US3788878A - Impregnating nonwovens with an alkyl acrylate polymer-carboxylic polymer latex - Google Patents
Impregnating nonwovens with an alkyl acrylate polymer-carboxylic polymer latex Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3788878A US3788878A US00272094A US3788878DA US3788878A US 3788878 A US3788878 A US 3788878A US 00272094 A US00272094 A US 00272094A US 3788878D A US3788878D A US 3788878DA US 3788878 A US3788878 A US 3788878A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- nonwoven
- acid
- latex
- binder
- ammonia
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 title abstract description 46
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 title abstract description 16
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 title description 58
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 title description 14
- 125000005250 alkyl acrylate group Chemical group 0.000 title description 13
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 62
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 35
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 31
- -1 CARBOXYL FUNCTIONALITY Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 29
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 27
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 25
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 abstract description 20
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 12
- 230000032798 delamination Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 56
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 25
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 21
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 19
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 19
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 19
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 18
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 18
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 16
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 13
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 9
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 7
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acrylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C=C JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylamine Chemical compound CCN QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 6
- PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent‐4‐en‐2‐one Natural products CC(=O)CC=C PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 6
- JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1h-imidazole Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC(C=2NC=CN=2)=C1 JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 125000002573 ethenylidene group Chemical group [*]=C=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 5
- LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylenebutanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(=C)C(O)=O LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Divinylbenzene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylamine Chemical compound NC BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CNCOEDDPFOAUMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylolacrylamide Chemical compound OCNC(=O)C=C CNCOEDDPFOAUMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010981 drying operation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000012209 synthetic fiber Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000007767 bonding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 3
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 3
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- FQPSGWSUVKBHSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N methacrylamide Chemical compound CC(=C)C(N)=O FQPSGWSUVKBHSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000005395 methacrylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- ZIUHHBKFKCYYJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n'-methylenebisacrylamide Chemical compound C=CC(=O)NCNC(=O)C=C ZIUHHBKFKCYYJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L persulfate group Chemical group S(=O)(=O)([O-])OOS(=O)(=O)[O-] JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LEJBBGNFPAFPKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-prop-2-enoyloxyethoxy)ethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCCOCCOC(=O)C=C LEJBBGNFPAFPKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OEPOKWHJYJXUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-phenylmethoxyphenyl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carbaldehyde Chemical compound O=CC1=CSC(C=2C=C(OCC=3C=CC=CC=3)C=CC=2)=N1 OEPOKWHJYJXUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DBCAQXHNJOFNGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-bromo-1,1,1-trifluorobutane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)CCCBr DBCAQXHNJOFNGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
- ROSDSFDQCJNGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylamine Chemical compound CNC ROSDSFDQCJNGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dodecane Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCC SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isoprene Chemical compound CC(=C)C=C RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000297 Rayon Polymers 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000005907 alkyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910001870 ammonium persulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000002704 decyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 2
- HPNMFZURTQLUMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylamine Chemical compound CCNCC HPNMFZURTQLUMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003438 dodecyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 238000007720 emulsion polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- JBKVHLHDHHXQEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N epsilon-caprolactam Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCN1 JBKVHLHDHHXQEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- STVZJERGLQHEKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol dimethacrylate Substances CC(=C)C(=O)OCCOC(=O)C(C)=C STVZJERGLQHEKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- NAQMVNRVTILPCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1,6-diamine Chemical compound NCCCCCCN NAQMVNRVTILPCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003505 polymerization initiator Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium sulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])=O GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylamine Chemical compound CN(C)C GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- XVOUMQNXTGKGMA-OWOJBTEDSA-N (E)-glutaconic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C\C=C\C(O)=O XVOUMQNXTGKGMA-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001124 (E)-prop-1-ene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-VOTSOKGWSA-M .beta-Phenylacrylic acid Natural products [O-]C(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-VOTSOKGWSA-M 0.000 description 1
- LDMOEFOXLIZJOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-dodecanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCS(O)(=O)=O LDMOEFOXLIZJOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KBTYSDMXRXDGGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hydroperoxycyclohexan-1-ol Chemical compound OOC1(O)CCCCC1 KBTYSDMXRXDGGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IGGDKDTUCAWDAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-vinylnaphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C=C)=CC=CC2=C1 IGGDKDTUCAWDAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-cyanopropan-2-yldiazenyl)-2-methylpropanenitrile Chemical compound N#CC(C)(C)N=NC(C)(C)C#N OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RFIMISVNSAUMBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(prop-2-enoxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)COCC=C RFIMISVNSAUMBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HIJIDYAOXMOWJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-aminoethyl dodecyl sulfate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOS(=O)(=O)OCCN HIJIDYAOXMOWJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SBYMUDUGTIKLCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloroethenylbenzene Chemical compound ClC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 SBYMUDUGTIKLCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WROUWQQRXUBECT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylacrylic acid Chemical compound CCC(=C)C(O)=O WROUWQQRXUBECT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HFCUBKYHMMPGBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxyethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound COCCOC(=O)C=C HFCUBKYHMMPGBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- MTPJEFOSTIKRSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(dimethylamino)propanenitrile Chemical compound CN(C)CCC#N MTPJEFOSTIKRSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002972 Acrylic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241001599832 Agave fourcroydes Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000198134 Agave sisalana Species 0.000 description 1
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004342 Benzoyl peroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzoylperoxide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000008564 Boehmeria nivea Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000012766 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012765 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. spontanea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003043 Cellulose fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002284 Cellulose triacetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-SREVYHEPSA-N Cinnamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-SREVYHEPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000000491 Corchorus aestuans Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011777 Corchorus aestuans Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000010862 Corchorus capsularis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 244000044849 Crotalaria juncea Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920004934 Dacron® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical group S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N EtOH Substances CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000000797 Hibiscus cannabinus Species 0.000 description 1
- VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutene Chemical group CC(C)=C VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylacrylonitrile Chemical compound CC(=C)C#N GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002821 Modacrylic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 101100118976 Mus musculus Clint1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920002544 Olefin fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000037062 Polyps Diseases 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DWAQJAXMDSEUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bisulfite Chemical compound [Na+].OS([O-])=O DWAQJAXMDSEUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium laurylsulphate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- NNLVGZFZQQXQNW-ADJNRHBOSA-N [(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5-diacetyloxy-3-[(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5,6-triacetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methyl acetate Chemical compound O([C@@H]1O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H]1OC(C)=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@@H](COC(C)=O)O1)OC(C)=O)COC(=O)C)[C@@H]1[C@@H](COC(C)=O)O[C@@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H]1OC(C)=O NNLVGZFZQQXQNW-ADJNRHBOSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CIUQDSCDWFSTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C]1=CC=CC=C1 Chemical compound [C]1=CC=CC=C1 CIUQDSCDWFSTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940091181 aconitic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000001252 acrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920000800 acrylic rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001361 adipic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011037 adipic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000193174 agave Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052936 alkali metal sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-Methylstyrene Chemical compound CC(=C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000019400 benzoyl peroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- INLLPKCGLOXCIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromoethene Chemical compound BrC=C INLLPKCGLOXCIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl acrylate Chemical class CCCCOC(=O)C=C CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 235000009120 camo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009960 carding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005018 casein Substances 0.000 description 1
- BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N casein, tech. Chemical compound NCCCCC(C(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CC(C)C)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(C(C)O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(COP(O)(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021240 caseins Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002301 cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000005607 chanvre indien Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930016911 cinnamic acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000013985 cinnamic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- GTZCVFVGUGFEME-IWQZZHSRSA-N cis-aconitic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C\C(C(O)=O)=C\C(O)=O GTZCVFVGUGFEME-IWQZZHSRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-IHWYPQMZSA-N citraconic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(/C)=C\C(O)=O HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-IHWYPQMZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940018557 citraconic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006037 cross link polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N crotonic acid Chemical compound C\C=C\C(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KBLWLMPSVYBVDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OC1CCCCC1 KBLWLMPSVYBVDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001991 dicarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019329 dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphosphoric acid Chemical class OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GYQQNCSTNDNVMM-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium 4-(octadecylamino)-4-oxo-2-sulfobutanoate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCNC(=O)CC(C([O-])=O)S(O)(=O)=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCNC(=O)CC(C([O-])=O)S(O)(=O)=O GYQQNCSTNDNVMM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- YHAIUSTWZPMYGG-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium;2,2-dioctyl-3-sulfobutanedioate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].CCCCCCCCC(C([O-])=O)(C(C([O-])=O)S(O)(=O)=O)CCCCCCCC YHAIUSTWZPMYGG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- GMSCBRSQMRDRCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C GMSCBRSQMRDRCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GVGUFUZHNYFZLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyl benzenesulfonate;sodium Chemical compound [Na].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 GVGUFUZHNYFZLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MOTZDAYCYVMXPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyl hydrogen sulfate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOS(O)(=O)=O MOTZDAYCYVMXPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940043264 dodecyl sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- XJELOQYISYPGDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl 2-chloroacetate Chemical compound ClCC(=O)OC=C XJELOQYISYPGDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BEFDCLMNVWHSGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenylcyclopentane Chemical compound C=CC1CCCC1 BEFDCLMNVWHSGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001301 ethoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- SUPCQIBBMFXVTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(C)=C SUPCQIBBMFXVTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- XUCNUKMRBVNAPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoroethene Chemical compound FC=C XUCNUKMRBVNAPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011953 free-radical catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940083124 ganglion-blocking antiadrenergic secondary and tertiary amines Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000001188 haloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011487 hemp Substances 0.000 description 1
- LNMQRPPRQDGUDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexyl prop-2-enoate Chemical class CCCCCCOC(=O)C=C LNMQRPPRQDGUDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-NSCUHMNNSA-N mesaconic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(/C)=C/C(O)=O HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002734 metacrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920003145 methacrylic acid copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940117841 methacrylic acid copolymer Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ZQMHJBXHRFJKOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-[(1-methoxy-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)diazenyl]-2-methylpropanoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)(C)N=NC(C)(C)C(=O)OC ZQMHJBXHRFJKOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl p-hydroxycinnamate Natural products OC(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylfumaric acid Natural products OC(=O)C(C)=CC(O)=O HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002763 monocarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DNTMQTKDNSEIFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylprop-2-enamide Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)NCO DNTMQTKDNSEIFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001206 natural gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009828 non-uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- NZIDBRBFGPQCRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C NZIDBRBFGPQCRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- ANISOHQJBAQUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N octyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCOC(=O)C=C ANISOHQJBAQUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004767 olefin fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- ULDDEWDFUNBUCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentyl prop-2-enoate Chemical class CCCCCOC(=O)C=C ULDDEWDFUNBUCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002491 polymer binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008442 polyphenolic compounds Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 1
- VMBJJCDVORDOCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enyl 2-chloroacetate Chemical compound ClCC(=O)OCC=C VMBJJCDVORDOCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HJWLCRVIBGQPNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enylbenzene Chemical compound C=CCC1=CC=CC=C1 HJWLCRVIBGQPNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PNXMTCDJUBJHQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl prop-2-enoate Chemical class CCCOC(=O)C=C PNXMTCDJUBJHQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002964 rayon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009877 rendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940080264 sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010267 sodium hydrogen sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019333 sodium laurylsulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000010265 sodium sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- GIPRGFRQMWSHAK-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-propan-2-ylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].CC(C)C1=CC=CC=C1S([O-])(=O)=O GIPRGFRQMWSHAK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000010199 sorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004334 sorbic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940075582 sorbic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-L terephthalate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C1=CC=C(C([O-])=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert‐butyl hydroperoxide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OO CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GTZCVFVGUGFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-aconitic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(C(O)=O)=CC(O)=O GTZCVFVGUGFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-crotonic acid Natural products CC=CC(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XXHDAWYDNSXJQM-ONEGZZNKSA-N trans-hex-3-enoic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C\CC(O)=O XXHDAWYDNSXJQM-ONEGZZNKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 210000002268 wool Anatomy 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H25/00—After-treatment of paper not provided for in groups D21H17/00 - D21H23/00
- D21H25/04—Physical treatment, e.g. heating, irradiating
- D21H25/06—Physical treatment, e.g. heating, irradiating of impregnated or coated paper
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/58—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives
- D04H1/587—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives characterised by the bonding agents used
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/58—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives
- D04H1/64—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives the bonding agent being applied in wet state, e.g. chemical agents in dispersions or solutions
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H25/00—After-treatment of paper not provided for in groups D21H17/00 - D21H23/00
- D21H25/02—Chemical or biochemical treatment
Definitions
- Nonwoven fibrous materials typically formed by randomly depositing individual fibers to form a web and then impregnating the web with a binder to hold the individual fibers together, are recognized as possessing many advantages over conventional woven materials. Such advantages include absence of raveling, smoother surfaces, increased softness, improved hand, greater absorbency, higher loft, and others. Underlying these advantages is the fact that, unlike Woven materials which owe their physical characteristics primarily to the construction of the Weave and are thereby limited for a given'fiber, the properties and characteristics of the nonwoven fabrics may be varied over a wide range with the same fiber simply by varying the bonding agent (binder).
- the amount of binder taken up by the nonwoven substrate and the uniformity with which the binding agent is dispersed throughout the nonwoven will also be important factors in achieving the optimum properties. If the nonwoven substrate as a whole is deficient in bonding agent or if localized areas are deficient, the physical properties such as wet and dry tensile strengths and especially the internal bond strength (resistance to delamination or splitting) are markedly reduced, in fact, the nonwoven is often rendered useless. This problem of obtaining adequate binder content throughout the nonwoven material is especially significant when using the aqueous emulsion binder systems.
- binders are probably the single most important class of binder because they not only provide nonwoven fabrics having excellent physical properties and wear endurance but also, as a practical matter, they are easily applied to the nonwoven substrate by the use of conventional saturation and spraying techniques. It is sometimes so difficult with these emulsion systems to incorporate sufficient binder to obtain the desired level of physical properties for certain nonwoven applications, that it becomes necessary to re'saturate the nonwoven with latex after drying the first binder solution; but this is not a desirable method.
- improved latex binder systems which permit the use of less bonding agent to develop optimum physical properties in the nonwoven material.
- these improved latex binders contain reactive monomers, capable of reacting upon the application of heat, catalysis or other chemical reagents, to form cross-linked polymers.
- polymeric binder can migrate to the surface of the nonwoven material with the water and emulsifying agent resulting in a non-uniform distribution of the binder and lowered physical properties.
- the viscosity of the binder latex can be increased prior to saturation by the addition of thickening agents such as natural gums and pastes, polyvinyl alcohol, and the like, to reduce the tendency of the binder to migrate within the nonwoven material, however, this technique is only partially effective and makes it impossible to achieve uniform saturation of the nonwoven.
- the nonwoven materials, both fabrics and papers, obtained by the present process will have markedly increased internal bond strength and delamination resistance over conventionally prepared nonwovens without the ammonia or amine exposure. Resistance to delamination has been increased as much as for some papers.
- the present process enables us to achieve a more uniform distribution of the binder within the finished nonwoven due to the ammonia or amine exposure prior to heat treatment. It is felt that the in situ thickening of the latex binder prior to the drying step reduces the migration of the polymer toward the surface of the nonwoven as the water is removed .during drying.
- the process of the present invention is applicable to any nonwoven material, that is, the particular fiber used in the make-up of the nonwoven and the thickness of 3 the nonwoven does not limit the application of the present process. This is not to say thatcertain fibers are not more useful for certain nonwoven applications than others, but only that if a fiber has the required specifications to be formed into a nonwoven web or mat then the nonwoven so formed may be treated according to the present process.
- Natural fibers such as cotton, wool, silk, sisal, cantala, henequen, hemp, jute, kenaf, sunn and ramie may be used to form the nonwoven web or mat as well as synthetic fibers or filaments.
- Useful synthetic fibers include: rayon (viscose); cellulose esterssuch as cellulose acetate and cellulose triacetate; proteinaceous fibers such as those manufactured from casein; polyamides (nylons) such as those derived from the condensation of adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine or the self-condensation of caprolactam; polyesters such as polyethylene glycol terephthalate; acrylic fibers containing a minimum of about 85 acrylonitrile with vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, vinyl pyridene, methacrylonitrile or the like and the so-called modacrylic fibers containing smaller amounts of acrylonitrile; fibers of copolymers of vinyl chloride with vinyl acetate or vinylidene chloride; fibers obtained from the formal derivatives of polyvinyl alcohol; olefin fibers such as polyethylene and polypropylene; and the like.
- the process of the present invention is particularly advantageous for use with specialty papers which require the saturation of the paper mat with binders in order to modify the structural properties of the paper.
- Papers from synthetic fibers and those obtained from blends of natural cellulose and synthetic fibers also may be used.
- the nonwoven mat or web may be formed by conventional techniques. For example, for papers they will be formed on a moving fine wire screen from an aqueous suspension of the fibers. When other fibers are to be formed into a nonwoven, depending on the particular fiber or fiber blend being used, whether the fibres are to be orientated or deposited at random, the thickness of the nonwoven, etc., the fibrous web can be formed by carding, garnetting, deposition from an air stream, deposition from solution, deposition from a melt, wetlaying, or the like.
- the binders employed for the process of the present invention are aqueous dispersions of alkyl acrylate polymers.
- the required carboxyl functionality is provided by physically admixing with the alkyl acrylate polymer latex, for example, a carboxyl-containing polymer to the alkyl acrylate polymer latex.
- the carboxyl group will constitute from about 0.05 to about 25% by weight of the total make-up of the polymeric binder.
- alkyl acrylate polymer binder latices employed are obtained by polymerizing esters of fl-olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acids having the structural formula wherein R is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl group and R represents a hydrocarbon radical containing from- I to 12 carbon atoms.
- .Representative monomers of the foregoing type include methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, the propyl acrylates, the butyl acrylates, the amyl acrylates, the hexyl acrylates, cyclohexyl acrylate, phenyl' acrylate, Z-methylhexyl acrylate, n-octyl acrylate, 2'-ethylhexyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, dodecyl methacrylate and the like.
- Most preferred are the lower alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid containing from 4 to 10 carbon atoms.
- Such polymerizable comonomers may constitute up to about 49.95% by weight of the polymer.
