6797219B1 (en) | 2000-11-28 | 2004-09-28 | Steelcase Development Corporation | Method for manufacture of floor panels |
| US20080110111A1 (en) * | 2001-02-21 | 2008-05-15 | Sika Schweiz Ag | Prefabricated structural element for buildings |
| US20100224757A1 (en) * | 2009-03-03 | 2010-09-09 | Yao-Chung Chen | Raised access floor unit |
| CN108547408A (en) * | 2018-04-23 | 2018-09-18 | 威海南海新能源材料有限公司 | A kind of graphene colored steel composite board insulation of fire resisting and preparation method thereof |
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| US995069A (en) * | 1910-07-13 | 1911-06-13 | Henry L Lewen | Reinforced concrete construction. |
| US1590650A (en) * | 1925-07-25 | 1926-06-29 | Schack Charles | Anchoring device for deck-coating material |
| US1837451A (en) * | 1930-12-19 | 1931-12-22 | Burgess Lab Inc C F | Punch |
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| US1988613A (en) * | 1931-11-30 | 1935-01-22 | Braithwaite And Company Engine | Manufacture of roads, yards, aerodromes, and the like surfaces |
| US2023452A (en) * | 1933-02-06 | 1935-12-10 | American Brass Co | Wall construction |
| US2064910A (en) * | 1933-09-20 | 1936-12-22 | Clarence S Harper | Reenforced monolith building construction |
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1971
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| US1590650A (en) * | 1925-07-25 | 1926-06-29 | Schack Charles | Anchoring device for deck-coating material |
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| US1988613A (en) * | 1931-11-30 | 1935-01-22 | Braithwaite And Company Engine | Manufacture of roads, yards, aerodromes, and the like surfaces |
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Cited By (19)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4606156A (en) * | 1983-08-04 | 1986-08-19 | C-Tec, Inc. | Access flooring panel |
| US4639204A (en) * | 1985-06-12 | 1987-01-27 | C-Tec, Inc. | Apparatus for centrifugally casting concrete panels |
| US4729859A (en) * | 1985-06-12 | 1988-03-08 | C-Tec, Inc. | Method for casting concrete panels |
| US4719727A (en) * | 1985-10-04 | 1988-01-19 | C-Tec, Inc. | Access floor panel |
| US5031368A (en) * | 1987-04-29 | 1991-07-16 | Matthews Anthony W | Tiles for false floors |
| FR2615559A1 (en) * | 1987-05-22 | 1988-11-25 | Electricite De France | IMPROVED FIRE-RESISTANT DOORS |
| EP0294265A1 (en) * | 1987-05-22 | 1988-12-07 | Electricite De France | Fireproof doors |
| US4967532A (en) * | 1988-11-14 | 1990-11-06 | Avco Corporation | Means for and method of making a cast structural fire proof panel assembly |
| US4945701A (en) * | 1989-05-16 | 1990-08-07 | Tate Access Floors, Inc. | Composite concrete floor panel |
| GB2245620A (en) * | 1990-07-06 | 1992-01-08 | Raphael Nicolaidis | Constructional element |
| GB2245620B (en) * | 1990-07-06 | 1993-02-24 | Raphael Nicolaidis | A portable constructional element and a process for its production |
| US5329741A (en) * | 1990-07-06 | 1994-07-19 | Raphael Nicolaidis | Portable constructional element and a process for its production |
| US5596860A (en) * | 1994-09-09 | 1997-01-28 | Insu-Form Incorporated | Foamed cement insulated metal frame building system |
| US5632126A (en) * | 1995-03-22 | 1997-05-27 | Agsten; Carl F. | Wall system involving corrugated panels for making confinement cells |
| US6797219B1 (en) | 2000-11-28 | 2004-09-28 | Steelcase Development Corporation | Method for manufacture of floor panels |
| US20080110111A1 (en) * | 2001-02-21 | 2008-05-15 | Sika Schweiz Ag | Prefabricated structural element for buildings |
| EP1327732A1 (en) * | 2001-12-24 | 2003-07-16 | System Albanese | Edge shuttering for concrete slabs |
| US20100224757A1 (en) * | 2009-03-03 | 2010-09-09 | Yao-Chung Chen | Raised access floor unit |
| CN108547408A (en) * | 2018-04-23 | 2018-09-18 | 威海南海新能源材料有限公司 | A kind of graphene colored steel composite board insulation of fire resisting and preparation method thereof |
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