- Such polymerizable comonomers include the conjugated dienes such as butadiene and isoprene; a-OlCfins such as ethylene, propylene and isobutylene; vinyl aromatics such as styrene, a-methyl styrene, chlorostyrene, vinyl toluene and vinyl naphthalene, vinyl halides such as-vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide, vinyl fluoride, vinylidene chloride wherein R is a hydrogen or an alkyl group containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and x is a number from 1 to 4, such as N-methylol acrylamide, N-ethanol acrylamide, N-propanol acrylamide, N-methylol methacrylamide, and N-ethylol methacrylamide, polyfunctional compounds such as methylene-bis-acrylamide, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethyl glycol diacrylate, allyl pentaerith
- a,;9-olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomers containing from 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
- acid monomers include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, a-chloroacrylic acid, a-cyanoacrylic acid, crotonic acid, fl-acryloxy propionic acid, hydrosorbic acid, .sorbic acid, a-chlorosorbic acid, cinnamic acid, pstyrylacrylic acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, malec acid, fumaric acid, mesaconic acid, glutaconic acid, aconitic acid and the like.
- the preferred acid monomers are the a,p-monoolefinically unsaturated monocarboxylic acids such as acrylic acid and methacrylic acid. Mixtures of one or more of the above-mentioned carboxylic monomers may be employed if desired.
- the polyacrylate binders may beprepared by any 0 the conventional emulsion polymerization techniques; About 50 to 100% of one or more of the above-defined alkyl esters of a,fl-olefinically unsaturated carboxlylic acids may be interpolymerized with up to about 50% by weight of other polymerizable vinylidene amine-free comonomers.
- the preferred polyacrylate binders useful for the present process will contain about 70 to by weight of the acrylate ester, and up to about 30% by weight of other polymerizable comonomers.
- the aqueous medium may be emulsifier free or it may contain a surface active agent.
- an emulsifier When an emulsifier is used to prepare the polyacrylate binders it may range from as low as about 0.01 up to about 6% or more as 10% by weight based on the total monomers.
- the emulsifier may be charged at the outset of the polymerization or may be added incrementally or by proportioning throughout the run. Any of the general types of anionic or noniomc emulsifiers may be employed, however, best results are obtained when anionic emulsifiers are used.
- Typical anionic emulsifiers which may be used include those types known to those skilled in the art, for example, as disclosed beginning on page 102 in J.
- alkali metal or ammonium salts of the sulfates of alcohols containing from 8 to 18 carbon atoms such as, for example, sodium lauryl sulfate, ethanol amine lauryl sulfate and ethyl amine lauryl sulfate; alkali metal and ammonium salts of sulfonated petroleum or paraffin oils; sodium salts of aromatic sulfonic acids such as dodecane-l-sulfonic acid and octadiene-l-sulfonic acid; aralkyl sulfonates such as sodium isopropyl benzene sulfonate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate; alkali metal and ammonium salts of sulfonated dicarboxylic acid esters such as sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate and disodium N-oct
- nonionic emulsifiers are octylor nonylphenyl polyethoxyethanol and the like.
- Preferred as emulsifiers are the alkali metal salts of the aromatic sulfonic acids and the sodium salts of the aralkyl sulfonates of the formula REAr-S0a]lVl+ wherein R is alkyl or alkenyl, having 8 to 20 carbon atoms such as octyl, decyl, dodecyl, alkoxy or ethoxy groups, or aryl such as a phenyl radical of the formula wherein R is H or an aliphatic radical containing 1 to 16 carbon atoms as the butyl, decyl, dodecyl and like alkyl or alkenyl radicals, y is CH or O, and naphthyl Ar is benzyl or naphthyl and M is an alkali metal or NH.,.
- post-polymerization emulsifiers and stabilizers may be added to the polymeric latex binders in order to improve the latex stability if it is to be stored for prolonged periods prior to use.
- post-polymerization emulsifiers may be the same as, or different than, the emulsifier employed in conducting the polymerization, preferably anionic or nonionic surface active agents.
- free radical catalysts are employed.
- free radical initiators include the various peroxygen compounds such as the persulfates, benzoyl peroxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, and 1- hydroxycyclohexyl hydroperoxide; azo compounds such as azodiisobutyronitrile, and dimethyl azodiisobutyrate; and the like.
- water-soluble peroxygen compounds such as hydrogen peroxide and the sodium, potassium and ammonium persulfates.
- the alkali metal and ammonium persulfate catalysts may be employed by themselves or in activated redox systems.
- Typical redox systems include the persulfates in combination with: a reducing substance such as a polyhydroxy phenol and an oxidizable sulfur compound such as sodium sulfite or sodium bisulfite, a reducing sugar, a diazomercapto compound, a ferri-cyanide compound, dimethylaminopropionitrile and the like.
- Heavy metal ions such as silver, cupric, iron, cobalt, nickel and others may also be used to activate persulfate catalyzed polymerizations.
- the amount of free radical initiator employed will range between about 0.1 to 5% based on the weight of the total monomers. The initiator is generally completely charged at the start of the polymerization, however, incremental addition or proportioning of the initiator throughout the polymerization is often desirable.
- the monomers are typically charged into the polymerization reactor which contains the water and the emulsifying agent.
- the reactor and its contents are then heated and the polymerization initiator added.
- the temperature at which the polymerization is conducted is not critical and may range from about -30 C. to about 100 C. or higher. Excellent results, however, have been obtained when the polymerization temperature is maintained between 0 C. and 90 C.
- Polymerization modifiers such as the primary, secondary and tertiary mercaptans, buflers, electrolytes and the like may also be included in the polymerization.
- the present invention finds application particularly where the polyacrylate binders themselves contain insufficient or no carboxyl functionality and would normally be considered ineffective for use in the present process or where more carboxyl functionality is required than is desirable in the polyacrylate binder.
- These latices are useful when there is added a water-soluble salt of a copolymer obtained by the polymerization of an a, ⁇ 8-olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid such as acrylic acid, methacrylic, acid, itaconic acid and the like, with one or more esters of an u,[3-olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid, all as defined above, or a copolymer of an a,B-o1efinically unsaturated carboxylic acid with a polyalkenyl polyether of a polyhydric alcohol.
- copolymer additives of the first type include copolymers readily prepared by those skilled in the art as described in water or solvents as isopropanol containing from about 15 to 70% by weight of methacrylic acid interpolymerized with about 30 to by weight of an ester of an a,,8-olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid. More preferably, such copolymers will contain about 35 to 65% of the methacrylic acid and about 40 to 65 of an acrylic ester. Up to 50% of the ester may be substituted by one or more vinylidene monomers as described herein.
- Acrylic esters suitable for the preparation of these copolymers include those derived from alcohols containing from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably with acrylic or methacrylic acid.
- the copolymer When the acrylic ester is ethyl acrylate the copolymer will generally contain about 40 to 55% methacrylic acid. When the acrylic ester is methyl acrylate about 35 to 50% by Weight methacrylic acid should be present in the copolymer. Usually the salt will be an alkali metal or ammomum salt. Mixtures of one or more of the acrylic esters may be employed if desired to make up these copolymer add tives.
- the most efficient copolymers are those contaming about 0.1 to about 0.8% by weight of a monomer capable of cross-linking such as methylene-bis-acrylamide, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, allyl pentaerythritol, divinyl benzene or the like.
- an a.fi-olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid such as acrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, or the like
- a polyalkenyl polyether of a polyhydric alcohol said polyhydric alcohol containing about 4 carbon atoms and at least three hydroxyl groups and said polyether containing more than one alkenyl group per molecule.
- the polymeric thickeners for purposes of the present invention are blended with the polyacrylate binder latices prior to saturation of the nonwoven.
- carboxyl content of the polymer additive and the desired ditives will vary within wide limits.
- the abovedescribed external copolymer thickeners will constitute from about 0.1 to 10% by weight based on the total polymer content of the binder latex and more preferably from about 0.5 to 2.5 by weight.
- the present process consists of exposing the nonwoven material which has been saturated with one of the above-mentioned carboxyl-containing polymeric latex binders to the vapors of ammonia or amines.
- the latex binder is thickened in situ, thereby reducing the migration of the polymeric binder from the interior regions of the nonwoven toward the surface as the water is removed during the drying operation.
- a more uniform distribution of the polymeric binder throughout the nonwoven than was previously possible is achieved.
- the net result of such treatment is a noticeable improvement in the physical properties of the nonwoven material.
- the internal bond strength or delamination resistance and generally the tensile strength, especially the wet tensile strength, of the nonwovens are increased by employing the process of the present invention.
- the pH of the polymer latices must be maintained below specific limits during the saturation or impregnation. This insures the complete penetration and uniformity of the binder latex throughout the nonwoven material which is essential to obtain the improved physical properties.
- the pH requirement will vary from one latex to another, depending on the monomers employed and the carboxyl content, to be acceptable for impregnation the pH should preferably be maintained on the acid-side. A neutral or slightly basic latex will give acceptable results in most instances, however.
- the pH of the carboxyl-containi-ng alkyl acrylate polymer latex will be maintained at about 7.5 or below and more preferably between about 6.5 and 2.5.
- a critical feature of the present invention is the exposure of the saturated nonwoven material to ammonia or amine vapors.
- ammonia is generally preferred due to its ready availability, gaseous nature and excellent solubility in the binder latices at the temperatures em ployed
- primary, secondary or tertiary aliphatic monoamines may also be employed to give excellent results.
- Typical amines which can be used may contain up to 12 carbon atoms, however, amines containing up to 6 carbon atoms are generally preferred.
- Gaseous amines such as methyl amine, ethyl amine, dimethyl amine and trimethyl amine have produced excellent results.
- the higher molecular weight amines which are normally liquids at room temperature such as primary amines containing from 3 to 11 carbon atoms and the lower secondary and tertiary amines, which will normally exert an appreciable vapor pressure at room temperature, or slightly above, and are readily soluble in water may also be employed.
- the amines useful in the present process should have boiling points less than about 150 C. and more preferably less than 100 C.
- the ready solubility of the ammonia and amines in water insures that binder latex even in the inner-most regions of the nonwoven will be uniformly acted on, thus rendering in situ thickening of the latex to minimize subsequent binder migration.
- Exposure of the saturated nonwoven material to the ammonia or amine vapors will .vary depending-on the particular latex binder and thickening agent employed. Contact times will generally be less than about '80 minutes, preferably they will range between-about 2 seconds and 5 minutes. With ammonia and the more volatile amines, contact times between 5 seconds and 1 minute have been successfully employed andfound to impart maximum properties to the curednonwoven material. Once maximum thickening of the binder latex is achieved, additional exposure to the ammoniaor amineswill produce no further improvement in the nonwoven properties. Neither will any detrimental effects be realized from pro-, longed exposure to the ammonia or amine vapors, however.
- Exposure to the ammonia or amine is conveniently brought about in a chamber maintained at room temperature or above, such as a gravity oven, wherein a sufficient concentration of the ammonia or aminevapors can be maintained for contact with the saturated nonwoven.
- a sufficient concentration of the ammonia or aminevapors can be maintained for contact with the saturated nonwoven.
- the exposure ovens can be maintained at elevated temperatures, these temperatures should generally not exceed 212 F., particularly if long exposure times are employed.
- the saturated nonwoven may becontinuously passed through the gaseous ammonia or amine to facilitate the exposure step. Such a continuous process would be highly desirable'for large-scale commercial operations. 4
- the nonwoven material After exposure andthickening with the ammonia or amine, the nonwoven material is then dried and cured.
- the drying step is normally conducted by passing the nonwoven material through'one-or more ovens or heating chambers maintained at a temperature between about200 and 325 F.
- the preferred drying temperature will be in the range between about 225 and 275 F.
- the drying ovens may be maintained at subatmospheric pressure to facilitate theremovalof water if so desired 'Ih e dried nonwoven is then typically passed through one. or more ovens maintained at higher temperatures to effect the cure of the binders employed and develop the ultimate physical characteristics ofthe nonwoven.
- Such curing ovens are maintained at temperatures between about 250 and 325 1*. preferably between 275 and 300 F.
- the nonwoven material may be passed through the heating chamber once-or it may be recycled for as. many times as required.
- the drying and curing need not be distinct steps-depending on-the temperature requirements of the binder it may be desir able to combine them in one operation.
- H 1 p The following examples serve to illustrate the inven: tion more fully, however, they are not intended to limit its scope. In these examples all parts andpercentages are given on a weight basis unless otherwise indicated.
- a latex of an alkyl acrylate polymer having a carboxylcontaining monomer over-polymerized was prepared for use as a binder for nonwoven materials.
- the polyme'rlatex was prepared by emulsion polymerizing in 64 parts water containing 0.26 part ammonium persulfate and emulsifier an emulsified monomer mixture comprising 32 parts water, 88.5 parts ethyl acrylate, 2.7 parts acrylonitrile, 1.8 U
- the An acrylate latex bind like that prepared i Example p lym was then maintained at I and diluted to 25% total solids was used to saturate l0 sentially complete conversion was achieved.
- the total mil fl t papers The procedures l d f t ti I amount of Water and Sodium lahl'yl Sulfate emulslfier and testing were identical to those previously described.
- present in the final latex was 98 parts and 0.3 part re- The papers were exposed to methyl-amine vapors fro a spectively.
- the final latex contained about 50% total 10% aqueous solution of the amine for 3 minutes and Selids. 10 minutes prior to the standard 275 F.
- Papers exposed 3 minutes at 178 F. prior to curing i.e., having an identical heat history with the samples exposed for 3 minutes in Table -I, developed only about one-half the internal bond strength of samples treated with ammonia.
- I by treating the nonwoven materials impregnated with acrylate binder latices containing carboxyl functionality with ammonia vapors, I have been able to obtain nonwoven materials having twice the resistance to delamination as conventional saturated nonwovens.
- An acrylate polymer latex suitable for use as a binder for nonwoven fabrics and'papers but containingflno car,- boxyl functionality was prepared by emulsion polymerizing 93 parts ethyl acrylate, 4 parts methyl methacrylate and 3 parts of a mixture of acrylic amides. The latex containing about 25% total solids was divided into two portions.
- the first portion was maintained'a's is without any modification while the second portion was blended with a TABLE III 12 reacting 'theimpregnated nonwoven web with ammonia or an aliphatic monoamine containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms at a temperature lessthan 212 F. forabout 1 second to less than 80 minutes; and (3) heating the impregnated nonwoven web ata temperature between about 200 F. and 325 F. a I
- R is an alkylradical containing 2 to '8- canbon atom's
- the vinylidene comonomer is-selectedkfrom the group consisting of a .vinyl aromatic, a vinyl or vinylidene halide, a vinyl ester, an ,a,;8-unsaturatednitrile, and an n p-unsaturated amide
- the u,fi-unsaturated carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of acrylic and methacrylic acids.
- a process for obtaining increased internal bond 3 minutes exposure strength in papers and nonwoven fabrics which comprises:
- copolymer comprising from about 50 to.
- the carboxylic acid is methacrylic acid in amountfrom about to 65 by weight with about 40 to 65% by weight of an ester wherein thealkyl .group contains 2 to 4 carbon atoms;
- olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acids containing from ,3 to 10 carbon atoms in amounts of at least 15%,by weight and an ester of (a) wherein R is 1 to 8 or a polyalkenyl ether of a polyhydric alcohol, saidllatex containing up to about 6% by weight, based on the total weight of monomers, of a surface active agent selected from the group consisting of anionic or nonionic emulsifiers;
- (B) is a copolymer of an mil-olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid containing -3"to 10 carbon atoms in amounts of at least 15% by weight-and an esterbf '(a)wherein R is 1 to 8 overpolymerized in the presence of (A).
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
- Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
- Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
Abstract
A PROCESS FOR OBTAINING NONWOVEN MATERIALS HAVING IMPROVED PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, ESPECIALLY INTERNAL BOND STRENGTH OR DELAMINATION RESISTANCE AND WET TENSILE STRENGTH, IS PROVIDED. THE NONWOVEN FABRICS AND PAPERS ARE IMPREGNATED WITH AN ALKYL ACRYLATE POLYMER LATEX CONTAINING CARBOXYL FUNCTIONALITY AND EXPOSED TO AMMONIA OR AMINE VAPORS PRIOR TO THE DRYING AND CURING OPERATIONS TO OBTAIN THE IMPROVED PROPERTIES. PAPERS TREATED IN THIS MANNER HAVE SHOWN UP TO A TWO-FOLD INCREASE IN INTERNAL BOND STRENGTH.
Description
United States Patent O 3,788,878 IMPREGNATING NONWOVENS WITH AN ALKYL ACRYLATE POLYMER-CARBOXYLIC POLYMER LATEX George L. Wheelock, Avon Lake, Ohio, assignor to The B. F. Goodrich Company, New York, NY. No Drawing. Continuation-impart of abandoned application Ser. No. 725,152, Apr. 29, 1968. This apphcation July 14, 1972, Ser. No. 272,094
Int. Cl. B44d N48 US. Cl. 117-62.2 12 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A process for obtaining nonwoven materials having improved physical properties, especially internal bond strength or delamination resistance and wet tensile strength, is provided. The nonwoven fabrics and papers are impregnated with an alkyl acrylate polymer latex containing carboxyl functionality and exposed to ammonia or amine vapors prior to the drying and curing operations to obtain the improved properties. Papers treated in this manner have shown up to a two-fold increase in internal bond strength.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This is a continuation-in-part of my copending application Ser. No. 725,152, filed Apr. 29, 1968, now abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Nonwoven fibrous materials, typically formed by randomly depositing individual fibers to form a web and then impregnating the web with a binder to hold the individual fibers together, are recognized as possessing many advantages over conventional woven materials. Such advantages include absence of raveling, smoother surfaces, increased softness, improved hand, greater absorbency, higher loft, and others. Underlying these advantages is the fact that, unlike Woven materials which owe their physical characteristics primarily to the construction of the Weave and are thereby limited for a given'fiber, the properties and characteristics of the nonwoven fabrics may be varied over a wide range with the same fiber simply by varying the bonding agent (binder).
' Although the particular fiber/binder combination and web-type will govern the ultimate physical properties achievable in a nonwoven fabric, the amount of binder taken up by the nonwoven substrate and the uniformity with which the binding agent is dispersed throughout the nonwoven will also be important factors in achieving the optimum properties. If the nonwoven substrate as a whole is deficient in bonding agent or if localized areas are deficient, the physical properties such as wet and dry tensile strengths and especially the internal bond strength (resistance to delamination or splitting) are markedly reduced, in fact, the nonwoven is often rendered useless. This problem of obtaining adequate binder content throughout the nonwoven material is especially significant when using the aqueous emulsion binder systems. These are probably the single most important class of binder because they not only provide nonwoven fabrics having excellent physical properties and wear endurance but also, as a practical matter, they are easily applied to the nonwoven substrate by the use of conventional saturation and spraying techniques. It is sometimes so difficult with these emulsion systems to incorporate sufficient binder to obtain the desired level of physical properties for certain nonwoven applications, that it becomes necessary to re'saturate the nonwoven with latex after drying the first binder solution; but this is not a desirable method.
Efforts to overcome the problem of achieving an acceptable binder content has led to much work, primarily directed to obtaining more efficient latices, that is, improved latex binder systems which permit the use of less bonding agent to develop optimum physical properties in the nonwoven material. Typically, these improved latex binders contain reactive monomers, capable of reacting upon the application of heat, catalysis or other chemical reagents, to form cross-linked polymers.
This approach is not completely satisfactory either since the binders, even though more efiicient, are still susceptible to migration through the nonwoven material. During the drying operation, polymeric binder can migrate to the surface of the nonwoven material with the water and emulsifying agent resulting in a non-uniform distribution of the binder and lowered physical properties. The viscosity of the binder latex can be increased prior to saturation by the addition of thickening agents such as natural gums and pastes, polyvinyl alcohol, and the like, to reduce the tendency of the binder to migrate within the nonwoven material, however, this technique is only partially effective and makes it impossible to achieve uniform saturation of the nonwoven.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION I have now developed a process whereby nonwoven materials having markedly improved internal bond nated with an alkyl acrylate polymer latex containing carboxyl functionality which for the purposes of the present invention is obtained by blending together a carboxylcontaining polymer or copolymer latex with the alkyl acrylate polymer latex. The saturated fabric or paper is then exposed to vapors of ammonia or an amine prior to" the drying operation.
The nonwoven materials, both fabrics and papers, obtained by the present process will have markedly increased internal bond strength and delamination resistance over conventionally prepared nonwovens without the ammonia or amine exposure. Resistance to delamination has been increased as much as for some papers. The present process enables us to achieve a more uniform distribution of the binder within the finished nonwoven due to the ammonia or amine exposure prior to heat treatment. It is felt that the in situ thickening of the latex binder prior to the drying step reduces the migration of the polymer toward the surface of the nonwoven as the water is removed .during drying.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION The process of the present invention is applicable to any nonwoven material, that is, the particular fiber used in the make-up of the nonwoven and the thickness of 3 the nonwoven does not limit the application of the present process. This is not to say thatcertain fibers are not more useful for certain nonwoven applications than others, but only that if a fiber has the required specifications to be formed into a nonwoven web or mat then the nonwoven so formed may be treated according to the present process.
Natural fibers such as cotton, wool, silk, sisal, cantala, henequen, hemp, jute, kenaf, sunn and ramie may be used to form the nonwoven web or mat as well as synthetic fibers or filaments. Useful synthetic fibers include: rayon (viscose); cellulose esterssuch as cellulose acetate and cellulose triacetate; proteinaceous fibers such as those manufactured from casein; polyamides (nylons) such as those derived from the condensation of adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine or the self-condensation of caprolactam; polyesters such as polyethylene glycol terephthalate; acrylic fibers containing a minimum of about 85 acrylonitrile with vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, vinyl pyridene, methacrylonitrile or the like and the so-called modacrylic fibers containing smaller amounts of acrylonitrile; fibers of copolymers of vinyl chloride with vinyl acetate or vinylidene chloride; fibers obtained from the formal derivatives of polyvinyl alcohol; olefin fibers such as polyethylene and polypropylene; and the like.
The process of the present invention is particularly advantageous for use with specialty papers which require the saturation of the paper mat with binders in order to modify the structural properties of the paper. Papers from synthetic fibers and those obtained from blends of natural cellulose and synthetic fibers also may be used.
The nonwoven mat or web may be formed by conventional techniques. For example, for papers they will be formed on a moving fine wire screen from an aqueous suspension of the fibers. When other fibers are to be formed into a nonwoven, depending on the particular fiber or fiber blend being used, whether the fibres are to be orientated or deposited at random, the thickness of the nonwoven, etc., the fibrous web can be formed by carding, garnetting, deposition from an air stream, deposition from solution, deposition from a melt, wetlaying, or the like.
The binders employed for the process of the present invention are aqueous dispersions of alkyl acrylate polymers. The required carboxyl functionality is provided by physically admixing with the alkyl acrylate polymer latex, for example, a carboxyl-containing polymer to the alkyl acrylate polymer latex. The carboxyl group will constitute from about 0.05 to about 25% by weight of the total make-up of the polymeric binder.
The alkyl acrylate polymer binder latices employed are obtained by polymerizing esters of fl-olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acids having the structural formula wherein R is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl group and R represents a hydrocarbon radical containing from- I to 12 carbon atoms. .Representative monomers of the foregoing type include methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, the propyl acrylates, the butyl acrylates, the amyl acrylates, the hexyl acrylates, cyclohexyl acrylate, phenyl' acrylate, Z-methylhexyl acrylate, n-octyl acrylate, 2'-ethylhexyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, dodecyl methacrylate and the like. Most preferred are the lower alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid containing from 4 to 10 carbon atoms.
The polymeric acrylate binders may contain one or more other polymerizable comonomers, preferably vinylidene'm'onomers' containing at least one terminal CH ==C group, interpolymerized with the lower alkyl acrylate monomers. Such polymerizable comonomers may constitute up to about 49.95% by weight of the polymer. Such polymerizable comonomers include the conjugated dienes such as butadiene and isoprene; a-OlCfins such as ethylene, propylene and isobutylene; vinyl aromatics such as styrene, a-methyl styrene, chlorostyrene, vinyl toluene and vinyl naphthalene, vinyl halides such as-vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide, vinyl fluoride, vinylidene chloride wherein R is a hydrogen or an alkyl group containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and x is a number from 1 to 4, such as N-methylol acrylamide, N-ethanol acrylamide, N-propanol acrylamide, N-methylol methacrylamide, and N-ethylol methacrylamide, polyfunctional compounds such as methylene-bis-acrylamide, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethyl glycol diacrylate, allyl pentaerithritol and divinyl benzene; haloalkyl and 'cyanoalkyl acrylates, excluding amino 'acrylates and methacrylates, alkoxyalkyl acrylates of the formula wherein R is alkylene radical of 1 to 4 carbon'atoms and R is alkyl radical of 1 to 4 carbon atoms or methoxyethyl acrylate; allyl chloroacetate; vinyl chloroacetate and the like as is known by those skilled in the art. There may be also included one or more a,;9-olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomers containing from 3 to 10 carbon atoms. Representative examples 'of such acid monomers include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, a-chloroacrylic acid, a-cyanoacrylic acid, crotonic acid, fl-acryloxy propionic acid, hydrosorbic acid, .sorbic acid, a-chlorosorbic acid, cinnamic acid, pstyrylacrylic acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, malec acid, fumaric acid, mesaconic acid, glutaconic acid, aconitic acid and the like. The preferred acid monomers are the a,p-monoolefinically unsaturated monocarboxylic acids such as acrylic acid and methacrylic acid. Mixtures of one or more of the above-mentioned carboxylic monomers may be employed if desired.
I The polyacrylate binders may beprepared by any 0 the conventional emulsion polymerization techniques; About 50 to 100% of one or more of the above-defined alkyl esters of a,fl-olefinically unsaturated carboxlylic acids may be interpolymerized with up to about 50% by weight of other polymerizable vinylidene amine-free comonomers. The preferred polyacrylate binders useful for the present process will contain about 70 to by weight of the acrylate ester, and up to about 30% by weight of other polymerizable comonomers.
The aqueous medium may be emulsifier free or it may contain a surface active agent. When an emulsifier is used to prepare the polyacrylate binders it may range from as low as about 0.01 up to about 6% or more as 10% by weight based on the total monomers. The emulsifier may be charged at the outset of the polymerization or may be added incrementally or by proportioning throughout the run. Any of the general types of anionic or noniomc emulsifiers may be employed, however, best results are obtained when anionic emulsifiers are used. Typical anionic emulsifiers which may be used include those types known to those skilled in the art, for example, as disclosed beginning on page 102 in J. Van Alphen Rubber Chemicals Elsevier, 1956, for example, the alkali metal or ammonium salts of the sulfates of alcohols containing from 8 to 18 carbon atoms such as, for example, sodium lauryl sulfate, ethanol amine lauryl sulfate and ethyl amine lauryl sulfate; alkali metal and ammonium salts of sulfonated petroleum or paraffin oils; sodium salts of aromatic sulfonic acids such as dodecane-l-sulfonic acid and octadiene-l-sulfonic acid; aralkyl sulfonates such as sodium isopropyl benzene sulfonate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate; alkali metal and ammonium salts of sulfonated dicarboxylic acid esters such as sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate and disodium N-octadecyl sulfosuccinamate; alkali metal or ammonium salts of the free acids of complex organic monoand diphosphate esters; and the like. Socalled nonionic emulsifiers are octylor nonylphenyl polyethoxyethanol and the like. Preferred as emulsifiers are the alkali metal salts of the aromatic sulfonic acids and the sodium salts of the aralkyl sulfonates of the formula REAr-S0a]lVl+ wherein R is alkyl or alkenyl, having 8 to 20 carbon atoms such as octyl, decyl, dodecyl, alkoxy or ethoxy groups, or aryl such as a phenyl radical of the formula wherein R is H or an aliphatic radical containing 1 to 16 carbon atoms as the butyl, decyl, dodecyl and like alkyl or alkenyl radicals, y is CH or O, and naphthyl Ar is benzyl or naphthyl and M is an alkali metal or NH.,. In addition to the above mentioned emulsifiers it may be desirable and advantageous to add post-polymerization emulsifiers and stabilizers to the polymeric latex binders in order to improve the latex stability if it is to be stored for prolonged periods prior to use. Such post-polymerization emulsifiers may be the same as, or different than, the emulsifier employed in conducting the polymerization, preferably anionic or nonionic surface active agents.
To initiate the polymerization free radical catalysts are employed. The use of such catalysts, although in certain systems not absolutely essential, insure a more uniform and controllable polymerization and a satisfactory polymerization rate. Commonly used free radical initiators include the various peroxygen compounds such as the persulfates, benzoyl peroxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, and 1- hydroxycyclohexyl hydroperoxide; azo compounds such as azodiisobutyronitrile, and dimethyl azodiisobutyrate; and the like. Especially useful as polymerization initiators are the water-soluble peroxygen compounds such as hydrogen peroxide and the sodium, potassium and ammonium persulfates.
The alkali metal and ammonium persulfate catalysts may be employed by themselves or in activated redox systems. Typical redox systems include the persulfates in combination with: a reducing substance such as a polyhydroxy phenol and an oxidizable sulfur compound such as sodium sulfite or sodium bisulfite, a reducing sugar, a diazomercapto compound, a ferri-cyanide compound, dimethylaminopropionitrile and the like. Heavy metal ions such as silver, cupric, iron, cobalt, nickel and others may also be used to activate persulfate catalyzed polymerizations. In general the amount of free radical initiator employed will range between about 0.1 to 5% based on the weight of the total monomers. The initiator is generally completely charged at the start of the polymerization, however, incremental addition or proportioning of the initiator throughout the polymerization is often desirable.
In conducting the polymerization for the preparation of the acrylate binder latices of the present invention the monomers are typically charged into the polymerization reactor which contains the water and the emulsifying agent. The reactor and its contents are then heated and the polymerization initiator added. The temperature at which the polymerization is conducted is not critical and may range from about -30 C. to about 100 C. or higher. Excellent results, however, have been obtained when the polymerization temperature is maintained between 0 C. and 90 C. Polymerization modifiers such as the primary, secondary and tertiary mercaptans, buflers, electrolytes and the like may also be included in the polymerization.
The present invention finds application particularly where the polyacrylate binders themselves contain insufficient or no carboxyl functionality and would normally be considered ineffective for use in the present process or where more carboxyl functionality is required than is desirable in the polyacrylate binder. These latices are useful when there is added a water-soluble salt of a copolymer obtained by the polymerization of an a,}8-olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid such as acrylic acid, methacrylic, acid, itaconic acid and the like, with one or more esters of an u,[3-olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid, all as defined above, or a copolymer of an a,B-o1efinically unsaturated carboxylic acid with a polyalkenyl polyether of a polyhydric alcohol.
Useful copolymer additives of the first type include copolymers readily prepared by those skilled in the art as described in water or solvents as isopropanol containing from about 15 to 70% by weight of methacrylic acid interpolymerized with about 30 to by weight of an ester of an a,,8-olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid. More preferably, such copolymers will contain about 35 to 65% of the methacrylic acid and about 40 to 65 of an acrylic ester. Up to 50% of the ester may be substituted by one or more vinylidene monomers as described herein. Acrylic esters suitable for the preparation of these copolymers include those derived from alcohols containing from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably with acrylic or methacrylic acid. When the acrylic ester is ethyl acrylate the copolymer will generally contain about 40 to 55% methacrylic acid. When the acrylic ester is methyl acrylate about 35 to 50% by Weight methacrylic acid should be present in the copolymer. Usually the salt will be an alkali metal or ammomum salt. Mixtures of one or more of the acrylic esters may be employed if desired to make up these copolymer add tives. The most efficient copolymers are those contaming about 0.1 to about 0.8% by weight of a monomer capable of cross-linking such as methylene-bis-acrylamide, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, allyl pentaerythritol, divinyl benzene or the like.
Also useful as additives for use with the polyacrylate binder latices are polymers obtained by the polymerization of an a.fi-olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid such as acrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, or the like, with a polyalkenyl polyether of a polyhydric alcohol, said polyhydric alcohol containing about 4 carbon atoms and at least three hydroxyl groups and said polyether containing more than one alkenyl group per molecule. These are described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 2,798,053 and the disclosure thereof is incorporated herein.
The polymeric thickeners for purposes of the present invention are blended with the polyacrylate binder latices prior to saturation of the nonwoven. Depending on the carboxyl content of the polymer additive and the desired ditives will vary within wide limits. Generally, the abovedescribed external copolymer thickeners will constitute from about 0.1 to 10% by weight based on the total polymer content of the binder latex and more preferably from about 0.5 to 2.5 by weight.
The present process consists of exposing the nonwoven material which has been saturated with one of the above-mentioned carboxyl-containing polymeric latex binders to the vapors of ammonia or amines. By such ex posure, the latex binder is thickened in situ, thereby reducing the migration of the polymeric binder from the interior regions of the nonwoven toward the surface as the water is removed during the drying operation. Thus, a more uniform distribution of the polymeric binder throughout the nonwoven than was previously possible is achieved. The net result of such treatment is a noticeable improvement in the physical properties of the nonwoven material. The internal bond strength or delamination resistance and generally the tensile strength, especially the wet tensile strength, of the nonwovens are increased by employing the process of the present invention.
To achieve the maximum advantage of this invention, the pH of the polymer latices must be maintained below specific limits during the saturation or impregnation. This insures the complete penetration and uniformity of the binder latex throughout the nonwoven material which is essential to obtain the improved physical properties. Although the pH requirement will vary from one latex to another, depending on the monomers employed and the carboxyl content, to be acceptable for impregnation the pH should preferably be maintained on the acid-side. A neutral or slightly basic latex will give acceptable results in most instances, however. In general, the pH of the carboxyl-containi-ng alkyl acrylate polymer latex will be maintained at about 7.5 or below and more preferably between about 6.5 and 2.5. Excellent results are achieved when latices at the higher pH limits are acidified prior to saturation to achieve a more desirable pH and viscosity. To facilitate the saturation of the nonwoven, the total solids of the latex binder is generally maintained below about 50% and excellent results are obtained with latices containing about to total solids.
A critical feature of the present invention is the exposure of the saturated nonwoven material to ammonia or amine vapors. Although ammonia is generally preferred due to its ready availability, gaseous nature and excellent solubility in the binder latices at the temperatures em ployed, primary, secondary or tertiary aliphatic monoamines may also be employed to give excellent results. Typical amines which can be used may contain up to 12 carbon atoms, however, amines containing up to 6 carbon atoms are generally preferred. Gaseous amines such as methyl amine, ethyl amine, dimethyl amine and trimethyl amine have produced excellent results. The higher molecular weight amines which are normally liquids at room temperature, such as primary amines containing from 3 to 11 carbon atoms and the lower secondary and tertiary amines, which will normally exert an appreciable vapor pressure at room temperature, or slightly above, and are readily soluble in water may also be employed. Generally, the amines useful in the present process should have boiling points less than about 150 C. and more preferably less than 100 C. The ready solubility of the ammonia and amines in water insures that binder latex even in the inner-most regions of the nonwoven will be uniformly acted on, thus rendering in situ thickening of the latex to minimize subsequent binder migration. It is the ability of the ammonia and amines to be instantaneously, or essentially so, taken up by the saturated nonwoven and contact both the interior and surface regions with the same effectiveness, which renders the present process so useful and permits the development of superior physical properties in the nonwovens treated in accordance with the present invention.
Attempts to achiece: this 'uniform' treatment or saturated nonwovens using other techniques were unsuccess+ ful. Either the binder could not uniformly penetratethe nonwoven in the cases where thickening of the binder latex prior to saturation was employed, or when post-, thickening of the binder latex was attempted with agents other than the ammonia or amines of this invention, the initial thickening-occurring at the surface of the ,nonwoven is so pronounced and so rapid that it-impedes further' penetration of the thickening agent'to the interior regions of the nonwoven-and consequently these interior regions are subject to migration of the binder upOH drying.
Exposure of the saturated nonwoven material to the ammonia or amine vapors will .vary depending-on the particular latex binder and thickening agent employed. Contact times will generally be less than about '80 minutes, preferably they will range between-about 2 seconds and 5 minutes. With ammonia and the more volatile amines, contact times between 5 seconds and 1 minute have been successfully employed andfound to impart maximum properties to the curednonwoven material. Once maximum thickening of the binder latex is achieved, additional exposure to the ammoniaor amineswill produce no further improvement in the nonwoven properties. Neither will any detrimental effects be realized from pro-, longed exposure to the ammonia or amine vapors, however.
Exposure to the ammonia or amine is conveniently brought about in a chamber maintained at room temperature or above, such as a gravity oven, wherein a sufficient concentration of the ammonia or aminevapors can be maintained for contact with the saturated nonwoven. Al though the exposure ovens can be maintained at elevated temperatures, these temperatures should generally not exceed 212 F., particularly if long exposure times are employed. Because of the short contact times possible with the present process, the saturated nonwoven may becontinuously passed through the gaseous ammonia or amine to facilitate the exposure step. Such a continuous process would be highly desirable'for large-scale commercial operations. 4
After exposure andthickening with the ammonia or amine, the nonwoven material is then dried and cured. The drying step is normally conducted by passing the nonwoven material through'one-or more ovens or heating chambers maintained at a temperature between about200 and 325 F. The preferred drying temperature will be in the range between about 225 and 275 F. The drying ovens may be maintained at subatmospheric pressure to facilitate theremovalof water if so desired 'Ih e dried nonwoven is then typically passed through one. or more ovens maintained at higher temperatures to effect the cure of the binders employed and develop the ultimate physical characteristics ofthe nonwoven. Such curing ovens are maintained at temperatures between about 250 and 325 1*. preferably between 275 and 300 F. In either the drying operation or the curing step the nonwoven material may be passed through the heating chamber once-or it may be recycled for as. many times as required. The drying and curing need not be distinct steps-depending on-the temperature requirements of the binder it may be desir able to combine them in one operation. H 1 p The following examples serve to illustrate the inven: tion more fully, however, they are not intended to limit its scope. In these examples all parts andpercentages are given on a weight basis unless otherwise indicated.
EXAMPLE I.
A latex of an alkyl acrylate polymer having a carboxylcontaining monomer over-polymerized was prepared for use as a binder for nonwoven materials. The polyme'rlatex was prepared by emulsion polymerizing in 64 parts water containing 0.26 part ammonium persulfate and emulsifier an emulsified monomer mixture comprising 32 parts water, 88.5 parts ethyl acrylate, 2.7 parts acrylonitrile, 1.8 U
parts acrylamide and 1.8 parts N-methylol acrylamide. The polymerization was conducted at 80 C. by meter ng the monomer mixture into the polymerrzer for a period sample which was exposed to ammonia for 3 minutes prior to the cure had a greater resistance to delaminatlon, in fact, the cohesion within the polyester was greater than the adhesion of the Bondex Tape to the polyester saturated fabric and the fabric pulled away from the tape beof about one hour. Near the completion of the metering a 5 mixture of 2.6 parts methacrylic acid, 2.5 parts ethyl fore it delammated. acrylate, 0.8 part methyl methacrylate and 0.005 part EXAMPLE II methylene-bis-acrylamide was charged to the reactor. The An acrylate latex bind like that prepared i Example p lym was then maintained at I and diluted to 25% total solids was used to saturate l0 sentially complete conversion was achieved. The total mil fl t papers The procedures l d f t ti I amount of Water and Sodium lahl'yl Sulfate emulslfier and testing were identical to those previously described. present in the final latex was 98 parts and 0.3 part re- The papers were exposed to methyl-amine vapors fro a spectively. The final latex contained about 50% total 10% aqueous solution of the amine for 3 minutes and Selids. 10 minutes prior to the standard 275 F. cure for 5 min- A Saturation bath Prepared by dllutmg the carboxyl utes. Internal bond strengths are reported in Table II and containing acrylate latex to 25% total solids with water. compared with those obtained without exposure to di. Ten mil uhcoated flat Paper (Paterson Parchment (30') ethylamine and an unsaturated paper control. having a minimum fiber to fiber contact and supported within a Dacron marquisette envelope was then saturated TABLE II by submerging the paper in the latex bath. The excess Paper sample: Internal bond strength binder latex was removed by passing the paper between Unsaturated control unexposed to diethy]. padder squeeze rolls maintained at 20 pounds pressure. amine The Saturated P p was then removed from the marqui' Saturated controlunexposed to diethylamine 20 sette envelope. B-minute exposure to diethylamine 32 Papers saturated in this manner were then exposed to 10.minute exposure of di h l i 34 ammonia vapors for varying time intervals by placing the papers in a warm (60-80 C.) ammonia gravity oven. A EXAMPLE HI fresh Solution of ammonium hydroxide was Placed Acrylic acid was interpolymerized with ethyl acrylate, in 11 P on the floor of the Oven Prior to treating the acrylonitrile and N-methylol acrylamide using a conven- P P Immediately after exposure to the ammonia, the tional emulsion polymerization recipe. The resulting polyp p were dried and cured in e 275 F. air oven for 5 mer contained about 1 part acrylic acid, 94 parts ethyl minutes Physical Properties of these cured p p re acrylate and about 5 parts of acrylonitrile and N-methylol then determined and compared against vthese Obtained acrylamide. The polymer latex after dilution with water with identically saturated papers which were not exposed to about 25 total solids was used as a saturant for paper t a- Table I Sets forth the test feslllts- 35 samples in accordance with the procedure described in Tensile (breaking) Strengths and gation of the Example I. The saturated unexposed control papers cured nonwoven m eri l w r determined in r nc with for 5 minutes at 275 F. had Wet breaking strengths of 27 the ASTM D1117-63 Cut-Strip Method. Sp ns f0 pounds/inch and internal bond strengths of 14 ounces/ use in determining the wet tensile strength were soaked inch. The paper samples which were exposed for 3 minin Water at room temperature 16 hours immediately utes in an ammonia oven after saturation and before the prior to the testing. Solvent tensile strengths were obtained ure sho d a 10% inc e i wet ten ile strengths and after immersion of the nonwoven in perehlel'oethylehe over 50% increase in the internal bond strengths. The for 20 minutes at room temperature Samples "X internal bond strength was 22 ounces/inch. of the nonwoven were sandwiched between two 1%"X6" pieces of Bondex T-7 tape and sealed with the weight of EXAMPLE IV an iron at 275 F. for 30 seconds on a heated plate. The About 00 n f acryhte polymer latex 25% resistance to delamination for fabrics 01' internal bond of Example III containing about 1 part interpolym. strength for p p was then reported as the force (ounces/ erized acrylic acid was blended with 2.5 parts of a waterinch) required to peel the tapes apart when pulled at a soluble ammonium salt of a copolymer of about 70% rate of 12 inches per minute. ethyl acrylate and about 30% mcthacrylic acid to increase TABLE I Ammonia exposure time i Paper properties None 5 sec. 1 min. 3 min. min.
Dry tensile strength (pounds/inch) 61 62 Wet tensile strength (pounds/inch) 16 25 32 30 31 Solvent tensile strength (pounds/ineh)-... 37 "39 Dry elongation (percent) 9 9 Internal bond strength (ounces/inch) 2O 42 39 42 40 1 Reported the average obtained for three samples. 1 Oven maintained at 178 F. I
Papers exposed 3 minutes at 178 F. prior to curing, i.e., having an identical heat history with the samples exposed for 3 minutes in Table -I, developed only about one-half the internal bond strength of samples treated with ammonia. In other words, by treating the nonwoven materials impregnated with acrylate binder latices containing carboxyl functionality with ammonia vapors, I have been able to obtain nonwoven materials having twice the resistance to delamination as conventional saturated nonwovens.
When the above latex was used to saturate a nonwoven polyester fabric and the saturated polyester cured for 5 minutes at 275 (3., the unexposed polyester had a resistance to delamination of 21 ounces/inch. The polyester the overall carboxyl content of the resulting latex. After 3 minutes exposure to ammonia at 178 F. and curing at 275 F. for 5 minutes the wet breaking strength and internal bond strengths were 34 pounds/inch and 35 ounces/inch respectively.
EXAMPLE V the nonwovens were exposedtov ammonia'vapors for 3 minutes at 178 F. and then curedconventionally. The
papers showed a noticeableincrease (29 ounces/inch) in internal bond strength over the saturated papers reported in Example III. EXAMPLE VI An acrylate polymer latex suitable for use as a binder for nonwoven fabrics and'papers but containingflno car,- boxyl functionality was prepared by emulsion polymerizing 93 parts ethyl acrylate, 4 parts methyl methacrylate and 3 parts of a mixture of acrylic amides. The latex containing about 25% total solids was divided into two portions. The first portion was maintained'a's is without any modification while the second portion was blended with a TABLE III 12 reacting 'theimpregnated nonwoven web with ammonia or an aliphatic monoamine containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms at a temperature lessthan 212 F. forabout 1 second to less than 80 minutes; and (3) heating the impregnated nonwoven web ata temperature between about 200 F. and 325 F. a I
. 2. The'process of claim 1 wherein R is an alkylradical containing 2 to '8- canbon atom's,"in (b) the vinylidene comonomer is-selectedkfrom the group consisting of a .vinyl aromatic, a vinyl or vinylidene halide, a vinyl ester, an ,a,;8-unsaturatednitrile, and an n p-unsaturated amide, and in (B) the u,fi-unsaturated carboxylic acidis selected from the group consisting of acrylic and methacrylic acids.
, 3..;The process of claim z'wherein the latex is maintained at a pH'below 7.5 during impregnation, (2) is from about v2 seconds to less than 5 minutes and (3) is bet-ween:200 F. and 300*. F.
4.: The process-of claim 3 wherein (B) contains from about 15 to 70% by weight of acrylic or methacrylic acid with about 30 to 85% by weight of theester'of an 11,)?- olefinieally unsaturated carboxylicacid.
Paper properties Wet tensile strength Internal bond sti'enth' (pounds/inch) (ounces/inch) N0 NH; exposure Saturant Etihtyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate/acrylic amide copolymer a 8X 100 parts copolymer latex plus 2.5 parts water-soluble acrylate/ methacrylic acid copolymer The above examples illustrate the utility of the present process clearly showing that nonwoven materials saturated with the carboxyl-containing alkyl acrylate polymer latices and exposed to ammonia or amine vapors have markedly improved internal bond strengths or resistance to delamination and also improved wet tensile strengths. That the present process is applicable to both papers and nonwoven fabrics is also shown. The processisfespecially attractive in that only short exposure to ammqnia or amine will render these improvements. It is demonstrated that the exposure to ammonia or amine is critical to obtain the improved properties. Theexamples demonstrate that the present process may be employed with alkyl acrylate binder latices which are blended'with other carboxyl-containing latices to achieve the carboxyl functionality.
I claim:
1. A process for obtaining increased internal bond 3 minutes exposure strength in papers and nonwoven fabrics which comprises:
(1) impregnating a nonwoven web with a mixture'of (A)"- an aqueous carboxyl-containing alkyl acrylate copolymer...
latex, said copolymer comprising from about 50 to.
olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid having tural formula wherein R is hydrogen or methyl and R is a hydrocarbon radical containing from '1 to 12 carbon atoms polymerized, with up to about 40% by weight (b) of one or more copolymerizable vinylidene monomers having at least one terminal CH =C group and being free of amine groups, with (B) about 0.05 to about 25% by weight of carboxyl groups provided by a polymer of oat?- 3 minutes NH: exposure NH: No NH exposure 5. The process of ,claim 4 wherein the carboxylic acid is methacrylic acid in amountfrom about to 65 by weight with about 40 to 65% by weight of an ester wherein thealkyl .group contains 2 to 4 carbon atoms;
I 6. The process of claim 3 wherein (R) is acopolymer of the carboxylic: acid and a polyalkenyl polyether of-a polyhydric alcohol, said polyhydric alcohol containing about 4 carbon atoms ,and at least three hydroxyl' groups andsaidpolyethcr contains more than one alkenyl group per molecule. a
7. The process of clairn 3-wherein R is an alkyl radical containing from- ,4 to 8 carbon atoms present in amount from about70 to, 95% by weight and there is present from-about 5 to 29% by weight of (b). e
8.'jThe processof claim 7 wherein (b) is at least one of 'acrylonitrile, 'metha'crylo'nitrile, acrylamide, methacrylamide and N-methylol acrylamide.
9. The processf of claimj wherein.(a) .is. greater than "7o%"ilivjifvfv ig it f ethyl 'a crylate, and (b) is about 0.5 1 1, 0 gh jp ficut' of acrylonitrile and less than 5% .total.. .of -acrylamide, met-hacrylamide and N-methylol 99-95% y Weight of (a) one or more esters of an 0143;
the strucacid,.methacrylic.acid and itaconic acid with said ester,
olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acids containing from ,3 to 10 carbon atoms in amounts of at least 15%,by weight and an ester of (a) wherein R is 1 to 8 or a polyalkenyl ether of a polyhydric alcohol, saidllatex containing up to about 6% by weight, based on the total weight of monomers, of a surface active agent selected from the group consisting of anionic or nonionic emulsifiers; (2)
or a polymer ofa-nacid selectedv from thegroup consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acidand fumaric'acid with a polyalkenyl ether of a polyhydricalCbhdl, said polyhydric alcohol containing about '4' carbon atoms and at least three hydroxyl groups, said polyether containing more than one alkenyl group per molecule. 11. A' process" of claim 1 wherein (B) is a copolymer of an mil-olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid containing -3"to 10 carbon atoms in amounts of at least 15% by weight-and an esterbf '(a)wherein R is 1 to 8 overpolymerized in the presence of (A).
w 12. Theprocess of claimll wherein said car'boxylic acid is. selected from the group consisting of acrylic and methacrylic acid. r
(References on following page) References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS Berke et a1. '11762.2 Coates 11762.2 Schneider 117-106 Priest et a1. 1-1762.2 Goldstein et a1. 11762 Ullman 117-62 14 3,404,022 10/1968 Chance et a1. 117--62.2 3,472,611 10/1969 Langwell 11762.1 3,483,014 12/1969 Issacs et a1. 11762 MURRAY KATZ, Primary Examiner M. SOFOCLEOUS, Assistant Examiner US. Cl. X. R.
117106 R, 140 A, 155 U A; 34-36
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US27209472A | 1972-07-14 | 1972-07-14 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3788878A true US3788878A (en) | 1974-01-29 |
Family
ID=23038383
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US00272094A Expired - Lifetime US3788878A (en) | 1972-07-14 | 1972-07-14 | Impregnating nonwovens with an alkyl acrylate polymer-carboxylic polymer latex |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3788878A (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3874913A (en) * | 1972-05-12 | 1975-04-01 | Peter Frederick Lofts | Method for making a nonwoven fabric |
US4024313A (en) * | 1974-02-05 | 1977-05-17 | Scott Paper Company | Paper web coated with an all-latex adhesive coating composition |
US4144363A (en) * | 1975-06-11 | 1979-03-13 | Societa Italiana Resine S.I.R. S.P.A. | Process for coating polyolefin films |
EP0181540A2 (en) * | 1984-10-29 | 1986-05-21 | The B.F. GOODRICH Company | Oil filters using water-based latex binders |
-
1972
- 1972-07-14 US US00272094A patent/US3788878A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3874913A (en) * | 1972-05-12 | 1975-04-01 | Peter Frederick Lofts | Method for making a nonwoven fabric |
US4024313A (en) * | 1974-02-05 | 1977-05-17 | Scott Paper Company | Paper web coated with an all-latex adhesive coating composition |
US4144363A (en) * | 1975-06-11 | 1979-03-13 | Societa Italiana Resine S.I.R. S.P.A. | Process for coating polyolefin films |
EP0181540A2 (en) * | 1984-10-29 | 1986-05-21 | The B.F. GOODRICH Company | Oil filters using water-based latex binders |
US4623462A (en) * | 1984-10-29 | 1986-11-18 | The Bf Goodrich Company | Oil filters using water-based latex binders |
EP0181540A3 (en) * | 1984-10-29 | 1988-09-21 | The B.F. GOODRICH Company | Oil filters using water-based latex binders |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US5021529A (en) | Formaldehyde-free, self-curing interpolymers and articles prepared therefrom | |
CA1208083A (en) | Nonwoven products having low residual free formaldehyde content | |
US3808088A (en) | Spot bonded laminates | |
US4455342A (en) | Acrylic resin dispersions | |
US5520997A (en) | Formaldehyde-free latex for use as a binder or coating | |
US3787232A (en) | Low temperature curing polymers used as coatings for fibrous materials | |
US4002801A (en) | Heat sealable articles treated with vinyl halide polymer latices | |
US4900615A (en) | Textile materials and compositions for use therein | |
EP0163124B1 (en) | Improved fabric coating composition with low formaldehyde evolution | |
US4176108A (en) | Heat-coagulable latex binders and process for the preparation thereof | |
US4405325A (en) | Hydrophobic nonwoven fabric bonded by a copolymer formed from a diene | |
EP0302588A2 (en) | Formaldehyde-free binder for nonwoven fabrics | |
US3702785A (en) | Low-temperature curable articles | |
US2961348A (en) | Flexible reinforced fibrous sheeting | |
US3625795A (en) | Spray process for depositing adhesive and bonding laminates | |
US3705053A (en) | Highly absorbent bonded nonwoven fabrics | |
US3788878A (en) | Impregnating nonwovens with an alkyl acrylate polymer-carboxylic polymer latex | |
EP0184153B1 (en) | Formaldehyde-free latex and fabrics made therewith | |
US3784401A (en) | Process for impregnating non-wovens with butadiene carboxyl polymer latices | |
JP2559427B2 (en) | Nonwoven fabric containing acrylate interfiber binder and method for producing the nonwoven fabric | |
US3925293A (en) | Low-temperature curable latices of vinyl and acrylic monomers | |
JPH04261416A (en) | Functinalized styrene-butadiene- latex binders | |
US5264475A (en) | Extended polymer compositions and textile materials manufactured therewith | |
US5087487A (en) | Non-thermoplastic binder for use in processing textile articles | |
US3928676A (en) | Synthetic resin compositions and methods applying the same to porous materials to control migration thereon |